(共25张PPT)
板块二 句法
语法突破篇
第四讲 特殊句式
考点 1 倒装句
(一)部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分(系动词be、助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前,而谓语的其他部分仍留在主语之后。
1.将含有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时,句子需部分倒装。 这类词或短语有never、seldom、rarely、little、few、at no time、by no means、no longer、not until、hardly/scarcely...when...、no sooner...than...、not only...but (also)...、nowhere、neither...nor...等。
Never will I forget what happened that day.
我永远也不会忘记那天发生的事。
Not only did these activities arouse people’s great interest in World Water Day,but they also raised their awareness of water resources protection.
这些活动不仅引起了人们对世界水日的极大兴趣,也提高了人们水资源保护的意识。
2.“only＋状语/状语从句”置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。
Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
只有当你的心态平和时,你才能与别人保持良好的关系。
3.“so/such...that...”结构中的so、such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时,主句要用部分倒装。
So significant is the volleyball match that everyone should arrive at our school stadium ahead of schedule.
这场排球比赛意义如此重大,以至于每个人都应该提前到达我们学校的体育馆。
4.表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时,用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”(so表示肯定意义,neither/nor表示否定意义)。
I saw a cartoon film last week,and so did she.
上周我看了一部动画电影,她也看了。
5.在as或though引导的让步状语从句中,从句的表语、状语、动词原形要放在as或though之前,构成倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。(as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,though引导的可以倒装,although和while引导的一定不倒装)
Child as he was,he finished his task with great courage and determination.
尽管他只是一个孩子,他还是满怀着决心和勇气完成了任务。
Much as I admire his courage,I don’t think he acted wisely.
我虽然佩服他的勇气,但我认为他这样做是不明智的。
Fail as he did,he would never give up.
尽管他失败了,但他也决不会放弃。
6.在含有were/had/should的虚拟条件句中可以省略if,将were/had/should提前,构成部分倒装。
Were I you,I would apply for the job.
如果我是你,我会申请那份工作的。
Had we left a bit earlier,we would not have been trapped in the rain.
如果我们早一点出发,就不会被困在雨中了。
7.在表示祝愿的句子中常用部分倒装。
May you succeed.
祝你成功。
(二)完全倒装
完全倒装是把句子的谓语全部放在主语的前面。
1.here、there、now、then、out、in、up、down、away、on the wall、in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词(短语)置于句首,且主语为名词时,句子用全部倒装。
Now comes your chance to shine.
现在你大显才华的机会来了。
Beneath the ancient tree stood a wise old man, his eyes gazing into the distance with profound wisdom.
在那棵古老的树下站着一位智慧的老者,他的眼睛凝视着远方,透露出深邃的智慧。
[特别提醒] 当以上副词位于句首时,若句子的主语是人称代词,则不能倒装。
Away they went.
他们走了。
2.有时为了突出或强调,将表语提到句首,构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的倒装结构。
Present at the party were Mr.Green and many other guests.
出席晚会的有格林先生,还有许多其他的宾客。
考点 2 强调句
强调句 陈述句式:It+is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分
一般疑问句:Is/Was+it+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分
特殊疑问句:疑问词+is/was+it+that+其他部分
“not...until...”的强调句:
It is/was not until...that+其他部分(注意时态)
强调谓
语动词 do/does/did+动词原形(只用于肯定句,并且只用于一般现在时和一般过去时)
I think it was my determination and efforts that contributed to my success in the contest.
我认为是我的决心和努力促成了我在比赛中的成功。
Despite the freezing weather outside, my heart warmed up. It was on the day that I learned the value of responsibility.
尽管外面天气寒冷,但我的心却暖和起来。就是在那一天,我懂得了责任的价值。
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course
他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？
It was not until he got home that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.
直到他到家后才发现他的包落在了出租车上。
She did tell me about her address,but I forgot all about it.
她确实告诉过我她的地址,但我全忘了。
[特别提醒]
1.强调主语时,that或who之后的谓语动词在人称和单复数上要和被强调的主语保持一致。
It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.
正是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进步。
2.强调句型和“It is/was＋时间＋when...”的区别：
It was at 11：00 that he came back.
他是在11点的时候回来的。(强调句型)
It was 11：00 when he came back.
他回来的时候11点了。(时间状语从句)
考点 3 省略句
(一)状语从句的省略
当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it且从句中含有be动词时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词,构成下列结构：连词＋形容词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。
Firstly,people may feel forced when asked to do things that they don’t want to.
首先,当人们被要求去做他们不想做的事情时,他们会感到是被迫的。
While walking along the street,I heard my name called.
走在大街上时,我听到有人叫我的名字。
[特别提醒] 在英语中,有些固定结构通常被看作习惯上的省略结构。
if ever要是有过的话
if possible如果可能的话
if any如果有的话
if anything如果有什么的话
if so如果这样的话
if necessary如果有必要
if not如果不这样的话
(二)不定式的省略
1.在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,可以省去不定式中和前面句子中相同的动词(短语),只保留不定式符号to。否定形式的省略用not to。但如果省略的不定式结构中含有be、have、have been,通常保留这些词。
The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.
这个司机想把车停靠在路边,但警察叫他别那样做。
—Have you told Ann about her failure in the test
—Yes,but I oughtn’t to have.
“你告诉安她考试不及格的事了吗？”
“告诉了,但我不应该那样做。”
2.感官动词(see、look、notice、watch、observe、listen、hear、feel等)和使役动词(make、have、let等)后带不定式作宾语补足语时要省略to；但不定式在被动语态中作主语补足语时不能省略to。
He often makes his sister do the housework for him.他总是让他姐姐替他做家务。
I was made to laugh by him.
我被他逗笑了。
(三)用 so或 not等替代上文的内容
当由I’m afraid、I think、I believe、I hope、I guess等作答语时,后面的so与not分别表示肯定和否定,宾语从句可省略。
Maybe I will be proven wrong,but I hope so/not.
也许我会被证明是错的,但我希望如此/不是那样。
考点 4 感叹句
句式
结构 1.What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
2.What+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语!
1.How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!
2.How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语!
3.How+主语+谓语!
I was surprised by her words,which made me recognize what silly mistakes I had made.
我被她的话惊到,这使得我意识到我犯了多么愚蠢的错误。
How quickly time flies!
时间过得真快啊！
What a talented artist he is! His paintings are breathtaking.
＝How talented an artist he is! His paintings are breathtaking.
他真是个有才华的艺术家！他的画作令人叹为观止。
考点 5 祈使句
祈使句常用来表达命令、请求、禁止、建议、警告、劝告等。祈使句的否定形式一般在动词原形前加don’t,也可用副词never构成。祈使句的常见句型：
1.祈使句＋and＋陈述句：“如果……就……”
2.祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陈述句：“……否则……”
Call me tomorrow and I’ll let you know the results of the experiment.
明天给我打电话,我会让你知道实验结果的。
Start out right away, or you’ll miss the first train.
立刻出发,否则你将错过首班列车。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(人教必修一)Especially amazing (be) the Incas’ dry stone method of building.
2.(外研必修一)It is after all we are the visitors to their world.
3.(译林必修三)As the human population continues to grow, does the effect we have on animals.
4.(外研必修一)Dad showed me a photo we had taken then—just see
_____ time flies!
is
who/that
so
how
5.(译林选必二)As media channels have grown in number and type,
____ have advertisements.
6.(人教必修一)It is for this reason Spanish is the main official language of Peru.
7.(译林必修三)I felt worried when (watch) the document.
8.(外研选必一)Keep trying eventually you’ll read the words “We are delighted to inform you...”
so
that
watching
and(共21张PPT)
板块二 句法
语法突破篇
第三讲 名词性从句
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫作名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的引导词及其用法如下：
类别 引导词 意义 功能
从属连词 that 无意义 不充当成分
whether/if 是否 不充当成分
连接代词 what(ever) (无论)什么 主语、宾语、表语、定语
which(ever) (无论)哪一个 主语、宾语、定语
who(ever) (无论)谁 主语、宾语、表语
whom(ever) 谁 宾语
whose 谁的 定语
类别 引导词 意义 功能
连接
副词 when(ever) (无论)何时 时间状语
where(ever) (无论在)哪里 地点状语
why 为何 原因状语
how(ever) (无论)如何 方式状语
考点 1 主语从句
(一)在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。
That he finished the marathon in under three hours amazed everyone.
他用了不到三小时就完成了马拉松,这让每个人都感到惊讶。
Whoever finds the lost wallet should return it to the police.
无论谁找到丢失的钱包,都应该把它交给警察。
How he managed to solve the problem in such a short time is a mystery.
他如何在这么短的时间内解决了这个问题,真是个谜。
(二)it作形式主语
1.It＋be＋形容词(necessary/likely/important/certain等)＋that从句
2.It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder等)＋that从句
3.It＋be＋过去分词(said/believed/expected/thought/known/reported等)＋that从句
4.It＋特殊动词(seems/appears/happens/matters等)＋that从句
It is astonishing that such a small creature can have such a big impact on the environment.
令人惊讶的是,这么小的生物竟然能对环境产生如此大的影响。
It is no wonder that she’s always in a good mood; she has a very positive outlook on life.
难怪她总是心情很好；她有非常积极的人生观。
It is requested that passengers should fasten their seat belts.
乘客被要求系好安全带。
考点 2 宾语从句
(一)在句子中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词与主语从句的引导词大致一样,在句中可以作及物动词、介词及部分形容词的宾语。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
一场激烈的似乎持续了一个世纪的讨论后,Gunter 放下手机,启动了汽车。
Do you know where the party will be held
你知道晚会将在哪里举行吗？
You can do whatever gives you a break from the stress.
你可以做任何帮助你缓解压力的事情。
(二)it作形式宾语
1.动词find/feel/think/consider/make＋it＋宾语补足语(形容词或名词)＋that从句
2.动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy＋it＋that从句
3.动词短语see to/depend on/rely on＋it＋that从句
4.固定搭配take it for granted/owe it to sb.＋that从句
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
他已清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。
I take it for granted that parents should do everything for us, which is wrong.
我想当然地认为父母应该为我们做好一切,其实这是错误的。
You can rely on it that he won’t be absent from the meeting.
你可以放心,他不会缺席这次会议的。
考点 3 表语从句
在复合句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。表语从句的引导词与主语从句的引导词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if、because或why引导。
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place.
这就是为什么 Campbell 现在开始提高人们对人工智能及其未来的认识,比这些发展预计发生的时间要早几十年。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题仍然是他们是否能帮助我们。
My suggestion is that you go there on foot.
我的建议是你步行去那儿。
I didn’t attend school. That was because I had a cold.
我没去上学,那是因为我感冒了。
[特别提醒] 当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不用because。
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.
她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
考点 4 同位语从句
同位语从句用以说明其前面某一名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that what、whether、how、when、where等引导,可以被同位语从句修饰的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word(消息)等。
Tears filled her eyes at the thought that she might never see him again.
一想到可能再也见不到他了,她满眼是泪。
考点 5 名词性从句中that与what的区别
I believe that I will succeed if I study hard.
我相信如果我努力学习我会成功的。
I believe what he said because he is an honest man.
我相信他说的话,因为他是个诚实的人。
连接词 句法功能 省略情况 含义
that 不作句子任何成分 引导宾语从句有时可以省略 无含义
what 作主语、宾语、表语、定语 不能省略 什么,什么样的;所……的东西、事情、地方、话等
考点 6 名词性从句中只用whether不用if的情况
1.在主语从句(主语从句放于句首)、表语从句、介词之后的宾语从句及同位语从句中；
2.后面直接跟动词不定式；
3.与or not直接连用。
Whether we should continue the project is still under discussion.
我们是否应该继续这个项目还在讨论中。
It all depends on whether we have determination and courage.
这完全取决于我们是否有决心和勇气。
She couldn’t decide whether or not she would buy the house.
她无法决定是否买那幢房子。
考点7 what、who、which与whatever、whoever、whichever引导名词性从句的区别
1.what引导名词性从句意为“什么”,带有疑问意味；意为“……的事情”,表示肯定的意思。who意思是“谁”,带有疑问意味；which意思是“哪一个”,带有疑问意味。
Do you know who broke the window
你知道是谁打坏的窗子吗？
2.whatever、whoever、whichever意思分别为“所……的一切事或东西”“任何……的人”“……的任何一种东西”等,并且充当成分,相当于anything that,anyone who等。
She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.
＝She is very dear to me.We have been prepared to do anything that it takes to save her life.
她是我的至亲,我们已经准备好了不惜一切代价来挽救她的生命。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(译林必修二)After all, home is all family members are together.
2.(外研必修一)But we need to keep in mind what we see on social media is often not the whole truth about a person.
3.(人教选必二)At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but
_______ surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks.
where
that
what
4.(人教选必一)What keeps them from doing so is the fact _______
chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world.
5.(外研必修三)Although it has been proved that Franklin’s experiment took place, more than one scientist has questioned ______
really happened.
6.(译林选必一)It is believed this poem was written by Li Bai in his teenage years.
7.(人教选必一)However, it was possible to develop a hybrid of self- pollinating plants such as rice was a matter of great debate.
that
what
that
whether
8.(人教必修三)These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed, but the desire to explore the universe never died. This is _________ people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks.
9.(北师大必修一)However, what we eat isn’t the most important thing.What’s important is we eat it with.
10.(译林选必二)There is concern the construction company that built the tower block had not followed fire safety rules.
because
who/whom
that(共35张PPT)
板块二 句法
语法突破篇
第二讲 定语从句
考点 1 关系代词
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略)
whom 人 宾语(在限制性定语从句中,且其前面无介词时可省略)
whose (=of
whom/of which) 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
which 物 主语、宾语(在限制性定语从句中,前无介词时可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
I’m Li Hua from Senior 3, who is one of the faithful fans of the English Corner.
我是高三的李华,英语角的忠实粉丝之一。
The people who believe in hard work and dedication are the ones who can ultimately succeed.
相信努力和奉献的人最终会成功。
My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.
我的大儿子目前在纽约,他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。
(2024·浙江1月卷)It’s a small change that can make a big difference in your day.
这是一个能让你的生活发生巨大变化的小小的改变。
(一)关系代词 that与 which的用法辨析
1.只用 that的情况
(1)先行词是all、everything、nothing、little、much、few等不定代词时；
(2)先行词被all、any、every、no、little、much、some等词修饰时；
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时；
(4)先行词被the only、the very (正好、恰好)、the last等修饰时；
(5)先行词中既有人也有物时；
(6)在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句；
(7)先行词是主句的表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时；
(8)主句以here、there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。
The second book that the writer wrote was popular with young people.
那个作家写的第二本书很受年轻人的喜欢。
There is nothing that can stop us from achieving our goals.
没有什么可以阻止我们实现目标。
They talked about the persons and things that they met in the city.
他们谈论了在这个城市里遇到的人和事。
2.先行词指物时，只用 which的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时；
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Because I was inspired by the fantastic scenery, I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park’s pond, which was surrounded by blooming flowers.
因为我受到了奇妙风景的启发,我决定创作一幅水彩画,画的是公园池塘上的小桥,周围是盛开的花朵。
(2024·九省联考)I’ll give her treats, the number of which I can increase.
我会给她吃的,我可以增加食物的数量。
(二)which与 as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
区别维度 引导词
which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活,可位于句首、句中,也可置于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 从句谓语通常是表示感觉或心理活动的词,如see,hear,know,expect,
remember等
意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……,正像……那样”
(2024·九省联考)Parrots are prey animals, which means that other predators (捕食者) in the wild, such as hawks or snakes, are looking to make them into a meal.
鹦鹉是被捕食的动物,这意味着其他野外捕食者如鹰或蛇在寻找(它们),使它们成为一顿美食。
As is often the case with children,Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
正如孩子们常有的情况,医生到的时候埃米就好些了。
She married again, which was unexpected.
她再婚了,这是始料未及的。
[特别提醒] as引导限制性定语从句时,先行词被the same、such 修饰,常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as (像……一样的,像……之类的)；such (pron.)＋as (像……一样的,像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as (和……同样的)。 as既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.
我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。
He is not such a strong man as he looks.
他并非像看上去那样强壮。
考点 2 关系副词
1.关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。
先行词 关系副词 在从句中所充当的成分 与“介词+关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词:time、day、year等 when 时间状语 =at/in/on/during which
表示场所的名词:park、place、country、house等 where 地点状语 =in/at/to/on which
表示理由的名词:the reason why 原因状语 =for which
(2024·浙江1月卷)Then she concentrated on jogging to the spot where the track curved (拐弯).
然后她集中精力慢跑到跑道弯曲的地方。
I will never forget the day when we first met.
我永远不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The reason why he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.
他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。
2.有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词,像activity、business、career、case、job、point、position、race、stage、situation等,当从句中缺少状语时,用关系副词where。
The point where our paths crossed was the moment that changed my life forever.
我们的道路的交会点是永远改变我人生的时刻。
3.先行词occasion意为“时机”时,用关系副词when；意为“场合”时,用关系副词where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。
Taking her with me on official occasions where many important figures are present has been a challenge for me.
在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。
4.当先行词way意为“方法,方式”,且在从句中作状语时,关系词可用that、in which或省略关系词。
It’s not what you say；it’s the way (that/in which) you say it.
问题不在于你说什么,而在于你怎么说。
考点 3 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
(一)“介词＋关系代词”结构中关系代词的确定
若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构,whose指人、物皆可。
The museum, at which we spent the whole afternoon, showcased a remarkable collection of ancient artifacts.
我们花费了整个下午参观的那家博物馆展出了一批令人瞩目的古文物藏品。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.
上周日我从书店买了一些书,其中三本是英文小说。
(二)该结构中介词的选用
1.根据介词与定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。
Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands
刚才跟你握手的那个女孩是谁？
2.根据介词与定语从句中形容词的习惯搭配。
He showed me some old coins with which I was not very familiar.
他给我看了一些我不太熟悉的旧硬币。
3.根据介词与前面先行词的习惯搭配。
We’ll never forget the day on which we climbed up the Great Wall.
我们永远不会忘记登上长城的那一天。
4.根据句子所要表达的意思。
The compass was a great invention in its time, without which the explorers could not have discovered new continents.
指南针在当时是一项伟大的发明,没有它,探险家们就不可能发现新大陆。
(三)表示“整体和部分关系”时，介词常用 of。
There are 30 chairs in the hall, most of which are new.
大厅里有30把椅子,绝大部分是新的。
There are two buildings, the larger of which stands nearly a hundred metres high.
这儿有两座建筑物,较大的那一座几乎有100米高。
(四)whose引导的定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以转换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以转换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。
The newly built cafe, the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green,is really a peaceful place for us,especially after hard work.
这家新建成的咖啡馆,它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色,对我们来说,这真是一个安静的地方,特别是在辛苦工作后。
考点 4 定语从句中的主谓一致
1.关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致。
Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
不好动或在饮食上脂肪摄入量高的孩子会快速地长胖。
2.先行词为“one of＋复数名词”时,从句谓语动词用复数形式；先行词为“the (only/very/right) one of＋复数名词”时,从句谓语动词用单数形式。
She is one of the staff who are qualified for the job.
她是能胜任这项工作的员工之一。(staff表示复数意义)
She is the only one of the staff who is qualified for the job.
她是唯一一个能胜任这项工作的员工。
考点 5 定语从句与其他七种易混句型的区别
(一)定语从句与并列句的区别
两个句子之间若有and、but、so等并列连词或分号则为并列句,此时不需要再填引导词。
1.She has written many novels,some of ________ are interesting.
2.She has written many novels,and some of ________ are interesting.
1句中novels后面是非限制性定语从句,空格中填关系代词which。2句中有并列连词and,题干是并列句,空格中填代词them。
(二)定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句有谓语动词,所以需要引导词,而独立主格结构不是句子,没有谓语动词,所以不需要再填引导词。
1.She has collected many old stamps,most of ________ are worth thousands of dollars.
2.She has collected many old stamps,most of ________ worth thousands of dollars.
1句中后边有谓语动词are,stamps后面是非限制性定语从句,空格中填关系代词which。2句中逗号后面没有谓语动词,是独立主格结构,不需要引导词,故填them。
(三)定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰的是先行词,而地点状语从句修饰的是谓语动词。
1.We young people should go to the place ________ is in need of help.
2.We young people should go ________ we’re most needed.
1句空格中填关系代词which/that,引导定语从句,修饰先行词the place,且在从句中作主语。2句中填从属连词where,where引导地点状语从句,修饰主句谓语动词go。
(四)定语从句与时间状语从句的区别
定语从句有表示时间的先行词,而时间状语从句则没有；定语从句修饰先行词,而时间状语从句修饰谓语动词。
1.I will always remember the days __________ I lived with my grandparents in the countryside.
2.I always remember the days in the countryside __________ I see the photo of my grandparents.
1句空格中填关系副词when,引导定语从句,修饰先行词the days,且在从句中作状语。2句空格中填从属连词when,引导时间状语从句,修饰主句谓语动词remember。
(五)定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
在the same...as...与such...as...结构中,as引导定语从句并在从句中充当一定的成分；such/so...that...引导的结果状语从句中,that在从句中不作成分。
1.This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like.
2.This is such an interesting work of art __________ all of us like it.
1句空格中填关系代词as,引导定语从句,as在从句中作like的宾语。2句空格中填that,such...that...引导结果状语从句。
(六)定语从句与主语从句的区别
定语从句是形容词性从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,在整个句子中作定语,用来修饰前面的名词或代词；而主语从句是名词性从句,其作用相当于一个名词,在整个句子中作主语。
1.__________ is known to everybody,the earth runs around the sun.
2.__________ is known to everybody that the earth runs around the sun.
3.__________ is known to everybody is that the earth runs around the sun.
1句空格中填关系代词As,as引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面整句话的内容。2句空格中填代词It,it作句中形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。3句空格中填What,what在此引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语,而后面的that引导的则是表语从句。
(七)定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句的结构为“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他部分”,It is/was和that/who在句中不作任何成分,也不起连接作用,去掉后,句子依然完整。但是定语从句的关系词既起连接作用还在从句中充当成分,去掉以后结构就不完整了。
1.It was on the morning of May 1st __________ I met Liang Wei at the airport.
2.It is the factory __________ Mr. Wang works.
1句空格中填that,将句子改为“On the morning of May 1st I met Liang Wei at the airport.”之后,显然,这句话是完整的,故为强调句。 2句空格中填关系副词where,修饰先行词the factory,在定语从句中作状语。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(人教必修一)The statues fill only one part of the emperor’s huge tomb, still has not been completely unearthed.
2.(人教必修一)People in modern times can read the classic works
__________ were written by Chinese in ancient times.
3.(外研必修三) the Chinese saying goes, “A kind- hearted person lives a long life.”
4.(外研必修三)After several months, Ryan had raised the $2,000,with ______ a well was built near a primary school in Uganda.
which
that/which
As
which
5.(人教必修一)Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.
6.(外研必修三)In Prague, Winton saw people living in terrible conditions and lives were in danger.
7.(人教必修一) The number of people were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
8.(译林选必四)As you go through your daily life, you will encounter many difficult situations things may go wrong.
when
whose
who/that
where
9.(人教必修三)The majority of residents in Chinatown are still ethnic Chinese, many of do not speak English fluently.
10.(外研必修一)These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish, some of feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
whom
which(共30张PPT)
板块二 句法
语法突破篇
第一讲 并列句和状语从句
考点 1 并列连词
常考并列连词 表示转折、对比关系 but;yet (然而);while (然而)
表示并列关系 and;both... and...;not only ... but (also) ...;
neither... nor...
表示选择关系 or;either... or...;not... but...
表示因果关系 so;for(一般不放在句首)
特殊并列连词
及并列句 when可用作并列连词,意为“这时,那时”,相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:
①sb. was about to do sth. when...“某人正要做某事,这时突然……”
②sb. was on the point of doing sth. when...“某人正要做某事,这时突然……”
③sb. was doing sth. when...“某人正在做某事,这时突然……”
④sb. had just done sth. when...“某人刚做完某事,这时突然……”
在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)I thought my pronunciation was the problem, so I explained again more slowly, but he still looked confused.
我想是我的发音出了问题,所以我又慢慢地解释了一遍,但他仍然看起来很困惑。
In his career, not only has he published numerous groundbreaking scientific papers, but also he has mentored countless young researchers, shaping the future of his field.
在他的职业生涯中,他不仅发表了众多开创性的科学论文,还指导了无数年轻研究人员,塑造了他所在领域的未来。
It’s now or never.
机不可失。
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
由于他的视力开始下降,他发现读书越来越困难了。
I was driving down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
我正在开车去伦敦,这时突然发现自己走错了路。
We were about to get down the hill when it suddenly began to snow heavily.
我们正打算下山,这时突然开始下起了大雪。
She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
昨天她刚完成家庭作业,她妈妈就让她练习弹钢琴。
Walk straight down the road for about 300 meters, and you will see the hotel on the right.
沿着这条路直走大约三百米,你会发现那个旅馆就在你右手边。
One more step and I’ll succeed.
再有一步我就成功了。
考点 2 状语从句
(一)时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的连词有when、as、while、after、before、since、once、until、till、as soon as、every time/each time、the moment、the minute、immediately、directly、instantly等。
1.表示“一……就……”的连词引导的时间状语从句
(1)引导时间状语从句,且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as、the moment、the minute、the instant、immediately、directly、instantly、hardly/scarcely...when...、no sooner...than...等。
(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...、no sooner...than...结构中,主句用过去完成时,when或than所在的从句用一般过去时；当no sooner和hardly/scarcely位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。
2.before与since的常用句式
连词 词义 常用句式
before 在……之前,还未……就
……; ……才
……;还没来
得及……就…… (1)It will (not) be+一段时间+before...“(没有)过…… (时间)才……”
(2)It was not long before...“不久……就……”
(3)It was+一段时间+before...“过了…… (时间)才……”
since 自……以来 It is/has been+一段时间+since...(从句用一般过去时)
3.every time、each time、next time、the first time、by the time等引导的时间状语从句
[特别提醒] by the time引导的时间状语从句：主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时；主句用将来完成时,从句用一般现在时或现在完成时。
By the time you come back,we will have finished the job.
到你回来的时候,我们将已经完成了这项工作。
4.till/until的用法
till/until用于肯定句,表示“直到……为止”,其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词；not...until/till...表示“直到……才……”,not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。until 可用于句首,而till 不能用于句首。
If you don’t understand something,you may research,study,and talk to other people until you figure it out.如果你有不懂的东西,你可以研究、学习以及和其他人进行交谈,直到你把它弄明白。
She didn’t start the lesson until the pupils settled down.
直到学生们安静下来后,她才开始上课。
(二)地点状语从句
where和wherever皆可引导地点状语从句,where指某一固定地方,而wherever指任何一个地方。
I’ll go where he went.
我要去他去过的地方。(特定地点)
I’ll go wherever he goes.
他去哪儿我就去哪儿。(任意地点)
(三)原因状语从句
1.because为常用词,其语气最重,且说明的是直接原因,用来回答why引导的问句。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) Her delay came because she was carrying a competitor across the finish line.
她的推迟是因为她带着一个竞争对手冲过了终点线。
2.as、since和now that语气较弱,常用来表示一些显而易见或对方知道的原因。since意为“既然,鉴于”时,不可用as替换。
As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.
由于天色已晚,我决定去一家旅馆住宿。
Since he had broken the rule,he deserved being punished.
既然他违反了规则,他应该受到惩罚。
(四)结果状语从句
常用句型：
The storm was so severe that many trees were knocked down.
暴风雨如此猛烈,以至于许多树都被吹倒了。
He is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.
＝He is so learned a person that we all admire him very much.
他是如此知识渊博的一个人,以至于我们都非常欣赏他。
(五)目的状语从句
1.in order that与so that引导的目的状语从句
in order that比so that正式,引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后；而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
Take action today so that/in order that you won’t miss your opportunity next time.
今天就行动起来,这样你就不会错过下次机会了。
2.for fear that与in case引导的目的状语从句
for fear that表示“唯恐；生怕”；in case表示“以免,以防”。
Leave a spare key with your neighbor in case you lock yourself out one day.
留一把备用钥匙给你的邻居,以防哪天你把自己锁在门外。
They hid themselves behind some bushes for fear that the enemy found them.
他们躲在树丛后面,生怕敌人发现他们。
(六)条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词(词组)有if、unless、so/as long as、in case (如果)、on condition that、suppose/supposing (that)、providing/provided (that)等。
1.条件状语从句中如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时。如果条件状语从句中出现过去时,则为虚拟条件句,那么主句要用相应的虚拟语气形式。
If he had listened carefully,he would have done it better.
如果他认真听讲的话,他会做得更好些。
2.unless相当于if...not,在虚拟条件句中可用if...not,但不能用unless。
Unless you apologize, I won’t speak to you again.
除非你道歉,否则我不会再和你说话。
We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn’t offered us a ride home.
昨天如果哈罗德不让我们搭车回家的话,我们就会叫出租车了。
(七)让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词(词组)有although、though、even if、even though、as、whether、no matter what/who/how/where/when
(＝whatever/whoever/however/wherever/whenever)、while (一般置于句首)等。
1.though与although常可互换使用。though或although引导让步状语从句时,后面的主句不能用but,但可用yet或still。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Although the two young women were strangers before the meet,they’ve since become friends.
虽然这两个年轻女子在见面之前是陌生人,但她们后来成了朋友。
2.as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,即把从句的表语、状语或谓语中的实义动词提前,如果表语是带冠词的名词,冠词必须省略。though引导的让步状语从句可倒装也可不倒装。
Child as/though he is,he has helped me a lot.
尽管他是个孩子,但他却帮了我很多忙。
Try as/though he might,he could not find a satisfying job.
尽管他尝试过了,但是他还是找不到令人满意的工作。
Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book in two days.
即使你读得很快,你也不可能在两天内读完这本书。
3.while引导让步状语从句时,一般置于句首。
While I admit that there are problems,I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意这些问题不能解决。
4.“疑问词＋- ever”引导的让步状语从句。
“where/what/who/whom/when/which/how＋- ever”表示“无论……”,引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter where/what/who/whom/when/which/how。
Whenever/No matter when we have trouble with our studies,our teachers always help us patiently.
每当我们学习有困难时,我们的老师总是耐心地帮助我们。
5.whether...or...引导让步状语从句时,意为“不管……还是……”。
Whether he comes here or we go there,the topic of the discussion will remain unchanged.
不管他来这儿还是我们去那儿,讨论的话题都会保持不变。
6.even if/though引导的让步状语从句。
even if/though引导让步状语从句时,表示语气更强的让步,意为“即使,即便”。
The Internet has made it possible for friends to keep in touch easily even though/if they are on opposite sides of the world.
即使朋友们天各一方,互联网也能使他们轻松保持联系。
(八)方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as (按照,像……那样)、as if (＝as though仿佛,好像；从句可用虚拟语气)等引导。
In brief,do as the Chinese do when in China.
简而言之,在中国时就像中国人做的那样做。
(九)比较状语从句
1.引导比较状语从句的连词(词组)有as...as、not so/as...as、than等。
2.as和than引导的从句,常省去与主句中相同的部分,只留下相比较的部分；常用替代动词do等形式代替与主句相同的谓语部分。
It’s warmer in spring than (it is) in winter.
春天比冬天暖和。
He doesn’t speak English as well as you do.
他英语说得不如你好。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(人教必修一)My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature I like English and I’m good at it.
2.(译林选必二)Whether you come first last, it is important to remember that at any sporting event, you face two opponents: your fellow competitors and yourself.
3.(北师大必修一)He had met wonderful teachers from small villages during his early school years and he was inspired by them to go and teach he was needed the most.
because/since/as
or
where
4.(外研必修三)People have been more inspired by Franklin’s spirit of scientific exploration by the facts themselves.
5.(人教选必三) it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.
6.(译林选必一)No matter bad my mood is,that perfect combination is always enough to lift my spirits.
7.(外研必修一)I was looking at the photos on the noticeboard I heard a voice behind me.
than
Though/Although/While
how
when
8.(译林选必一)Not only is cooking at home cheaper, I can cook exactly what I want.
9.(外研选必二)I was really surprised a bank contacted me with a credit card offer.
10.(译林选必二) the chart shows, technology has transformed the way people get news during the past years.
but
when
As
