(共48张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第一讲 复杂多变的动词
第2节 非谓语动词
考点 1 非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √
进行式 to be doing -
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ ×
完成式 having done having been
done
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
分
词 现在
分词 一般式 doing being done × × √ √ √ √
完成式 having done having been
done
过去
分词 一般式 done(vi.)表示完成 done(vt.)
表示被动
与完成 × × √ √ √ √
(一)主动形式与被动形式
非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系：与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时，用被动形式。
(2024·九省联考)There was Maya at the edge of the tank with a comb (梳子) in her mouth waiting for her treat.
玛雅在水箱的边缘，嘴里叼着一把梳子，等待着她的款待。
Asked what had happened，he lowered his head.
当他被问到发生了什么事的时候，他低下了头。
(二)时间先后关系
根据它与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系确定时态。
1．非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生，用非谓语动词的一般式。
(2024·浙江1月卷)Soon Eva began to breathe hard, with her heart pounding and legs shaking.
不久，伊娃开始呼吸困难，心跳加速，双腿颤抖。
2．非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用非谓语动词的完成式。
Having been ignored for a long time，the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.
因为长时间被忽视，坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。
考点2 非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
(一)不定式作状语
1．作目的状语
作目的状语，意为“为了；以便”。
To enjoy a grander sight，you must climb to a greater height.
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
The bus stops in order to/so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接载乘客。
2．作结果状语
不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，常用于下列结构：only to(不料……)、enough to...(足够……)、too...to...(太……而不能……)、so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
The rock above the seed is not heavy enough to prevent it from growing.
种子上面的岩石没有重到足以阻止它生长。
I had been too nervous to pay attention when he introduced himself.
他自我介绍时，我紧张得无法集中注意力。
[特别提醒] 动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而现在分词作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。
Tom arrived at the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆到达了机场，结果发现他需要乘坐的飞机起飞了。
The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more patients to be treated.
这家医院最近获得了新的医疗设备，能够使更多的病人接受治疗。
3.作原因状语
作原因状语，常用于“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有happy、lucky、glad、sorry、anxious、proud、disappointed、desperate、angry、surprised、ready、delighted、clever、foolish、pleased、fortunate、right、astonished等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
我们吃惊地发现，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
[特别提醒] 还有一类形容词如easy、difficult、hard、cheap、expensive、fit、comfortable、heavy、good、important、impossible、dangerous等，表示主语的特征或性质，后面也常用不定式作状语，不定式和句子主语之间存在动宾关系，但常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The air in the morning is so good to breathe that he gets up early every day.
早上的空气呼吸起来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
(二)分词作状语
1.现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语，常表示原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(2024·浙江1月卷)Having a poor sense of direction, Eva found it impossible to get around in such a huge building.
由于方向感差，伊娃发现在这么大的大楼里走动是不可能的。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Following an uncomfortable pause, he simply nodded, saying, “I agree to this arrangement and trust you.”
一阵不安的沉默之后，他只是点点头，说：“我同意这个安排，并信任你。”
Having done his homework, he began to watch TV.
做完了作业，他开始看电视。
2.过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语,常表示时间、条件、原因、方式或伴随等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
Combined with good marketing strategies, technological innovation will promote the sales of these products.(条件)
技术创新与良好的市场营销策略相结合将促进这些产品的销售。
When offered help,you should say “Thank you” or “It's kind of you”.(时间)
得到帮助的时候,你应该说“谢谢你”或者“你真是太好了”。
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴随)
老师走进实验室,后面跟着一些学生。
[特别提醒] 部分过去分词已经形容词化了,作状语时不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有located、seated、hidden、lost/absorbed/buried in、dressed in、tired of、faced with等。
The escapee managed to flee the prison, hidden in a truck.
那名逃犯设法藏在一辆卡车里逃离了监狱。
He walked through the park, lost in memories of his childhood.
他穿过公园,沉浸在对童年的回忆中。
(三)独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有generally/frankly speaking、judging from、taking...into consideration、given、to tell the truth、to be honest、to make things worse等。
Generally speaking,it’s no use talking to a person when he’s in a temper.
一般来说,当一个人在气头上时,跟他谈话是没有用的。
To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.
说实话,我有点累。
Given his age, he did it quite well.
考虑到他的年纪,他已经做得相当不错了。
(四)独立主格结构作状语
非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致,但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构, 即“名词/代词＋分词(短语)”；另外,名词或代词后面还可跟形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式构成独立主格结构。
The test finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束后,我们开始放假了。
Much work to do tonight,we can’t go to see a film.
今晚有很多活要干,我们不能去看电影。
考点 3 非谓语动词作定语
(一)不定式作定语
1.不定式作定语常表示将来的动作；不定式的被动式to be done作定语表示将来、被动的动作。
You are supposed to take this opportunity to realize your dream.
你应该抓住这个机会去实现你的梦想。
The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。
2.当中心词为序数词、最高级、the last、the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时,常用不定式作定语。
She is known as the first to arrive at the training field and the last to leave, earning her the respect of her teammates.
她以总是第一个到达训练场,最后一个离开而闻名,赢得了队友们的尊敬。
3.被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有ability、chance、idea、hope、wish、fact、excuse、promise、attempt、way等。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Then we parted ways with a firm handshake and a promise to keep in touch.
然后,我们坚定地握手道别,并承诺保持联系。
(二)现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语,表示主动、正在进行；若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done结构。
The ancient temple, dating back to the Tang Dynasty, is a precious cultural relic.
这座古庙始建于唐朝,是珍贵的文化遗产。
(三)过去分词作定语，表示被动、完成
The university is known for its language and culture courses intended for international students.
这所大学以其为国际学生开设的语言和文化课程而闻名。
[特别提醒] 一些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,仅表示完成,不表示被动。
falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表示正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(表示完成)
(四)动名词作定语
动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。
a walking stick一根拐杖
a reading room一间阅览室
a sleeping car一节卧铺车厢
考点4 非谓语动词作宾语
(一)只能跟不定式作宾语的动词(短语)
1.三个希望俩答应(hope、wish、expect、agree、promise)
2.两个要求莫拒绝(demand、ask、refuse)
3.设法学会做决定(manage、learn、decide/determine)
4.不要假装在选择(pretend、choose/select)
5.计划提出俩打算(plan、offer、intend、mean)
6.申请失败负担起(apply、fail、afford)
7.准备愿望又碰巧(prepare、desire、happen)
8.此外,threaten、can’t wait等也要用不定式作宾语。
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)When I decided to buy a house in Europe ten years ago, I didn’t think too long.
10年前,当我决定在欧洲买房子的时候,我并没有想太久。
[特别提醒] 在某些动词如find、think、consider、feel、make、believe后,常用it作形式宾语,然后加宾语补足语,最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
We think it our duty to protect the environment.
我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。
(二)只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)
1.喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy、consider、escape、avoid)
2.不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help、give up、risk)
3.感激承认不否认(appreciate、admit、deny)
4.介意想象莫推延(mind、imagine、delay、put off)
5.允许完成是期望(allow/permit、finish、look forward to)
6.建议继续勤操练(suggest、go on、practise)
7.致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to、excuse、insist on)
8.继续成功不错过(keep on、succeed in、miss)
(2024·浙江1月卷) Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud seeding companies.
由于缺乏关于其影响的科学证据,没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。
[特别提醒] 在need、want、require等后表示被动意义,不定式要用被动语态,动名词不需要。
My bike needs to be repaired.
＝My bike needs repairing.
我的自行车需要被修理。
(三)下列动词(短语)既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
She meant to send the email earlier, but got caught up in work.
她本来打算早点发那封邮件的,但工作缠身给忘了。
Staying up late every night means feeling exhausted the next day.
每晚熬夜意味着第二天会感到疲惫不堪。
考点5 非谓语动词作补足语
(一)动词(短语)＋宾语＋to do作宾语补足语
advise建议 allow 允许 ask 询问；要求 beg恳求 cause 导致 encourage 鼓励 permit准许 forbid 禁止
force 强迫 intend打算 invite 邀请 order 命令；要求 persuade说服 prefer 更喜欢 require 需要；要求
teach教 remind 提醒 tell 告诉 want想要 warn 警告 wish 希望；想要 wait for等待 call on 号召；要求 depend on依靠 urge 催促；力劝
Lily’s parents want her to develop fully.
莉莉的父母想让她全面发展。
If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.
如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯,我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代品。
(二)使役动词(leave/keep/find...)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
Jeff’s hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain.Jenna made him put his hand in cold water.
杰夫的手碰到了滚烫的火炉,他痛苦地叫了一声。珍娜让他把手放在冷水里。
The hall was so noisy that the teacher tried to speak louder to make himself heard.
大厅里如此吵闹,以至于老师尽力大声说话以便别人能听到。
He had the light burning all night,which made his parents very angry.
他让灯亮了一整晚,这使他的父母很生气。
My car broke down on my way to work and I will have it repaired tomorrow.
我的车在上班的路上坏了,明天要找人修理一下。
After I arrived in America,I found myself living in a completely foreign culture.
当我到达美国后,我发现自己生活在一个完全陌生的文化中。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。
(三)感官动词或动词短语(see、watch、observe、hear、notice、look at、listen to)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
感官动词(短语)的宾语补足语有四种形式, 以see为例：
I saw some boys all dressed in uniforms leave the lab following a teacher a few minutes ago.
几分钟前,我看见一些穿校服的男生跟着一个老师离开了实验室。
I heard the clock striking eight when I woke up this morning.
今天早上醒来时,我听见钟敲响八点。
Back from his two -year medical service in Africa,Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
从非洲医疗服务两年回来后,李医生十分高兴地看到家里的母亲得到了很好的照顾。
[特别提醒] “感官动词(短语)＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语”在变为被动语态时需加to。
A clerk with three strangers was observed to enter the bank hurriedly,a heavy box carried in his arms.
有人看见一个职员抱着一个沉重的箱子和三个陌生人一起匆忙走进了银行。
(四)with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语
with＋宾语＋doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/to do(表示将来)。
He fell asleep with the light still burning.
灯还亮着他就睡着了。
The boy rushed into the room, with his face covered with sweat.
那小孩满脸是汗冲进屋来。
With much work to do this afternoon,Jack left hurriedly.
由于今天下午还有很多工作要做,杰克匆匆忙忙地离开了。
(五)sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be doing，不定式作主语补足语。
He is said to have been cheated in the street. (动作先于谓语动作发生)
据说,他在大街上被骗了。
He is said to be studying abroad but I don’t know which country he is in. (动作正在进行)
据说,他正在国外学习,但我不知道他在哪个国家。
He is said to study abroad but I don’t know which country he will be in. (动作尚未发生)
据说,他要去国外学习,但我不知道他会在哪个国家。
考点6 非谓语动词作主语
1.不定式与动名词作主语的区别
To drop out of school now is not a good idea.(具体的、一次性的动作)
现在辍学不是一个好主意。
Listening to English radio programmes helps me get used to how fast native speakers talk.(抽象的、习惯性的动作)
听英语广播节目帮助我习惯母语人士说话的速度。
[特别提醒] 不定式和动名词作主语时,常可以互换。但主语和表语一般是对称的,即要么都用不定式,要么都用动名词。
To see is to believe.＝Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
2.it作形式主语
有时为避免头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语置于句首,而把真正的主语置于句末。
It is essential to practice frequently when learning English.
学英语时,经常练习是至关重要的。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
[特别提醒] 考生要注意掌握it作形式主语时,动名词是真正的主语的常见句型：It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth.。
It’s no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。
考点7 非谓语动词作表语
1.不定式作表语
主语往往是dream、goal、aim、purpose、plan 等表示意向、打算、计划的词。
My childhood dream was to go to Peking University.
我小时候的梦想是上北京大学。
2.动名词作表语
相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
The current trend is working from home.
＝Working from home is the current trend.
当前的趋势是居家办公。
3.分词作表语
现在分词和过去分词作表语时,一般说明主语的性质、特征等,通常可直接看作形容词。现在分词作表语,多意为“令人……的”,常修饰物；过去分词作表语,多意为“感到……的”,常修饰人。
He was alarmed at what he had just heard.
他对刚刚听到的话感到恐慌。
It’s well known that a tiger looks very frightening.
众所周知,老虎看起来令人很害怕。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(外研选必一)He left England on the ship, the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance (study) various living things in their natural environments.
2.(外研选必一)The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, (fascinate) by rocks, plants and animals.
3.(北师大选必二)Some books are just too difficult ______________
(adapt) for technical reasons, although films like The Life of Pi are changing this idea.
to study
fascinated
to be adapted
4.(外研选必一) (locate) at over 5,000 metres above sea level, this is the highest railway station in the world.
5.(外研选必二)In a world still (face) so many problems, it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity.
6.(外研选必二)In most countries, (turn) 18 marks the start of adulthood.
Located
facing
turning
7.(人教选必一)One medical text from the fourth century suggested _______(use) the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.
8.(译林选必一)If we grow up eating certain foods in our family, then those foods tend (link) with positive emotions.
using
to be linked
10.(外研选必一)To get this job, the candidates had to make a short video (show) how much they knew about the reef.
showing
9.(外研选必一)Some children, though, don’t feel like laughing, especially if they’re in pain. We have to be very sensitive and work closely with the doctors and nurses, who keep us (update) on each patient.
updated(共40张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第一讲 复杂多变的动词
第1节 谓语动词
一、动词的时态
考点1 一般时态
(一)一般现在时
1.表示习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)如always、every time、now and then、occasionally、often、seldom、sometimes、usually等连用。
2.表示客观真理、客观存在及自然现象。
3.在时间、条件、让步以及方式状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
4.表示按时间表、时刻表等安排将要发生的动作,但仅限于少数动词。如go、come、leave、arrive、begin、start、return、open、close等。
(二)一般过去时
1.表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,与现在没有关系。常与表示过去的时间状语如yesterday、last year、last night、the other day、just now、then、two days ago、in 1999、at that time等连用。
2.表示过去经常、反复发生的动作,常与always、often、sometimes、as usual等连用。
3.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,若主句用了过去将来时,从句常用一般过去时。
He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
4.一般过去时的常用固定句式
·It is (high/about) time that...意为“是……的时候了”,从句可用一般过去时,也可用“should+动词原形”,且 should不可省略。
It is about time that the kids went/should go to school.
孩子们该去上学了。
·since引导时间状语从句时,从句时态常用一般过去时。
Mary hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.
玛丽自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。
·It was+时间段+before...意为“过了多长时间才……”,从句时态用一般过去时。
It was three years before he found his lost son.
过了三年他才找到失踪的儿子。
考点2 进行时态
(一)现在进行时(am/is/are+现在分词)
1.表示说话时正在进行且尚未完成的动作及状态,也可描述现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情(此时此刻动作不一定正在进行),常与now、these days、this week/month等时间状语连用。
2.现在进行时还可表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作,这类动词主要有go、come、leave、start、arrive、land、meet、move、return、stay、stop、do等。
“The moment is coming soon,” he thought to himself,waiting nervously.
“这一刻很快就要来到了,”他自思自忖,紧张地等待着。
3.现在进行时与always、constantly、forever等词连用时可表示说话者的一种感彩,如赞许、责备、不满等。
(2024·九省联考)As prey animals, parrots are constantly watching out for danger and they instinctively (本能地) react to risks.
作为猎物,鹦鹉会时刻警惕危险,本能地对风险作出反应。
(二)过去进行时(was/were+现在分词)
1.表示过去某一时刻正在进行或过去某一时间段内一直进行的动作。常用的时间状语有then、yesterday、at that time、at this time等。
2.表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词有leave、start、arrive、go、come等。
She arrived just as we were leaving.
她到的时候我们正要离开。
(三)将来进行时(will/shall+be+现在分词)
表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在进行的动作,常表示事情的正常发展。
考点3 完成时态
(一)现在完成时(have/has+过去分词)
1.表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,并且可能还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有lately、recently、in the last/past few days/years (在过去的几天/年里)、since then、up to now、so far (至今)等。也可以表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,注意,这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有already、just (刚刚)、yet、before等。
2.用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作发生。
3.下列句型中常用现在完成时
·This/That/It is the first/second/...time that+现在完成时
·This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting/...+名词+that+现在完成时
[特别提醒] 瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但其肯定句不可以接表示一段时间的状语;若要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换。
He has come to Beijing since last year.(×)
He has lived in Beijing since last year.(√)
类似的转换:买buy→have;借borrow→keep;结婚get married→be married;离开leave→be away;回来come back→be back;生病fall ill→be ill;死亡die→be dead;关闭turn off→be off;动身leave for→be off to;睡觉go to bed→sleep;穿put on→have on/wear;参加join→be a member of;入睡go to sleep/fall asleep→be asleep。
(二)过去完成时(had+过去分词)
1.表示过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。常见的时间状语有by+过去时间点,by the end of+过去时间点,by the time+从句,until/before/since+过去时间点或从句。
2.某些动词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有expect、hope、plan、suppose、think、intend、mean、want等。
3.在“Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely...when...”和“No sooner...than...”句型中,主句用过去完成时,when和than后面的从句用一般过去时,意为“一……就……”。
4.在“It/This was the first/second/...time+that从句”中,从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
(三)现在完成进行时(have/has+been+现在分词)
1.表示从过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性,多用于延续性动词。常与these days、recently、lately、in the past/last+时间段、since+时间点、for+时间段等连用。
2.表示近期内一直重复发生、反复进行的动作。
考点4 将来时态
(一)一般将来时
1.“will/shall+动词原形”表示在现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.“am/is/are going to+动词原形”
(1)表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。
(2)表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象,认为某事即将发生。
3.“am/is/are about to+动词原形”表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用,但可以与when连用。
4.“am/is/are to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务将要发生的动作。
5.一般将来时的常用固定句式
·It will be+一段时间+before...意为“要过多久才……”,从句用一般现在时。
·祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陈述句(通常用一般将来时)
(二)过去将来时(should/would+动词原形)
1.过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。
2.三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构
·was/were going to+动词原形
·was/were to+动词原形
·was/were about to+动词原形
二、动词的语态
考点1 被动语态的构成
1.被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成。be随着主语的人称、单复数和时态的变化而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表:
时态形式 时态
现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般式 am/is/are done was/were done will/shall
be done would/should be done
进行式 am/is/are being done was/were being done — —
完成式 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done —
2.被动语态的使用场合:(1)不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时;(2)强调动作的承受者时。
考点2 不能用于被动语态的几类动词
1.系动词类(look、seem、feel、taste、smell、sound、prove、appear等)
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。
2.某些动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如benefit、fit、lack、contain、join、last(持续)、arrive at/in、agree with、look like、consist of、suffer from、succeed in等。
This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.
这种饮料不含任何酒精。
3.表示发生、归属的词或短语(happen、take place、break out、own、belong to等)。
I have every confidence that the victory belongs to us.
我完全相信胜利属于我们。
4.宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,谓语动词用主动语态,不用被动语态。
We often help each other.
我们经常互相帮助。
考点3 主动形式表示被动意义
1.在need、want、require、deserve等动词的后面,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,其意义相当于动词不定式的被动形式;在形容词worth后,也总是用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这个房子需要被修缮。
2.表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如read、write、sell、wash、clean等,常与well、badly、easily、smoothly等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料很容易洗。
3.在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词有nice、easy、fit、hard、difficult、important、impossible、pleasant、interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这个问题很难被解决。
4.be to blame也属于主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake
这个错误应该归咎于谁
考点4 被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作;系表结构表示主语的特征或状态。
The glass was broken by the boy.
玻璃杯被那个男孩打碎了。(被动语态)
The glass is broken.
玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)
[特别提醒] be seated“坐着”、be lost“迷路”、be drunk“喝醉”、be dressed“穿着”、be married“结了婚的”等是用来表示状态的结构。
三、主谓一致
考点1 语法一致原则
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是单数形式则谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式则谓语动词用复数形式:
1.根据主语的人称和单复数来确定谓语动词的单复数。
2.主语是单个的动词不定式或动名词短语,谓语动词用单数。
3.主语是从句,谓语动词一般用单数。
4.主语后面跟有with、together with、except、but、as well as、rather than、besides、including等时,谓语动词的单复数与这些词前面的主语一致。
5.主语为someone、anyone、everyone等不定代词时,谓语动词往往用单数。
6.定语从句中谓语动词的单复数要和先行词的单复数保持一致。
7.“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。each、every、no所修饰的名词作主语时,即使由and连接,谓语动词仍用单数。
I think Tom, rather than you, is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
Eating healthily is essential for maintaining good health.
健康饮食是保持健康的关键。
More than one book has been borrowed from the library.
图书馆被借走了不止一本书。
The workers who work in the factory are very skilled.
在这家工厂工作的工人们非常熟练。
[特别提醒] what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式,但如果从句表示复数意义,则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
考点2 意义一致原则
1.表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词,尽管有时是复数形式,但常被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
两千英里是一段很长的距离。
2.“a number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数;the majority of、the rest of及“分数/百分数+of+名词”则要根据名词的单复数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的单复数。
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
地球表面的四分之三是海洋。
The majority of students are interested in extracurricular activities.
大多数学生对课外活动感兴趣。
3.“the+adj.”表示一类人在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
The old are entitled to respect and care.
老年人有权得到尊重和照顾。
4.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family、class、team、group、public、committee、government、audience等。
The audience has been entertained by the talented performers.
有才华的表演者让观众得到了娱乐。
5.由and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时,谓语动词用单数。
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
战争与和平是历史上一个永恒的主题。
The poet and novelist has won numerous awards.
这位诗人兼小说家赢得了许多奖项。
考点3 就近一致原则
1.由or、either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but (also)...、not...but...等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的单复数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Neither the teacher nor the students are ready for the exam.
老师和学生们都没有为考试做好准备。
2.由there或here引起的句子中的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的单复数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(外研选必四)Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back on 20 July 1969, people ___ (become) accustomed to the notion of space travel.
2.(译林选必一)On 7 May 1824, a crowd of music lovers __________
(stream) into a theatre in Vienna to hear the first-ever performance of the great Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony No.9.
have become
streamed
3.(北师大选必二)Reading a book and watching a film (be) two very different experiences, but it’s normal to have high expectations when a film of a favourite book is made.
4.(外研选必一改编)Humour isn’t just about laughter, but is a way of life and a tool that can ____ (use) to illuminate the world.
5.(译林选必一改编)By the time he was a teenager, he ____________
(enjoy) a reputation as a wonderful young musician.
are
be used
had enjoyed
6.(译林选必二)If an advertisement (place) on a popular website or on TV at peak times, a huge number of people will know about the product or service it is advertising.
7.(北师大选必二)A famous art collector (walk) through the city when he noticed a dirty cat lapping milk from a saucer in the doorway of a store.
8.(外研选必一)Whatever your opinion, people _________________
(express) their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years.
is placed
was walking
have been expressing(共28张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第一讲 复杂多变的动词
第3节 情态动词和虚拟语气
一、 情态动词
考点 1 常见的情态动词
(一)can、could
1.can和could均可表示能力,只不过could表示过去的能力。
I could read when I was three.
我三岁时就识字了。
2.表示请求、允许。在一般疑问句中,could可代替can,且比can语气更委婉,但答语要用can。
—Can/Could I use your computer
—Yes,you can.
“我可以用一下你的电脑吗？”
“是的,你可以。”
3.can表示具体事情发生的可能,常用于否定句和疑问句中,表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等语气。can表示理论上的可能时,可用于肯定句。could表示推测时比can可能性要小,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中。
Anybody can make mistakes.
人人都会犯错误。
(二)may、might
1.表示许可,意为“可以”。
2.表示可能性,might的可能性更小。
3.“May＋主语＋动词原形”表示祝愿。
(三)must
1.must可用来表示必要性,意为“必须”,常用于肯定句中。用在否定句中时,其否定形式为must not或mustn’t,意为“禁止,不许”。
They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals.
他们还帮助他懂得人们必须合作,并为实现共同目标而努力。
2.must还可表示“偏偏,非要”,多用于疑问句中。
Must you play the violin at midnight？It disturbs the neighbors!
你偏要在半夜拉小提琴吗？这太打扰邻居们了！
(四)shall、should
1.shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中时,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示；用于第二、三人称的陈述句中时,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等；用于第三人称时,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,意为“应该,必须”。
You shall have a new computer if you do well in the exam.
如果你考试考得好,你将得到一台新电脑。
2.should表示责任或义务,意为“应当,应该”；也可表示惊讶、难以置信等,意为“竟然”。
I don’t know why you should think that I did it.
我不知道为什么你竟然认为这件事是我做的。
(五)will、would
两者均表示习惯性、经常性的行为,意为“总是”,还可表示请求或征求意见及意愿等。will 用于现在,would用于过去。
Every night,she would sit by the window, deep in thought.
每天晚上,她都会坐在窗前,陷入沉思。
考点2 情态动词表示推测
Since nobody gave him any help,he must have done the research on his own.
既然没有人帮助他,他一定是独自做的研究。
Could he have left the work unfinished
他可能没有把工作做完吗？
They should be here by now, I think.
我想他们现在应该到了。
考点 3 “情态动词＋have done”表示虚拟
“情态动词＋have done”表示“与过去事实相反”
could have done sth. 过去本能够做某事但实际上没做
needn’t have done sth. 过去本不必做某事但实际上做了
ought to/should have done sth. 过去本应该做某事但实际上没做
oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have done sth. 过去本不应该做某事但实际上做了
might have done sth. 过去本可能做某事但实际上没做
You needn’t have watered the flowers because it would rain soon.
你本不必浇花的,因为很快会下雨的。(实际上已经浇了)
I could have helped you but I was busy at that time.
我本来可以帮你但是我当时很忙。(实际上没有帮)
考点 4 情态动词的特殊用法
1.can/could的否定式与enough或too (much)连用表示“再……也不为过”。
You can’t be too careful when crossing a busy street.
＝You can’t be careful enough when crossing a busy street.
你横穿繁忙的街道的时候,再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。
2.may/might as well表示“最好；不妨”。
3.would可表示过去的习惯,与used to相比,前者常表示过去反复发生的动作,后者常表示过去的状态或习惯,现在已不复存在。
He would sit in the park which used to be a factory reading for hours.
他过去常坐在公园里读几个小时的书,这个公园过去是一个工厂。
二、虚拟语气
考点 1 if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气
虚拟情况 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事
实相反 过去式(be的过去式用were) would/could/should/might＋动词原形
与过去事
实相反 过去完成式 would/could/should/might＋have done
与将来事实相反 ①were to do
②should do
③过去式 would/could/should/might＋动词原形
I am sorry I am very busy right now.If I had time,I would certainly go to the movies with you.
我很抱歉我现在很忙。如果有时间,我肯定陪你去看电影了。
If I had known her phone number, I would have called her.
如果我知道她的电话号码,我就会给她打电话了。
If it should rain this afternoon,the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨,篮球比赛就会被推迟。
[特别提醒] 在if引导的虚拟条件句中,条件句的谓语动词中含有had、were、should时,可以把if省略,把had、were、should提到句首,变为部分倒装句。
Had you (＝If you had) come earlier,you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来,你就能赶上早班车了。
考点 2 其他形式的虚拟语气
1.与表示建议、命令、要求、坚持等词有关的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
The professor suggested that Mary (should) consider applying for the scholarship.
教授建议玛丽考虑申请奖学金。
The demand is that manuscripts (should) be written on one side only.
按照要求,手稿只能单面誊写。
[特别提醒] 当suggest表示“暗示,表明”之意,insist表示“坚持说”之意时,suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气,而使用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。
The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital.
这位老人坚持说他没有病,坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。
2.“It is (high) time that...”句型使用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词的形式为“过去式”或“should＋动词原形”,should不能省略。
It’s time that he took/should take responsibility for his actions.
他该为自己的行为负责了。
3.wish后的宾语从句
虚拟情况 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反的愿望 过去式(be的过去式用were)
与过去事实相反的愿望 had done
与将来事实相反的愿望 would/could/might＋动词原形
How I wish I had a car of my own!
我多么希望有辆自己的汽车啊！
I wish he were here.
我真希望他在这儿。
4.would rather后的宾语从句
虚拟情况 从句谓语动词
与现在事实或将来事实相反 过去式(be的过去式用were)
与过去事实相反 had done
I would rather you didn’t mention this to anyone else.
我宁愿你不要把这件事告诉其他人。
5.if only引导的感叹句中,表示与现在事实相反,用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时；表示与将来事实相反,用“could/would/might＋动词原形”,表示“要是……就好了”。
If only I hadn’t been involved in it at the very beginning.
要是我从一开始就没有卷入其中就好了。
6.有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来,而是隐含在某些词或短语中(如but、without、but for、but that、otherwise、or等),或隐含在上下文中,这叫作含蓄虚拟语气。
She would have come to see you but she was ill that day.
＝If she had not been ill that day,she would have come to see you.
要是那天她没生病,她就来看你了。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(译林必修一)I wait to describe to you what senior high school life is like.
2.(外研选必二)I expected to feel instantly different, as if I _________ (close) the door on my childhood and stepped into a whole new adult world.
3.(译林选必一) This _____ seem difficult at first, but when you finally make your great discovery, your efforts will be rewarded.
can’t
had closed
may
4.(外研选必二)However they adapt to our ways of urban living, it’s important that we (get) a better understanding of and even learn to appreciate our wild neighbours.
5.(人教选必二) Adapting to a new culture be difficult.However, you to step out of your comfort zone.
(should) get
can
need
