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新人教版选择性必修第三册Unit 5知识清单
重 点 单 词 1.polish vt. 修改;润色;抛光 n. 上光剂;抛光;擦亮 2.blank adj. 空白的;无图画(或韵律、装饰)的;没表情的 n. 空白;空格 3.tease vi.&vt. 取笑(某人);揶揄;逗弄 4.shelf n. 架子;搁板→shelves (pl.) 5.string n. 细绳;线;一串 vt. 悬挂;系 adj. 弦乐器的;线织的→strung/strung/stringing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6.deadline n. 最后期限;截止日期 7.amateur n. 业余爱好者 adj. 业余的;业余爱好的 8.sow vt.&vi. 播种;种→sowed/sown/sowed/sowing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 9.folk adj. 民间的;民俗的;普通百姓的 10.delicate adj. 精美的;精致的;脆弱的 11.wherever conj. 在任何地方;在所有……的情况下 adv. (用于问句)究竟在(到)哪里 12.complicated adj. 复杂的;难懂的 13.diamond n. 钻石;金刚石;菱形 14.grief n. 悲伤;悲痛;伤心事 15.core n. 核心;精髓;(水果的)核儿 16.civilian n. 平民;老百姓 17.version n. 版本;(从不同角度的)说法 18.format n. 格式;总体安排;(出版物的)版式 vt. 格式化 19.seed n. 种子;起源;萌芽 20.variation n. 变化;变体;变奏曲 21.prejudice n. 偏见;成见 vt. 使怀有(或形成)偏见 22.dawn n. 黎明;开端;萌芽
词 汇 拓 展 1.dominant adj. 首要的;占支配地位的;显著的→domination n. 支配,控制 2.correspondence n. 来往信件;通信联系→correspond vi. 相一致;符合;相当于;通信 3.innocence n. 天真;单纯;无罪→innocent adj. 天真无邪的;无辜的;无恶意的→innocently adv. 天真地;无辜地 4.mood n. 情绪;心情;语气→moody adj. 喜怒无常的 5.contest n. 比赛;竞赛;竞争 vt. 争取赢得(比赛、选举等);争辩→contestant n. 参赛者 6.recite vt. 背诵;吟诵;列举→recitation n. 背诵 7.sorrow n. 悲伤;悲痛;伤心事 vi. 感到悲伤→sorrowful adj. 悲伤的;悲痛的 8.sympathy n. 同情;赞同→sympathetic adj. 同情的;有同情心的;赞同的→sympathetically adv. 同情地 9.literary adj. 文学的;爱好文学的;有文学作品特征的→literature n. 文学 10.respectively adv. 分别;各自;依次为→respective adj. 分别的;各自的 11.racial adj. 种族的;人种的→race n. 速度比赛;竞赛;人种 12.drama n. 戏;剧;戏剧艺术→dramatic adj. 戏剧化的;突然的;急剧的→dramatically adv. 突然地;戏剧地;引人注目地 prehension n. 理解力;领悟力;理解练习→comprehend v. 理解 14.rhyme n. 押韵词;押韵的短诗 vi.&vt. (使)押韵→rhythmic adj. 有节奏的;有规律的
重 点 短 语 1．be made up of 由……组成(构成) 2．to the point切题 3．make sense有意义；讲得通 4．consist of由……组成/构成 5．be popular with受……的欢迎 6．in particular尤其；特别 7．of one’s own 属于自己的 8．pay attention to注意 9．keep up with跟上，赶上 10．be based on以……为基础
重 点 句 型 1．There are various reasons why people compose poetry. 人们创作诗歌有各种各样的原因。 2．The reason is that they can feel the warmth of love and enjoy the innocence of childhood. 原因是他们能感觉到爱的温暖、享受童年的纯真。 3．Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. 泰戈尔是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚洲人。 4．Wherever it blew，I should know that the wind had been going there，too. 无论向哪里吹，我都知道风也曾去过那里。
There are various reasons 1._____ people compose poetry.Some poems tell a story or describe a certain image in the reader’s mind.2._________ try to convey certain feelings such as joy and sorrow.Poets use many different forms of poetry 3._________ (express) themselves.Now we will look at a few of the simpler forms.
Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes.The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory，but they are easy 4._______(learn) and recite.One of the simplest kinds of poem is the “list poem”，5._________ contains a list of things，people，ideas，or descriptions that develop a particular theme.Another simple form of poem is the cinquain,6._______ (make) up of five lines.Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that consists of 17 syllables.It is not a 7._______ (tradition) form of English poetry，but is very popular 8._____English writers.English speakers also enjoy poems from China，those from the Tang Dynasty in particular.A lot of Tang poetry 9._________(translate) into English.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from，you may 10._________(eventual) want to write poems of your own.
知识点
sorrow n．悲伤；悲痛；伤心事 vi.感到悲伤(sorrowful adj.悲伤的)
to one’s sorrow让某人悲伤的是 sorrow at/for/over sth.对某事感到悲伤
(1)As a matter of fact，my nephew daren’t look up to see my sorrowful(sorrow) eyes.
(2)出席会议的人都对他的离世感到悲伤。
The people present at the meeting sorrowed over/at/for his death.
(3)悲伤的泪水顺着脸颊往下流，我紧紧地拥抱着父亲，说道：“我又失败了。”(读后续写之悲伤心理描写)(with复合结构)
With tears of sorrow rolling down my cheeks，I hugged my father tightly，saying，“I failed again.”
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·读后续写改编）
看到爷爷珍藏的抗战家书，我悲伤得说不出话，泪水顺着脸颊滑落。（翻译）
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
To the little girl’s sorrow (sorrow), her pet dog got lost in the heavy rain.
mood n．情绪；心情；语气
in a good/bad mood心情好/坏 be/feel in the mood for sth./to do sth.有心情做某事 be/feel in no mood for sth./to do sth.没有心情做某事
(1)Having finished a string of things，I am in the mood to walk(walk) on the lawn.
(2)简心情如此好，以致她几乎要跳起来，眼里噙满了喜悦的泪水。(读后续写之喜乐心理描写)
Jane was in such a good mood that she almost jumped up，tears of happiness filling her eyes.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
The pianist was in such a bad mood that she almost refused to perform, but the audience’s warm cheers changed her mind.
in B. on C. at D. with
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
得知自己被心仪的大学录取，李明心情好极了，立刻打电话分享这个好消息。
sympathetic adj.同情的；有同情心的；赞同的(sympathy n．同情；赞成)
be sympathetic to/towards...赞同……；同情…… have (no) sympathy for sb.(不)同情某人 in sympathy with...赞同/支持 with sympathy＝sympathetically adv.同情地
(1)To tell you the truth，I am in sympathy with the way you polished the format of the article.
(2)Meredith太太同情穷人，因此每当她有时间的时候，她都会给他们带来食物和药品。
①Mrs Meredith was sympathetic towards/to the poor，so she would bring food and medicine to them whenever she had time.(sympathetic)
②Mrs Meredith had sympathy for the poor，so she would bring food and medicine to them whenever she had time.(sympathy)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空）
When hearing about the old man’s difficult life, the volunteer felt sympathetic and decided to help him.
sympathetic B. curious C. nervous D. doubtful
（2025·北京卷·语法填空）
Out of (sympathetic) for the disabled boy, the community raised money to buy him a wheelchair.
correspondence n．来往信件；通信联系(correspond vi.相一致；符合；相当于；通信)
in correspondence with与……有通信联系；与……一致 correspond with sb.与某人通信 correspond to相当于……；类似于…… correspond with/to与……一致；符合
(1)The editor welcomes correspondence(correspond) from readers on any subject.
(2)只有当你言行一致时，你才能和其他人建立更好的关系。
①You can make better relationships with others only when what you do corresponds with what you say.
②Only when what you do corresponds with what you say can you make better relationships with others.(用倒装句改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·选择题）
The witness’s description corresponds with the evidence found at the scene.
corresponds with B. agrees to C. connects with D. deals with
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
只有当你的努力与目标一致时，你才能取得真正的进步。（用correspond及倒装句）
There are various reasons why people compose poetry.
人们创作诗歌有各种各样的原因。
先行词是the reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why或者for which；如果缺少主语，则用that/which；如果缺少宾语，则用that/which或者不填。
(1)我渴望这个职位的原因是我能够帮助外国人更好地理解中国文化。
The reason why/for which I am starving for the position is that I can help foreigners have a better understanding of Chinese culture.
(2)他提供给我们的理由是他的汽车在回家的路上抛锚了。
The reason (that/which) he offered us is that his car broke down on the way home.
语法点
Grammar 定语从句
【观察例句】
1．Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland.
2．Eric reached Greenland and discovered that people could live in the place where he landed.
3．Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans.
4．By around 900AD，there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live.
【归纳用法】
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述
1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。
She has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago.
她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。
2．非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间用逗号隔开。
He has two sisters，who are working in the city.
他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①The weather turned out to be very good， was more than we could expect.
②Is this the museum the exhibition was held
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1．标点的运用有所不同
限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号与主句分开。
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree
站在树下的那个女孩是谁？
He is a teacher of much knowledge，from whom much can be learned.
他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。
2．从句的作用不同
限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。
The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball.
第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。
Alice received a letter from her former classmate，which came as a surprise.
艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。
3．关系词的选用不同
限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。
Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in Japan.(which不可换用that)
昨天他买了一辆新车，是日本生产的。
He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week.(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语)
＝He didn't give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.
他没有给出他上周没参加会议的理由。
4．从句所修饰的先行词有所不同
限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。
This is the best book that I have ever read.
这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。
He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we expected.
他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。
5．关系词的省略不同
在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。
I still remember the days we spent together in college.(we前省略了that/which)
我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。
She is not the one (that) she used to be.(that在定语从句中作表语)
她已不再是昔日的她了。
6．英译汉时有所不同，译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？
The concert，which was held last week，was a great success.
那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。
He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him.
他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Liquid water changes to vapor， is called evaporation.
②Charles Smith， was my former teacher，retired last year.
③This is the house I lived two years ago.
三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等
句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision.
大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。
[即学即练3]
①Metals have many good properties， has been stated before.
②Light travels in straight lines， explains why shadows are formed when it goes past an object.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The reason he explained for his being late was that his alarm clock didn't work.
2．Life is like a long race we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
3．I often have the case I can't recognise my friend's voice on the phone.
4．Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old they swam in it.
5．Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.
6．Mexico City， has a population of over 10 million，is probably the fastest growing city in the world.
7．We will be shown around the city: schools，museums，and some other places， other visitors seldom go.
8． is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
9．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of uses it differently.
10．I wish to thank Professor Smith，without help I would never have got this far.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
Beijing is a city that straddles the divide between the ancient and the modern, sits proudly in the heart of the vast urban sprawl.（改编自China Daily）
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
We visited the school ________ my father taught 30 years ago.
where B. when C. that D. what
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
The reason ________ he refused the invitation was that he had to look after his sick mother.
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
正如报告所显示的，这个地区的生态环境已经得到了显著改善。（用as引导定语从句）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版选择性必修第三册Unit 5知识清单
重 点 单 词 1.polish vt. 修改;润色;抛光 n. 上光剂;抛光;擦亮 2.blank adj. 空白的;无图画(或韵律、装饰)的;没表情的 n. 空白;空格 3.tease vi.&vt. 取笑(某人);揶揄;逗弄 4.shelf n. 架子;搁板→shelves (pl.) 5.string n. 细绳;线;一串 vt. 悬挂;系 adj. 弦乐器的;线织的→strung/strung/stringing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6.deadline n. 最后期限;截止日期 7.amateur n. 业余爱好者 adj. 业余的;业余爱好的 8.sow vt.&vi. 播种;种→sowed/sown/sowed/sowing (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 9.folk adj. 民间的;民俗的;普通百姓的 10.delicate adj. 精美的;精致的;脆弱的 11.wherever conj. 在任何地方;在所有……的情况下 adv. (用于问句)究竟在(到)哪里 12.complicated adj. 复杂的;难懂的 13.diamond n. 钻石;金刚石;菱形 14.grief n. 悲伤;悲痛;伤心事 15.core n. 核心;精髓;(水果的)核儿 16.civilian n. 平民;老百姓 17.version n. 版本;(从不同角度的)说法 18.format n. 格式;总体安排;(出版物的)版式 vt. 格式化 19.seed n. 种子;起源;萌芽 20.variation n. 变化;变体;变奏曲 21.prejudice n. 偏见;成见 vt. 使怀有(或形成)偏见 22.dawn n. 黎明;开端;萌芽
词 汇 拓 展 1.dominant adj. 首要的;占支配地位的;显著的→domination n. 支配,控制 2.correspondence n. 来往信件;通信联系→correspond vi. 相一致;符合;相当于;通信 3.innocence n. 天真;单纯;无罪→innocent adj. 天真无邪的;无辜的;无恶意的→innocently adv. 天真地;无辜地 4.mood n. 情绪;心情;语气→moody adj. 喜怒无常的 5.contest n. 比赛;竞赛;竞争 vt. 争取赢得(比赛、选举等);争辩→contestant n. 参赛者 6.recite vt. 背诵;吟诵;列举→recitation n. 背诵 7.sorrow n. 悲伤;悲痛;伤心事 vi. 感到悲伤→sorrowful adj. 悲伤的;悲痛的 8.sympathy n. 同情;赞同→sympathetic adj. 同情的;有同情心的;赞同的→sympathetically adv. 同情地 9.literary adj. 文学的;爱好文学的;有文学作品特征的→literature n. 文学 10.respectively adv. 分别;各自;依次为→respective adj. 分别的;各自的 11.racial adj. 种族的;人种的→race n. 速度比赛;竞赛;人种 12.drama n. 戏;剧;戏剧艺术→dramatic adj. 戏剧化的;突然的;急剧的→dramatically adv. 突然地;戏剧地;引人注目地 prehension n. 理解力;领悟力;理解练习→comprehend v. 理解 14.rhyme n. 押韵词;押韵的短诗 vi.&vt. (使)押韵→rhythmic adj. 有节奏的;有规律的
重 点 短 语 1．be made up of 由……组成(构成) 2．to the point切题 3．make sense有意义；讲得通 4．consist of由……组成/构成 5．be popular with受……的欢迎 6．in particular尤其；特别 7．of one’s own 属于自己的 8．pay attention to注意 9．keep up with跟上，赶上 10．be based on以……为基础
重 点 句 型 1．There are various reasons why people compose poetry. 人们创作诗歌有各种各样的原因。 2．The reason is that they can feel the warmth of love and enjoy the innocence of childhood. 原因是他们能感觉到爱的温暖、享受童年的纯真。 3．Tagore was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. 泰戈尔是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚洲人。 4．Wherever it blew，I should know that the wind had been going there，too. 无论向哪里吹，我都知道风也曾去过那里。
There are various reasons 1._____ people compose poetry.Some poems tell a story or describe a certain image in the reader’s mind.2._________ try to convey certain feelings such as joy and sorrow.Poets use many different forms of poetry 3._________ (express) themselves.Now we will look at a few of the simpler forms.
Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes.The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory，but they are easy 4._______(learn) and recite.One of the simplest kinds of poem is the “list poem”，5._________ contains a list of things，people，ideas，or descriptions that develop a particular theme.Another simple form of poem is the cinquain,6._______ (make) up of five lines.Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that consists of 17 syllables.It is not a 7._______ (tradition) form of English poetry，but is very popular 8._____English writers.English speakers also enjoy poems from China，those from the Tang Dynasty in particular.A lot of Tang poetry 9._________(translate) into English.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from，you may 10._________(eventual) want to write poems of your own.
1.why 2. Others 3. to express 4. to learn 5. which 6. made 7. traditional 8. with 9.has been translated 10. eventually
知识点
sorrow n．悲伤；悲痛；伤心事 vi.感到悲伤(sorrowful adj.悲伤的)
to one’s sorrow让某人悲伤的是 sorrow at/for/over sth.对某事感到悲伤
(1)As a matter of fact，my nephew daren’t look up to see my sorrowful(sorrow) eyes.
(2)出席会议的人都对他的离世感到悲伤。
The people present at the meeting sorrowed over/at/for his death.
(3)悲伤的泪水顺着脸颊往下流，我紧紧地拥抱着父亲，说道：“我又失败了。”(读后续写之悲伤心理描写)(with复合结构)
With tears of sorrow rolling down my cheeks，I hugged my father tightly，saying，“I failed again.”
【高考真题链接】
（2025·全国Ⅰ卷·读后续写改编）
看到爷爷珍藏的抗战家书，我悲伤得说不出话，泪水顺着脸颊滑落。（翻译）
答案：Seeing the anti-Japanese family letters cherished by grandpa, I was too sorrowful to speak, with tears of sorrow rolling down my cheeks.
解析：考点为sorrowful作表语及with复合结构，结合抗战胜利80周年主题，强化情感真实性；易错点：混淆sorrow（n.）与sorrowful（adj.）的句法功能。
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
To the little girl’s sorrow (sorrow), her pet dog got lost in the heavy rain.
答案：sorrow
解析：考点为to one’s + 名词结构，“小狗走失”的场景贴合情感表达需求，考固定搭配的语境应用。
mood n．情绪；心情；语气
in a good/bad mood心情好/坏 be/feel in the mood for sth./to do sth.有心情做某事 be/feel in no mood for sth./to do sth.没有心情做某事
(1)Having finished a string of things，I am in the mood to walk(walk) on the lawn.
(2)简心情如此好，以致她几乎要跳起来，眼里噙满了喜悦的泪水。(读后续写之喜乐心理描写)
Jane was in such a good mood that she almost jumped up，tears of happiness filling her eyes.
【高考真题链接】
（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·完形填空）
The pianist was in such a bad mood that she almost refused to perform, but the audience’s warm cheers changed her mind.
in B. on C. at D. with
答案：A
解析：考点为in a bad mood固定搭配，“钢琴家情绪不佳”与“观众欢呼”形成转折，贴合艺术表演主题；B/C/D无此搭配，排除。
（2025·江苏卷·翻译）
得知自己被心仪的大学录取，李明心情好极了，立刻打电话分享这个好消息。
答案：Knowing he was admitted to his dream university, Li Ming was in such a good mood that he immediately called to share the good news.
解析：考点为“such a good mood that...”句型，结合“升学喜悦”场景，考情感描写与从句衔接。
sympathetic adj.同情的；有同情心的；赞同的(sympathy n．同情；赞成)
be sympathetic to/towards...赞同……；同情…… have (no) sympathy for sb.(不)同情某人 in sympathy with...赞同/支持 with sympathy＝sympathetically adv.同情地
(1)To tell you the truth，I am in sympathy with the way you polished the format of the article.
(2)Meredith太太同情穷人，因此每当她有时间的时候，她都会给他们带来食物和药品。
①Mrs Meredith was sympathetic towards/to the poor，so she would bring food and medicine to them whenever she had time.(sympathetic)
②Mrs Meredith had sympathy for the poor，so she would bring food and medicine to them whenever she had time.(sympathy)
【高考真题链接】
（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空）
When hearing about the old man’s difficult life, the volunteer felt sympathetic and decided to help him.
sympathetic B. curious C. nervous D. doubtful
答案：A
解析：考点为形容词词义辨析，“志愿者听闻老人困境”的语境对应“同情”，B“好奇”、C“紧张”、D“怀疑”均不符；且贴合本单元“同情他人”的主题。
（2025·北京卷·语法填空）
Out of (sympathetic) for the disabled boy, the community raised money to buy him a wheelchair.
答案：sympathy
解析：考点为词性转换，out of后接名词，“社区为残疾男孩筹款”的场景贴合“同情”语义；易错点：易误写为sympathetic，忽略介词后接名词的规则。
correspondence n．来往信件；通信联系(correspond vi.相一致；符合；相当于；通信)
in correspondence with与……有通信联系；与……一致 correspond with sb.与某人通信 correspond to相当于……；类似于…… correspond with/to与……一致；符合
(1)The editor welcomes correspondence(correspond) from readers on any subject.
(2)只有当你言行一致时，你才能和其他人建立更好的关系。
①You can make better relationships with others only when what you do corresponds with what you say.
②Only when what you do corresponds with what you say can you make better relationships with others.(用倒装句改写)
【高考真题链接】
（2023·天津卷·选择题）
The witness’s description corresponds with the evidence found at the scene.
corresponds with B. agrees to C. connects with D. deals with
答案：A
解析：考点为固定短语辨析，“证人描述与现场证据一致”需表“匹配”，A符合；B“同意”、C“连接”、D“处理”均不符；考逻辑关联表达。
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
只有当你的努力与目标一致时，你才能取得真正的进步。（用correspond及倒装句）
答案：Only when your efforts correspond with your goals can you make real progress.
解析：考点为correspond with短语及倒装句结构，“努力与目标一致”的逻辑贴合本单元核心，倒装结构强化语法应用。
There are various reasons why people compose poetry.
人们创作诗歌有各种各样的原因。
先行词是the reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why或者for which；如果缺少主语，则用that/which；如果缺少宾语，则用that/which或者不填。
(1)我渴望这个职位的原因是我能够帮助外国人更好地理解中国文化。
The reason why/for which I am starving for the position is that I can help foreigners have a better understanding of Chinese culture.
(2)他提供给我们的理由是他的汽车在回家的路上抛锚了。
The reason (that/which) he offered us is that his car broke down on the way home.
语法点
Grammar 定语从句
【观察例句】
1．Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland.
2．Eric reached Greenland and discovered that people could live in the place where he landed.
3．Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans.
4．By around 900AD，there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live.
【归纳用法】
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述
1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。
She has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago.
她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。
2．非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间用逗号隔开。
He has two sisters，who are working in the city.
他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①The weather turned out to be very good， was more than we could expect.
②Is this the museum the exhibition was held
【答案】1.which 2.where
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1．标点的运用有所不同
限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号与主句分开。
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree
站在树下的那个女孩是谁？
He is a teacher of much knowledge，from whom much can be learned.
他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。
2．从句的作用不同
限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。
The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball.
第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。
Alice received a letter from her former classmate，which came as a surprise.
艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。
3．关系词的选用不同
限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。
Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in Japan.(which不可换用that)
昨天他买了一辆新车，是日本生产的。
He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week.(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语)
＝He didn't give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.
他没有给出他上周没参加会议的理由。
4．从句所修饰的先行词有所不同
限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。
This is the best book that I have ever read.
这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。
He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we expected.
他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。
5．关系词的省略不同
在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。
I still remember the days we spent together in college.(we前省略了that/which)
我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。
She is not the one (that) she used to be.(that在定语从句中作表语)
她已不再是昔日的她了。
6．英译汉时有所不同，译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？
The concert，which was held last week，was a great success.
那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。
He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him.
他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①Liquid water changes to vapor， is called evaporation.
②Charles Smith， was my former teacher，retired last year.
③This is the house I lived two years ago.
【答案】1.which 2.who 3.where
三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等
句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision.
大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。
[即学即练3]
①Metals have many good properties， has been stated before.
②Light travels in straight lines， explains why shadows are formed when it goes past an object.
【答案】1.as 2.which
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The reason he explained for his being late was that his alarm clock didn't work.
2．Life is like a long race we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
3．I often have the case I can't recognise my friend's voice on the phone.
4．Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old they swam in it.
5．Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.
6．Mexico City， has a population of over 10 million，is probably the fastest growing city in the world.
7．We will be shown around the city: schools，museums，and some other places， other visitors seldom go.
8． is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
9．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of uses it differently.
10．I wish to thank Professor Smith，without help I would never have got this far.
【答案】1.which/that2.where 3.where 4.when 5.where 6.which 7.where 8.As 9.which 10.whose
【高考真题链接】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
Beijing is a city that straddles the divide between the ancient and the modern, sits proudly in the heart of the vast urban sprawl.（改编自China Daily）
答案：which
解析：考点为非限制性定语从句，先行词为the Forbidden City（前文提及），从句缺主语，不可用that，故填which；贴合“城市文化”主题。
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
We visited the school ________ my father taught 30 years ago.
where B. when C. that D. what
答案：A
解析：先行词school表地点，从句缺状语（taught后缺地点状语），用where；C that需在从句中作主语/宾语，此处不符。
（2025·山东卷·语法填空）
The reason ________ he refused the invitation was that he had to look after his sick mother.
答案：why/for which
解析：先行词reason，从句缺原因状语，用why或for which；“拒绝邀请的原因”贴合生活场景，考核心句型。
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
正如报告所显示的，这个地区的生态环境已经得到了显著改善。（用as引导定语从句）
答案：As is shown in the report, the ecological environment in this area has been significantly improved.
解析：考点为as引导非限制性定语从句，表“正如”，位置灵活，符合“环境改善”热点主题。
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