Unit 8 It must belong to Carla. 重点短语和句子总结
一、重点短语(英文+中文翻译+课本语境示例+拓展说明+语法/文化关联)
(一)推测与归属短语
belong to —— 属于(无被动语态,后接人/机构)
(课本语境)A: Whose volleyball is this B: It must belong to Carla. She loves volleyball. A:这是谁的排球?B:它一定属于卡拉,她喜欢排球。
(拓展说明)“belong to” 后接名词/代词宾格,不可接名词所有格/物主代词,如“它属于我”表达为“It belongs to me.”(正确),不可说“It belongs to mine.”(错误);否定形式“doesn’t belong to”,如“This book doesn’t belong to me.”
(语法关联)常与情态动词“must/could/might/can’t” 搭配表推测,如“It could belong to Lucy. 它可能属于露西。”
must be —— 一定是(表极有可能的推测,仅用于肯定句)
(课本语境)The hair band must be Linda’s. She has long hair and she was at the picnic. 这个发带一定是琳达的,她留长发,而且她参加了野餐。
(拓展说明)“must be + 名词/形容词” 表推测,如“He must be a student. 他一定是个学生。” “She must be happy. 她一定很开心。”;否定推测用“can’t be”(不可能是),不用“mustn’t be”(mustn’t表“禁止”)。
could/might be —— 可能是(表不太确定的推测,可用于肯定/否定句)
(课本语境)A: Whose book is this B: It could be Mary’s. J.K. Rowling is her favorite writer. Or it might belong to Linda. A:这是谁的书?B:可能是玛丽的,J.K.罗琳是她最喜欢的作家。也可能属于琳达。
(拓展说明)“could” 比“might” 推测的可能性稍大,如“It could rain tomorrow. 明天可能下雨。” “It might snow, but I’m not sure. 可能下雪,但我不确定。”
can’t be —— 不可能是(表否定推测,用于否定句)
(课本语境)A: Is this Alice’s ruler B: It can’t be hers. Her ruler is red, but this one is blue. A:这是爱丽丝的尺子吗?B:不可能是她的,她的尺子是红色的,但这个是蓝色的。
(拓展说明)“can’t be” 语气肯定,表“完全不可能”,如“He can’t be at home. I saw him go out just now. 他不可能在家,我刚才看见他出去了。”
look for —— 寻找(强调动作,不强调结果)
(课本语境)Linda is looking for her schoolbag. She thinks she left it at the picnic. 琳达正在找她的书包,她认为自己把它落在野餐的地方了。
(拓展说明)同义短语“search for”,反义短语“find”(找到,强调结果),如“She looked for her key everywhere, but she didn’t find it. 她到处找钥匙,但没找到。”
leave sth. + 地点 —— 把某物落在某地
(课本语境)When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at home. 当我到学校时,我意识到自己把书包落在家里了。
(拓展说明)“leave” 表“遗留;落下”,不可用“forget”(forget表“忘记做某事”,不接地点),如“我把伞落在公交车上了”表达为“I left my umbrella on the bus.”(正确),不可说“I forgot my umbrella on the bus.”(错误)。
(二)描述物品与场景短语
toy truck —— 玩具卡车
(课本语境)The toy truck must belong to Jane’s little brother. He was the only little kid at the picnic. 这个玩具卡车一定属于简的弟弟,他是野餐时唯一的小孩。
(拓展说明)“toy + 名词” 构成复合名词,类似搭配“toy car 玩具汽车” “toy bear 玩具熊” “toy plane 玩具飞机”。
hair band —— 发带
(课本语境)A: Is this hair band yours B: No, it isn’t. Mine is pink, but this one is white. A:这个发带是你的吗?B:不是,我的是粉色的,这个是白色的。
(拓展说明)女性常用饰品,类似表达“hair clip 发夹” “hair tie 发绳”,如“She bought a new hair band yesterday. 她昨天买了一个新的发带。”
science museum —— 科学博物馆
(课本语境)The students went to the science museum last weekend. They saw many interesting inventions there. 学生们上周末去了科学博物馆,在那里看到了很多有趣的发明。
(拓展说明)“名词 + museum” 构成场所名词,类似搭配“art museum 艺术博物馆” “history museum 历史博物馆” “natural history museum 自然历史博物馆”。
art and science fair —— 艺术与科学博览会
(课本语境)Nick and Marcus talked about the art and science fair. They saw a model plane made of used wood there. 尼克和马库斯谈论了艺术与科学博览会,他们在那里看到了一个用废旧木头做的模型飞机。
(拓展说明)“fair” 表“博览会;展览会”,类似搭配“book fair 书展” “trade fair 贸易博览会”,如“There will be an art fair in our city next month. 下个月我们城市将举办一场艺术展。”
picnic —— n. 野餐;v. 去野餐
(课本语境)We had a picnic in the park last Sunday. We brought sandwiches, fruit and drinks. 我们上周末在公园野餐,带了三明治、水果和饮料。
(拓展说明)常用搭配“have a picnic 去野餐” “go on a picnic 去野餐”,如“We plan to have a picnic this Saturday. 我们计划这周六去野餐。”
at the picnic —— 在野餐现场
(课本语境)Linda had her schoolbag with her at the picnic, but she left it there. 琳达野餐时带着书包,但把它落在那里了。
(拓展说明)类似地点短语“at the party 在派对上” “at the meeting 在会议上” “at the concert 在音乐会上”。
(三)情感与动作短语
be worried about —— 担心……
(课本语境)Linda is worried about her schoolbag because it has her books and homework. 琳达很担心她的书包,因为里面有她的书和作业。
(拓展说明)同义短语“worry about”,如“She is worried about her exam. = She worries about her exam.”;“be worried” 是形容词短语,“worry” 是动词。
be scared of —— 害怕……
(课本语境)Some people are scared of snakes, but I think they’re interesting. 有些人害怕蛇,但我觉得蛇很有趣。
(拓展说明)后接名词/代词/动名词,同义短语“be afraid of”,如“He is scared of flying. = He is afraid of flying.”
run after —— 追赶;追逐
(课本语境)In the story, the alien is running after the man. 故事中,外星人正在追赶那个男人。
(拓展说明)可表“追赶人/动物”,也可表“追求目标”,如“The dog is running after a cat. 狗正在追一只猫。” “She is running after her dream of becoming a doctor. 她正在追求成为医生的梦想。”
stare at —— 盯着看;凝视(常含“惊讶/疑惑”的意味)
(课本语境)We stared in disbelief at the black smoke rising above the building. 我们难以置信地盯着大楼上方升起的黑烟。
(拓展说明)“stare” 强调“长时间、目不转睛地看”,区别于“look at”(泛指“看”),如“Don’t stare at strangers. It’s impolite. 不要盯着陌生人看,这不礼貌。”
in disbelief —— 难以置信地(副词短语,修饰动作)
(课本语境)He shook his head in disbelief when he heard the news. 听到这个消息时,他难以置信地摇了摇头。
(拓展说明)常用搭配“stare in disbelief 难以置信地盯着” “say in disbelief 难以置信地说”,如“She said in disbelief, ‘You won the first prize ’ 她难以置信地说:‘你得了一等奖?’ ”
take off —— (飞机)起飞;脱下(衣物)
(课本语境)By the time I got to the airport, my plane had already taken off. 当我到达机场时,我的飞机已经起飞了。
(拓展说明)多义词组:表“起飞”时,如“The plane will take off at 3:00 p.m. 飞机将于下午3点起飞。”;表“脱下”时,如“Take off your coat. It’s warm inside. 脱下外套吧,里面很暖和。”
(四)历史与文化短语
Stonehenge —— 巨石阵(英国史前巨石建筑遗迹)
(课本语境)Stonehenge is not only one of Britain’s most famous historical places but also one of its greatest mysteries. 巨石阵不仅是英国最著名的历史遗迹之一,也是英国最大的未解之谜之一。
(文化关联)位于英国索尔兹伯里平原,由巨大的石头环形排列而成,建造于公元前3000年左右,用途至今不明,推测与祭祀、天文观测有关,是世界文化遗产。
the food chain —— 食物链
(课本语境)Sharks are at the top of the food chain in the ocean’s ecosystem. 鲨鱼在海洋生态系统中处于食物链的顶端。
(拓展说明)生态学术语,指生物之间通过“吃与被吃”形成的链条,如“Grass → Rabbit → Fox 草→兔子→狐狸”,“top of the food chain” 表“食物链顶端”。
historical places —— 历史遗迹
(课本语境)There are many historical places in China, such as the Great Wall and the Forbidden City. 中国有很多历史遗迹,如长城和故宫。
(拓展说明)“historical” 表“与历史相关的”,区别于“historic”(有历史意义的),如“a historical event 历史事件” “a historic moment 历史性时刻”。
mystery —— n. 神秘事物;未解之谜
(课本语境)The mystery of Stonehenge has not been solved for thousands of years. 巨石阵的未解之谜已经数千年没有被解开了。
(拓展说明)复数形式“mysteries”,如“There are many mysteries in the universe. 宇宙中有很多未解之谜。”;形容词“mysterious”(神秘的),如“a mysterious man 一个神秘的男人”。
cultural relics —— 文物
(课本语境)We should protect cultural relics like Stonehenge because they are important to human history. 我们应该保护像巨石阵这样的文物,因为它们对人类历史很重要。
(拓展说明)“relic” 表“遗迹;文物”,常用复数形式,如“The museum has a lot of cultural relics from the Tang Dynasty. 这家博物馆有很多唐代的文物。”
二、重点句子(英文+中文翻译+句型解析+课本场景+拓展应用+易错点提示)
(一)推测物品归属句型
A: Whose volleyball is this B: It must belong to Carla. She loves volleyball.
—— A:这是谁的排球?B:它一定属于卡拉,她喜欢排球。
(句型解析)“Whose + 名词 + be this/that/these/those ” 用于询问“物品归属”,回答用“主语 + must/could/might/can’t belong to + 人”;“must belong to” 表“极有可能属于”,理由“she loves volleyball” 需客观、充分。
(课本场景)课本1b核心对话,通过“爱好”推测归属,如“Whose toy truck is this It must belong to Jane’s little brother. He was the only little kid at the picnic.”
(拓展应用)A: Whose bike is this B: It could belong to Tom. He rides a black bike like this. A:这是谁的自行车?B:可能是汤姆的,他骑一辆这样的黑色自行车。
(易错点提示)“belong to” 后接人时用宾格,不可接所有格,错误表达:“It belongs to Carla’s.”
A: Is this hair band yours B: No, it can’t be mine. Mine is pink, but this one is white.
—— A:这个发带是你的吗?B:不,不可能是我的。我的是粉色的,这个是白色的。
(句型解析)“Is this + 物品 + yours ” 是“归属询问”的一般疑问句,回答用“No, it can’t be mine.” 表否定推测,理由“颜色不同”直接反驳归属关系;“mine” 是名词性物主代词,指代“my hair band”。
(课本场景)课本2b对话,通过“颜色、特征”否定归属,如“A: Is this schoolbag Linda’s B: No, it can’t be hers. She has a red schoolbag.”
(拓展应用)A: Is this pen yours B: No, it can’t be mine. I don’t have a pen with a star on it. A:这支笔是你的吗?B:不,不可能是我的,我没有带星星图案的笔。
A: Could this book belong to Mary B: Yes, it might. J.K. Rowling is her favorite writer.
—— A:这本书可能属于玛丽吗?B:是的,有可能。J.K.罗琳是她最喜欢的作家。
(句型解析)“Could + 物品 + belong to + 人 ” 表“委婉询问可能性”,回答用“Yes, it might.” 表“不太确定的肯定”,理由“喜欢的作家”间接支持归属推测,可能性比“must” 低。
(课本场景)课本1c对话,通过“兴趣爱好”推测归属,如“A: Could this CD belong to Grace B: Yes, it might. She likes pop music.”
(拓展应用)A: Could this football belong to Mike B: Yes, it might. He often plays football after school. A:这个足球可能属于迈克吗?B:是的,有可能。他放学后经常踢足球。
(二)推测场景与事件句型
A: What do you think the man is running for B: He could be running for exercise. Or he might be running to catch a bus.
—— A:你认为那个男人为什么跑?B:他可能是在跑步锻炼,也可能是在赶公交车。
(句型解析)“What do you think + 主语 + be doing ” 用于询问“对正在发生的动作的推测”,回答用“could be doing/might be doing” 表“不确定的动作目的”,用“or” 列举多种可能性。
(课本场景)课本1c听力,对“男人跑步原因”的推测,如“A: Why is the man looking up B: He could be looking for something. Or he might be looking at the sky.”
(拓展应用)A: What do you think the girl is crying for B: She could be crying because she lost her way. Or she might be crying because she’s sad. A:你认为那个女孩为什么哭?B:她可能是因为迷路了,也可能是因为伤心。
By the time I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at home.
—— 当我到达学校时,我意识到自己把书包落在家里了。
(句型解析)“By the time + 一般过去时从句,主句 + had done” 是过去完成时的典型结构,“by the time” 表“到……时候为止”,主句动作(realized/had left)发生在从句动作(got to school)之前,强调“过去的过去”。
(课本场景)课本1b玛丽的经历,用过去完成时描述“到达学校前已发生的动作(落书包)”,如“By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.”
(拓展应用)By the time I woke up, my mom had already made breakfast. 当我醒来时,妈妈已经做好早餐了。
(易错点提示)“by the time” 引导过去时间状语从句时,主句必须用过去完成时(had done),错误表达:“By the time I got to school, I realize I left my backpack.”
We stared in disbelief at the black smoke rising above the burning building. We couldn’t believe what was happening.
—— 我们难以置信地盯着燃烧的大楼上方升起的黑烟,无法相信正在发生的事情。
(句型解析)“stare in disbelief at + 事物” 表“难以置信地盯着某物”,“rising above the burning building” 是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰“black smoke”;“what was happening” 是宾语从句,表“正在发生的事情”,用过去进行时。
(课本场景)课本3a短文描述“9·11事件”的场景,体现“震惊的情感”,如“We stared in disbelief at the plane hitting the building.”
(拓展应用)She stared in disbelief at the broken vase. She couldn’t believe her little brother had done that. 她难以置信地盯着打碎的花瓶,无法相信是弟弟做的。
(三)描述历史与文化句型
Stonehenge is not only one of Britain’s most famous historical places but also one of its greatest mysteries.
—— 巨石阵不仅是英国最著名的历史遗迹之一,也是英国最大的未解之谜之一。
(句型解析)“not only...but also...” 连接两个并列的“one of + 最高级 + 名词复数”,表“不仅……而且……”,强调巨石阵的“双重地位(历史遗迹+未解之谜)”;“one of + 最高级 + 名词复数” 表“最……之一”,名词必须用复数,如“one of the tallest buildings 最高的建筑之一”。
(课本场景)课本2b短文开篇句,概括巨石阵的重要性,如“Every year it receives more than 750,000 visitors. 每年它接待超过75万名游客。”
(拓展应用)The Great Wall is not only one of China’s most famous historical places but also one of the world’s greatest man-made wonders. 长城不仅是中国最著名的历史遗迹之一,也是世界上最伟大的人造奇观之一。
Some people believe that Stonehenge was a temple where ancient leaders tried to communicate with the gods.
—— 有些人认为巨石阵是古代首领试图与神灵沟通的神庙。
(句型解析)“Some people believe that...” 表“部分人的观点”,that引导宾语从句;“where ancient leaders tried to communicate with the gods” 是定语从句,修饰“temple”,where在从句中作地点状语;“communicate with” 表“与……沟通”。
(课本场景)课本2b中对巨石阵用途的推测之一,其他推测如“a kind of calendar 一种日历” “a burial place 墓地”。
(拓展应用)Some historians believe that the Forbidden City was a palace where emperors lived and worked. 一些历史学家认为故宫是皇帝居住和办公的宫殿。
It is believed that tea was brought to Korea and Japan during the 6th and 7th centuries.
—— 人们认为茶在6至7世纪被带到了朝鲜和日本。
(句型解析)“It is believed that...” 是固定句型,表“人们认为……”,it是形式主语,that引导真正的主语从句;“was brought to” 是被动语态,表“被带到……”,体现“茶的传播”。
(课本场景)课本Unit 6中对茶传播的描述,此处可结合本单元“推测”主题,理解为“基于历史记载的合理推测”。
(拓展应用)It is believed that Stonehenge was built around 5,000 years ago. 人们认为巨石阵建于大约5000年前。
(四)Grammar Focus核心句型(课本原句+深度解析+拓展应用+语法关联)
Whose volleyball is this It must be Carla’s. She loves volleyball.
—— 这是谁的排球?一定是卡拉的,她喜欢排球。
(深度解析)
归属询问:“Whose volleyball is this ” 中“whose” 是疑问代词,修饰名词“volleyball”,不可说“Who’s volleyball is this ”(who’s = who is,表“谁是”)。
名词所有格:“Carla’s” 是名词所有格,指代“Carla’s volleyball”,避免重复;若用“belong to”,则表达为“It must belong to Carla.”(不可说“Carla’s”)。
(拓展应用)Whose notebook is this It must be Tom’s. He has a notebook with his name on it. 这是谁的笔记本?一定是汤姆的,他有一个写着自己名字的笔记本。
Whose hair band is this It could be Mei’s hair band. Or it might belong to Linda. They both have long hair.
—— 这是谁的发带?可能是梅的,也可能属于琳达,她们都留长发。
(深度解析)
推测可能性:“could be” 和“might belong to” 均表“不确定的推测”,可能性约为50%,区别于“must”(90%以上)和“can’t”(0%);“they both have long hair” 是推测的依据,支持“两人都有可能”。
避免重复:“Mei’s hair band” 可简化为“Mei’s”,即“It could be Mei’s.”,更简洁自然。
(拓展应用)Whose umbrella is this It could be Lucy’s. Or it might belong to Lily. They both have black umbrellas. 这是谁的伞?可能是露西的,也可能属于莉莉,她们都有黑色的伞。
What did you see that night I’m not sure, but it can’t be a dog. It was bigger. I think it might be a bear or a wolf.
—— 那天晚上你看到了什么?我不确定,但不可能是狗,它更大,我认为可能是熊或狼。
(深度解析)
否定推测:“can’t be a dog” 是基于“size(大小)”的否定推测,语气肯定,排除“狗”的可能性;“might be a bear or a wolf” 是基于“size”的肯定推测,列举两种可能。
时态一致:“did you see” “was bigger” 用一般过去时,呼应“that night”(过去时间),推测过去的事物用“could/might/can’t + have been”,口语中可简化为“could/might/can’t be”。
(拓展应用)What did you hear yesterday I’m not sure, but it can’t be a cat. It was louder. I think it might be a dog or a fox. 昨天你听到了什么?我不确定,但不可能是猫,声音更大,我认为可能是狗或狐狸。
By the time I got to the bus stop, the bus had already left.
—— 当我到达公交车站时,公交车已经离开了。
(深度解析)
过去完成时:“had already left” 是过去完成时,表“公交车离开”发生在“我到达车站”之前(过去的过去),“by the time” 是关键标志词,引导过去时间状语从句(got to),主句用过去完成时。
“already” 位置:“already” 常用于肯定句,放在“had” 之后、过去分词之前,如“The bus had already left.”,否定句用“yet”(The bus hadn’t left yet.)。
(拓展应用)By the time I arrived at the cinema, the movie had already started. 当我到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
I was about to go up to my office when I decided to get a coffee first.
—— 我正要上楼去办公室,这时我决定先去买杯咖啡。
(深度解析)
“be about to do...when...”:固定句型,表“正要做某事,这时突然发生另一件事”,“be about to do” 表“即将发生的动作”,不可与“tomorrow/next week” 等具体时间状语连用;“when” 表“这时”,引导并列句,而非时间状语从句。
时态:主句和从句均用一般过去时(was about to go/decided),描述过去的场景。
(拓展应用)I was about to cross the street when a car suddenly stopped in front of me. 我正要过马路,这时一辆车突然在我面前停下。
(五)拓展提升句型(结合故事与观点)
Linda thinks somebody must have picked up her schoolbag at the picnic. She’s going to call her friends to check.
—— 琳达认为一定有人在野餐时捡到了她的书包,她打算给朋友打电话确认。
(句型解析)“must have picked up” 是“情态动词 + have done” 结构,表“对过去动作的肯定推测”,意为“一定做过某事”;“pick up” 表“捡起;捡到”,“call her friends to check” 表“打电话确认”,是解决问题的行动。
(课本场景)课本2d对话,琳达推测书包的去向,如“Linda: I think somebody must have picked it up. I’ll call them now to check if anybody has it.”
(拓展应用)Tom thinks his pen must have been taken by his classmate. He’s going to ask his teacher for help. 汤姆认为他的笔一定被同学拿走了,他打算向老师求助。
(易错点提示)“对过去动作的推测”必须用“must/could/might/can’t have done”,不可用“must be doing”,错误表达:“Somebody must be picking up her schoolbag.”
Although no one is sure what Stonehenge was used for, most people agree that the position of the stones must be for a special purpose.
—— 虽然没有人确定巨石阵的用途,但大多数人同意石头的位置一定有特殊的目的。
(句型解析)“Although” 引导让步状语从句,不可与“but” 连用;“what Stonehenge was used for” 是宾语从句,表“巨石阵的用途”;“must be for a special purpose” 表“肯定推测”,基于“石头排列的规律性”得出结论。
(课本场景)课本2b短文对巨石阵的总结,如“Some think it might be a burial place or a place to honor ancestors. Others think it was built to celebrate a victory over an enemy.”
(拓展应用)Although no one is sure what the old building was used for, most people agree that it must be for religious activities. 虽然没有人确定这座古老建筑的用途,但大多数人同意它一定用于宗教活动。
It’s strange that the man was running in a suit. He might be late for work, but why didn’t he take a taxi
—— 那个男人穿着西装跑步很奇怪,他可能上班要迟到了,但为什么不打车呢?
(句型解析)“It’s strange that...” 表“……很奇怪”,“that” 引导主语从句;“might be late for work” 是对“跑步原因”的推测,“but” 转折提出疑问,体现“推测中的疑惑”,使思考更全面。
(课本场景)课本1c听力中对“男人跑步”的细节推测,如“It’s strange that he’s running in a suit. He could be running to catch a train.”
(拓展应用)It’s strange that the girl is crying in the park. She might be lost, but why doesn’t she ask for help 那个女孩在公园哭很奇怪,她可能迷路了,但为什么不求助呢?
If the hair band belongs to Linda, she must be very worried now. We should help her look for it.
—— 如果发带属于琳达,她现在一定很担心,我们应该帮她找。
(句型解析)“If” 引导条件状语从句,用一般现在时(belongs to)表将来,主句用“must be” 表推测,后接“should help her look for it” 表“建议的行动”,体现“推测与行动结合”。
(课本场景)课本2c对话,基于推测提出帮助,如“If the schoolbag is Linda’s, she must be upset. We should call her to tell her we found it.”
(拓展应用)If the notebook belongs to Tom, he must be anxious now. We should give it to the teacher. 如果笔记本属于汤姆,他现在一定很着急,我们应该把它交给老师。
The model plane at the art fair is made of used wood. It could be made by a student, because it’s not very professional.
—— 艺术博览会上的模型飞机是用废旧木头做的,可能是一个学生做的,因为它不是很专业。
(句型解析)“be made of” 表“由……制成(能看出原材料)”,“could be made by” 表“可能由……制作(推测制作者)”,理由“not very professional” 支持“学生制作”的推测,可能性较低。
(课本场景)课本2a听力对“模型飞机”的描述,如“Nick saw a model plane made of used wood at the art fair. He thought it could be made by a university student.”
(拓展应用)The painting on the wall is made of grass and leaves. It could be made by a farmer, because it shows farm life. 墙上的画是用草和树叶做的,可能是一个农民做的,因为它展现了农场生活。
I think the most mysterious thing about Stonehenge is how it was built. The stones are so big and heavy that no one knows how ancient people moved them.
—— 我认为巨石阵最神秘的地方是它的建造方式,石头又大又重,没人知道古人是如何移动它们的。
(句型解析)“the most mysterious thing about...” 表“……最神秘的地方”,“how it was built” 是表语从句,表“建造方式”;“so...that...” 表“如此……以至于……”,强调“石头的大与重”,解释“神秘的原因”。
(课本场景)课本2b短文对巨石阵的疑惑,如“One of the greatest mysteries is how it was built because the stones are so big and heavy.”
(拓展应用)I think the most mysterious thing about the Pyramids is how they were built. The stones are so huge that it’s hard to imagine how people lifted them. 我认为金字塔最神秘的地方是它们的建造方式,石头如此巨大,很难想象人们是如何把它们搬上去的。