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新人教版选择性必修第三册Unit 3-4知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 3 1.broadcast vt.&vi. 播送;广播;传播 n. 广播节目;电视节目→broadcast/broadcast/broadcasting (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.seize vt. 抓住;夺取;控制 3.trend n. 趋势;趋向;动向 4.release vt.&n. 排放;释放;发布 5.fine vt. 对……处以罚款 6.campaign n. 运动;战役 vi.&vt. 参加运动;领导运动 7.reform vi.&vt. 改革;(使)改正;改造 n. 改革;变革;改良 8.sensitive adj. 敏感的;善解人意的;灵敏的 9.dozen n. (一)打; 十二个 10.undergo vt. 经历;经受(变化、不快等)→underwent/undergone/undergoing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 11.volume n. 量;体积;(成套书籍中的)一卷 12.worldwide adv. 遍及全球地 adj. 世界各地的;影响全世界的 13.chaos n. 混乱;杂乱;紊乱 14.policy n. 政策;方针;原则 15.ecology n. 生态;生态学 16.agenda n. 议程表;议事日程 17.enterprise n. 公司;企业;事业 18.implement vt. 使生效;贯彻;执行 19.graph n. 图;图表;曲线图 20.garbage n. 垃圾;废物 21.tropical adj. 热带的;来自热带的 22.melt vi.&vt. (使)融化;熔化;软化 23.nuclear adj. 原子能的;核能的;原子核的 24.emission n. 排放物;散发物;排放 25.footprint n. 足迹;(某物所占的)空间量;面积 Unit 4 1.abandon vt. 舍弃;抛弃;放弃 2.sink vi. 沉没;下沉;下降 vt.使下沉;使沉没→sank/sunk/sunk/sinking (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 3.envy n.&vt. 羡慕;妒忌 4.thorough adj. 深入的;彻底的;细致的 5.furniture n. 家具 6.aboard adv.&prep. 上(船、飞机、公共汽车等) 7.genuine adj. 真正的;真诚的;可信赖的 8.candidate n. 候选人;应试者 9.bark vi.&n. (狗)吠叫;吠叫声 10.bitter adj. 严寒的;激烈而不愉快的;味苦的 11.expedition n. 探险;远征;探险队 12.damp adj. 潮湿的;湿气重的 13.miserable adj. 痛苦的;令人难受的 14.decent adj. 相当不错的;正派的;得体的 15.navy n. 海军;海军部队 16.good/bad tempered adj. 脾气好的/坏的 17.wage n. 工资 18.recreation n. 娱乐;消遣;游戏 19.bat n. 球拍;蝙蝠 vi.&vt. 用球板击球;挥打;拍打 20.nephew n. 侄子;外甥 21.motor n. 发动机;马达 adj. 有引擎的;机动车的 22.crew n. (轮船、飞机等上面的)全体工作人员;专业团队;一群人 23.voyage n.&vi. 航海;航行 24.cosy adj. 温馨的;舒适的
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 3 1.starve vi.&vt. (使)挨饿;饿死→starvation n. 饥饿;饿死;挨饿 2.frequently adv. 频繁地;经常→frequent adj. 频繁的→frequency n. 频繁;频率 3.restriction n. 限制规定;限制法规;约束→restrict vt. 限制;限定;束缚 4.tolerate vt. 忍受;包容;容许→toleration/tolerance n. 忍受;包容→tolerant adj. 宽容的;容忍的 5.comprehensive adj. 全部的;所有的;详尽的→comprehend v.理解→comprehension n. 理解 6.sustain vt.维持;遭受;承受住→sustainable adj. 可持续的;合理利用的 7.disposal n. 去掉;清除;处理→dispose vt. 处理;清除→disposable adj. 一次性的;用完即丢弃的 8.annual adj. 每年的;一年的 n. 年刊;年鉴→annually adv. 每年地 9.submit vt.&vi. 提交;呈递;屈服→submission n. 提交;呈递;屈服 10.harmonious adj. 和谐的→harmony n. 和谐 11.originate vi.&vt. 起源;发源;创立→origin n. 起源;源头;起因→original adj. 最初的;原始的→originally adv. 最初;起初 12.moderate adj. 适度的;中等的;温和的 vi.&vt. 缓和;使适中→moderation n. 适度;适中;合理 13.regulation n. 章程;规章制度→regulate v. 约束;控制;管理 14.inspection n. 检查;查看;视察→inspect v. 检查;查看;审视;视察→inspector n. 检查员;视察员;巡视员 15.habitable adj. 适合居住的→inhabitable (反) adj. 不适宜居住的 16.smog n. 烟雾(烟与雾混合的空气污染物)→smoggy adj. 有烟雾的 17.restore vt. 恢复;使复原;修复→restoration n. 修复;整修 18.conservation n. 对(环境、文物等)保护;保持→conserve vt. 保护;节约;保存 Unit 4 1.unfortunately adv. 不幸地;遗憾地→fortunately (反) adv. 幸运地→fortunate adj. 幸运的 2.application n. 申请;请求;应用→apply v. 申请→applicant n. 申请者 3.resolve vi.&vt. 决定;决心;解决(问题或困难) n. 决心;坚定的信念→resolution n. 决议;解决;坚定 4.selfish adj. 自私的→selfless (反) adj. 无私的→selflessness n. 无私 5.perseverance n. 毅力;韧性;不屈不挠的精神→persevere vi. 坚持;孜孜以求 6.rough adj. 汹涌的;粗糙的;粗略的→roughly adv. 粗略地;大约 7.qualified adj. 符合资格;具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)→qualification n. 资格→qualify vt.使有资格 8.enthusiastic adj. 热情的;热心的→enthusiasm n. 热情;热心→enthusiastically adv. 热情地;热心地 9.assign vt.分派;布置;分配→assignment n. (分派的) 工作,任务 10.belongings n. (pl.) 财物;动产→belong v. 属于 11.guidance n. 指导;引导;导航→guide n. 指南;手册;旅游指南(或手册);导游;向导 v. 给某人领路(或导游);指引 12.advertising n. 广告活动;广告业→advertise vt.&vi. 公布;宣传;做广告→advertisement n. 广告 mitment n. 承诺;保证;奉献→commit vt.犯(错误;罪行等); vt.投入 v. 作出保证;使得承担义务→committed adj. 投入的;全心全意的 14.motive n. 动机;原因;目的→motivation n. 动机;动力;诱因→motivated adj. 积极的;主动的 15.cruel adj. 残酷的;残忍的;冷酷的→cruelly adv. 残酷地;残忍地;冷酷地→cruelty n. 残忍;残酷;冷酷 16.endurance n. 忍耐力;耐久力→endure v. 忍耐;忍受;持续 17.loyal adj. 忠诚的;忠实的→loyalty n. 忠诚;忠实 18.corporate adj. 公司的;法人的;社团的→corporation n. 公司 19.navigator n. 领航员;(飞机、船舶等上的)航行者→navigate v. 导航;航行;航海;横渡
重 点 短 语 Unit 3 1．carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 2．fossil fuel 化石燃料(如煤或石油) 3．on behalf of 代表(代替)某人 4．dozens of 许多；很多 Unit 4 1．turn sb.down拒绝(某人) 2．make fire生火 3．give off放出(热、光、气味或气体)
重 点 句 型 1．There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer. 毫无疑问，地球正在不断变暖。 2．Without this process，Earth could not sustain life. 如果没有这个过程，地球就不能维持生命。 3．It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming，along with its causes and impacts，because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. 抓住每个机会来教育大家关于全球变暖的知识以及它的原因和影响是我们的责任，因为这是影响地球上所有人的最严重的问题。 4．Previously，water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists，many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river. 以往，漓江的水质因为游客量的增长遭到了严重破坏，许多游客频繁地将垃圾扔入水中。 5．With these measures，it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come. 有了这些措施，人们相信，漓江的美会被保留下来给后代。 6．We have been struggling for days，but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse. 这些天我们一直在挣扎，但是大象岛上的情况变得更糟了。 7．It will eventually lead to success as long as you persevere. 只要你坚持，你最终会成功。 8．What if they were delayed 如果他们被延误了怎么办？ 9．If it weren’t for sea animals，we would all starve. 要是没有海上的动物，我们都会饿死的。
A
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.In 2013，many people 1.________(shock) by a news photo of a dead polar bear which appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea ice levels 2.________(cause) by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before，so it had to travel greater distance 3.______(find) food.Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature？Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”，4._______ has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man made” greenhouse effect.The “man made” greenhouse effect has now become 5.____ big problem.There is strong and comprehensive evidence 6.______ the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide.In fact，news reports are 7._______(frequent) broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves 8.________(cause) deaths and economic losses.Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long lasting changes to the global climate.This requires the attention of people all over the world.We as individuals can reduce our “carbon footprint” by 9._______(restrict) the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce.It is our responsibility 10._________(seize) every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming.
B
An expedition to the South Pole with the great Sir Ernest Shackleton—this is the adventure that I 1.___________(dream) of.However,2.________ I applied to join the expedition，Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn’t 3.__________ (qualify)，so I secretly went aboard his ship，the Endurance.Later I 4.________(discover) and Shackleton had to assign me to be 5._____steward.The journey wasn’t very easy，for Endurance was stuck in the ice as we approached Antarctica.And when the ship sank，our hearts sank with it. Before we abandoned the ship，Shackleton 6.______(calm) told us to rescue our most essential supplies and he 7.______(he) threw away all his gold.He allowed Hussey to keep his banjo,8._______made us surprised.We had been struggling for days，but things were going from bad to worse.Soon after we arrived at Elephant Island，Shackleton left us to find help.Sometimes we were able to catch a seal or a penguin to eat.I tried to think of 9._______(happy) things.I was grateful，for Frank and Ernest’s genuine concern for others，their perseverance，and their resolve filled me 10._____ hope.
知识点
starve vi.& vt.(使)挨饿；饿死(starvation n．饥饿；饿死)
starve to death饿死 be starving for sth./to do sth.渴望某事/做某事
(1)What shocked the scientists was that many seals died from starvation(starve) because they couldn’t find enough food to eat.
(2)我渴望学好英语，因为掌握英语意味着我们可以通过一个新窗口看世界。(话题写作之语言学习)
I am starving to study English well，because mastering English means we can see the world through a new window.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The refugees, who had been trapped for days without food, were starving ______ a piece of bread when the rescue team arrived.
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
那个在沙漠中迷路的探险家差点饿死，直到一群骆驼商队发现了他。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：The severe drought led to the ______ (starve) of hundreds of livestock in the area.
完成句子：学生们渴望得到老师的指导，因为他们在学习中遇到了很多困难。（用be starving to do）
seize vt.抓住；夺取；控制
seize sb.by the arm抓住某人的胳膊 seize a chance/an opportunity抓住机会
(1)警察看到一个小偷，冲向前，抓住了他的胳膊。(读后续写之动作链描写)
The policeman spotted a thief，charged forward and seized him by the arm.
(2)鉴于你口语不好，我强烈建议你抓住每个机会说英语。(应用文写作之建议信)
Given that you don’t get along well with oral English，I strongly suggest that you (should) seize every chance to speak English.
(3)我一看到父亲阴云密布的脸，就感到恐惧。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The moment I saw my father’s cloudy face，panic seized me.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考II卷·选择题）
When the opportunity to study abroad came, she ______ it without hesitation and achieved great progress later.
caught B. seized C. held D. grasped
（2024·北京卷·读后续写改编）
The little girl slipped on the ice, and her mother rushed over and ______ her by the hand before she fell.
【即时强化练习】
1.单句语法填空：The moment the actor appeared on stage, excitement ______ (seize) all the audience.
2.翻译：我们必须抓住这个科技发展的机遇，提升国家的核心竞争力。（用seize a chance）
submit vt.& vi.提交；呈递；屈服[submission n．提交(物)；呈递(书)；屈服]
submit sth.to sb.将某物提交给某人 submit (oneself) to屈从于……
(1)We normally respond to article submissions(submit) within six weeks.
(2)尽管日常生活中有许多挑战和困境，我拒绝屈从于它们。
In spite of challenges and hardships in my daily life，I decline to submit to them.
(3)对这次夏令营感兴趣的人必须在5月15日前提交申请书和相关资料。
Those who are interested in the summer camp must submit the applications and relevant materials by May 15.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
All participants are required to submit their works ______ the organizing committee before the deadline.
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
Faced with great pressure, she refused to ______ and finally overcame all the difficulties.
A. submit B. surrender C. give in D. yield
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：The ______ (submit) of the application form must be done online through the official website.
完成句子：尽管遭遇了失败，他也从未屈从于命运的安排。（用submit to）
tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许(tolerance n．宽恕；忍耐；容忍 tolerant adj.忍耐的；宽容的)
tolerate (sb./sb.’s) doing sth.忍受(某人)做某事 be tolerant of/towards sb./sth.容忍/宽容某人/某事
(1)To be honest，my tolerance is not limitless，so I will not be always tolerant of your rude behavior.(tolerate)
(2)那些懂得如何包容他人的人自然会过得幸福。
Those who know how to tolerate others can naturally lead a happy life.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
It is difficult for some people to tolerate ______ (work) with those who are always late for meetings.
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
一个文明的社会应该包容不同的文化和观点，这是社会进步的标志。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：Her ______ (tolerate) of other people's mistakes made her very popular among her colleagues.
改写句子：She can't tolerate his making noise in the library.（用be tolerant of改写）
on behalf of sb./on sb.’s behalf代表/代替某人
represent vt.代表
我代表我们学校热情、真诚地欢迎你们来到中国。
(1)On behalf of our school/On our school’s behalf，I welcome you to China warmly and sincerely.(behalf)
(2)Representing our school，I welcome you to China warmly and sincerely.(represent)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·书面表达）
作为学生会主席，你将代表学校在欢迎新生的仪式上发言，请以“拥抱新生活”为题写一段开场白。（开头句翻译）
（2025·北京卷·选择题） The young athlete ______ his team to win the championship and was highly praised by the coach.
represented B. stood C. acted D. behalfed
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：______ behalf of all the staff, I would like to thank the manager for his valuable support.
完成句子：他将代表我们班参加学校的英语演讲比赛。（用represent和on behalf of分别表达）
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
几乎没有疑问，地球正在变得越来越温暖。
本句中的doubt后接同位语从句，说明doubt的具体内容。 doubt的常见句型： There is some doubt whether...……有些疑问。 There is no doubt that...……是毫无疑问的。 I doubt whether/if.../I have some doubt whether...我怀疑…… I don’t doubt that.../I have no doubt that...我毫不怀疑……
(1)我是否能够激励他努力学习实现他的目标还有些疑问。
There is some doubt whether I can inspire him to study hard to achieve his goal.(There is some doubt...)
(2)毫无疑问，学习一门外语对孩子终生有益。
There is no doubt that learning a foreign language will be beneficial to children throughout their lives.
(3)几乎毫无疑问，人类对地球的气候造成了影响。
There is little doubt that man has had an impact on the Earth’s climate.
(4)我怀疑他是否胜任这个职位。
①I doubt whether/if he is qualified for the position.(doubt v．)
②I have some doubt whether he is qualified for the position.(doubt n．)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
There is no doubt ______ regular exercise contributes to physical and mental health.
（2023·浙江卷·选择题） There is some doubt ______ the new policy will be effectively carried out in rural areas.
that B. whether C. if D. which
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：I have no doubt ______ she will pass the driving test with her careful preparation.
翻译：毫无疑问，人工智能的发展将对我们的生活产生深远影响。（用There is no doubt that...）
Without this process，Earth could not sustain life.
如果没有这个过程，地球就无法维持生命。
本句中的without this process是介词短语，相当于条件状语从句，引起虚拟语气。 without的这种用法既可表示与现在事实相反的假设(主句中用would/could/might/should do)，也可表示与过去事实相反的假设(主句中用would/could/might/should have done)。 有类似用法的还有：with，otherwise/or(否则)，but for(要不是)，if only(要是……就好了)等。
(1)With the moderate measures，we would build(build) a harmonious society in the future.
(2)没有英语老师的鼓励和帮助，我早就放弃学英语了。
Without my English teacher’s encouragement and assistance，I would have given up studying English.
(3)简想：“要是我没和丈夫吵架就好了。”悔恨的泪水涌上了她的眼睛。(读后续写之后悔描写)
“If only I hadn’t quarreled with my husband，” Jane thought.Tears of regret welled up in her eyes.
(4)父亲耐心地指导了这对双胞胎。否则，他们就不会做出如此美味的早餐了。
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
The father patiently guided the twins.Otherwise/Or they wouldn’t have cooked such a delicious breakfast.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·新高考I卷·语法填空）
Without the support of my family, I ______ (not achieve) my dream of becoming a doctor.
（2024·天津卷·翻译） 要是没有现代科技的帮助，我们不可能在这么短的时间内完成这项复杂的任务。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：Without adequate sleep, you ______ (feel) tired and unable to concentrate on your study.
改写句子：But for his timely help, I would have failed the exam.（用without改写）
8. enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的(enthusiastically adv.热情地；热心地 enthusiasm n．热情；热忱)
be enthusiastic about(doing)sth.对(做)……热情 lack/be full of enthusiasm缺乏/充满热情 with enthusiasm (＝enthusiastically)热情地
(1)He is selfish and bad-tempered.Thus，he will never be enthusiastic about helping those in trouble.
(2)我不仅热情而且容易相处，这使得我能胜任报纸上所刊登的志愿者工作。(应用文写作之个人优势)
I am not only enthusiastic but also easy to get along/on with，which makes me qualified for the voluntary work advertised in the newspaper.
(3)尽管失败了几次，伯纳德和约翰仍然热情地做爆米花。(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
Bernard and John still made popcorn enthusiastically/with enthusiasm in spite of several failures.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The volunteers greeted the elderly ______ (enthusiastic) and helped them with their luggage.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
She is always ______ about participating in community activities, which makes her very popular. A. enthusiastic B. eager C. keen D. fond
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：His ______ (enthusiastic) for music inspired him to learn to play the piano at the age of five.
完成句子：这位年轻老师对教学工作充满热情，深受学生们的喜爱。（用be enthusiastic about）
9. aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)[board vt.& vi.上船(或火车、飞机、公共汽车等) n．木板；董事会；伙食 broad adj.宽阔的；广阔的 abroad adv.在/到国外；在/到海外]
go aboard上船(飞机、火车等) on board 在船(火车或飞机)上 go abroad出国
(1)他身材高大，肩膀宽阔，留着胡子，总是满面笑容。(读后续写之外貌描写)
He is tall with broad shoulders and a beard and always wears a broad smile.
(2)得知你将去国外深造，我写信告知你一些必要的注意事项。(应用文写作之告知信)
Learning that you will go abroad for further study，I’m writing to inform you of some necessary do’s and don’ts.
(3)这对年轻夫妇一上船，他们就吃东西、说话、大笑，好像他们是这世界上仅存的人。
①The instant the young couple went aboard the ship，they were eating，talking and laughing loudly as if they were the only people in the world.(aboard)
②The instant the young couple boarded the ship，they were eating，talking and laughing loudly as if they were the only people in the world.(board)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
All passengers are required to go ______ (board) 30 minutes before the plane takes off.
（2025·全国甲卷·选择题） My brother will go ______ next month to study at a famous university in the US.
aboard B. abroad C. broad D. board
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：The captain announced that all crew members should be ______ board before the storm arrived.
翻译：他身材高大，肩膀宽阔，即将登上前往欧洲的飞机。（用broad和go aboard）
10. envy n．& vt.羡慕；嫉妒(envious adj.嫉妒的；羡慕的)
envy sb.(doing) sth.羡慕/嫉妒某人(做)某事 with envy羡慕地；嫉妒地 green with envy嫉妒地眼红；十分羡慕/嫉妒 be envious of羡慕，嫉妒
(1)I am envious(envy) of you，because you are leading such a cosy and decent life.
(2)老实说，我真羡慕你获得了优秀毕业生的称号，我应该向你学习。
Honestly speaking，I do envy you getting the title of the Excellent Graduate and I should follow your example.
(3)李明不仅学得快，而且善于用逻辑思维解决难题，我十分羡慕。
Not only is Li Ming quick at learning but also he is good at solving tough problems with logical mind.I am green with envy.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
I can't help envying ______ (she) for her ability to speak three foreign languages fluently.
（2024·新高考I卷·翻译）
看到她在比赛中获得冠军，同学们都十分羡慕，纷纷向她表示祝贺。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：Her ______ (envy) of my new house made her unwilling to visit me.
完成句子：我们都羡慕他在艺术方面的天赋，他也乐于和我们分享他的经验。（用envy sb. for sth.）
11. abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃 n．放任；放纵(abandoned adj.被遗弃的；放纵的)
abandon oneself to(doing)sth.沉湎于(做)……；纵情于(做)…… abandon doing sth.放弃做某事 be abandoned to (doing) sth.沉湎于(做)……
(1)He abandoned asking(ask) for his guidance，which was beyond our expectations.
(2)I abandoned myself to computer games.I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.
①Abandoning myself to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)
②Abandoned to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
______ (abandon) by his parents when he was young, he was raised by his kind grandparents.
（2024·北京卷·选择题） The team decided not to ______ the project despite the lack of funds, as it was of great significance.
abandon B. desert C. quit D. leave
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：He abandoned ______ (smoke) after he was diagnosed with lung disease.
改写句子：He abandoned himself to playing computer games and failed the exam.（用过去分词短语作状语）
12. resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念(resolution n．决定；解决；决心)
resolve to do sth.决定做某事
(1)The steward made a resolution(resolve) to visit her relatives more often.
(2)文化遗产代表我们祖先的智慧，因此我们国家已经决定不遗余力地保护它们。(话题写作之文化遗产与保护)
Cultural relics represent the wisdom of our ancestors，so our country has resolved to spare no effort to protect them.
(3)为了解决冲突，我们应该学会多沟通，设身处地为他人着想。(话题写作之人际沟通)
To resolve conflicts，we should learn to communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The government has resolved ______ (take) strict measures to control the rising housing prices.
（2025·新高考II卷·翻译） 为了解决邻里之间的矛盾，社区组织了一次座谈会，鼓励大家坦诚交流。
【即时强化练习】
1.单句语法填空：She made a ______ (resolve) to improve her oral English by practicing with native speakers.
2.完成句子：我们必须下定决心解决这个问题，否则后果会很严重。（用resolve to do sth.）
13. as..as
How could I become as selfish and bad-tempered as Thomas Orde-Lees！
我怎么能变得像托马斯·奥德利斯一样自私和脾气暴躁呢！
as...as...意为“和……一样”，表示同级比较。其中第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词或介词。其基本用法为：as＋adj./adv.＋as...，还有如下用法： 否定式：not as/so＋adj./adv.＋as... 倍数＋as＋adj./adv.＋as... as much/many＋名词＋as...
(1)他和我一样勤奋，因此，他已取得了和我一样多的进步。
He is as hard-working as me，so he has made as much progress as me.
(2)我们投入的时间和精力是她以前的两倍，所以我深信我们能成功。
We have devoted twice as much time and energy as she did before，so I am greatly convinced that we will succeed.
(3)在我看来，这本书没有你认为的那么有趣。
As far as I am concerned，the book is not as/so interesting as you think.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
This new type of battery is twice as ______ (efficient) as the traditional one, so it is more popular.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The film is not ______ interesting as the one I watched last month, but it has better music.
so B. as C. more D. very
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：He can run as ______ (fast) as his brother, who is a professional athlete.
翻译：这座新建的图书馆藏书量是旧图书馆的三倍，环境也和旧图书馆一样安静。（用倍数表达）
14. if引导的虚拟条件句
If it weren’t for sea animals，we would all starve.
要是没有海上的动物，我们都会饿死的。
本句为if引导的虚拟条件句，叙述与现在事实相反的假设。虚拟语气在if虚拟条件句中的运用如下： 与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式(be动词一般用were)，主句谓语动词用“would/could/should/might＋动词原形” 与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”，主句谓语动词用“would/could/should/might＋have＋过去分词” 与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式、were to do或should do，主句谓语动词用“would/could/should/might＋动词原形”
(1)受邀在这里做演讲我倍感荣幸。今天我的演讲主题是“如果我是一名环卫工人”。如果我是一名环卫工人，我会让我们的城市更干净，让街上没有任何垃圾。(应用文写作之演讲稿)
I feel honored to be invited here to deliver a speech.Today the topic of my speech is “If I were a dustman”．If I were a dustman，I would make our city cleaner with no rubbish lying on the street.
(2)如果我早听从你的建议，我就会通过这场重要的考试了。
If I had followed your advice earlier，I would have passed the important exam.
(3)如果我明天看到他，我就会告诉他我在昨天举行的比赛中获得了第一名的好消息。
If I saw/were to see/should see him tomorrow，I would inform him of the good news that I ranked first in the competition held yesterday.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
If I ______ (know) the truth earlier, I would have told you immediately.
（2025·全国乙卷·翻译）
如果明天天气好，我们就去爬山；但如果下雨，我们就只能待在家里看电影了。（混合虚拟）
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：If I ______ (be) you, I would accept the job offer without hesitation.
改写句子：If you should meet him tomorrow, please pass this message to him.（用were to do改写）
语法点
Grammar 直接引语和间接引语
【观察例句】
1．“I don't know the address of my new home，” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn't know the address of her new home.
2．Mother said to Tom，“I will come back home this evening.”
→Mother told Tom that she would go back home that evening.
3．“I have never been to Beijing with my parents，” said Jack to his friend.
→Jack told his friend that he had never been to Beijing with his parents.
4．“Does a friend always have to be with each other？” Mary asked Lily.
→Mary asked Lily if/whether a friend always has to be with each other.
【归纳用法】
直接引语如果改为间接引语，须在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面做相应的变化。
1．连接词的选择
(1)直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
The little boy said，“I was playing with my toys when someone knocked at the door.”小男孩说：“我在玩我的玩具，这时有人敲门。”(直接引语为陈述句)
→The little boy said(that)he was playing with his toys when someone knocked at the door.小男孩说，他在玩他的玩具，那时有人敲门。(间接引语为that引导的宾语从句)
(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或...or not)或if引导。
Mother said to her daughter，“Are you satisfied with your new room？”妈妈对她的女儿说：“你对你的新房间满意吗？”(直接引语为一般疑问句)
→Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.妈妈问她女儿是否对她的新房间满意。(间接引语改为whether/if引导的宾语从句)
(3)直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“When will the sports meet be held？”he said.他说：“什么时候举行运动会？”(直接引语为特殊疑问句)
→He asked when the sports meet would be held.他问什么时候举行运动会。(间接引语改为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)
【注意】
(1)直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb.”常改为told sb.。
(2)直接引语是疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
(3)疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
[即学即练1] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①The patient asked，“Is Dr.Li at the hospital？”
→The patient asked Dr.Li was at the hospital.
②“Who lost the key to the room？”asked Miss Green.
→Miss Green asked had lost the key to the room.
2．人称的变化
(记忆口诀)一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化作相应的改变。
(1)“一随主”。指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说，“我想拥有一台我自己的电脑。”
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.玛丽说她想拥有一台自己的电脑。
(2)“二随宾”。指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。
Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask for a leave？”她的同事对她说，“你向谁请了假？”
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.她的同事问她向谁请了假。
(3)“第三人称不更新”。指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
The workers said，“The leaders often make the workers work extra hours.”
工人们说：“领导经常让工人们加班。”
→The workers said that the leaders often made the workers work extra hours.
工人们说领导经常让工人们加班。
[即学即练2] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①John said，“Tomorrow I'm going to attend this party.”
→John said (that) the next day attend this party.
②She said，“I worked in Shanghai three years ago.”
→She said (that) three years before.
3．时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句 子 时 态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 不变
一般将来时 过去将来时
His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。(间接引语为过去进行时)
The organizer said，“We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已开始了我们的计划。”(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organizer said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。(间接引语为过去完成时)
【注意】
直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化的情况：
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时；
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变；
(3)主句的谓语时态为现在进行时态。
[即学即练3] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①My mother said，“The door isn't locked.”
→My mother said that the door ．
②The patient said，“The doctors have discussed the mysterious disease.”
→The patient said (that) the doctors the mysterious disease.
③Tom said，“I am reading in my room.”
→Tom said that he in his room.
4．指示词、状语及动词的变化
指示 代词 this that
these those
时间 状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next(following)day
last month(week) the month(week)before
next month(week) the next month(week)
the day before yesterday two days before
地点 状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
5.当祈使句作直接引语表示要求和命令时，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb.to do sth.的形式。
“Follow his instructions，”she said to me.
→She told me to follow his instructions.
她告诉我要听他的指令。
6．若直接引语中祈使句是否定形式，变间接引语时，不定式符号to前要加not或never。
She said，“Don't make so much noise，children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造这么多噪音。
7．当直接引语为表示建议、提议的祈使句或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句时，多采用“suggest＋doing/that从句(如suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should也可省略)，offer to do和ask/advise/want sb.＋to do”等结构。
Jack said，“Let's go to the cinema tonight.”
→Jack suggested that we should go to the cinema that night.
→Jack suggested our going to the cinema that night.
那天晚上杰克建议我们去看电影。
8．如果直接引语部分是感叹句，改为间接引语时，引导词可以用该感叹句的感叹词(即what或how)引导，也可以用that引导。
She said，“What a lovely day it is！”
→She said what a lovely day it was.她说天气不错。
9．若直接引语中的一般疑问句是由表示委婉语气的would，could等构成的疑问句，转换为间接引语时句子的谓语动词常用asked。
“Can you lend me two yuan？”he asked me.
→He asked me if I could lend him two yuan.
他问我是否能借给他两元钱。
[即学即练4] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①She cried，“What a crazy idea you have！”
→She cried a crazy idea I had.
②I asked my roommate，“Would you mind turning the music down？”
→I asked my roommate the music down.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She said that their train (arrive) in five minutes.
2．My mother asked me I had finished the homework.
3．Tom told me that he would help me with my English next day.
4．The teacher told the boys and girls that the sun (rise) in the east.
5．The old man asked my brother what he (do) there the day before.
6．The little girl told him that she (watch) the wonderful football match the month before.
7．She said that she (write) a letter when he knocked at the door.
8．She told me that she (break) my CD player because of carelessness.
9．This morning he said that he leave for Beijing tomorrow.
10．He asked us how many car factories (build) in our country by the end of last year.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
My grandma told me that she ______ (plant) the apple tree in our yard when I was born.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The reporter asked the scientist ______ the new technology would be put into use.
when B. that C. if D. what
（2023·全国甲卷·翻译）
老师问我们是否已经掌握了上节课关于中国传统文化的重点内容。（用间接引语）
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：① The manager asked the assistant what ______ (happen) to the meeting materials the day before.
句式转换：② "Bring your ID card to the interview tomorrow," the HR said to me.（改为间接引语）
语法改错：③ He said that he will go to the airport to meet his uncle.
Grammar 现在完成进行时
【观察例句】
1．People have been enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years.
2．Many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years.
3．He has been fighting with a friend.
4．I have been looking for a job for three months.
5．I have been writing letters all this evening and I've just finished them.
6．You haven't been doing your homework those days.
【归纳用法】
一、意义
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续进行下去。
二、构成
肯定形式：have/has＋been doing(第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have)
I have been waiting for you.我一直在等你。
否定形式：have/has＋not＋been doing
He hasn't been using the car for the last two months.过去两个月他一直没用车。
三、用法
1．表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到说话时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。通常和“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点(或从句)”的时间状语连用。
It has been snowing for three hours.
雪已经下了三个小时了。(从过去某一时间开始下雪，强调到现在还在下)
2．表示不久前刚刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。
Her eyes are red. It's obvious that she has been crying for a long time.
她的眼睛红红的，显然哭了很长时间。
3．强调动作延续时间的长久或带感彩。
She has always been working hard.她工作一直很努力。
4．表示这段时间反复发生的事情。
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.这个月我一直在参观中国的一些城市。
[名师点津]
不能用于进行时的动词如表示心理活动、属性拥有、表象感官、行为结果的动词不用于现在完成进行时。
我已经感冒两周了。
I have been having a cold for two weeks. (×)
I have had a cold for two weeks. (√)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They (build) the bridge for two months.
②He (play) basketball since he was ten.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The Chinese government (do) research into vaccine (疫苗) against African Swine Fever for months，recently many have received the first doses.
2．The dollar (climb) steadily all week.
3．I (wait) for an hour and a half.
4．She is very tired. She (work) all morning.
5．Jim (phone) Jenny every night for the past week.
6．They (build) the bridge for two months.
7．The telephone (ring) in the office all the morning.
8．In the past few years，he (deal) with a few international companies.
9．She is tired. She (type) letters all the afternoon.
10．He (write) a letter this morning and sent it to his friend.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The research team ______ (work) on the new drug for five years, and they are about to make a breakthrough.
（2024·北京卷·翻译）
为了准备这场重要的演讲，他整个星期都在查阅相关资料。
（2025·新高考II卷·选择题）
—Why is your hands dirty —I ______ in the garden all morning.
worked B. have worked C. have been working D. was working
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：① The telephone ______ (ring) nonstop since I got to the office.
句型转换：② He started learning the piano when he was five, and he still learns it now.（用现在完成进行时改写）
语法辨析：③ （选择）—Have you finished your essay —No, I ______ it all afternoon. A. write B. am writing C. have written D. have been writing
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第三册Unit 3-4知识清单
重 点 单 词 Unit 3 1.broadcast vt.&vi. 播送;广播;传播 n. 广播节目;电视节目→broadcast/broadcast/broadcasting (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 2.seize vt. 抓住;夺取;控制 3.trend n. 趋势;趋向;动向 4.release vt.&n. 排放;释放;发布 5.fine vt. 对……处以罚款 6.campaign n. 运动;战役 vi.&vt. 参加运动;领导运动 7.reform vi.&vt. 改革;(使)改正;改造 n. 改革;变革;改良 8.sensitive adj. 敏感的;善解人意的;灵敏的 9.dozen n. (一)打; 十二个 10.undergo vt. 经历;经受(变化、不快等)→underwent/undergone/undergoing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 11.volume n. 量;体积;(成套书籍中的)一卷 12.worldwide adv. 遍及全球地 adj. 世界各地的;影响全世界的 13.chaos n. 混乱;杂乱;紊乱 14.policy n. 政策;方针;原则 15.ecology n. 生态;生态学 16.agenda n. 议程表;议事日程 17.enterprise n. 公司;企业;事业 18.implement vt. 使生效;贯彻;执行 19.graph n. 图;图表;曲线图 20.garbage n. 垃圾;废物 21.tropical adj. 热带的;来自热带的 22.melt vi.&vt. (使)融化;熔化;软化 23.nuclear adj. 原子能的;核能的;原子核的 24.emission n. 排放物;散发物;排放 25.footprint n. 足迹;(某物所占的)空间量;面积 Unit 4 1.abandon vt. 舍弃;抛弃;放弃 2.sink vi. 沉没;下沉;下降 vt.使下沉;使沉没→sank/sunk/sunk/sinking (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 3.envy n.&vt. 羡慕;妒忌 4.thorough adj. 深入的;彻底的;细致的 5.furniture n. 家具 6.aboard adv.&prep. 上(船、飞机、公共汽车等) 7.genuine adj. 真正的;真诚的;可信赖的 8.candidate n. 候选人;应试者 9.bark vi.&n. (狗)吠叫;吠叫声 10.bitter adj. 严寒的;激烈而不愉快的;味苦的 11.expedition n. 探险;远征;探险队 12.damp adj. 潮湿的;湿气重的 13.miserable adj. 痛苦的;令人难受的 14.decent adj. 相当不错的;正派的;得体的 15.navy n. 海军;海军部队 16.good/bad tempered adj. 脾气好的/坏的 17.wage n. 工资 18.recreation n. 娱乐;消遣;游戏 19.bat n. 球拍;蝙蝠 vi.&vt. 用球板击球;挥打;拍打 20.nephew n. 侄子;外甥 21.motor n. 发动机;马达 adj. 有引擎的;机动车的 22.crew n. (轮船、飞机等上面的)全体工作人员;专业团队;一群人 23.voyage n.&vi. 航海;航行 24.cosy adj. 温馨的;舒适的
词 汇 拓 展 Unit 3 1.starve vi.&vt. (使)挨饿;饿死→starvation n. 饥饿;饿死;挨饿 2.frequently adv. 频繁地;经常→frequent adj. 频繁的→frequency n. 频繁;频率 3.restriction n. 限制规定;限制法规;约束→restrict vt. 限制;限定;束缚 4.tolerate vt. 忍受;包容;容许→toleration/tolerance n. 忍受;包容→tolerant adj. 宽容的;容忍的 5.comprehensive adj. 全部的;所有的;详尽的→comprehend v.理解→comprehension n. 理解 6.sustain vt.维持;遭受;承受住→sustainable adj. 可持续的;合理利用的 7.disposal n. 去掉;清除;处理→dispose vt. 处理;清除→disposable adj. 一次性的;用完即丢弃的 8.annual adj. 每年的;一年的 n. 年刊;年鉴→annually adv. 每年地 9.submit vt.&vi. 提交;呈递;屈服→submission n. 提交;呈递;屈服 10.harmonious adj. 和谐的→harmony n. 和谐 11.originate vi.&vt. 起源;发源;创立→origin n. 起源;源头;起因→original adj. 最初的;原始的→originally adv. 最初;起初 12.moderate adj. 适度的;中等的;温和的 vi.&vt. 缓和;使适中→moderation n. 适度;适中;合理 13.regulation n. 章程;规章制度→regulate v. 约束;控制;管理 14.inspection n. 检查;查看;视察→inspect v. 检查;查看;审视;视察→inspector n. 检查员;视察员;巡视员 15.habitable adj. 适合居住的→inhabitable (反) adj. 不适宜居住的 16.smog n. 烟雾(烟与雾混合的空气污染物)→smoggy adj. 有烟雾的 17.restore vt. 恢复;使复原;修复→restoration n. 修复;整修 18.conservation n. 对(环境、文物等)保护;保持→conserve vt. 保护;节约;保存 Unit 4 1.unfortunately adv. 不幸地;遗憾地→fortunately (反) adv. 幸运地→fortunate adj. 幸运的 2.application n. 申请;请求;应用→apply v. 申请→applicant n. 申请者 3.resolve vi.&vt. 决定;决心;解决(问题或困难) n. 决心;坚定的信念→resolution n. 决议;解决;坚定 4.selfish adj. 自私的→selfless (反) adj. 无私的→selflessness n. 无私 5.perseverance n. 毅力;韧性;不屈不挠的精神→persevere vi. 坚持;孜孜以求 6.rough adj. 汹涌的;粗糙的;粗略的→roughly adv. 粗略地;大约 7.qualified adj. 符合资格;具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)→qualification n. 资格→qualify vt.使有资格 8.enthusiastic adj. 热情的;热心的→enthusiasm n. 热情;热心→enthusiastically adv. 热情地;热心地 9.assign vt.分派;布置;分配→assignment n. (分派的) 工作,任务 10.belongings n. (pl.) 财物;动产→belong v. 属于 11.guidance n. 指导;引导;导航→guide n. 指南;手册;旅游指南(或手册);导游;向导 v. 给某人领路(或导游);指引 12.advertising n. 广告活动;广告业→advertise vt.&vi. 公布;宣传;做广告→advertisement n. 广告 mitment n. 承诺;保证;奉献→commit vt.犯(错误;罪行等); vt.投入 v. 作出保证;使得承担义务→committed adj. 投入的;全心全意的 14.motive n. 动机;原因;目的→motivation n. 动机;动力;诱因→motivated adj. 积极的;主动的 15.cruel adj. 残酷的;残忍的;冷酷的→cruelly adv. 残酷地;残忍地;冷酷地→cruelty n. 残忍;残酷;冷酷 16.endurance n. 忍耐力;耐久力→endure v. 忍耐;忍受;持续 17.loyal adj. 忠诚的;忠实的→loyalty n. 忠诚;忠实 18.corporate adj. 公司的;法人的;社团的→corporation n. 公司 19.navigator n. 领航员;(飞机、船舶等上的)航行者→navigate v. 导航;航行;航海;横渡
重 点 短 语 Unit 3 1．carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 2．fossil fuel 化石燃料(如煤或石油) 3．on behalf of 代表(代替)某人 4．dozens of 许多；很多 Unit 4 1．turn sb.down拒绝(某人) 2．make fire生火 3．give off放出(热、光、气味或气体)
重 点 句 型 1．There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer. 毫无疑问，地球正在不断变暖。 2．Without this process，Earth could not sustain life. 如果没有这个过程，地球就不能维持生命。 3．It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming，along with its causes and impacts，because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. 抓住每个机会来教育大家关于全球变暖的知识以及它的原因和影响是我们的责任，因为这是影响地球上所有人的最严重的问题。 4．Previously，water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists，many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river. 以往，漓江的水质因为游客量的增长遭到了严重破坏，许多游客频繁地将垃圾扔入水中。 5．With these measures，it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come. 有了这些措施，人们相信，漓江的美会被保留下来给后代。 6．We have been struggling for days，but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse. 这些天我们一直在挣扎，但是大象岛上的情况变得更糟了。 7．It will eventually lead to success as long as you persevere. 只要你坚持，你最终会成功。 8．What if they were delayed 如果他们被延误了怎么办？ 9．If it weren’t for sea animals，we would all starve. 要是没有海上的动物，我们都会饿死的。
A
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.In 2013，many people 1.________(shock) by a news photo of a dead polar bear which appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea ice levels 2.________(cause) by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before，so it had to travel greater distance 3.______(find) food.Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature？Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”，4._______ has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man made” greenhouse effect.The “man made” greenhouse effect has now become 5.____ big problem.There is strong and comprehensive evidence 6.______ the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide.In fact，news reports are 7._______(frequent) broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves 8.________(cause) deaths and economic losses.Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long lasting changes to the global climate.This requires the attention of people all over the world.We as individuals can reduce our “carbon footprint” by 9._______(restrict) the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce.It is our responsibility 10._________(seize) every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming.
were shocked 2. caused 3. to find 4. which 5. a 6. that 7. frequently 8.causing 9. restricting 10.to seize
B
An expedition to the South Pole with the great Sir Ernest Shackleton—this is the adventure that I 1.___________(dream) of.However,2.________ I applied to join the expedition，Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn’t 3.__________ (qualify)，so I secretly went aboard his ship，the Endurance.Later I 4.________(discover) and Shackleton had to assign me to be 5._____steward.The journey wasn’t very easy，for Endurance was stuck in the ice as we approached Antarctica.And when the ship sank，our hearts sank with it. Before we abandoned the ship，Shackleton 6.______(calm) told us to rescue our most essential supplies and he 7.______(he) threw away all his gold.He allowed Hussey to keep his banjo,8._______made us surprised.We had been struggling for days，but things were going from bad to worse.Soon after we arrived at Elephant Island，Shackleton left us to find help.Sometimes we were able to catch a seal or a penguin to eat.I tried to think of 9._______(happy) things.I was grateful，for Frank and Ernest’s genuine concern for others，their perseverance，and their resolve filled me 10._____ hope.
1.have been dreaming 2. when 3. qualified 4. was discovered 5. a 6. calmly 7. himself 8.which 9. happier 10. with
知识点
starve vi.& vt.(使)挨饿；饿死(starvation n．饥饿；饿死)
starve to death饿死 be starving for sth./to do sth.渴望某事/做某事
(1)What shocked the scientists was that many seals died from starvation(starve) because they couldn’t find enough food to eat.
(2)我渴望学好英语，因为掌握英语意味着我们可以通过一个新窗口看世界。(话题写作之语言学习)
I am starving to study English well，because mastering English means we can see the world through a new window.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
The refugees, who had been trapped for days without food, were starving ______ a piece of bread when the rescue team arrived.
答案：for
解析：考查“be starving for sth.”固定搭配，表“渴望某物”，符合“难民多日无食渴望面包”的语境。
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
那个在沙漠中迷路的探险家差点饿死，直到一群骆驼商队发现了他。
答案：The explorer who got lost in the desert almost starved to death until a group of camel caravans found him.
解析：“饿死”用starve to death，“迷路”用get lost，until引导时间状语从句体现“获救”的转折。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：The severe drought led to the ______ (starve) of hundreds of livestock in the area.
答案：starvation
解析：定冠词the后接名词，starve的名词形式为starvation，表“饥饿”。
完成句子：学生们渴望得到老师的指导，因为他们在学习中遇到了很多困难。（用be starving to do）
答案：The students are starving to get the teacher's guidance because they have encountered many difficulties in their studies.
解析：“渴望得到指导”用be starving to get，because引导原因状语从句说明背景。
seize vt.抓住；夺取；控制
seize sb.by the arm抓住某人的胳膊 seize a chance/an opportunity抓住机会
(1)警察看到一个小偷，冲向前，抓住了他的胳膊。(读后续写之动作链描写)
The policeman spotted a thief，charged forward and seized him by the arm.
(2)鉴于你口语不好，我强烈建议你抓住每个机会说英语。(应用文写作之建议信)
Given that you don’t get along well with oral English，I strongly suggest that you (should) seize every chance to speak English.
(3)我一看到父亲阴云密布的脸，就感到恐惧。(读后续写之恐惧心理描写)
The moment I saw my father’s cloudy face，panic seized me.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考II卷·选择题）
When the opportunity to study abroad came, she ______ it without hesitation and achieved great progress later.
caught B. seized C. held D. grasped
答案：B
解析：“抓住机会”用seize a chance为固定搭配，比catch更强调“主动把握”，符合“毫不犹豫抓住留学机会”的语境。
（2024·北京卷·读后续写改编）
The little girl slipped on the ice, and her mother rushed over and ______ her by the hand before she fell.
答案：seized
解析：考查“seize sb. by the+身体部位”结构，叙述过去场景用一般过去时，表“及时抓住女孩的手”。
【即时强化练习】
1.单句语法填空：The moment the actor appeared on stage, excitement ______ (seize) all the audience.
答案：seized
解析：主语excitement与seize为主动关系，结合“演员出场”的过去场景，用一般过去时。
2.翻译：我们必须抓住这个科技发展的机遇，提升国家的核心竞争力。（用seize a chance） 答案：We must seize this chance of technological development to enhance the country's core competitiveness.
解析：“科技发展的机遇”用chance of technological development，不定式作目的状语表“提升竞争力”的目的。
submit vt.& vi.提交；呈递；屈服[submission n．提交(物)；呈递(书)；屈服]
submit sth.to sb.将某物提交给某人 submit (oneself) to屈从于……
(1)We normally respond to article submissions(submit) within six weeks.
(2)尽管日常生活中有许多挑战和困境，我拒绝屈从于它们。
In spite of challenges and hardships in my daily life，I decline to submit to them.
(3)对这次夏令营感兴趣的人必须在5月15日前提交申请书和相关资料。
Those who are interested in the summer camp must submit the applications and relevant materials by May 15.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国乙卷·语法填空）
All participants are required to submit their works ______ the organizing committee before the deadline.
答案：to
解析：考查“submit sth. to sb.”固定搭配，表“将作品提交给组委会”，符合竞赛规则的语境。
（2024·浙江卷·选择题）
Faced with great pressure, she refused to ______ and finally overcame all the difficulties.
A. submit B. surrender C. give in D. yield
答案：A
解析：submit表“屈服于压力”，强调“主动放弃抵抗”；B“投降”语气过重，C“让步”侧重妥协，D“屈服”常接to，此处refuse to submit为固定表达。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：The ______ (submit) of the application form must be done online through the official website.
答案：submission
解析：定冠词the后接名词，submit的名词形式为submission，表“提交申请表”。
完成句子：尽管遭遇了失败，他也从未屈从于命运的安排。（用submit to）
答案：Despite the failure, he has never submitted to the arrangement of fate.
解析：“遭遇失败”用despite the failure，“命运的安排”用the arrangement of fate，现在完成时体现“从未屈服”的持续状态。
tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许(tolerance n．宽恕；忍耐；容忍 tolerant adj.忍耐的；宽容的)
tolerate (sb./sb.’s) doing sth.忍受(某人)做某事 be tolerant of/towards sb./sth.容忍/宽容某人/某事
(1)To be honest，my tolerance is not limitless，so I will not be always tolerant of your rude behavior.(tolerate)
(2)那些懂得如何包容他人的人自然会过得幸福。
Those who know how to tolerate others can naturally lead a happy life.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
It is difficult for some people to tolerate ______ (work) with those who are always late for meetings.
答案：working
解析：考查“tolerate doing sth.”固定结构，动名词作宾语，表“忍受与迟到的人共事”。
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
一个文明的社会应该包容不同的文化和观点，这是社会进步的标志。
答案：A civilized society should be tolerant of different cultures and viewpoints, which is a symbol of social progress.
解析：“文明的社会”用civilized society，“包容不同文化”用be tolerant of different cultures，which引导非限制性定语从句补充说明意义。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：Her ______ (tolerate) of other people's mistakes made her very popular among her colleagues.
答案：tolerance
解析：形容词性物主代词her后接名词，tolerate的名词形式为tolerance，表“包容他人错误”。
改写句子：She can't tolerate his making noise in the library.（用be tolerant of改写）
答案：She is not tolerant of his making noise in the library.
解析：“不能忍受”转换为“不包容”，be tolerant of后接名词或动名词短语，保持语义一致。
on behalf of sb./on sb.’s behalf代表/代替某人
represent vt.代表
我代表我们学校热情、真诚地欢迎你们来到中国。
(1)On behalf of our school/On our school’s behalf，I welcome you to China warmly and sincerely.(behalf)
(2)Representing our school，I welcome you to China warmly and sincerely.(represent)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·书面表达）
作为学生会主席，你将代表学校在欢迎新生的仪式上发言，请以“拥抱新生活”为题写一段开场白。（开头句翻译）
答案：On behalf of our school and the Student Union, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all the new students.
解析：“代表学校和学生会”用on behalf of，“表示欢迎”用extend a warm welcome，符合演讲开场白的正式语境。
（2025·北京卷·选择题） The young athlete ______ his team to win the championship and was highly praised by the coach.
represented B. stood C. acted D. behalfed
答案：A
解析：represent表“代表团队参赛”，符合“运动员代表团队夺冠”的语境；B“代表”需接for，C“行动”语义不符，D为名词，不可作谓语。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：______ behalf of all the staff, I would like to thank the manager for his valuable support.
答案：On
解析：固定短语“on behalf of”，句首首字母大写，表“代表全体员工”。
完成句子：他将代表我们班参加学校的英语演讲比赛。（用represent和on behalf of分别表达）
答案：①He will represent our class to take part in the school English speech contest. ②On behalf of our class, he will take part in the school English speech contest.
解析：represent后接代表对象，on behalf of置于句首，均表“代表班级”。
There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
几乎没有疑问，地球正在变得越来越温暖。
本句中的doubt后接同位语从句，说明doubt的具体内容。 doubt的常见句型： There is some doubt whether...……有些疑问。 There is no doubt that...……是毫无疑问的。 I doubt whether/if.../I have some doubt whether...我怀疑…… I don’t doubt that.../I have no doubt that...我毫不怀疑……
(1)我是否能够激励他努力学习实现他的目标还有些疑问。
There is some doubt whether I can inspire him to study hard to achieve his goal.(There is some doubt...)
(2)毫无疑问，学习一门外语对孩子终生有益。
There is no doubt that learning a foreign language will be beneficial to children throughout their lives.
(3)几乎毫无疑问，人类对地球的气候造成了影响。
There is little doubt that man has had an impact on the Earth’s climate.
(4)我怀疑他是否胜任这个职位。
①I doubt whether/if he is qualified for the position.(doubt v．)
②I have some doubt whether he is qualified for the position.(doubt n．)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
There is no doubt ______ regular exercise contributes to physical and mental health.
答案：that
解析：考查“There is no doubt that...”固定句型，that引导同位语从句，说明doubt的内容，不可省略。
（2023·浙江卷·选择题） There is some doubt ______ the new policy will be effectively carried out in rural areas.
that B. whether C. if D. which
答案：B
解析：“some doubt”后接同位语从句表“疑问”，用whether引导；if不可引导同位语从句，that用于肯定无疑的语境。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：I have no doubt ______ she will pass the driving test with her careful preparation.
答案：that
解析：“have no doubt”后接that引导的宾语从句，表“毫不怀疑”。
翻译：毫无疑问，人工智能的发展将对我们的生活产生深远影响。（用There is no doubt that...）
答案：There is no doubt that the development of artificial intelligence will have a profound impact on our lives.
解析：“人工智能的发展”用the development of artificial intelligence，“深远影响”用profound impact。
Without this process，Earth could not sustain life.
如果没有这个过程，地球就无法维持生命。
本句中的without this process是介词短语，相当于条件状语从句，引起虚拟语气。 without的这种用法既可表示与现在事实相反的假设(主句中用would/could/might/should do)，也可表示与过去事实相反的假设(主句中用would/could/might/should have done)。 有类似用法的还有：with，otherwise/or(否则)，but for(要不是)，if only(要是……就好了)等。
(1)With the moderate measures，we would build(build) a harmonious society in the future.
(2)没有英语老师的鼓励和帮助，我早就放弃学英语了。
Without my English teacher’s encouragement and assistance，I would have given up studying English.
(3)简想：“要是我没和丈夫吵架就好了。”悔恨的泪水涌上了她的眼睛。(读后续写之后悔描写)
“If only I hadn’t quarreled with my husband，” Jane thought.Tears of regret welled up in her eyes.
(4)父亲耐心地指导了这对双胞胎。否则，他们就不会做出如此美味的早餐了。
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
The father patiently guided the twins.Otherwise/Or they wouldn’t have cooked such a delicious breakfast.
【高考真题链接】
（2025·新高考I卷·语法填空）
Without the support of my family, I ______ (not achieve) my dream of becoming a doctor.
答案：would not have achieved
解析：“没有家人支持”与过去事实相反（已成为医生），主句用would have done的否定式，表“不可能实现梦想”。
（2024·天津卷·翻译） 要是没有现代科技的帮助，我们不可能在这么短的时间内完成这项复杂的任务。
答案：Without the help of modern technology, we could not have finished this complex task in such a short time.
解析：“没有科技帮助”与过去事实相反（已完成任务），用could not have finished，“复杂任务”用complex task。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：Without adequate sleep, you ______ (feel) tired and unable to concentrate on your study.
答案：would feel
解析：“没有充足睡眠”与现在事实相反（假设场景），主句用would do，表“会感到疲惫”。
改写句子：But for his timely help, I would have failed the exam.（用without改写）
答案：Without his timely help, I would have failed the exam.
解析：but for与without均表“要不是”，后接名词，虚拟语气结构不变。
8. enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的(enthusiastically adv.热情地；热心地 enthusiasm n．热情；热忱)
be enthusiastic about(doing)sth.对(做)……热情 lack/be full of enthusiasm缺乏/充满热情 with enthusiasm (＝enthusiastically)热情地
(1)He is selfish and bad-tempered.Thus，he will never be enthusiastic about helping those in trouble.
(2)我不仅热情而且容易相处，这使得我能胜任报纸上所刊登的志愿者工作。(应用文写作之个人优势)
I am not only enthusiastic but also easy to get along/on with，which makes me qualified for the voluntary work advertised in the newspaper.
(3)尽管失败了几次，伯纳德和约翰仍然热情地做爆米花。(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)
Bernard and John still made popcorn enthusiastically/with enthusiasm in spite of several failures.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The volunteers greeted the elderly ______ (enthusiastic) and helped them with their luggage.
答案：enthusiastically
解析：修饰动词greeted用副词，enthusiastic的副词形式为enthusiastically，表“热情地问候”。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
She is always ______ about participating in community activities, which makes her very popular. A. enthusiastic B. eager C. keen D. fond
答案：A
解析：“be enthusiastic about”为固定搭配，表“对参与社区活动热情”；B“eager”后接to do/for，C“keen”后接on，D“fond”后接of，均不符。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：His ______ (enthusiastic) for music inspired him to learn to play the piano at the age of five.
答案：enthusiasm
解析：形容词性物主代词his后接名词，enthusiastic的名词形式为enthusiasm，表“对音乐的热情”。
完成句子：这位年轻老师对教学工作充满热情，深受学生们的喜爱。（用be enthusiastic about）
答案：The young teacher is full of enthusiasm for teaching work and is deeply loved by the students.
解析：“充满热情”用be full of enthusiasm for，“深受喜爱”用be deeply loved by，符合教师职业场景。
9. aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)[board vt.& vi.上船(或火车、飞机、公共汽车等) n．木板；董事会；伙食 broad adj.宽阔的；广阔的 abroad adv.在/到国外；在/到海外]
go aboard上船(飞机、火车等) on board 在船(火车或飞机)上 go abroad出国
(1)他身材高大，肩膀宽阔，留着胡子，总是满面笑容。(读后续写之外貌描写)
He is tall with broad shoulders and a beard and always wears a broad smile.
(2)得知你将去国外深造，我写信告知你一些必要的注意事项。(应用文写作之告知信)
Learning that you will go abroad for further study，I’m writing to inform you of some necessary do’s and don’ts.
(3)这对年轻夫妇一上船，他们就吃东西、说话、大笑，好像他们是这世界上仅存的人。
①The instant the young couple went aboard the ship，they were eating，talking and laughing loudly as if they were the only people in the world.(aboard)
②The instant the young couple boarded the ship，they were eating，talking and laughing loudly as if they were the only people in the world.(board)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
All passengers are required to go ______ (board) 30 minutes before the plane takes off.
答案：aboard
解析：固定短语“go aboard”，表“登机”；board为动词，此处需副词aboard。
（2025·全国甲卷·选择题） My brother will go ______ next month to study at a famous university in the US.
aboard B. abroad C. broad D. board
答案：B
解析：“出国深造”用go abroad，adv.作状语；A“上船/飞机”，C“宽阔的”，D“木板/登机”（动词），均不符。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：The captain announced that all crew members should be ______ board before the storm arrived.
答案：on
解析：固定短语“on board”，表“在船上”，符合船长通知船员的语境。
翻译：他身材高大，肩膀宽阔，即将登上前往欧洲的飞机。（用broad和go aboard）
答案：He is tall with broad shoulders and is about to go aboard the plane to Europe.
解析：“肩膀宽阔”用broad shoulders，“即将登机”用be about to go aboard，“前往欧洲”用to Europe作定语。
10. envy n．& vt.羡慕；嫉妒(envious adj.嫉妒的；羡慕的)
envy sb.(doing) sth.羡慕/嫉妒某人(做)某事 with envy羡慕地；嫉妒地 green with envy嫉妒地眼红；十分羡慕/嫉妒 be envious of羡慕，嫉妒
(1)I am envious(envy) of you，because you are leading such a cosy and decent life.
(2)老实说，我真羡慕你获得了优秀毕业生的称号，我应该向你学习。
Honestly speaking，I do envy you getting the title of the Excellent Graduate and I should follow your example.
(3)李明不仅学得快，而且善于用逻辑思维解决难题，我十分羡慕。
Not only is Li Ming quick at learning but also he is good at solving tough problems with logical mind.I am green with envy.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
I can't help envying ______ (she) for her ability to speak three foreign languages fluently.
答案：her
解析：envy为及物动词，后接宾格her，表“羡慕她能流利说三门外语”。
（2024·新高考I卷·翻译）
看到她在比赛中获得冠军，同学们都十分羡慕，纷纷向她表示祝贺。
答案：Seeing her win the championship in the competition, the classmates were green with envy and offered their congratulations to her one after another.
解析：“看到她夺冠”用现在分词短语作状语，“十分羡慕”用green with envy，“纷纷祝贺”用offered congratulations one after another。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：Her ______ (envy) of my new house made her unwilling to visit me.
答案：envy
解析：形容词性物主代词her后接名词，envy的名词形式表“嫉妒”，符合“不愿来访”的语境。
完成句子：我们都羡慕他在艺术方面的天赋，他也乐于和我们分享他的经验。（用envy sb. for sth.）
答案：We all envy him for his talent in art, and he is willing to share his experience with us.
解析：“羡慕他的天赋”用envy him for his talent，“艺术方面”用in art，and连接并列句表转折。
11. abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃 n．放任；放纵(abandoned adj.被遗弃的；放纵的)
abandon oneself to(doing)sth.沉湎于(做)……；纵情于(做)…… abandon doing sth.放弃做某事 be abandoned to (doing) sth.沉湎于(做)……
(1)He abandoned asking(ask) for his guidance，which was beyond our expectations.
(2)I abandoned myself to computer games.I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.
①Abandoning myself to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)
②Abandoned to computer games，I performed extremely badly in the end-of-term examination.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2025·浙江卷·语法填空）
______ (abandon) by his parents when he was young, he was raised by his kind grandparents.
答案：Abandoned
解析：过去分词短语作状语，he与abandon为被动关系，表“被父母遗弃”，句首首字母大写。
（2024·北京卷·选择题） The team decided not to ______ the project despite the lack of funds, as it was of great significance.
abandon B. desert C. quit D. leave
答案：A
解析：abandon表“放弃项目”，强调“主动终止未完成的事”；B“抛弃”侧重“遗弃人/物”，C“辞职”，D“离开”，均不符。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：He abandoned ______ (smoke) after he was diagnosed with lung disease.
答案：smoking
解析：考查“abandon doing sth.”，动名词作宾语，表“戒烟”。
改写句子：He abandoned himself to playing computer games and failed the exam.（用过去分词短语作状语）
答案：Abandoned to playing computer games, he failed the exam.
解析：“abandon oneself to”的被动形式为“be abandoned to”，省略be动词后作状语，语义不变。
12. resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念(resolution n．决定；解决；决心)
resolve to do sth.决定做某事
(1)The steward made a resolution(resolve) to visit her relatives more often.
(2)文化遗产代表我们祖先的智慧，因此我们国家已经决定不遗余力地保护它们。(话题写作之文化遗产与保护)
Cultural relics represent the wisdom of our ancestors，so our country has resolved to spare no effort to protect them.
(3)为了解决冲突，我们应该学会多沟通，设身处地为他人着想。(话题写作之人际沟通)
To resolve conflicts，we should learn to communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The government has resolved ______ (take) strict measures to control the rising housing prices. 答案：to take
解析：考查“resolve to do sth.”固定结构，不定式作宾语，表“决心采取措施”。
（2025·新高考II卷·翻译） 为了解决邻里之间的矛盾，社区组织了一次座谈会，鼓励大家坦诚交流。
答案：To resolve the conflicts between neighbors, the community organized a forum and encouraged everyone to communicate openly.
解析：“为了解决矛盾”用不定式作目的状语，“邻里矛盾”用conflicts between neighbors，“坦诚交流”用communicate openly。
【即时强化练习】
1.单句语法填空：She made a ______ (resolve) to improve her oral English by practicing with native speakers.
答案：resolution
解析：不定冠词a后接名词，resolve的名词形式为resolution，表“决心”。
2.完成句子：我们必须下定决心解决这个问题，否则后果会很严重。（用resolve to do sth.） 答案：We must resolve to solve this problem, otherwise the consequences will be serious.
解析：“下定决心”用resolve to do，“否则”用otherwise连接并列句，表转折警告。
13. as..as
How could I become as selfish and bad-tempered as Thomas Orde-Lees！
我怎么能变得像托马斯·奥德利斯一样自私和脾气暴躁呢！
as...as...意为“和……一样”，表示同级比较。其中第一个as为副词，第二个as为连词或介词。其基本用法为：as＋adj./adv.＋as...，还有如下用法： 否定式：not as/so＋adj./adv.＋as... 倍数＋as＋adj./adv.＋as... as much/many＋名词＋as...
(1)他和我一样勤奋，因此，他已取得了和我一样多的进步。
He is as hard-working as me，so he has made as much progress as me.
(2)我们投入的时间和精力是她以前的两倍，所以我深信我们能成功。
We have devoted twice as much time and energy as she did before，so I am greatly convinced that we will succeed.
(3)在我看来，这本书没有你认为的那么有趣。
As far as I am concerned，the book is not as/so interesting as you think.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
This new type of battery is twice as ______ (efficient) as the traditional one, so it is more popular. 答案：efficient
解析：同级比较结构“as + 形容词原级 + as”，efficient为形容词原级，表“电池效率是传统的两倍”。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The film is not ______ interesting as the one I watched last month, but it has better music.
so B. as C. more D. very
答案：A
解析：否定式“not so + adj. + as”为固定结构，表“不如……有趣”；as可用于否定，但so更常用。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：He can run as ______ (fast) as his brother, who is a professional athlete.
答案：fast
解析：“as + 副词原级 + as”，fast为副词原级，修饰动词run，表“跑得一样快”。
翻译：这座新建的图书馆藏书量是旧图书馆的三倍，环境也和旧图书馆一样安静。（用倍数表达）
答案：The newly-built library has three times as many books as the old one, and its environment is as quiet as the old one's.
解析：“三倍藏书量”用three times as many books as，“环境安静”用as quiet as，避免重复用名词所有格old one's。
14. if引导的虚拟条件句
If it weren’t for sea animals，we would all starve.
要是没有海上的动物，我们都会饿死的。
本句为if引导的虚拟条件句，叙述与现在事实相反的假设。虚拟语气在if虚拟条件句中的运用如下： 与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式(be动词一般用were)，主句谓语动词用“would/could/should/might＋动词原形” 与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”，主句谓语动词用“would/could/should/might＋have＋过去分词” 与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式、were to do或should do，主句谓语动词用“would/could/should/might＋动词原形”
(1)受邀在这里做演讲我倍感荣幸。今天我的演讲主题是“如果我是一名环卫工人”。如果我是一名环卫工人，我会让我们的城市更干净，让街上没有任何垃圾。(应用文写作之演讲稿)
I feel honored to be invited here to deliver a speech.Today the topic of my speech is “If I were a dustman”．If I were a dustman，I would make our city cleaner with no rubbish lying on the street.
(2)如果我早听从你的建议，我就会通过这场重要的考试了。
If I had followed your advice earlier，I would have passed the important exam.
(3)如果我明天看到他，我就会告诉他我在昨天举行的比赛中获得了第一名的好消息。
If I saw/were to see/should see him tomorrow，I would inform him of the good news that I ranked first in the competition held yesterday.
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
If I ______ (know) the truth earlier, I would have told you immediately.
答案：had known
解析：与过去事实相反，从句用had done，表“如果早知道真相”，主句用would have told。
（2025·全国乙卷·翻译）
如果明天天气好，我们就去爬山；但如果下雨，我们就只能待在家里看电影了。（混合虚拟） 答案：If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go climbing; but if it rained, we would have to stay at home watching movies.
解析：前半句为真实条件句（主将从现），后半句为与将来相反的虚拟（从句did，主句would do），体现“天气变化”的假设。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：If I ______ (be) you, I would accept the job offer without hesitation.
答案：were
解析：与现在事实相反，be动词用were，表“如果我是你”，虚拟语气中were不随主语变化。
改写句子：If you should meet him tomorrow, please pass this message to him.（用were to do改写）
答案：If you were to meet him tomorrow, please pass this message to him.
解析：与将来相反的虚拟，从句were to do与should do可互换，语义不变。
语法点
Grammar 直接引语和间接引语
【观察例句】
1．“I don't know the address of my new home，” said Anne.
→Anne said that she didn't know the address of her new home.
2．Mother said to Tom，“I will come back home this evening.”
→Mother told Tom that she would go back home that evening.
3．“I have never been to Beijing with my parents，” said Jack to his friend.
→Jack told his friend that he had never been to Beijing with his parents.
4．“Does a friend always have to be with each other？” Mary asked Lily.
→Mary asked Lily if/whether a friend always has to be with each other.
【归纳用法】
直接引语如果改为间接引语，须在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面做相应的变化。
1．连接词的选择
(1)直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
The little boy said，“I was playing with my toys when someone knocked at the door.”小男孩说：“我在玩我的玩具，这时有人敲门。”(直接引语为陈述句)
→The little boy said(that)he was playing with his toys when someone knocked at the door.小男孩说，他在玩他的玩具，那时有人敲门。(间接引语为that引导的宾语从句)
(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或...or not)或if引导。
Mother said to her daughter，“Are you satisfied with your new room？”妈妈对她的女儿说：“你对你的新房间满意吗？”(直接引语为一般疑问句)
→Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.妈妈问她女儿是否对她的新房间满意。(间接引语改为whether/if引导的宾语从句)
(3)直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“When will the sports meet be held？”he said.他说：“什么时候举行运动会？”(直接引语为特殊疑问句)
→He asked when the sports meet would be held.他问什么时候举行运动会。(间接引语改为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)
【注意】
(1)直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词“said to sb.”常改为told sb.。
(2)直接引语是疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
(3)疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
[即学即练1] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①The patient asked，“Is Dr.Li at the hospital？”
→The patient asked Dr.Li was at the hospital.
②“Who lost the key to the room？”asked Miss Green.
→Miss Green asked had lost the key to the room.
【答案】1.whether/if 2.who
2．人称的变化
(记忆口诀)一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化作相应的改变。
(1)“一随主”。指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说，“我想拥有一台我自己的电脑。”
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.玛丽说她想拥有一台自己的电脑。
(2)“二随宾”。指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。
Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask for a leave？”她的同事对她说，“你向谁请了假？”
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.她的同事问她向谁请了假。
(3)“第三人称不更新”。指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
The workers said，“The leaders often make the workers work extra hours.”
工人们说：“领导经常让工人们加班。”
→The workers said that the leaders often made the workers work extra hours.
工人们说领导经常让工人们加班。
[即学即练2] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①John said，“Tomorrow I'm going to attend this party.”
→John said (that) the next day attend this party.
②She said，“I worked in Shanghai three years ago.”
→She said (that) three years before.
【答案】1.he was going to 2.she had worked in Shanghai
3．时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句 子 时 态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 不变
一般将来时 过去将来时
His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.”他的朋友对他说：“我们计划去野餐。”(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。(间接引语为过去进行时)
The organizer said，“We have begun our plan.”
组织者说：“我们已开始了我们的计划。”(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organizer said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。(间接引语为过去完成时)
【注意】
直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化的情况：
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时；
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变；
(3)主句的谓语时态为现在进行时态。
[即学即练3] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①My mother said，“The door isn't locked.”
→My mother said that the door ．
②The patient said，“The doctors have discussed the mysterious disease.”
→The patient said (that) the doctors the mysterious disease.
③Tom said，“I am reading in my room.”
→Tom said that he in his room.
【答案】1.wasn't locked 2.had discussed 3.was reading
4．指示词、状语及动词的变化
指示 代词 this that
these those
时间 状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next(following)day
last month(week) the month(week)before
next month(week) the next month(week)
the day before yesterday two days before
地点 状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
5.当祈使句作直接引语表示要求和命令时，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb.to do sth.的形式。
“Follow his instructions，”she said to me.
→She told me to follow his instructions.
她告诉我要听他的指令。
6．若直接引语中祈使句是否定形式，变间接引语时，不定式符号to前要加not或never。
She said，“Don't make so much noise，children！”
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造这么多噪音。
7．当直接引语为表示建议、提议的祈使句或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句时，多采用“suggest＋doing/that从句(如suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should也可省略)，offer to do和ask/advise/want sb.＋to do”等结构。
Jack said，“Let's go to the cinema tonight.”
→Jack suggested that we should go to the cinema that night.
→Jack suggested our going to the cinema that night.
那天晚上杰克建议我们去看电影。
8．如果直接引语部分是感叹句，改为间接引语时，引导词可以用该感叹句的感叹词(即what或how)引导，也可以用that引导。
She said，“What a lovely day it is！”
→She said what a lovely day it was.她说天气不错。
9．若直接引语中的一般疑问句是由表示委婉语气的would，could等构成的疑问句，转换为间接引语时句子的谓语动词常用asked。
“Can you lend me two yuan？”he asked me.
→He asked me if I could lend him two yuan.
他问我是否能借给他两元钱。
[即学即练4] 将直接引语变换为间接引语
①She cried，“What a crazy idea you have！”
→She cried a crazy idea I had.
②I asked my roommate，“Would you mind turning the music down？”
→I asked my roommate the music down.
【答案】1.what 2. to turn
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．She said that their train (arrive) in five minutes.
2．My mother asked me I had finished the homework.
3．Tom told me that he would help me with my English next day.
4．The teacher told the boys and girls that the sun (rise) in the east.
5．The old man asked my brother what he (do) there the day before.
6．The little girl told him that she (watch) the wonderful football match the month before.
7．She said that she (write) a letter when he knocked at the door.
8．She told me that she (break) my CD player because of carelessness.
9．This morning he said that he leave for Beijing tomorrow.
10．He asked us how many car factories (build) in our country by the end of last year.
【答案】1.would arrive 2.whether/if 3.the 4.rises 5. had done 6.had watched 7.was writing 8.had broken 9.would 10.had been built
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新高考I卷·语法填空）
My grandma told me that she ______ (plant) the apple tree in our yard when I was born.
答案：had planted
解析：直接引语隐含“我出生时种的树”，主句为过去时（told），从句“一般过去时”倒推为“过去完成时”，表“先于主句动作发生”。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The reporter asked the scientist ______ the new technology would be put into use.
when B. that C. if D. what
答案：A
解析：直接引语为特殊疑问句（“新技术何时投入使用”），间接引语用原疑问词when引导，符合“特殊疑问句用原疑问词”规则。
（2023·全国甲卷·翻译）
老师问我们是否已经掌握了上节课关于中国传统文化的重点内容。（用间接引语）
答案：The teacher asked us whether/if we had mastered the key points about Chinese traditional culture from the last class.
解析：直接引语为一般疑问句，用whether/if引导；“已经掌握”在主句过去时（asked）后，从现在完成时倒推为过去完成时。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：① The manager asked the assistant what ______ (happen) to the meeting materials the day before.
答案：had happened
解析：主句asked为过去时，从句“the day before”对应过去时间，用过去完成时。
句式转换：② "Bring your ID card to the interview tomorrow," the HR said to me.（改为间接引语）
答案：The HR told me to bring my ID card to the interview the next day.
解析：祈使句用“tell sb. to do”，tomorrow改为the next day，bring因语境无需改为take。
语法改错：③ He said that he will go to the airport to meet his uncle.
答案：will → would
解析：主句said为过去时，从句一般将来时需倒推为过去将来时。
Grammar 现在完成进行时
【观察例句】
1．People have been enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years.
2．Many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years.
3．He has been fighting with a friend.
4．I have been looking for a job for three months.
5．I have been writing letters all this evening and I've just finished them.
6．You haven't been doing your homework those days.
【归纳用法】
一、意义
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，可能还要继续进行下去。
二、构成
肯定形式：have/has＋been doing(第三人称单数用has，其他人称用have)
I have been waiting for you.我一直在等你。
否定形式：have/has＋not＋been doing
He hasn't been using the car for the last two months.过去两个月他一直没用车。
三、用法
1．表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到说话时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。通常和“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点(或从句)”的时间状语连用。
It has been snowing for three hours.
雪已经下了三个小时了。(从过去某一时间开始下雪，强调到现在还在下)
2．表示不久前刚刚结束的动作。这种意义通常根据上下文来判断。
Her eyes are red. It's obvious that she has been crying for a long time.
她的眼睛红红的，显然哭了很长时间。
3．强调动作延续时间的长久或带感彩。
She has always been working hard.她工作一直很努力。
4．表示这段时间反复发生的事情。
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.这个月我一直在参观中国的一些城市。
[名师点津]
不能用于进行时的动词如表示心理活动、属性拥有、表象感官、行为结果的动词不用于现在完成进行时。
我已经感冒两周了。
I have been having a cold for two weeks. (×)
I have had a cold for two weeks. (√)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They (build) the bridge for two months.
②He (play) basketball since he was ten.
【答案】1. have been building 2.has been playing
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The Chinese government (do) research into vaccine (疫苗) against African Swine Fever for months，recently many have received the first doses.
2．The dollar (climb) steadily all week.
3．I (wait) for an hour and a half.
4．She is very tired. She (work) all morning.
5．Jim (phone) Jenny every night for the past week.
6．They (build) the bridge for two months.
7．The telephone (ring) in the office all the morning.
8．In the past few years，he (deal) with a few international companies.
9．She is tired. She (type) letters all the afternoon.
10．He (write) a letter this morning and sent it to his friend.
【答案】1.has been doing 2.has been climbing 3.have been waiting
has been working 5.has been phoning 6.have been building 7.has been ringing
8.has been dealing 9.has been typing 10.has written
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The research team ______ (work) on the new drug for five years, and they are about to make a breakthrough.
答案：has been working
解析：“for five years”表持续，“即将取得突破”暗示动作仍在进行，用现在完成进行时；主语为单数，助动词用has。
（2024·北京卷·翻译）
为了准备这场重要的演讲，他整个星期都在查阅相关资料。
答案：To prepare for this important speech, he has been looking up relevant materials all week. 解析：“整个星期”表持续，“查阅资料”的动作与“准备演讲”的目的呼应，强调过程，用现在完成进行时。
（2025·新高考II卷·选择题）
—Why is your hands dirty —I ______ in the garden all morning.
worked B. have worked C. have been working D. was working
答案：C
解析：“双手脏”暗示动作刚结束，“all morning”表持续，用现在完成进行时体现“从早上到现在一直在花园干活”的过程。
【即时强化练习】
单句语法填空：① The telephone ______ (ring) nonstop since I got to the office.
答案：has been ringing
解析：“since”表持续起点，“一直响”暗示动作仍在进行，用现在完成进行时。
句型转换：② He started learning the piano when he was five, and he still learns it now.（用现在完成进行时改写）
答案：He has been learning the piano since he was five.
解析：“从五岁到现在”表持续，用现在完成进行时浓缩原句语义。
语法辨析：③ （选择）—Have you finished your essay —No, I ______ it all afternoon. A. write B. am writing C. have written D. have been writing
答案：D
解析：“没完成”暗示动作持续至今，“all afternoon”表时间段，用现在完成进行时。
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