人教版（2019）高考英语一轮复习 选择性必修 第二册教材梳理UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS知识点课件(共56张PPT)

(共56张PPT)
UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
主题语境　科学与技术
选择性必修第二册
Part 1　研考点　必备知识巧突破
1.blame vt.把……归咎于;责怪;指责 n.指责;责备
(1)be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任,应受责备
blame sb. for sth. 因某事责备某人;把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)take/bear/shoulder the blame (for sth.)承担(……的)过错/责任
①(北师大选必一)Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will _______
(blame).
② (blame) for the failure of the performance, Tim felt seized by a burst of sadness and couldn’t help crying bitterly.
　
③不要总把自己的失败归咎于他人,你应该为失败承担责任。(主旨升华)
Don’t always . You should______ ____________________________ .
blame
be to
Blamed
blame your own failure on others
bear/shoulder the blame for failure
take/
被伤心撅住了
2.decrease vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少;减小;降低 n.减少;降低;减少量
(1)decrease (from...) to...(从……)减少到……
decrease by...降低了……
decrease in...在……方面减少/减小/下降
(2)on the decrease在减少
①The virus caused the rabbit population to decrease 130,000
around 10,000.
②(人教选必三)These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease the number of fish species.
③由于人类活动,例如非法狩猎,破坏栖息地,一些稀有动物的数量正在减少。(生态与环保)
Because of human activities such as illegal hunting and destroying the habitats, .
from
to
in
the number of some rare animals is on the decrease
3.defend vt.保卫;防守;辩解→ n.防御;保卫;保护
(1)defend...against/from (doing...)保护……免受……
defend oneself自卫;为自己辩护
(2)in defence (of)保护;为了保卫;(为……)辩护
in one’s defence为某人辩护
defence/defense
①Nowadays, many people learn martial arts so that they can defend themselves against (attack).
②看到这条凶猛的蛇,他像一支箭一样冲过去保护儿子。(肢体动作描写)
→Seeing the fierce snake, he rushed like an arrow.(defend)
→Seeing the fierce snake, he rushed _______________________
___________ like an arrow.(defence)
being attacked
to defend his son
in defence of his son/in his
son’s defence
4.in charge of 主管;负责;掌管(表示状态)
(1)in/under the charge of 由……来负责;被……掌管
take charge of 负责;掌管(表示动作)
free of charge 免费
(2)charge (sb.) for sth. (向某人)要价……
charge sb. with (doing) sth.指控某人(做)某事
①(人教选必四)Whoever is charged a crime should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
②I’m going to visit the museum which doesn’t charge admission this weekend.
③作为学生会主席,我被委派负责安排你在北京逗留期间的所有活动。(告知信)
→As chairman of the Student Union, I was appointed to __________
_______________ during your stay in Beijing.
→As chairman of the Student Union, I was appointed to __________
during your stay in Beijing.
with
for
of arranging all the activities
take charge
of arranging all the activities
be in charge
5.above all最重要的是;尤其是
after all毕竟;终究
first of all首先;第一
all in all整体说来;总而言之
in all全部;合计
at all(否定句)一点也,完全;(疑问句)到底;究竟
用all相关短语的正确形式填空
①Thanks to your timely and generous help, I managed to handle the four problems .
②The university I recommend to you is Beijing Language and Culture University. , you’d better learn some basic Chinese before you come. , you will be under completely unfamiliar circumstances. , studying for a degree in a different culture is not easy .(推荐信)
in all
First of all/Above all
After all
All in all
at all
6.so...that...“如此……以至于……”
[教材原句]　He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现在两条特别的街道上,霍乱暴发是如此严重,以至于10天内死了500多人。
句中so...that...引导结果状语从句,意为“如此……以至于……”。
(1)so...that...句型的常见形式:
so+adj./adv.+that...
so+adj.+a/an+n.(单数)+that...
so+many/much/few/little(少)+n.(复数或不可数)+that...
(2)such...that...句型的常见形式:
such+a/an+adj.+n.(单数)+that...
such+adj.+n.(复数或不可数)+that...
(3)当so/such放在句首时,主句要用部分倒装语序。
①我感到如此生气,以至于我的手不受控制地颤抖。
→I felt my hands trembled without control.
→ my hands trembled without control.(倒装句)
②西湖是一个如此吸引人的旅游景点,以至于每年吸引成千上万的游客。
The West Lake is__________________________________________
__________________ it attracts thousands of tourists every year.
so annoyed/angry that
So annoyed/angry did I feel that
so attractive a tourist attraction/such an attractive
tourist attraction that
③我如此精通英语,以至于我被选为英语老师的助手。
I have I am elected as assistant to my English teacher.
such a good command of English that
Part 2　过基础　核心要点精准练
Ⅰ.语境填空——练熟高频词汇
1.Every moment of every day, energy is transformed from one form
another.
2.We began to help pick peaches and then had them (deliver) to the farmers’ houses.
3. (blame) for the breakdown of the computer network, Alice was in low spirits.
4.Tears of sadness rolled down the boy’s cheeks, because he was charged stealing the gold ring without solid proof.
into
delivered
Blamed
with
5.My sister is always finding fault others, which really gets us annoyed.
6.I didn’t realize the significance of team I took part in the basketball match.
7.Planting trees is a rewarding experience that we all look forward to another one.
8.With the traffic improving, the number of accidents is the decrease.
9.The man stepped back appearing surprised and put up his hands as if
____ defence.
10.Your innovations should (link) with our daily life and be able to make our life more convenient.
with
until
such
on
in
be linked
Ⅱ.完成句子——活用短语、句式
1.随着生存环境变得越来越糟,地球上很多物种的数量正在减少。
With the living environment becoming worse and worse,___________
_______________________________________ .
2.在我看来,人类为此负有责任。
As far as I’m concerned, .
3.更糟糕的是,一些稀有物种正面临着灭绝的危险,所以我们应该立即采取措施,保护它们免于灭绝。
What’s worse, some rare species are in danger of extinction, so we should take immediate measures to .
of many of the Earth’s species is on the decrease
the number
human beings are to blame for that
defend them from dying out
4.情况如此严重,以至于我们所有人都要共同努力保护稀有物种。
all of us should make joint efforts to protect the rare species.
5.在我看来,最重要的是,我们应提高人们的野生动物保护意识。
As far as I’m concerned, ____________________________________
.
The situation is so severe that
above all, we should raise people’s awareness of wildlife protection
Part 3　提素养　关键能力培优练
培优1　单元话题写作——科学家与科学精神
　　根据提示,运用本单元的词汇、短语及句式或使用词汇的正确形式完成下面的语篇。
　　People think that an extraordinary (用本单元词汇替换黑体词:① ) scientist is ② (有天赋并且聪明).③ (最重要的是), he should have scientific spirits.For one thing, he should be brave to ④____________________
(怀疑不一致的思想) and theoretical frameworks, trying to find ⑤ (proof) to prove them right or wrong.
outstanding
gifted and brilliant
Above all
suspect contradictory
thinking
proofs
For another, he should be brave to⑥___________________________ (承担……的责任) the failure of research.Furthermore, facing failure, he shouldn’t feel ⑦ (frustrate) but should believe that he will succeed ⑧ (最终地).
take/bear/shoulder the blame for
frustrated
once and for all
教材语料运用　【友情篇(二)】
　　我被怀疑偷了这位女士的金戒指,这使我的脸上蒙上了一层阴影。我是如此懊恼,以至于泪水像洪水一样顺着脸颊流了下来。后来,我想我为什么要代人受过呢 因此,我尽最大努力追踪真正的小偷以捍卫我的清白。在我的朋友们的帮助下,我深信我会证明我是被冤枉的。
　I was suspected of stealing the woman’s gold ring,①__________________________
(非限制性定语从句).So frustrated was I that ②__________________________
(比喻句).Then I thought why I should ③____________________________
.So I tried my best to trace the real thief to defend my innocence.④
(with复合结构), I was greatly convinced that I would prove ⑤ (宾语从句).
my face
which cast a cloud of gloom over
like floods
tears poured down my cheeks
take/bear/shoulder the blame for somebody else
With my friends assisting me
that I was wronged
培优2　提升续写能力
课时作业
Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分,共10分)
　　(2024·山东济南质检)A rising star from Virginia has secured the title of “America’s Top Young Scientist” for his groundbreaking creation—a bar of soap designed to battle against skin cancer.At just 14 years old, Heman Bekele emerged as the victor of the 2023 3M Young Scientist Challenge, standing out among the ten finalists with his innovative creation known as the Skin Cancer Treating Soap (SCTS).
Bekele’s brilliant concept centers on the development of a soap that is not only affordable, but also has the potential to reactivate the body’s natural defenders of the skin to stop skin cancer.In Bekele’s own words,“Curing cancer, one bar of soap at a time.” He always has endless passion for biology and technology, and the 3M Young Scientist Challenge just provided him with the perfect platform to display his ideas.Reflecting on his inspiration, Bekele shared that his childhood played a significant role in shaping his innovative thinking.Having witnessed people work tirelessly under the sun, he couldn’t help but wonder how many were aware of the risks associated with constant sun exposure.
“I wanted to make my idea not only scientifically exceptional but also accessible to a broad audience,”Bekele expressed during an interview with the media.He received invaluable guidance from Deborah Isabelle, a product engineering specialist, who connected him with other scientists to aid him in reaching his ambitious plans.
　 During his presentation, Bekele passionately expressed his vision of turning the soap into “a symbol of hope, accessibility, and a world where skin cancer treatment is within reach for all”.
　　Over the coming five years, Bekele longs to perfect his invention and establish a nonprofit organization devoted to distributing his innovative creation to more places including undeveloped communities, offering hope and a practical solution in the fight against skin cancer.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。14岁的Heman Bekele发明了一种抗皮肤癌肥皂,并凭借此发明在3M青年科学家挑战赛中脱颖而出,被评为“美国顶尖青年科学家”。
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1.What made Bekele an instant hit (　　)
A.Starting a soap fashion.
B.Overcoming skin cancer.
C.Being the youngest scientist.
D.Creating a soap against skin cancer.
D
解析:细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知,Bekele因其开创性的发明——一块抗皮肤癌肥皂(SCTS),在2023年3M青年科学家挑战赛中脱颖而出,被评为“美国顶尖青年科学家”。由此可知,令Bekele一夜成名的是他创造了一种抗皮肤癌肥皂。故选D项。
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2.What inspired Bekele to invent the SCTS (　　)
A.His concern for others.
B.His adventure in childhood.
C.His enthusiasm for technology.
D.His interest in medical knowledge.
A
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解析:推理判断题。根据题干将答案定位至第二段的“Having witnessed people work tirelessly under the sun...the risks associated with constant sun exposure.”,即目睹了人们在阳光下不知疲倦地工作,他不禁想知道有多少人意识到持续暴露在阳光下的风险。由此可推知,Bekele对别人的关心激励他发明了SCTS,故选A项。
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3.What will Bekele do in the near future (　　)
A.Obtain official approval.
B.Visit undeveloped areas.
C.Increase the availability of the soap.
D.Update the facilities of production.
C
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解析:细节理解题。 根据最后一段的内容可知,在接下来的五年里,Bekele渴望完善他的发明,并建立一个致力于将他的创新成果分发到包括落后社区的更多地方的非营利组织,为抗击皮肤癌提供希望和切实可行的解决方案。由此可知,Bekele在不久的将来会增加肥皂的供应,故C项正确。
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4.Which of the following can best describe Bekele (　　)
A.Inspiring and modest.
B.Humorous and positive.
C.Creative and considerate.
D.Curious and independent.
C
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解析:推理判断题。 根据第一段中的“his groundbreaking creation” “his innovative creation”可知,Bekele创造性地发明了一种抗皮肤癌肥皂,这说明Bekele具有创造力;再根据第二段的“Having witnessed people work tirelessly...constant sun exposure.”和最后一段的“establish a nonprofit organization...fight against skin cancer”可知,Bekele为他人着想。故C项正确。
Ⅱ.完形填空(每小题1分,共15分)
With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits sent to landfills at the end of each market day, the Central de Abastos has become the largest source of food waste in Mexico City. When De Paz Fuentes noticed the 　1　, he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into 　2　 for the hungry. Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has 　3　 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and _4___ almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.
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“Efforts like this are 　5　, ” says Gutiérrez, who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program. “Now, if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 　6　 them, I call the Itacate.”
When Gutiérrez makes the call, a volunteer 　7　 at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 　8　 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens, which 　9　 80,000 meals a day.
Just across the street from the Central de Abastos is one of the city’s largest soup kitchens. There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after a(n) 　10　cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market. The soup kitchen is the only place where he can get a(n) 　11　 meal near his workplace.
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“It’s 　12　 to eat at the market,” he explains, “about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.”
Some shop owners 　13　 they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away 　14　 food because it takes too much time to make a 　15　.
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　 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了De Paz Fuentes利用墨西哥城最大的果蔬批发市场卖不出去的产品救济穷人的事迹。
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1.A.market B.trap
C.problem D.position
答案:C
解析:market市场;trap陷阱;problem问题;position位置。根据上文的“With hundreds of tons of unsold vegetables and fruits... the largest source of food waste in Mexico City.”可知,在每个市场日结束时,数百吨未售出的蔬菜和水果被送往垃圾填埋场,阿巴斯托斯中心已成为墨西哥城最大的食物垃圾来源,所以De Paz Fuentes注意到的是这个问题。故选C。
2.A.meals B.chemicals
C.drinks D.ruins
答案:A
解析:meal食物;chemical化学品;drink饮料;ruin废墟。根据上文的“turn the wasted food into”和下文“for the hungry”可知,他与市场合作,把浪费的食物变成了饥饿者的食物。故选A。
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3.A.produced B.reduced
C.bought D.buried
答案:B
解析:produce生产;reduce减少;buy买;bury埋葬。根据上文的“he partnered with the market to turn the wasted food into　2　 for the hungry”和下文“the market’s daily food waste by 24%”可知,他的Itacate项目已将市场的每日食物浪费减少了24%。故选B。
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4.A.planted B.cut
C.lost D.delivered
答案:D
解析:plant种植;cut切割;lose丢失;deliver运送。根据下文的“almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”可知,他的Itacate项目向全市各地的施食处运送了近800吨食物。故选D。
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5.A.meaningful B.wasteful
C.troublesome D.perfect
答案:A
解析:meaningful有意义的;wasteful浪费的;troublesome麻烦的;perfect完美的。根据上文的“Since 2020, his program, the Itacate, has　3　 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and　4　almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city.”和下文“who is one of the businessmen taking part in the program”可知,Itacate项目是有意义的,Gutiérrez是参加这个项目的商人之一,认为这样的努力是有意义的。故选A。
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6.A.grow B.sell
C.decline D.count
答案:B
解析:grow生长;sell出售;decline下降;count计数。根据上文的“the Itacate, has 　3　 the market’s daily food waste by 24% and 　4　 almost 800 tons of food to soup kitchens across the city”和下文“I call the Itacate”可知,Itacate项目将卖不出去的蔬菜向全市各地的施食处运送,所以Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去,就打电话给Itacate。故选B。
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7.A.signs up B.checks out
C.shows up D.gives in
答案:C
解析:sign up报名;check out检查;show up出现;give in屈服。根据下文的“at Gutiérrez’s shop and helps distribute the unsold 　8__　 among the city’s 450 soup kitchens”可知,一名志愿者出现在Gutiérrez的商店里,帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选C。
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8.A.fruits B.chickens
C.cakes D.vegetables
答案:D
解析:fruit水果;chicken鸡;cake蛋糕;vegetable蔬菜。根据上文的“if I have too many vegetables and won’t be able to 　6　 them, I call the Itacate”可知,Gutiérrez说如果自己有太多蔬菜卖不出去,就打电话给Itacate,所以志愿者帮助将未售出的蔬菜分发到全市450个施食处。故选D。
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9.A.purchase B.serve
C.destroy D.need
答案:B
解析:purchase购买;serve供应;destroy摧毁;need需要。根据下文的“80,000 meals a day”可知,这些厨房每天供应8万顿饭。故选B。
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10.A.morning B.day
C.evening D.afternoon
答案:A
解析:morning上午;day白天;evening晚上;afternoon下午。根据上文的“There, Leonardo Bautista, 62, is eating lunch after”和下文“cleaning onions and green tomatoes at the market”可知,Leonardo正在吃午饭,因此他在市场上清理洋葱和绿西红柿是上午的事情。故选A。
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11.A.tasty B.sweet
C.unacceptable D.affordable
答案:D
解析:tasty美味的;sweet甜的;unacceptable不可接受的;affordable买得起的。根据下文的“‘It’s 　12　 to eat at the market,’ he explains, ‘about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary.’”可知,在市场上吃饭很贵,所以施食处是他唯一能在工作场所附近买得起饭的地方。故选D。
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12.A.hot B.inconvenient
C.expensive D.fun
答案:C
解析:hot热的;inconvenient不方便的;expensive昂贵的;fun有趣的。根据下文的“about $3.50 for lunch, which is almost half of my daily salary”可知,一顿午餐大约3.5美元,这几乎是Leonardo 一天工资的一半,所以Leonardo认为在市场上吃饭很贵。故选C。
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13.A.apologize B.think
C.realize D.admit
答案:D
解析:apologize道歉;think想;realize实现;admit承认。根据下文的“they are familiar with the program, but still often throw away　14　food because it takes too much time to make a 　15　”可知,他们对这项计划很熟悉,但仍然经常扔掉可食用的食物,因为捐赠需要花费太多时间,这是一些店主承认的事情。故选D。
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14.A.poisonous B.eatable
C.cold D.cheap
答案:B
解析:poisonous有毒的;eatable可食用的;cold冷的;cheap花钱少的。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和下文的“food because it takes too much time to make a　15　”可知,这个项目与捐赠相关,这些是可以捐赠的食物,所以店主经常扔掉的是可食用的食物。故选B。
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15.A.donation B.call
C.profit D.living
答案:A
解析:donation捐赠;call打电话;profit利润;living谋生。根据上文的“they are familiar with the program”和“because it takes too much time to make a”可知,这个项目与捐赠相关,而捐赠需要花费太多时间。make a donation“进行捐赠”。故选A。
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