英语 选择性必修 第二册 WY
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
Grammar (过去完成时的被动语态)
①By the time it ended, more than 700 people had been killed and 2，700 had been injured.
②By the late 1890s, he had moved to Galveston, where he died in 1899, a year before the hurricane struck.
③The peasant did everything that he had been told to do.
④He said all the task had been finished by last week.
(1)②句采用了过去完成时，其构成形式为：__________________。
(2)①③④句采用了过去完成时的被动语态，其构成形式为：__________________。
答案：(1)had done (2)had been done
一、过去完成时的被动语态的概念
过去完成时的被动语态表示动作在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成，且主语与谓语动词存在被动关系。
二、过去完成时的被动语态的构成
1．肯定结构：had been done
The task had been finished before 12：00 yesterday.
这项任务在昨天12：00之前已经完成了。
2．否定结构：had not been done
The task hadn't been finished before 12：00 yesterday.
昨天12：00之前这项任务还没有完成。
3．疑问句结构
Had the task been finished before 12：00 yesterday
昨天12：00之前这项任务完成了吗？
What time had the task been finished yesterday
这项任务是昨天什么时候完成的？
三、过去完成时的被动语态的用法
1．在told, said, knew, heard, thought, found等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
He heard that the tickets had already been sold out.
他听说票已售完。
The newspaper reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the hurricane.
报纸报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。
2．当before, when, by the time, until, after, once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by, before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
By the time she was 13, my sister had been sent to America.
我姐姐13岁前就已经被送到美国了。
200 cars had been produced by the end of last year.
到去年年底，已经生产了200辆汽车。
3．在It was the first/second/... time that ... 从句中，主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
It was the third time that he had been beaten black and blue.
那是他第三次被打得青一块紫一块的。
4．在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food.
如果有人警告过他，他就不会吃那个食物了。
(1)单句语法填空
①By the end of last year, 10，000 trees ________ (plant) in that village.
②His village ________ (flood) in the heavy rain, so he moved to his parents' house.
③He found that his wallet ________ (steal) on the bus.
④It was the second time that Tom ________ (punish) so seriously.
⑤If the victim ________ (take) to hospital in time, he would have a chance to survive.
答案：①had been planted ②had been flooded ③had been stolen ④had been punished ⑤had been taken
(2)单句表达
①飓风结束的时候，有多少建筑物被毁坏了？
________________________________________________________________________
when the hurricane ended
②我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。
________________________________________________________________________
when I got home.
③上个月末，他刚写的小说被翻译成了英语。
His newly written novel ____________________________________ by the end of last month.
答案：①How many buildings had been destroyed
②Her homework had not been finished ③had been translated into English
Vocabulary
1 appropriate adj. 恰当的；合适的(教材P23)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①It is not appropriate for you to ask such personal questions in an interview.
＝It is not appropriate that you (should) ask such personal questions in an interview.
你在采访中问这样私人的问题是不合适的。
②His bright clothes were hardly appropriate while she was dressed appropriately.
他那鲜艳的衣服不是很适合，然而她的穿着却很得体。
(1)单句语法填空
①It is clever of this young boy to use the new word ________ (appropriate)．
②It is not appropriate ________ a student should litter and scribble about.
答案：①appropriately ②that
(2)单句表达
运动服不适合在正式的婚礼中穿。
Sports clothes __________________________ a formal wedding.
答案：are not appropriate for
2 considerate adj. 替他人着想的(教材P24)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①He is no more considerate towards others than his brother is.
他跟他弟弟一样不体谅别人。
②It is considerate of you to call on your relatives from time to time.
你时不时拜访亲戚，真是很周到啊。
③Several proposals are under consideration by the state assembly.
有几个提案州议会正在考虑中。
④Time factor is what we must first take into consideration.
时间因素是我们必须首先考虑的。
⑤The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.
那项工程耗费了相当多的时间和资金。
(1)单句语法填空
①It was considerate ________ you to bring me my raincoat.
②We must take the weather into ________ (consider) first when climbing mountains.
③It was in perfect condition, ________ (consider) how old it was.
答案：①of ②consideration ③considering
(2)单句表达
正在考虑将这个地区指定为保护区。
The district is ______________ for designation as a conservation area.
答案：under consideration
3 promote v. 促进，增进(教材P24)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①No doubt tourism may promote the economic prosperity of a country.
旅游业无疑会促进一个国家的经济繁荣。
②The young army officer was promoted to the rank of captain.
这个年轻军官被提升为上尉。
③After many attempts she eventually managed to get promotion.
经过多次的努力，她终于得到了晋升。
写出下列句中promote的含义
①He worked hard and soon was promoted.________
②Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.________
③As is known to us all, milk promotes health.________
答案：①提升，晋升 ②促销，推销 ③促进，增进
4 clarify v. 澄清，讲清楚，阐明(教材P25)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①She asked him to clarify what he meant.
她要他说清楚他是什么意思。
②I'm determined that I'll clarify my position at a proper time.
我决定将在合适的时候阐明我的立场。
(1)单句语法填空
He planned to give a speech ________ (clarify) the situation.
答案：to clarify
(2)单句表达
①如果你学习英国历史，你就可以弄清楚这个问题。
You can ______________________ if you study British history.
②一位银行发言人未能把情况解释清楚。
A bank spokesman was unable to ________________________．
答案：①clarify this question ②clarify the situation
Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子
1．She picked up a dress which was ________ (合适的) for the occasion.
答案：appropriate
2．You should ________ (阐明) the facts related to this problem, which can make others know you are innocent.
答案：clarify
3．Oh, you'll miss the ________ (最后期限). Time is running out.
答案：deadline
4．We need to p________ an open exchange of ideas and information.
答案：promote
5．We can all help by being more c________ towards our neighbours.
答案：considerate
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
答案：had been trapped
2．If the new safety system ________ (put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
答案：had been put
3．In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones ________ (not invent) yet.
答案：hadn't been invented
4．I soon found that the work I was doing ________ (do) by other people.
答案：had been done
5．________ the new plan ________ (discuss) before the meeting
答案：Had; been discussed
6．100 tractors ________ (produce) by the end of last year.
答案：had been produced
7．The ________ (promote) proved to be a turning point in his career.
答案：promotion
8．The proposals are currently ________ consideration.
答案：under
9．It's entitled, ________ (appropriate) enough, “Art for the Nation”．
答案：appropriately
10．By 16：30, which was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings ________ (sell)．
答案：had been sold
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．他进入房间，被告知所有的足球票已经被订购完。
He entered the room and was told that all of the ______________________________．
答案：football tickets had been booked
2．约翰不得不在修理厂修理他的汽车，因为车损坏得非常严重。
John had to have his car repaired in garbage because it ________________________．
答案：had been damaged seriously
3．截止到昨天，所有的工作已经被完成。
By yesterday, ______________________________________________________________.
答案：all of the work had been finished
4．在会议结束时宣布已经达成协议。
At the end of the meeting, it was announced that ______________________________．
答案：an agreement had been reached
5．在去年的年尾，另一项新法律已在北京被完成。
By the end of last year, __________________________________ in Beijing.
答案：another new law had been completed
6．名单上大部分是爱尔兰名字，这是合适的。
__________________________ Irish names dominate the list.
答案：It is appropriate that
7．安全驾驶是良好的驾驶习惯，因为它考虑到了他人的人身安全。
Safe driving is good driving because it __________________________ the lives of other people.
答案：takes into consideration
8．上个赛季他们晋升为甲级队。
They ______________________ the First Division last season.
答案：were promoted to
9．他很聪明，总能想出好主意。
He is very clever and can always ____________________ good ideas.
答案：come up with
10．令我们惊讶的是，他只用了几分钟就解出了这道数学题。
To our surprise, it took him only a few minutes to ____________ the maths problem.
答案：work out
较易题(占比50%) 中档题(占比50%) 拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B
难度 ★ ★★ ★★ ★
Ⅰ 阅读
A
“My daughters are dealing with friendship disagreements, school pressures and college application. My younger daughter sets her alarm for 5 am to finish her homework before school begins，” says Cameron Gaeren, a mother in Chicago. Her daughters are not alone. A survey found that about 30% of the 1，018 teens surveyed reported feeling anxious or overwhelmed (不堪重负的)．
Still, kids don't often accept parents' help. That's because when teens are overwhelmed, parents may say things like “When I was your age, I had a job, and I still did my homework and made time for my friends. I know that you can do this, too.” They mean well trying to connect with their teens in this comparative way, but often it causes a communication breakdown.
When teens are stressed, most parents try to solve their problems, but often what teens really need is to develop problem solving skills of their own. Sheryl Ziegler, an expert in Denver, says it's important to teach teens how to develop cognitive empathy (同理心), which allows them to try to understand someone else's thoughts and how they view the world. For example, if a teen is upset because a friend doesn't return a text, parents can ask, “What do you think might be going on for her？” or “Remember last week when you didn't text back right away because you were studying for an exam？”
Because teenagers are so emotionally driven, they may act in mad ways. A disagreement with a teacher or a friend or an unanswered text can make them feel like the end of the world. Research shows that cognitive empathy skills can help teens realize that people and situations can change, which allows them to face social challenges more easily. By developing their cognitive empathy, teens can remind themselves that even when feelings take over, stressful situations last for a short time only.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是父母应该如何帮助青少年缓解压力和焦虑。
1．What does the first paragraph try to tell us
A．Teens have a busy schedule.
B．Teens face a number of challenges.
C．Teens need more communication.
D．Teens don't get along well with others.
答案：B
解析：段落大意题。根据本段最后一句“A survey found that about 30% of the 1，018 teens surveyed reported feeling anxious or overwhelmed (不堪重负的)．(一项调查发现，在接受调查的1，018名青少年中，约30%的人表示感到焦虑或不堪重负。)”可知，第一段想告诉我们青少年面临着许多挑战。故选B。
2．Which of the following can best describe parents' solution to teenagers' problems
A．Creative. B.Simple.
C.Ineffective. D.Unclear.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They mean well ... a communication breakdown.”可知，父母试图用比较的方式与青少年建立联系，但往往会导致沟通崩溃。由此可推知，父母解决青少年问题的方法是无效的。故选C。
3．What should parents do for teenagers according to Ziegler
A．Help them solve their problems.
B．Express their understanding of them.
C．Bring up examples related to themselves.
D．Teach them to understand what's on others' mind.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sheryl Ziegler, an expert in Denver ... how they view the world.”可知，Ziegler(齐格勒)认为，父母应该教青少年理解别人的想法。故选D。
4．How can cognitive empathy help teens
A．It strengthens their kindness.
B．It improves their speaking ability.
C．It helps them manage their emotions.
D．It makes them focus their energies on others.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“By developing their cognitive empathy ... last for a short time only.(通过培养他们的认知同理心，青少年可以提醒自己，即使当情绪占据上风时，压力也只会持续很短的时间。)”可推知，认知同理心有助于青少年管理自己的情绪。故选C。
B
“The pursuit of perfection is the tenet (信条) of my life.” Magee rushed home crying after seeing that she'd received an A minus on her grade report. Growing up she had learned that the way to receive confirmation and love from family members and teachers was to be a high achiever. So to Magee, that A minus felt like a failure. “I was shattered，” she said. “In that moment, I felt like my self worth as a human had fallen far below what it would have been if I'd got an A or an A plus.”
Magee's turning a good grade into a cause of her inferiority (自卑) is a textbook example in recent years. Perfectionism is a universal cultural phenomenon. High levels of perfectionism were linked with depression, anxiety, and deliberate self harm. The constant stress of competitiveness and comparison can also leave people stressed and suffering from headaches and insomnia.
If a person is only rewarded for high achievement, over time they learn that their value as a person depends on being perfect. Instagram, Facebook and other social media platforms also fuel unhealthy comparisons. “It's a real problem—those social media images end up serving as yardsticks that people can compare themselves to and a perfectionist is always trying to keep up with the Joneses，” Sherry, a clinical psychologist, said. And it's never been harder to keep up with the Joneses, because today we are constantly bombed with seemingly perfect images of other peoples' lives.
Eventually Magee learned that she had to let go a little and allow herself to show up with all her imperfections. She eventually learned to trust that she could show up, not being perfect, and still feel valued. “I can be imperfect and everything can be fine！”
篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了Magee (马吉)理解了完美主义背后的原因以及危害，最后接受了自己的不完美。
5．Which of the following best explains “shattered” underlined in Paragraph 1
A．Delighted. B．Frightened.
C．Frustrated. D．Amused.
答案：C
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前一句“So to Magee, that A minus felt like a failure.”以及后一句“In that moment ... if I'd got an A or an A plus.”可知，在考试中得了A－让Magee觉得这是一件失败的事情，而且她的自我价值感大大地降低了。由此可推知，当时她感觉到自己很有挫败感，画线词意为“挫败的”。故选C。
6．Which of the following is NOT the cause of Magee's inferiority
A．The unhealthy comparisons.
B．The A plus confirmation.
C．The perfectionism phenomenon.
D．The sense of competitiveness.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Perfectionism is a universal ... suffering from headaches and insomnia.(完美主义是一种普遍的文化现象。高度完美主义与抑郁、焦虑和蓄意的自我伤害有关。竞争和攀比的持续压力也会让人们感到精神紧张、头痛和失眠。)”可知，不健康的对比、完美主义现象和竞争感是导致Magee自卑的原因。故选B。
7．What may Magee agree with finally
A．It's cool to be perfect.
B．It's fine to be imperfect.
C．It's important to get an A plus.
D．It's easy to keep up with the Joneses.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Eventually Magee learned that ... everything can be fine！’(最终，Magee明白了她必须放开一点儿，让自己展现出所有的不完美。她最终学会了相信自己可以不完美地出现在别人面前，并且仍然感到自己受到了重视。‘我可以不完美，一切都会好起来！’)”可知，Magee 最终接受了自己的不完美。由此可推知，她最终可能同意“不完美也没关系”这个观点。故选B。
8．What is the text mainly about
A．Perfectionism is killing our health.
B．Perfectionism is a growing cultural phenomenon.
C．Accepting one's imperfection is becoming a trend.
D．Imperfection is temporary and perfection is forever.
答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中的“High levels of perfectionism ... suffering from headaches and insomnia.”可知，本文主要讲述了完美主义不断被放大并且在危害人们的身心健康。故选A。
Ⅱ 七选五
If you have ever had trouble persuading yourself to do things you should do or would like to do, you have experienced procrastination. If you are a typical procrastinator, perhaps you spend an excessive amount of time watching TV, playing video games, checking Facebook, eating (even when you're not hungry), obsessively cleaning or pacing back and forth through the office. __1__ Once again, you end up doing nothing. Sound familiar
Lazy people don't do anything and are just fine with it. __2__ They truly want to fulfil their obligations (职责) but just can't figure out how.
__3__ Relaxing recharges you with energy. In contrast, procrastinating drains it from you. The less energy you have, the greater the chances of you putting off your responsibilities, and, once more, you will accomplish nothing.
The studies on procrastination ever conducted indicate that failure of the ability to listen to ourselves is most likely the main reason why we put things off. The scientific name of this ability is self regulation. Self regulation is the ability to consciously control your emotions. __4__ Thanks to this, you will procrastinate less. Current research indicates that willpower can be compared to a muscle. It is possible to strengthen it through training.
To overcome procrastination, you need to start by setting the bar as low as possible. Creating habits isn't about quantity; it's about small steps and regular repetition. By making gradual increases, once you learn a new habit, you can strengthen your willpower muscle. As you slowly raise the bar, your willpower will gain strength. __5__
A．Don't confuse procrastination with relaxation, either.
B．The more powerful it is, the easier it will be for you to make a breakthrough.
C．Learning how to develop good habits and kick bad ones can be achieved by taking small steps.
D．Procrastinators, however, have the desire to actually do something but can't force themselves to start.
E．If you train willpower to perform one activity, you can use its strength to do other things as well.
F．Afterwards, you feel powerless and are overcome with feelings of guilt and frustration.
G．The more developed this ability is, the more often you will do what you tell yourself to do and the better you will resist temptation.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了拖延症的症状、产生的原因以及解决办法。
1．答案：F
解析：上文“If you are a typical procrastinator ... the office.(如果你是一个典型的拖延症患者，也许你花了太多时间看电视、玩电子游戏、查看脸书、吃东西(即使你并不饿)、痴迷于打扫卫生或在办公室里来回踱步。)”说明了典型的拖延症患者经常做的事情。F项(之后，你会感到无力、内疚和沮丧。)承接上文，说明这样做的后果。故选F。
2．答案：D
解析：上文“Lazy people don't do anything and are just fine with it.”说明懒惰的人什么也不做。D项(然而，拖延症患者渴望真正做一些事情，但不能强迫自己开始。)中的however和上文形成转折关系，指出二者的区别。故选D。
3．答案：A
解析：下文“Relaxing recharges you ... drains it from you.(放松会给你补充能量。相反，拖延会耗尽你的能量。)”提到了拖延症和放松的区别。A项(也不要把拖延和放松混为一谈。)引出下文。故选A。
4．答案：G
解析：上文“The studies ... control your emotions.(曾经进行的关于拖延症的研究表明，无法倾听自己内心的声音很可能是我们拖延的主要原因。这种能力的学名是自我调节。自我调节是有意识地控制情绪的能力。)”说明自我调节能力差是我们做事拖延的主要原因。G项(这种能力越强，你就越能经常做你告诉自己要做的事，也就能更好地抵抗诱惑。)承接上文，说明自我调节能力强的好处，且其中的“this ability”指代上文中的“自我调节能力”。故选G。
5．答案：B
解析：根据上文“By making gradual ... gain strength.(通过逐渐增加，一旦你学会了一个新习惯，你就能增强你的意志力。当你慢慢提高标准时，你的意志力就会增强。)”可知，B 项(它越强大，你就越容易取得突破。)承接上文，说明意志力强大的好处，其中的it指代上文中的“willpower”。故选B。
Ⅲ 语法填空
For two centuries, the famous University of Cambridge has hosted many debates for outstanding figures, from world leaders to scientists to comedians. This year the Cambridge Union invited its first non human guest.
__1__ (design) by IBM, Project Debater (辩手) is a machine that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) to form a spoken argument. It can even listen and answer like a real person. Project Debater uses AI __2__ (search) for journals, newspapers and other information sources. It then leaves out __3__ (use) information, picks the right arguments and arranges them into a persuasive argument. According to IBM, it is the first machine __4__ can debate complicated topics with humans. Before the debate, more than 1，100 arguments for the positives and negatives of AI __5__ (submit) to the IBM website. The machine analyzed these sources and formed the basis of __6__ (it) arguments in minutes. Project Debater showed its intelligence __7__ people by arguing for both sides of the debate. This isn't the first test for Project Debater. Once the machine went back and forth for 20 minutes against __8__ debater named Harish Natarajan. Noam Slonim, the projects lead engineer, said, “The AI is not perfect, but it's going in the right __9__ (direct)．” The team hopes to improve the AI by researching why humans find certain stronger arguments than others. They also hope the test might provide well informed viewpoints for society, governments __10__ private companies.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述了机器人参加剑桥大学举办的辩论赛的过程和意义。
1．答案：Designed
解析：考查非谓语动词。前句和后句没有连接词连接，且前句无主语，所以此处用非谓语动词，design与逻辑主语Project Debater是被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Designed。
2．答案：to search
解析：考查非谓语动词。use sth to do sth表示“用某物去做某事”，是固定搭配。故填to search。
3．答案：useless
解析：考查词性转换。此处修饰information，需要用形容词作定语，再根据语境可知，此处表示“过滤掉无用的信息”。故填useless。
4．答案：that
解析：考查定语从句的引导词。此处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，而且先行词machine前被序数词“the first”修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
5．答案：were submitted/had been submitted
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。此处submit的动作发生在辩论前，而且主语arguments与submit之间是被动关系，可以用一般过去时或过去完成时。故填were submitted/had been submitted。
6．答案：its
解析：考查代词。句意：机器分析了这些来源，并在几分钟内形成了其论点的基础。设空处所填词修饰后面的名词arguments，应用形容词性物主代词作定语。故填its。
7．答案：to
解析：考查介词。show sth to sb表示“向某人展示某物”，是固定搭配。故填to。
8．答案：a
解析：考查冠词。此处泛指“一位名叫Harish Natarajan的辩手”，需要用不定冠词。且debater的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
9．答案：direction
解析：考查词性转换。句意：该项目的首席工程师Noam Slonim(诺姆·斯洛尼姆)说，“AI并不完美，但它正在朝着正确的方向前进。”根据设空前的形容词“right”可知，此处应用名词。故填direction。
10．答案：and
解析：考查连词。society, governments和private companies并列作介词for的宾语，设空处应用并列连词。故填and。
4(共64张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
Unit 2 Improving yourself
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
课前自主预习
精讲课时语法
目录
CONTENTS
1
2
课堂效果检测
3
课后课时作业
4
课前自主预习
Grammar (过去完成时的被动语态)
①By the time it ended, more than 700 people had been killed and 2，700 had been injured.
②By the late 1890s, he had moved to Galveston, where he died in 1899, a year before the hurricane struck.
③The peasant did everything that he had been told to do.
④He said all the task had been finished by last week.
(1)②句采用了过去完成时，其构成形式为：___________。
(2)①③④句采用了过去完成时的被动语态，其构成形式为：_____________。
had done
had been done
精讲课时语法
一、过去完成时的被动语态的概念
过去完成时的被动语态表示动作在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成，且主语与谓语动词存在被动关系。
二、过去完成时的被动语态的构成
1．肯定结构：had been done
The task had been finished before 12：00 yesterday.
这项任务在昨天12：00之前已经完成了。
2．否定结构：had not been done
The task hadn't been finished before 12：00 yesterday.
昨天12：00之前这项任务还没有完成。
三、过去完成时的被动语态的用法
1．在told, said, knew, heard, thought, found等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
He heard that the tickets had already been sold out.
他听说票已售完。
The newspaper reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the hurricane.
报纸报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。
2．当before, when, by the time, until, after, once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by, before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
By the time she was 13, my sister had been sent to America.
我姐姐13岁前就已经被送到美国了。
200 cars had been produced by the end of last year.
到去年年底，已经生产了200辆汽车。
3．在It was the first/second/... time that ... 从句中，主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
It was the third time that he had been beaten black and blue.
那是他第三次被打得青一块紫一块的。
4．在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。
If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food.
如果有人警告过他，他就不会吃那个食物了。
(1)单句语法填空
①By the end of last year, 10，000 trees _________________ (plant) in that village.
②His village _______________ (flood) in the heavy rain, so he moved to his parents' house.
③He found that his wallet ________________ (steal) on the bus.
④It was the second time that Tom __________________ (punish) so seriously.
⑤If the victim _______________ (take) to hospital in time, he would have a chance to survive.
had been planted
had been flooded
had been stolen
had been punished
had been taken
(2)单句表达
①飓风结束的时候，有多少建筑物被毁坏了？
____________________________________when the hurricane ended
②我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。
_________________________________ when I got home.
③上个月末，他刚写的小说被翻译成了英语。
His newly written novel ___________________________ by the end of last month.
How many buildings had been destroyed
Her homework had not been finished
had been translated into English
1 appropriate adj. 恰当的；合适的(教材P23)
归纳拓展
情景助记
Vocabulary
①It is not appropriate for you to ask such personal questions in an interview.
＝It is not appropriate that you (should) ask such personal questions in an interview.
你在采访中问这样私人的问题是不合适的。
②His bright clothes were hardly appropriate while she was dressed appropriately.
他那鲜艳的衣服不是很适合，然而她的穿着却很得体。
(1)单句语法填空
①It is clever of this young boy to use the new word _____________ (appropriate)．
②It is not appropriate ________ a student should litter and scribble about.
(2)单句表达
运动服不适合在正式的婚礼中穿。
Sports clothes __________________________ a formal wedding.
appropriately
that
are not appropriate for
2 considerate adj. 替他人着想的(教材P24)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①He is no more considerate towards others than his brother is.
他跟他弟弟一样不体谅别人。
②It is considerate of you to call on your relatives from time to time.
你时不时拜访亲戚，真是很周到啊。
③Several proposals are under consideration by the state assembly.
有几个提案州议会正在考虑中。
④Time factor is what we must first take into consideration.
时间因素是我们必须首先考虑的。
⑤The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.
那项工程耗费了相当多的时间和资金。
(1)单句语法填空
①It was considerate ________ you to bring me my raincoat.
②We must take the weather into _______________ (consider) first when climbing mountains.
③It was in perfect condition, _______________ (consider) how old it was.
(2)单句表达
正在考虑将这个地区指定为保护区。
The district is _____________________ for designation as a conservation area.
of
consideration
considering
under consideration
3 promote v. 促进，增进(教材P24)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①No doubt tourism may promote the economic prosperity of a country.
旅游业无疑会促进一个国家的经济繁荣。
②The young army officer was promoted to the rank of captain.
这个年轻军官被提升为上尉。
③After many attempts she eventually managed to get promotion.
经过多次的努力，她终于得到了晋升。
写出下列句中promote的含义
①He worked hard and soon was promoted.____________
②Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.____________
③As is known to us all, milk promotes health.____________
提升，晋升
促销，推销
促进，增进
4 clarify v. 澄清，讲清楚，阐明(教材P25)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①She asked him to clarify what he meant.
她要他说清楚他是什么意思。
②I'm determined that I'll clarify my position at a proper time.
我决定将在合适的时候阐明我的立场。
(1)单句语法填空
He planned to give a speech _____________ (clarify) the situation.
(2)单句表达
①如果你学习英国历史，你就可以弄清楚这个问题。
You can ______________________ if you study British history.
②一位银行发言人未能把情况解释清楚。
A bank spokesman was unable to _____________________．
to clarify
clarify this question
clarify the situation
课堂效果检测
Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子
1．She picked up a dress which was _____________ (合适的) for the occasion.
2．You should ________ (阐明) the facts related to this problem, which can make others know you are innocent.
3．Oh, you'll miss the ____________ (最后期限). Time is running out.
4．We need to p________ an open exchange of ideas and information.
5．We can all help by being more c__________ towards our neighbours.
appropriate
clarify
deadline
romote
onsiderate
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _______________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
2．If the new safety system _____________ (put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
3．In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones ____________________ (not invent) yet.
4．I soon found that the work I was doing ______________ (do) by other people.
5．________ the new plan _____________ (discuss) before the meeting
had been trapped
had been put
hadn't been invented
had been done
Had
been discussed
6．100 tractors ____________________ (produce) by the end of last year.
7．The _____________ (promote) proved to be a turning point in his career.
8．The proposals are currently ________ consideration.
9．It's entitled, _____________ (appropriate) enough, “Art for the Nation”．
10．By 16：30, which was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings ______________ (sell)．
had been produced
promotion
under
appropriately
had been sold
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．他进入房间，被告知所有的足球票已经被订购完。
He entered the room and was told that all of the _________________________．
2．约翰不得不在修理厂修理他的汽车，因为车损坏得非常严重。
John had to have his car repaired in garbage because it ______________________．
3．截止到昨天，所有的工作已经被完成。
By yesterday, _____________________________.
4．在会议结束时宣布已经达成协议。
At the end of the meeting, it was announced that ________________________．
football tickets had been booked
had been damaged seriously
all of the work had been finished
an agreement had been reached
5．在去年的年尾，另一项新法律已在北京被完成。
By the end of last year, __________________________________ in Beijing.
6．名单上大部分是爱尔兰名字，这是合适的。
__________________________ Irish names dominate the list.
7．安全驾驶是良好的驾驶习惯，因为它考虑到了他人的人身安全。
Safe driving is good driving because it __________________________ the lives of other people.
another new law had been completed
It is appropriate that
takes into consideration
8．上个赛季他们晋升为甲级队。
They ______________________ the First Division last season.
9．他很聪明，总能想出好主意。
He is very clever and can always ____________________ good ideas.
10．令我们惊讶的是，他只用了几分钟就解出了这道数学题。
To our surprise, it took him only a few minutes to ____________ the maths problem.
were promoted to
come up with
work out
课后课时作业
较易题(占比50%) 中档题(占比50%) 拔高题(占比0%)
Ⅰ 阅读
A
“My daughters are dealing with friendship disagreements, school pressures and college application. My younger daughter sets her alarm for 5 am to finish her homework before school begins，” says Cameron Gaeren, a mother in Chicago. Her daughters are not alone. A survey found that about 30% of the 1，018 teens surveyed reported feeling anxious or overwhelmed (不堪重负的)．
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B 难度 ★ ★★ ★★ ★
Still, kids don't often accept parents' help. That's because when teens are overwhelmed, parents may say things like “When I was your age, I had a job, and I still did my homework and made time for my friends. I know that you can do this, too.” They mean well trying to connect with their teens in this comparative way, but often it causes a communication breakdown.
When teens are stressed, most parents try to solve their problems, but often what teens really need is to develop problem solving skills of their own. Sheryl Ziegler, an expert in Denver, says it's important to teach teens how to develop cognitive empathy (同理心), which allows them to try to understand someone else's thoughts and how they view the world. For example, if a teen is upset because a friend doesn't return a text, parents can ask, “What do you think might be going on for her？” or “Remember last week when you didn't text back right away because you were studying for an exam？”
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是父母应该如何帮助青少年缓解压力和焦虑。
Because teenagers are so emotionally driven, they may act in mad ways. A disagreement with a teacher or a friend or an unanswered text can make them feel like the end of the world. Research shows that cognitive empathy skills can help teens realize that people and situations can change, which allows them to face social challenges more easily. By developing their cognitive empathy, teens can remind themselves that even when feelings take over, stressful situations last for a short time only.
1．What does the first paragraph try to tell us
A．Teens have a busy schedule.
B．Teens face a number of challenges.
C．Teens need more communication.
D．Teens don't get along well with others.
解析：段落大意题。根据本段最后一句“A survey found that about 30% of the 1，018 teens surveyed reported feeling anxious or overwhelmed (不堪重负的)．(一项调查发现，在接受调查的1，018名青少年中，约30%的人表示感到焦虑或不堪重负。)”可知，第一段想告诉我们青少年面临着许多挑战。故选B。
2．Which of the following can best describe parents' solution to teenagers' problems
A．Creative. B.Simple.
C.Ineffective. D.Unclear.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They mean well ... a communication breakdown.”可知，父母试图用比较的方式与青少年建立联系，但往往会导致沟通崩溃。由此可推知，父母解决青少年问题的方法是无效的。故选C。
3．What should parents do for teenagers according to Ziegler
A．Help them solve their problems.
B．Express their understanding of them.
C．Bring up examples related to themselves.
D．Teach them to understand what's on others' mind.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sheryl Ziegler, an expert in Denver ... how they view the world.”可知，Ziegler(齐格勒)认为，父母应该教青少年理解别人的想法。故选D。
4．How can cognitive empathy help teens
A．It strengthens their kindness.
B．It improves their speaking ability.
C．It helps them manage their emotions.
D．It makes them focus their energies on others.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“By developing their cognitive empathy ... last for a short time only.(通过培养他们的认知同理心，青少年可以提醒自己，即使当情绪占据上风时，压力也只会持续很短的时间。)”可推知，认知同理心有助于青少年管理自己的情绪。故选C。
B
“The pursuit of perfection is the tenet (信条) of my life.” Magee rushed home crying after seeing that she'd received an A minus on her grade report. Growing up she had learned that the way to receive confirmation and love from family members and teachers was to be a high achiever. So to Magee, that A minus felt like a failure. “I was shattered，” she said. “In that moment, I felt like my self worth as a human had fallen far below what it would have been if I'd got an A or an A plus.”
Magee's turning a good grade into a cause of her inferiority (自卑) is a textbook example in recent years. Perfectionism is a universal cultural phenomenon. High levels of perfectionism were linked with depression, anxiety, and deliberate self harm. The constant stress of competitiveness and comparison can also leave people stressed and suffering from headaches and insomnia.
If a person is only rewarded for high achievement, over time they learn that their value as a person depends on being perfect. Instagram, Facebook and other social media platforms also fuel unhealthy comparisons. “It's a real problem—those social media images end up serving as yardsticks that people can compare themselves to and a perfectionist is always trying to keep up with the Joneses，” Sherry, a clinical psychologist, said. And it's never been harder to keep up with the Joneses, because today we are constantly bombed with seemingly perfect images of other peoples' lives.
篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了Magee (马吉)理解了完美主义背后的原因以及危害，最后接受了自己的不完美。
Eventually Magee learned that she had to let go a little and allow herself to show up with all her imperfections. She eventually learned to trust that she could show up, not being perfect, and still feel valued. “I can be imperfect and everything can be fine！”
5．Which of the following best explains “shattered” underlined in Paragraph 1
A．Delighted. B．Frightened.
C．Frustrated. D．Amused.
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前一句“So to Magee, that A minus felt like a failure.”以及后一句“In that moment ... if I'd got an A or an A plus.”可知，在考试中得了A－让Magee觉得这是一件失败的事情，而且她的自我价值感大大地降低了。由此可推知，当时她感觉到自己很有挫败感，画线词意为“挫败的”。故选C。
6．Which of the following is NOT the cause of Magee's inferiority
A．The unhealthy comparisons.
B．The A plus confirmation.
C．The perfectionism phenomenon.
D．The sense of competitiveness.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Perfectionism is a universal ... suffering from headaches and insomnia.(完美主义是一种普遍的文化现象。高度完美主义与抑郁、焦虑和蓄意的自我伤害有关。竞争和攀比的持续压力也会让人们感到精神紧张、头痛和失眠。)”可知，不健康的对比、完美主义现象和竞争感是导致Magee自卑的原因。故选B。
7．What may Magee agree with finally
A．It's cool to be perfect.
B．It's fine to be imperfect.
C．It's important to get an A plus.
D．It's easy to keep up with the Joneses.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Eventually Magee learned that ... everything can be fine！’(最终，Magee明白了她必须放开一点儿，让自己展现出所有的不完美。她最终学会了相信自己可以不完美地出现在别人面前，并且仍然感到自己受到了重视。‘我可以不完美，一切都会好起来！’)”可知，Magee 最终接受了自己的不完美。由此可推知，她最终可能同意“不完美也没关系”这个观点。故选B。
8．What is the text mainly about
A．Perfectionism is killing our health.
B．Perfectionism is a growing cultural phenomenon.
C．Accepting one's imperfection is becoming a trend.
D．Imperfection is temporary and perfection is forever.
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段中的“High levels of perfectionism ... suffering from headaches and insomnia.”可知，本文主要讲述了完美主义不断被放大并且在危害人们的身心健康。故选A。
Ⅱ 七选五
If you have ever had trouble persuading yourself to do things you should do or would like to do, you have experienced procrastination. If you are a typical procrastinator, perhaps you spend an excessive amount of time watching TV, playing video games, checking Facebook, eating (even when you're not hungry), obsessively cleaning or pacing back and forth through the office. __1__ Once again, you end up doing nothing. Sound familiar
Lazy people don't do anything and are just fine with it. __2__ They truly want to fulfil their obligations (职责) but just can't figure out how.
__3__ Relaxing recharges you with energy. In contrast, procrastinating drains it from you. The less energy you have, the greater the chances of you putting off your responsibilities, and, once more, you will accomplish nothing.
The studies on procrastination ever conducted indicate that failure of the ability to listen to ourselves is most likely the main reason why we put things off. The scientific name of this ability is self regulation. Self regulation is the ability to consciously control your emotions. __4__ Thanks to this, you will procrastinate less. Current research indicates that willpower can be compared to a muscle. It is possible to strengthen it through training.
To overcome procrastination, you need to start by setting the bar as low as possible. Creating habits isn't about quantity; it's about small steps and regular repetition. By making gradual increases, once you learn a new habit, you can strengthen your willpower muscle. As you slowly raise the bar, your willpower will gain strength. __5__
A．Don't confuse procrastination with relaxation, either.
B．The more powerful it is, the easier it will be for you to make a breakthrough.
C．Learning how to develop good habits and kick bad ones can be achieved by taking small steps.
D．Procrastinators, however, have the desire to actually do something but can't force themselves to start.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了拖延症的症状、产生的原因以及解决办法。
E．If you train willpower to perform one activity, you can use its strength to do other things as well.
F．Afterwards, you feel powerless and are overcome with feelings of guilt and frustration.
G．The more developed this ability is, the more often you will do what you tell yourself to do and the better you will resist temptation.
1．答案：F
解析：上文“If you are a typical procrastinator ... the office.(如果你是一个典型的拖延症患者，也许你花了太多时间看电视、玩电子游戏、查看脸书、吃东西(即使你并不饿)、痴迷于打扫卫生或在办公室里来回踱步。)”说明了典型的拖延症患者经常做的事情。F项(之后，你会感到无力、内疚和沮丧。)承接上文，说明这样做的后果。故选F。
2．答案：D
3．答案：A
解析：上文“Lazy people don't do anything and are just fine with it.”说明懒惰的人什么也不做。D项(然而，拖延症患者渴望真正做一些事情，但不能强迫自己开始。)中的however和上文形成转折关系，指出二者的区别。故选D。
解析：下文“Relaxing recharges you ... drains it from you.(放松会给你补充能量。相反，拖延会耗尽你的能量。)”提到了拖延症和放松的区别。A项(也不要把拖延和放松混为一谈。)引出下文。故选A。
解析：上文“The studies ... control your emotions.(曾经进行的关于拖延症的研究表明，无法倾听自己内心的声音很可能是我们拖延的主要原因。这种能力的学名是自我调节。自我调节是有意识地控制情绪的能力。)”说明自我调节能力差是我们做事拖延的主要原因。G项(这种能力越强，你就越能经常做你告诉自己要做的事，也就能更好地抵抗诱惑。)承接上文，说明自我调节能力强的好处，且其中的“this ability”指代上文中的“自我调节能力”。故选G。
4．答案：G
解析：根据上文“By making gradual ... gain strength.(通过逐渐增加，一旦你学会了一个新习惯，你就能增强你的意志力。当你慢慢提高标准时，你的意志力就会增强。)”可知，B 项(它越强大，你就越容易取得突破。)承接上文，说明意志力强大的好处，其中的it指代上文中的“willpower”。故选B。
5．答案：B
Ⅲ 语法填空
For two centuries, the famous University of Cambridge has hosted many debates for outstanding figures, from world leaders to scientists to comedians. This year the Cambridge Union invited its first non human guest.
__1__ (design) by IBM, Project Debater (辩手) is a machine that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) to form a spoken argument. It can even listen and answer like a real person. Project Debater uses AI __2__ (search) for journals, newspapers and other information sources. It then leaves out __3__ (use) information, picks the right arguments and arranges them into a persuasive argument. According to IBM, it is the first machine __4__ can debate complicated topics with humans.
Before the debate, more than 1，100 arguments for the positives and negatives of AI __5__ (submit) to the IBM website. The machine analyzed these sources and formed the basis of __6__ (it) arguments in minutes. Project Debater showed its intelligence __7__ people by arguing for both sides of the debate. This isn't the first test for Project Debater. Once the machine went back and forth for 20 minutes against __8__ debater named Harish Natarajan. Noam Slonim, the projects lead engineer, said, “The AI is not perfect, but it's going in the right __9__ (direct)．” The team hopes to improve the AI by researching why humans find certain stronger arguments than others. They also hope the test might provide well informed viewpoints for society, governments __10__ private companies.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述了机器人参加剑桥大学举办的辩论赛的过程和意义。
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________ 5．________
6.________ 7.________ 8.________ 9．________ 10.________
1．答案：Designed
2．答案：to search
解析：考查非谓语动词。前句和后句没有连接词连接，且前句无主语，所以此处用非谓语动词，design与逻辑主语Project Debater是被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。位于句首，单词首字母应大写。故填Designed。
解析：考查非谓语动词。use sth to do sth表示“用某物去做某事”，是固定搭配。故填to search。
3．答案：useless
4．答案：that
5．答案：were submitted/had been submitted
解析：考查词性转换。此处修饰information，需要用形容词作定语，再根据语境可知，此处表示“过滤掉无用的信息”。故填useless。
解析：考查定语从句的引导词。此处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，而且先行词machine前被序数词“the first”修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
解析：考查动词的时态和语态。此处submit的动作发生在辩论前，而且主语arguments与submit之间是被动关系，可以用一般过去时或过去完成时。故填were submitted/had been submitted。
6．答案：its
7．答案：to
8．答案：a
解析：考查代词。句意：机器分析了这些来源，并在几分钟内形成了其论点的基础。设空处所填词修饰后面的名词arguments，应用形容词性物主代词作定语。故填its。
解析：考查介词。show sth to sb表示“向某人展示某物”，是固定搭配。故填to。
解析：考查冠词。此处泛指“一位名叫Harish Natarajan的辩手”，需要用不定冠词。且debater的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
9．答案：direction
10．答案：and
解析：考查词性转换。句意：该项目的首席工程师Noam Slonim(诺姆·斯洛尼姆)说，“AI并不完美，但它正在朝着正确的方向前进。”根据设空前的形容词“right”可知，此处应用名词。故填direction。
解析：考查连词。society, governments和private companies并列作介词for的宾语，设空处应用并列连词。故填and。
