英语 选择性必修 第一册 WY
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
Grammar(过去完成时)
①By the 1920s, he had become an explorer, searching for the tombs of the Egyptian kings.
②I returned the book that I had borrowed.
③Upon their entering the tomb, Cater's lucky pet bird, which he had left in Cairo, was swallowed by a snake.
④Then, a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon, who was also present when the tomb was opened, fell ill with a fever and died in Egypt.
⑤He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
⑥I had been at school for half an hour when Li Lei came.
(1)过去完成时的构成：____________。
(2)过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，如例句________。
(3)过去完成时可以指过去的动作延续到________的某个时刻，如例句________。
答案：(1)had＋过去分词 (2)①②③④ (3)过去 ⑤⑥
一、过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。
二、过去完成时的用法
1．表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。过去某一时刻或动作可以通过by, before等介词短语或时间状语从句来判断，也可以通过表示过去的动作来判断；还可通过上下文来判断。
①When the explorer hurried to the destination, the others had already left.
当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候，其他人已经离开了。
②By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
直到去年，黄石国家公园的狼群数量已经增长至170多匹。
单句语法填空
①I ________ (finish) my homework before supper was ready.
②The play ________ (start) when we got to the theatre.
③By the end of June, they ________ (treat) over 10，000 patients.
④He ________ (collect) enough evidence up to that day.
⑤Silk ________ (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
答案：①had finished ②had started ③had treated ④had collected ⑤had become
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
He told us that he had done the scientific research for 5 years.
他告诉我们，他做科学研究已经5年了。
单句表达
①他在去英国深造前，已学了八年英语。
He ________________________________ before he went to Britain for further study.
②他说自国家实行改革开放政策以来他的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
He said great changes ________________ in his hometown since China carried out reform and opening policies.
答案：①had learned English for eight years ②had taken place
3．动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
①I had never thought that you were content to help me.
我从未想过你愿意帮我。
②We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
单句语法填空
①I ________ (plan) to meet you at the airport, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
②I ________ (want) to lend you some money, but you didn't ask.
③I ________ (mean) to visit you, but an unexpected thing happened.
答案：①had planned ②had wanted ③had meant
4．过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他对她很熟悉。
单句语法填空
①He told me that his team ________ already ________ (win)．
②She said that she ________ (not go) to the Great Wall yet.
答案：①had; won ②hadn't gone
5．在状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。常由when, before, after, as soon as, till/until引导。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。
名师点津 before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句多用一般过去时。 After he arrived in England, he worked hard to improve his English. 他到达英格兰之后，努力提升他的英语水平。
单句表达
①她直到把工作做完才睡觉。
She ________________ to bed until she ______________ her work.
②读完那本有趣的小说之后，我就上床睡觉了。
I ________________ after I ________ reading the interesting novel.
③不久他就安然无恙地回来了。
It was not long before he ____________ safe and sound.
答案：①didn't go; had finished ②went to bed; finished ③came back
6．过去完成时的常用固定句型
(1)主语＋had hardly/scarcely (no sooner)＋过去分词＋when/than从句(从句用一般过去时)；当hardly, scarcely, no sooner表示否定意义的词位于句首时，主句要部分倒装
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
＝No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
我刚到家就下雨了。
(2)It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有3个月了。
(3)It was the first/second/... time＋that从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
(4)主句(过去完成时)＋by the time ... (一般过去时)
We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
在他们到达之前，我们已经做好一切准备了。
(5)句子(过去完成时)＋by the end of ... (表示过去的时间)
By the end of last term, we had learned English at least for four years.
到上个学期末，我们至少已经学了四年英语。
(1)单句语法填空
①By the time we arrived, someone ________ (grab) all the good seats.
②It was the first time I ________ (go) abroad.
答案：①had grabbed ②had gone
(2)句型转换
①I had hardly seen her when I got off the bus.
→Hardly ________________ her when I got off the bus.
②He had no sooner arrived than she went away.
→No sooner ________________ than she went away.
答案：①had I seen ②had he arrived
7．过去完成时和一般过去时的区别
(1)一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时则表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时，常用过去完成时。
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
10点钟之前我们已经到达了车站。
(2)过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的、表示过去的时间状语连用，但意义有所不同。
①He had done the work at six o'clock.
在6点钟的时候他已经完成了那项工作。
②He did the work at six o'clock.
他是在6点钟的时候做那项工作的。
单句语法填空
①I ________ (be) about to turn around to leave when I heard my name called.
②What ________ (happen) to them before being found lost in the forest
③Lily ________ (leave) when we arrived.
④She forgot everything you ________ (tell) her beforehand.
答案：①was ②had happened ③had left ④had told
8．过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别
过去完成进行时强调动作的持续性；过去完成时表示在过去某一具体时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，强调动作已结束这一事实。
①They had been building the road by the end of last month.
到上个月月底为止，他们一直在修建这条路。
②They had built the road by the end of last month.
上个月月底，他们已建好了这条路。
单句表达
①我刚读几分钟的书，他就进来了。
I ________________ a few minutes when he came in.
②当警察到达后，小偷已经逃跑了。
When the police arrived, the thieves ________________．
③到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
By nine o'clock last night, we ____________ 200 pictures from the spaceship.
答案：①had only been reading ②had run away ③had received
Vocabulary
1 decline v. 减少(教材P71)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①I didn't know why the boy declined to answer a question.
我不知道那个男孩为什么拒绝回答问题。
②The intense competition from overseas has caused the cotton industry to fall into a decline.
来自海外的激烈竞争导致了国内棉花产业的衰退。
③He is still one of the world's most popular golfers, but his skill is in decline.
他仍是世界上最受欢迎的高尔夫球选手之一，但他的球技大不如前。
(1)写出下列句中decline的词性和含义
①They teach kids to stand up and be themselves, and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong. ________
②Oil production has already peaked and is on the decline in about 50 nations. ________
③It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days. ________
④According to scientists, our mental abilities begin to decline from the age of 27 after reaching the highest level at 22.________
答案：①v. 拒绝 ②n. 下降 ③v.下降 ④v. 衰退
(2)单句表达
①随着年龄的增长，她的智力在衰退。
As she was older, her mental powers were ________________．
②在他父亲去世后，没有人像他父亲那样有智慧，生意也开始走下坡路。
After his father's death, there was no one as intelligent as his father, and the business ________________．
答案：①in decline/on the decline ②fell/went into (a) decline
2 blame v. 责怪，指责；把……归咎于(教材P71)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①Whenever he didn't perform well in his studies, she would blame him bitterly, expressing her disappointment in him.
每当他在学习中做得不好时，她就会狠狠地训斥他，表达对他的失望。
②Don't always blame your own failure on others; sometimes you yourself are to blame.
不要总把失败归咎于他人，有时该责怪你自己。
③If that happens, the coach will take the blame for it.
如果发生那样的事，教练将对此负责。
(1)单句表达
①哪位司机应为此次事故负责？
Which driver ________________ for the accident
②我不会因为计划延误责备你。
I ________________ the delay of the plan.
答案：①was to blame ②won't blame you for
(2)一句多译
他把考试失败归咎于老师。
_________________________________________________________________.(blame ... on)
＝_______________________________________________________________.(blame ... for)
＝______________________________________________________________. (blame n．)
答案：He blamed the failure of his exam on the teacher; He blamed the teacher for the failure of his exam; He put/laid the blame for the failure of his exam on the teacher
3 be native to 源于……的，原产于……(教材P73)
归纳拓展
①As a matter of fact, French is not my native language.
事实上，法语不是我的母语。
②Is her uncle a native of Shanghai, or just a visitor
她的叔叔是上海本地人，还是只是一名游客？
(1)单句语法填空
①I'm a native ________ this place.
②As we all know, the panda is native ________ China.
答案：①of ②to
(2)单句表达
我的妻子是纽约本地人，但是我来自日本。
My wife is ________________， but I'm from Japan.
答案：a native New Yorker/a native of New York
Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子
1．A ________ (巨大的) iceberg was on a collision course with the ship.
答案：giant
2．________ (原始的) humans needed to be able to react like this to escape from dangerous animals.
答案：Primitive
3．The need to communicate is a key c________ of human society.
答案：characteristic
4．The first reason for our economic d________ is lack of innovation.
答案：decline
5．She doesn't b________ anyone for her father's death.
答案：blame
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．I wish she ________ (take) the medicine last night.
答案：had taken
2．It was three years since Jack ________ (be) a teacher.
答案：had been
3．No sooner ________ he ________ (get) home than I told him the inspiring news.
答案：had; got
4．We must get the work ________ (finish) before the hurricane comes.
答案：finished
5．I ________ (watch) the film The Sacrifice last Friday night with my mom.
答案：watched
6．They ________ (learn) about 2，000 English words by the end of last term.
答案：had learnt/learned
7．By the end of that year Henry ________ (collect) more than a thousand foreign stamps.
答案：had collected
8．By the time he was twelve, Edison ________ (begin) to make a living by himself.
答案：had begun
9．Though it was the first time that I ________ (visit) the small town, I fell in love with it at once.
答案：had visited
10．I ________ (hope) to go to Hawaii, but I didn't catch the plane in time.
答案：had hoped
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．萨莉面对一个表现非常差的班级，最终通过制定十条规则赢得了学生的尊重。
Confronted with a new class who ____________________， Sally finally earned students' respect by working out 10 rules.
答案：had behaved badly
2．我原本计划七月份去云南参观，但现在恐怕不能去了，因为我的左脚在一场足球比赛中受伤了。
I ____________ to go visiting Yunnan in July, but I'm afraid I can't go now, because I have had my left foot injured in a football match.
答案：had planned
3．我认识到如果我半途而废，我将永远不能学好滑冰。
I realized if I ________________ half way, I would never play well with skates.
答案：had given up
4．到昨晚10点钟，我们已经完成了大部分工作。
By ten o'clock last night, we ________________________________．
答案：had finished most of the work
5．当公共汽车最终到来的时候，我已经在车站等了30分钟。
________________________________________ for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.
答案：I had been waiting at the bus station
6．他离开中国已经五年了。
It was five years since he ________________．
答案：had left China
7．那是我第二次接受如此大的挑战。
It was the second time that I ________________________________．
答案：had accepted such a big challenge
8．一听到我被允许参加这次活动的消息，我就马上告诉了我的母亲。
Upon hearing the news that ________________________________ the activity, I informed my mum of it at once.
答案：I had been allowed to take part in
9．在去看望外婆之前，她已经完成了她的作业。
She ________________________ before she paid a visit to her grandmother.
答案：had finished her homework
10．我正打算去倒垃圾，但有人已经倒了。
I was just going to empty the dustbin, ________________________________．
答案：but someone had done it already
较易题(占比50%) 中档题(占比50%) 拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B
难度 ★ ★★ ★ ★★
Ⅰ 阅读
A
Information on school visits to Kew Gardens
Enjoy yourselves in a wonderland of science with over 50，000 living plants and a variety of educational events or amusing activities. Here is essential information about planning a school visit to Kew.
Educational course prices
You can plan a self led visit or book one of our educational courses. Students will take part in the educational courses in groups of 15. Prices vary according to different situations.
EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage) to Key Stage 4：
45 minute course: 35/group 90 minute course: 70/group
Key Stage 5：
Half day (one course): 80/group Full day (two courses): 160/group
Teachers and adults：
Up to required key stage proportions (比例): Free
Adults needed for 1∶1 special educational needs support: Free
Adults above the required proportions: 11/person
The payment will be due within 28 calendar days of making the booking.
Health and safety
Required supervising (监护) adult student proportions：
Key Stage 1: 1∶5 Key Stage 2: 1∶8
Key Stage 3: 1∶10 Key Stage 4: 1∶12
Key Stage 5: 1∶12
The group sizes should be controlled if you are visiting potentially busy areas such as the glasshouse and other attractions. The maximum number of students visiting the glasshouses is 15 per group and each group to Kew shops should include no more than 10 students.
If there is an emergency, please contact the nearest Kew staff member or call Constabulary on 0208 32 3333 for direct and quick support. Please do not call 999.
Planning your visit
Your tickets and two planning passes will be sent to you upon receipt of your payment. You can complete your risk assessment with the passes, ensure you bring your tickets and the receipt document and show them to the staff members at the gate on the day of your visit.
Recommended timings
The Kew Gardens opens at 10 am. You are recommended to spend at least three to five hours on your visit. The closing time varies throughout the year. But the earliest is 3：30 pm. We have a fixed schedule for educational courses, which is from 10：30 am to 2：20 pm.
篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些学校计划到Kew Gardens (英国皇家植物园)参观的基本信息，包括费用和参观时间安排等。
1．How much should a group of 15 Key Stage 1 students and 4 teachers pay for a 45 minute course
A．35. B．46.
C．57. D．81.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据Educational course prices 部分中的“45 minute course: 35/group” “Adults above the required proportions: 11/person”和Health and safety部分中的“Key Stage 1: 1∶5”可知，15名第一关键阶段的学生需要3名老师陪同，多出了一名老师，所以由15名学生和4名教师组成的小组，45分钟的课程需要支付35＋11＝46。故选B。
2．What should one do in an emergency
A．Check the risk assessment.
B．Call 999 immediately.
C．Ask adults or teachers for help.
D．Seek help from the staff member nearby.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据Health and safety部分中的“If there is an emergency, please contact the nearest Kew staff member or call Constabulary on 0208 32 3333 for direct and quick support. (如果发生紧急情况，请联系最近的工作人员或拨打0208 32 3333电话给警察，以获得直接和快速的支持。)”可知，如果发生紧急情况，应向附近的工作人员寻求帮助。故选D。
3．What is the purpose of the text
A．To introduce Kew Gardens.
B．To give tips on visiting Kew Gardens.
C．To attract potential visitors to Kew Gardens.
D．To inform coming activities in Kew Gardens.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段最后一句“Here is essential information about planning a school visit to Kew.”可知，文章主要介绍了一些学校计划到Kew参观的基本信息。由此可推知，这篇文章的写作目的是提供参观Kew Gardens的建议。故选B。
B
Researchers at the University of British Columbia in Canada have found that humans grew cacao trees and consumed cacao starting around 5，300 years ago.
The researchers found evidence of cacao's use at an ancient village in the highlands of southeastern Ecuador. They examined the remains of very old objects. The village was part of the Mayo－Chinchipe culture of the Andes.
Scientists had already mostly agreed that cacao was first domesticated in South America instead of Central America, as they once believed. But the new discovery shows cacao was grown about 1，500 years earlier than was known before.
The University of British Columbia researchers also identified a substance found in the cacao tree but not in its wild relatives. This suggests that humans grew the tree for food purposes.
Today, the seeds are cooked and turned into many chocolate products. But thousands of years ago, cacao was used to make drinks.
Michael Blake is a professor of University of British Columbia who helped lead the study. He said that the objects on which cacao was found suggest a lot about how people used the substance at the time.
“They clearly drank it，” Blake told the Reuters news service.
There is no clear history of native populations in South or Central America using cacao to make chocolate the way people do now, the researchers reported. Native populations in the upper Amazon area today still use cacao to make special drinks, they added.
Evidence suggests cacao growing moved into Central America and Mexico about 4，000 years ago. It is not clear how cacao's use spread between South and Central America.
But by the time Spanish explorers arrived in Central America in the late 1400s, people were using it to make hot and cold chocolate drinks with spices.
By the 1580s, Spain began importing cacao and spreading it to other European countries. By the 1800s, technology developed in the Netherlands made it possible to turn cacao into a solid chocolate product.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了科学家通过研究可可豆的历史，提出了关于可可豆种植的新观点。
4．Where was cacao grown earliest
A．Mexico. B．Canada.
C．Central America. D．South America.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Scientists had already mostly agreed that cacao was first domesticated in South America instead of Central America, as they once believed. (科学家们已经基本同意，可可豆最初是在南美洲被种植的，而不是像他们曾经认为的那样在中美洲被种植。)”可知，最早可能是在南美洲种植了可可豆。故选D。
5．When it comes to the introduction of cacao to Europe, which country contributed most
A．America. B．Canada.
C．Spain. D．Netherland.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“By the 1580s, Spain began importing cacao and spreading it to other European countries. (到了16世纪80年代，西班牙开始进口可可豆，并将其推广到其他欧洲国家。)”可推知，西班牙在把可可豆引进欧洲中贡献最大。故选C。
6．Which of the following can serve as a best possible title for this passage
A．The history of cacao
B．The home of cacao
C．The use of cacao
D．The spreading of cacao
答案：A
解析：标题判断题。根据文章中出现的地名和时间可知，文章主要介绍了可可豆的发展历史。故选A。
Ⅱ 七选五
Let's take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
__1__ For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world. __2__ That's around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water, we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500，000 children die from diarrhea (腹泻) from dirty water. That's around 1，400 children every day! Also, in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. __3__ Therefore, they don't have time to learn how to read or write and don't get an education.
__4__ On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. __5__ People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
A．We use water indirectly too.
B．Every system in our body depends on water to function.
C．It is to inspire people to learn more about water related problems.
D．If children walk many hours a day to get water, they can't go to school.
E．Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink
F．In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.
G．In this way, they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了水是我们生活中非常重要的能源，而世界上很多人并不像我们这样幸运能喝到干净的水。
1．答案：A
解析：根据下文“For example, farmers ... we need water to produce this energy.(例如，农民生产我们吃的食物，需要用水使植物生长。当我们打开电灯或电视、电脑时，我们使用能源，我们需要水来产生这种能源。)”可知，本句是在列举人们间接使用水的例子，A项(我们也间接地用水。)符合语境。故选A。
2．答案：E
解析：根据下文“That's around one in 10 people in the world.(那大约是世界上十分之一的人。)”可推知，本句说明世界上没有干净水可喝的人数。E项(你知道大约有7.5亿人没有干净的水喝吗？)符合语境。故选E。
3．答案：D
解析：上文中的“walk many kilometres every day to get water”可对应D项中的“walk many hours a day to get water”，D项(如果孩子们每天走很多小时去取水，他们就不能去上学。)符合语境。故选D。
4．答案：F
解析：下文“On this day every year ... around the world.(每年的这一天，世界各国都会举办各种活动，让人们了解污水的问题，让他们知道清洁的水是全世界每个人都应该拥有的。)”是在说明世界水日当天的活动，故本句应说明世界水日的设立时间，F项(1993年，联合国决定3月22日为世界水日。)符合语境。故选F。
5．答案：G
解析：根据上文“At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.(在英国的一所学校，10到15岁的孩子负重6升水来步行6公里。)”可推知，设空处应承接上文说明这一做法的意义。G项(通过这种方式，他们知道带着沉重的瓶子走很长的距离是什么感觉。)符合语境。故选G。
Ⅲ 语法填空
All the customers who went to the new supermarket had one strong wish to be the __1__ (luck) customer who did not have to pay for her shopping, for the notice inside the entrance __2__ (say), “Remember, once a week, one of our customers gets free goods. This may be your lucky day！”
For several weeks, Mrs Edwards hoped to be one of the lucky __3__ (housewife) like many of her friends. She never gave up hope. Cupboards in her kitchen __4__ (fill) with things that she didn't need at all. She dreamed of the day __5__ the manager of the supermarket would say __6__ her with a smile, “Madam, this is your lucky day. Everything in your basket is free.”
One Friday afternoon, after she had finished shopping and had taken it to her car, she found that she __7__ (forget) to buy some sugar. She rushed back to the supermarket, got the sugar and went towards the cash desk. As she did __8__， she saw the manager of the supermarket come up to her __9__ said, “Congratulations! You are the __10__ (lucky) among all the customers this week and everything in your basket is free！”
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Edwards (爱德华)夫人期望有一天自己成为超市的幸运顾客而不惜购买了一些她不需要的东西，最终期望成真的故事。
1．答案：lucky
解析：考查词性转换。根据前文的定冠词“the”以及后文的名词“customer”可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词。故填lucky。
2．答案：said
解析：考查动词的时态。本文描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填said。
3．答案：housewives
解析：考查名词。one of＋可数名词复数，此处用housewife的复数。故填housewives。
4．答案：were filled
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，应用一般过去时，且be filled with是固定短语，意思是“……满是/装满了……”，且主语Cupboards为复数。故填were filled。
5．答案：when
解析：考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the day，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。
6．答案：to
解析：考查介词。say to sb “对某人说”。故填to。
7．答案：had forgotten
解析：考查动词的时态。本句中宾语从句的谓语动词forget所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词found动作之前发生，应用过去完成时。故填had forgotten。
8．答案：so
解析：考查副词。本句中用so代替前面的动作。故填so。
9．答案：and
解析：考查连词。此处应用and连接动词saw和said，表示并列。故填and。
10．答案：luckiest
解析：考查形容词的最高级。根据表示范围的“among all the customers this week”可知，此处应用形容词的最高级。故填luckiest。
19(共76张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
Unit 5 Revealing nature
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
课前自主预习
精讲课时语法
目录
CONTENTS
1
2
课堂效果检测
3
课后课时作业
4
课前自主预习
Grammar(过去完成时)
①By the 1920s, he had become an explorer, searching for the tombs of the Egyptian kings.
②I returned the book that I had borrowed.
③Upon their entering the tomb, Cater's lucky pet bird, which he had left in Cairo, was swallowed by a snake.
④Then, a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon, who was also present when the tomb was opened, fell ill with a fever and died in Egypt.
⑤He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
⑥I had been at school for half an hour when Li Lei came.
(1)过去完成时的构成：_______________。
(2)过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，如例句____________。
(3)过去完成时可以指过去的动作延续到________的某个时刻，如例句________。
had＋过去分词
①②③④
过去
⑤⑥
精讲课时语法
一、过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。
二、过去完成时的用法
1．表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。过去某一时刻或动作可以通过by, before等介词短语或时间状语从句来判断，也可以通过表示过去的动作来判断；还可通过上下文来判断。
①When the explorer hurried to the destination, the others had already left.
当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候，其他人已经离开了。
②By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
直到去年，黄石国家公园的狼群数量已经增长至170多匹。
单句语法填空
①I _____________ (finish) my homework before supper was ready.
②The play _____________ (start) when we got to the theatre.
③By the end of June, they ___________ (treat) over 10，000 patients.
④He _______________ (collect) enough evidence up to that day.
⑤Silk _____________ (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
had finished
had started
had treated
had collected
had become
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
He told us that he had done the scientific research for 5 years.
他告诉我们，他做科学研究已经5年了。
单句表达
①他在去英国深造前，已学了八年英语。
He ________________________________ before he went to Britain for further study.
②他说自国家实行改革开放政策以来他的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
He said great changes ________________ in his hometown since China carried out reform and opening policies.
had learned English for eight years
had taken place
3．动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
①I had never thought that you were content to help me.
我从未想过你愿意帮我。
②We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
单句语法填空
①I ____________ (plan) to meet you at the airport, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
②I ____________ (want) to lend you some money, but you didn't ask.
③I __________ (mean) to visit you, but an unexpected thing happened.
had planned
had wanted
had meant
4．过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他对她很熟悉。
单句语法填空
①He told me that his team ________ already ________ (win)．
②She said that she _____________ (not go) to the Great Wall yet.
had
won
hadn't gone
5．在状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。常由when, before, after, as soon as, till/until引导。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。
名师点津
before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句多用一般过去时。
After he arrived in England, he worked hard to improve his English.
他到达英格兰之后，努力提升他的英语水平。
单句表达
①她直到把工作做完才睡觉。
She ________________ to bed until she ______________ her work.
②读完那本有趣的小说之后，我就上床睡觉了。
I ________________ after I ________ reading the interesting novel.
③不久他就安然无恙地回来了。
It was not long before he ____________ safe and sound.
didn't go
had finished
went to bed
finished
came back
6．过去完成时的常用固定句型
(1)主语＋had hardly/scarcely (no sooner)＋过去分词＋when/than从句(从句用一般过去时)；当hardly, scarcely, no sooner表示否定意义的词位于句首时，主句要部分倒装
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
＝No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
我刚到家就下雨了。
(2)It was＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有3个月了。
(3)It was the first/second/... time＋that从句(从句用过去完成时)
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
(4)主句(过去完成时)＋by the time ... (一般过去时)
We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
在他们到达之前，我们已经做好一切准备了。
(5)句子(过去完成时)＋by the end of ... (表示过去的时间)
By the end of last term, we had learned English at least for four years.
到上个学期末，我们至少已经学了四年英语。
(1)单句语法填空
①By the time we arrived, someone _____________ (grab) all the good seats.
②It was the first time I ___________ (go) abroad.
(2)句型转换
①I had hardly seen her when I got off the bus.
→Hardly ___________ her when I got off the bus.
②He had no sooner arrived than she went away.
→No sooner ________________ than she went away.
had grabbed
had gone
had I seen
had he arrived
7．过去完成时和一般过去时的区别
(1)一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时则表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。当强调过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前时，常用过去完成时。
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
10点钟之前我们已经到达了车站。
(2)过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的、表示过去的时间状语连用，但意义有所不同。
①He had done the work at six o'clock.
在6点钟的时候他已经完成了那项工作。
②He did the work at six o'clock.
他是在6点钟的时候做那项工作的。
单句语法填空
①I ________ (be) about to turn around to leave when I heard my name called.
②What _____________ (happen) to them before being found lost in the forest
③Lily ________ (leave) when we arrived.
④She forgot everything you ________ (tell) her beforehand.
was
had happened
had left
had told
8．过去完成时和过去完成进行时的区别
过去完成进行时强调动作的持续性；过去完成时表示在过去某一具体时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，强调动作已结束这一事实。
①They had been building the road by the end of last month.
到上个月月底为止，他们一直在修建这条路。
②They had built the road by the end of last month.
上个月月底，他们已建好了这条路。
单句表达
①我刚读几分钟的书，他就进来了。
I _____________________ a few minutes when he came in.
②当警察到达后，小偷已经逃跑了。
When the police arrived, the thieves ________________．
③到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
By nine o'clock last night, we ____________ 200 pictures from the spaceship.
had only been reading
had run away
had received
Vocabulary
1 decline v. 减少(教材P71)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①I didn't know why the boy declined to answer a question.
我不知道那个男孩为什么拒绝回答问题。
②The intense competition from overseas has caused the cotton industry to fall into a decline.
来自海外的激烈竞争导致了国内棉花产业的衰退。
③He is still one of the world's most popular golfers, but his skill is in decline.
他仍是世界上最受欢迎的高尔夫球选手之一，但他的球技大不如前。
(1)写出下列句中decline的词性和含义
①They teach kids to stand up and be themselves, and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong. ________
②Oil production has already peaked and is on the decline in about 50 nations. ________
③It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days. ________
④According to scientists, our mental abilities begin to decline from the age of 27 after reaching the highest level at 22.________
v. 拒绝
n. 下降
n. 下降
v. 衰退
(2)单句表达
①随着年龄的增长，她的智力在衰退。
As she was older, her mental powers were ________________________．
②在他父亲去世后，没有人像他父亲那样有智慧，生意也开始走下坡路。
After his father's death, there was no one as intelligent as his father, and the business ________________________．
in decline/on the decline
fell/went into (a) decline
2 blame v. 责怪，指责；把……归咎于(教材P71)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①Whenever he didn't perform well in his studies, she would blame him bitterly, expressing her disappointment in him.
每当他在学习中做得不好时，她就会狠狠地训斥他，表达对他的失望。
②Don't always blame your own failure on others; sometimes you yourself are to blame.
不要总把失败归咎于他人，有时该责怪你自己。
③If that happens, the coach will take the blame for it.
如果发生那样的事，教练将对此负责。
(1)单句表达
①哪位司机应为此次事故负责？
Which driver ________________ for the accident
②我不会因为计划延误责备你。
I ______________________ the delay of the plan.
was to blame
won't blame you for
(2)一句多译
他把考试失败归咎于老师。
___________________________________________.(blame ... on)
＝__________________________________________.(blame ... for)
＝____________________________________________________. (blame n．)
He blamed the failure of his exam on the teacher
He blamed the teacher for the failure of his exam
He put/laid the blame for the failure of his exam on the teacher
3 be native to 源于……的，原产于……(教材P73)
归纳拓展
①As a matter of fact, French is not my native language.
事实上，法语不是我的母语。
②Is her uncle a native of Shanghai, or just a visitor
她的叔叔是上海本地人，还是只是一名游客？
(1)单句语法填空
①I'm a native ________ this place.
②As we all know, the panda is native ________ China.
(2)单句表达
我的妻子是纽约本地人，但是我来自日本。
My wife is _____________________________________， but I'm from Japan.
of
to
a native New Yorker/a native of New York
课堂效果检测
Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子
1．A ________ (巨大的) iceberg was on a collision course with the ship.
2．________ (原始的) humans needed to be able to react like this to escape from dangerous animals.
3．The need to communicate is a key c___________ of human society.
4．The first reason for our economic d________ is lack of innovation.
5．She doesn't b________ anyone for her father's death.
giant
Primitive
haracteristic
ecline
lame
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．I wish she _____________ (take) the medicine last night.
2．It was three years since Jack ___________ (be) a teacher.
3．No sooner ________ he ________ (get) home than I told him the inspiring news.
4．We must get the work ___________ (finish) before the hurricane comes.
5．I __________ (watch) the film The Sacrifice last Friday night with my mom.
had taken
had been
had
got
finished
watched
6．They __________________ (learn) about 2，000 English words by the end of last term.
7．By the end of that year Henry ______________ (collect) more than a thousand foreign stamps.
8．By the time he was twelve, Edison _____________ (begin) to make a living by himself.
9．Though it was the first time that I ___________ (visit) the small town, I fell in love with it at once.
10．I ___________ (hope) to go to Hawaii, but I didn't catch the plane in time.
had learnt/learned
had collected
had begun
had visited
had hoped
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．萨莉面对一个表现非常差的班级，最终通过制定十条规则赢得了学生的尊重。
Confronted with a new class who ____________________， Sally finally earned students' respect by working out 10 rules.
2．我原本计划七月份去云南参观，但现在恐怕不能去了，因为我的左脚在一场足球比赛中受伤了。
I ____________ to go visiting Yunnan in July, but I'm afraid I can't go now, because I have had my left foot injured in a football match.
had behaved badly
had planned
3．我认识到如果我半途而废，我将永远不能学好滑冰。
I realized if I ________________ half way, I would never play well with skates.
4．到昨晚10点钟，我们已经完成了大部分工作。
By ten o'clock last night, we ________________________________．
5．当公共汽车最终到来的时候，我已经在车站等了30分钟。
_________________________________ for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.
6．他离开中国已经五年了。
It was five years since he ________________．
had given up
had finished most of the work
I had been waiting at the bus station
had left China
7．那是我第二次接受如此大的挑战。
It was the second time that I ________________________________．
8．一听到我被允许参加这次活动的消息，我就马上告诉了我的母亲。
Upon hearing the news that ________________________________ the activity, I informed my mum of it at once.
9．在去看望外婆之前，她已经完成了她的作业。
She ________________________ before she paid a visit to her grandmother.
10．我正打算去倒垃圾，但有人已经倒了。
I was just going to empty the dustbin, ________________________________．
had accepted such a big challenge
I had been allowed to take part in
had finished her homework
but someone had done it already
课后课时作业
较易题(占比50%) 中档题(占比50%) 拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B 难度 ★ ★★ ★ ★★
Ⅰ 阅读
A
Information on school visits to Kew Gardens
Enjoy yourselves in a wonderland of science with over 50，000 living plants and a variety of educational events or amusing activities. Here is essential information about planning a school visit to Kew.
Educational course prices
You can plan a self led visit or book one of our educational courses. Students will take part in the educational courses in groups of 15. Prices vary according to different situations.
EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage) to Key Stage 4：
45 minute course: 35/group 90 minute course: 70/group
Key Stage 5：
Half day (one course): 80/group Full day (two courses): 160/group
Teachers and adults：
Up to required key stage proportions (比例): Free
Adults needed for 1∶1 special educational needs support: Free
Adults above the required proportions: 11/person
The payment will be due within 28 calendar days of making the booking.
Health and safety
Required supervising (监护) adult student proportions：
Key Stage 1: 1∶5 Key Stage 2: 1∶8
Key Stage 3: 1∶10 Key Stage 4: 1∶12
Key Stage 5: 1∶12
The group sizes should be controlled if you are visiting potentially busy areas such as the glasshouse and other attractions. The maximum number of students visiting the glasshouses is 15 per group and each group to Kew shops should include no more than 10 students.
If there is an emergency, please contact the nearest Kew staff member or call Constabulary on 0208 32 3333 for direct and quick support. Please do not call 999.
Planning your visit
Your tickets and two planning passes will be sent to you upon receipt of your payment. You can complete your risk assessment with the passes, ensure you bring your tickets and the receipt document and show them to the staff members at the gate on the day of your visit.
Recommended timings
The Kew Gardens opens at 10 am. You are recommended to spend at least three to five hours on your visit. The closing time varies throughout the year. But the earliest is 3：30 pm. We have a fixed schedule for educational courses, which is from 10：30 am to 2：20 pm.
篇章导读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些学校计划到Kew Gardens (英国皇家植物园)参观的基本信息，包括费用和参观时间安排等。
1．How much should a group of 15 Key Stage 1 students and 4 teachers pay for a 45 minute course
A．35. B．46.
C．57. D．81.
解析：细节理解题。根据Educational course prices 部分中的“45 minute course: 35/group” “Adults above the required proportions: 11/person”和Health and safety部分中的“Key Stage 1: 1∶5”可知，15名第一关键阶段的学生需要3名老师陪同，多出了一名老师，所以由15名学生和4名教师组成的小组，45分钟的课程需要支付35＋11＝46。故选B。
2．What should one do in an emergency
A．Check the risk assessment.
B．Call 999 immediately.
C．Ask adults or teachers for help.
D．Seek help from the staff member nearby.
解析：细节理解题。根据Health and safety部分中的“If there is an emergency, please contact the nearest Kew staff member or call Constabulary on 0208 32 3333 for direct and quick support. (如果发生紧急情况，请联系最近的工作人员或拨打0208 32 3333电话给警察，以获得直接和快速的支持。)”可知，如果发生紧急情况，应向附近的工作人员寻求帮助。故选D。
3．What is the purpose of the text
A．To introduce Kew Gardens.
B．To give tips on visiting Kew Gardens.
C．To attract potential visitors to Kew Gardens.
D．To inform coming activities in Kew Gardens.
解析：推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段最后一句“Here is essential information about planning a school visit to Kew.”可知，文章主要介绍了一些学校计划到Kew参观的基本信息。由此可推知，这篇文章的写作目的是提供参观Kew Gardens的建议。故选B。
B
Researchers at the University of British Columbia in Canada have found that humans grew cacao trees and consumed cacao starting around 5，300 years ago.
The researchers found evidence of cacao's use at an ancient village in the highlands of southeastern Ecuador. They examined the remains of very old objects. The village was part of the Mayo－Chinchipe culture of the Andes.
Scientists had already mostly agreed that cacao was first domesticated in South America instead of Central America, as they once believed. But the new discovery shows cacao was grown about 1，500 years earlier than was known before.
The University of British Columbia researchers also identified a substance found in the cacao tree but not in its wild relatives. This suggests that humans grew the tree for food purposes.
Today, the seeds are cooked and turned into many chocolate products. But thousands of years ago, cacao was used to make drinks.
Michael Blake is a professor of University of British Columbia who helped lead the study. He said that the objects on which cacao was found suggest a lot about how people used the substance at the time.
“They clearly drank it，” Blake told the Reuters news service.
There is no clear history of native populations in South or Central America using cacao to make chocolate the way people do now, the researchers reported. Native populations in the upper Amazon area today still use cacao to make special drinks, they added.
Evidence suggests cacao growing moved into Central America and Mexico about 4，000 years ago. It is not clear how cacao's use spread between South and Central America.
But by the time Spanish explorers arrived in Central America in the late 1400s, people were using it to make hot and cold chocolate drinks with spices.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了科学家通过研究可可豆的历史，提出了关于可可豆种植的新观点。
By the 1580s, Spain began importing cacao and spreading it to other European countries. By the 1800s, technology developed in the Netherlands made it possible to turn cacao into a solid chocolate product.
4．Where was cacao grown earliest
A．Mexico. B．Canada.
C．Central America. D．South America.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Scientists had already mostly agreed that cacao was first domesticated in South America instead of Central America, as they once believed. (科学家们已经基本同意，可可豆最初是在南美洲被种植的，而不是像他们曾经认为的那样在中美洲被种植。)”可知，最早可能是在南美洲种植了可可豆。故选D。
5．When it comes to the introduction of cacao to Europe, which country contributed most
A．America. B．Canada.
C．Spain. D．Netherland.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“By the 1580s, Spain began importing cacao and spreading it to other European countries. (到了16世纪80年代，西班牙开始进口可可豆，并将其推广到其他欧洲国家。)”可推知，西班牙在把可可豆引进欧洲中贡献最大。故选C。
6．Which of the following can serve as a best possible title for this passage
A．The history of cacao
B．The home of cacao
C．The use of cacao
D．The spreading of cacao
解析：标题判断题。根据文章中出现的地名和时间可知，文章主要介绍了可可豆的发展历史。故选A。
Ⅱ 七选五
Let's take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
__1__ For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world. __2__ That's around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water, we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500，000 children die from diarrhea (腹泻) from dirty water. That's around 1，400 children every day! Also, in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. __3__ Therefore, they don't have time to learn how to read or write and don't get an education.
__4__ On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. __5__ People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
A．We use water indirectly too.
B．Every system in our body depends on water to function.
C．It is to inspire people to learn more about water related problems.
D．If children walk many hours a day to get water, they can't go to school.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了水是我们生活中非常重要的能源，而世界上很多人并不像我们这样幸运能喝到干净的水。
E．Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink
F．In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.
G．In this way, they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.
1．答案：A
解析：根据下文“For example, farmers ... we need water to produce this energy.(例如，农民生产我们吃的食物，需要用水使植物生长。当我们打开电灯或电视、电脑时，我们使用能源，我们需要水来产生这种能源。)”可知，本句是在列举人们间接使用水的例子，A项(我们也间接地用水。)符合语境。故选A。
2．答案：E
解析：根据下文“That's around one in 10 people in the world.(那大约是世界上十分之一的人。)”可推知，本句说明世界上没有干净水可喝的人数。E项(你知道大约有7.5亿人没有干净的水喝吗？)符合语境。故选E。
解析：上文中的“walk many kilometres every day to get water”可对应D项中的“walk many hours a day to get water”，D项(如果孩子们每天走很多小时去取水，他们就不能去上学。)符合语境。故选D。
3．答案：D
解析：下文“On this day every year ... around the world.(每年的这一天，世界各国都会举办各种活动，让人们了解污水的问题，让他们知道清洁的水是全世界每个人都应该拥有的。)”是在说明世界水日当天的活动，故本句应说明世界水日的设立时间，F项(1993年，联合国决定3月22日为世界水日。)符合语境。故选F。
4．答案：F
5．答案：G
解析：根据上文“At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.(在英国的一所学校，10到15岁的孩子负重6升水来步行6公里。)”可推知，设空处应承接上文说明这一做法的意义。G项(通过这种方式，他们知道带着沉重的瓶子走很长的距离是什么感觉。)符合语境。故选G。
Ⅲ 语法填空
All the customers who went to the new supermarket had one strong wish to be the __1__ (luck) customer who did not have to pay for her shopping, for the notice inside the entrance __2__ (say), “Remember, once a week, one of our customers gets free goods. This may be your lucky day！”
For several weeks, Mrs Edwards hoped to be one of the lucky __3__ (housewife) like many of her friends. She never gave up hope. Cupboards in her kitchen __4__ (fill) with things that she didn't need at all. She dreamed of the day __5__ the manager of the supermarket would say __6__ her with a smile, “Madam, this is your lucky day. Everything in your basket is free.”
One Friday afternoon, after she had finished shopping and had taken it to her car, she found that she __7__ (forget) to buy some sugar. She rushed back to the supermarket, got the sugar and went towards the cash desk. As she did __8__， she saw the manager of the supermarket come up to her __9__ said, “Congratulations! You are the __10__ (lucky) among all the customers this week and everything in your basket is free！”
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Edwards (爱德华)夫人期望有一天自己成为超市的幸运顾客而不惜购买了一些她不需要的东西，最终期望成真的故事。
1．________ 2．________ 3．________ 4．________ 5．________
6．________ 7．________ 8．________ 9．________ 10．________
1．答案：lucky
2．答案：said
解析：考查词性转换。根据前文的定冠词“the”以及后文的名词“customer”可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词。故填lucky。
解析：考查动词的时态。本文描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填said。
3．答案：housewives
4．答案：were filled
解析：考查名词。one of＋可数名词复数，此处用housewife的复数。故填housewives。
解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，应用一般过去时，且be filled with是固定短语，意思是“……满是/装满了……”，且主语Cupboards为复数。故填were filled。
5．答案：when
6．答案：to
解析：考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the day，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。
解析：考查介词。say to sb “对某人说”。故填to。
7．答案：had forgotten
8．答案：so
解析：考查动词的时态。本句中宾语从句的谓语动词forget所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词found动作之前发生，应用过去完成时。故填had forgotten。
解析：考查副词。本句中用so代替前面的动作。故填so。
9．答案：and
10．答案：luckiest
解析：考查连词。此处应用and连接动词saw和said，表示并列。故填and。
解析：考查形容词的最高级。根据表示范围的“among all the customers this week”可知，此处应用形容词的最高级。故填luckiest。
