【高考突破方案】语法第三讲 数词+主谓一致 高考一轮总复习英语课件 译林版

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聚焦语法
第3讲　数词与主谓一致
思维导图
数词
考点精讲
Ⅰ.数词的概念：表示数量或顺序的词叫作数词。数词分为两大类，即基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量；序数词表示顺序。
Ⅱ.数词的分类
类别 用法 例词
基数词 1—12: 独立成词 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
13—19: 词尾＋teen thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
20—90: 词尾＋ty twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
十位和个位用“ ”连接 twenty one, thirty two
类别 用法 例词
基数词 十位和个位之间用“ ”连接； 百位和个位或十位之间用“and”连接； 千位和百位之间用“,”连接 21: twenty one
101: one hundred and one
121: one hundred and twenty one
1,121: one thousand, one hundred and twenty one
10,121: ten thousand, one hundred and twenty one
101,121: one hundred and one thousand, one hundred and twenty one
1,001,121: one million, one thousand, one hundred and twenty one
续表
类别 用法 例词
序数词 第1至第3: 形式各异 first/1st, second/2nd, third/3rd
第4至第19: “基数词＋th” fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth
第20至第90: 变y为ieth twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth
只变个位基数词为序数词 twenty first, thirty second, forty third, fifty fourth, sixty fifth, seventy sixth
one hundredth, one hundred and first, one hundred and twenty second, one thousand, three hundred and thirty third
续表
Ⅲ.与数词有关的其他表示法
分数 分子基数词，分母序数词；分子大于1，分母加“s”，分母若是2和4，可用half和quarter代替 ★分数还可用…out of…或…in…来表示 读作one( )fifth; 3读作three and three( )fifths; 读作one/a half (一般不说one second); 读作one( )fourth或one/a quarter
★在口语中，a third/a half/a quarter/a fourth比one third/one half/one quarter/one fourth常见
★One child out of/in ten is asthmatic. 每十个孩子中就有一个患有哮喘。
单位数 hundred、thousand、million、billion、dozen、score表示确切数目时不加 s，但若表示不确切数目时，要用复数形式，与of构成短语 一万：ten thousand；成千上万的: tens of thousands of；两打鸡蛋: two dozen eggs
年代 表示“某人几十岁”时，用“in one's＋逢十的基数词复数”，“十几岁”不可表示为tens，而要说成teens；表示“……世纪……年代”时，用“in the＋逢十的年数后加s或's” in his twenties 在他二十多岁时；in the 1990s/1990's 在20世纪90年代
续表
思维导图
主谓一致
考点精讲
Ⅰ.主谓一致的概念：英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数保持一致，这就叫作主谓一致。
Ⅱ.主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、逻辑意义一致原则和就近/远一致原则。
原则 规则 例句
语法一致原则 以单数名词、代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式 ★由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式 Her father is now 86 and in fragile health.
To see is to believe.
Swimming on a hot day is a great pleasure.
What she said is an out and out lie.
What John needed were two old magazines.
What your father says and does are helpful for you.
原则 规则 例句
语法一致原则 ①由连接词and或both…and连接的主语后，谓语动词要用复数形式 ★但所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式 ②由and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有no、each、every 或more than a(n)/one、many a(n) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。“no/either/neither/each/every＋单数名词”和由no、some、any、every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待 ★若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数形式；若后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以 The company and her partners are helping to rebuild roads and bridges and buildings.
The musician and writer has changed his mind.
No man and no animal has been found on the moon.
Every minute and every second is precious.
Many a boy and many a girl has seen the movie.
Each person weighs 56 kg.
Somebody is holding your wife hostage.
Is everything all right
None of the work was done.
None of the passengers has/have been badly hurt.
续表
原则 规则 例句
语法一致原则 在定语从句里，关系代词that、who、which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致 He is one of the students who have won a scholarship.
He is the (only) one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
在强调句型中，谓语动词的数应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to Beijing next Tuesday.
It is we who are going to Beijing next Tuesday.
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，其谓语动词用单数形式；如果指的是集体中的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 His family is a big one.(他的一家)
His family are opposed to the marriage. (他的家人)
续表
原则 规则 例句
语法一致原则 由“a lot of/lots of/plenty of/the rest of/ the majority of＋名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中名词的数而定 ★“a number of＋复数名词”有类似的用法(用复数形式)，但“the number of＋复数名词”谓语动词的数应依number而定(用单数形式) There is plenty of fizz and sparkle in the show.
A quarter of current inmates have committed violent crimes.
A number of roads have been blocked by fallen leaves.
The number of homeless people has increased dramatically.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 On the wall is the family crest.
Gone are the days when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
续表
原则 规则 例句
逻辑意义一致原则 what、who、which、any、more、all 等代词可以表单数，也可以表复数，谓语动词的数主要靠意思来决定 Who is your favourite writer
Who are the primary carers
All is not gold that glitters.
Not all the doctors are skilled in helping their patients make choices.
表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体 ★若强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty miles is a short drive in a car but almost a whole day's running for us.
Thirty kilos of apples are consumed in our canteen every week.
续表
原则 规则 例句
逻辑意义一致原则 若主语是书名、格言、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式 Little Women is a novel by an American writer.
The United States has refused him a visa.
“a(n)＋名词单数＋and＋a half”的谓语动词用单数形式；“one and a half＋名词复数”的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式均可 An hour and a half is allowed for the exam.
One and a half hours is/are allowed for the exam.
以 ics结尾的一些学科名词，如：mathematics、politics、physics 以及news、works等都属于形式上是复数，实际意义为单数的名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式 Politics influences all aspects of our lives.
The news is not yet official.
续表
续表
原则 规则 例句
逻辑意义一致原则 trousers、glasses、shoes、clothes、scissors (剪刀)等名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，但如果这些名词前有a/the pair of 等量词修饰时(clothes被a suit of 修饰)，谓语动词用单数形式 The shoes are too tight.
A new suit of clothes has been prepared for your wedding.
“the＋形容词或分词”表示某一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；若表示某一类东西时，谓语动词用单数形式 The young are richer, healthier, better educated and freer than their parents.
The beautiful is not always the good.
续表
原则 规则 例句
就近/远一致原则 当两个主语由either…or、neither…nor、not only…but also、whether…or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致，即就近一致 Either he or you are responsible.
Either you or he is responsible.
Is either he or you responsible
there be句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与邻近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致 There are no absolute rules.
There is a real threat of war.
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
续表
原则 规则 例句
就近/远一致原则 主语后面跟有with、together with、except、but、like、as well as、no less than、rather than、more than、besides、along with、including、in addition to 等单词或短语时，谓语动词要跟主语保持一致，即就远一致 The students, together with the teacher, are interested in the activity.
Everybody except you is down on me.
Nobody but I knows the truth.
Mr. Black, as well as his children, likes swimming.
My father, no less than I, is a baseball fan.
John, rather than his roommates, is to blame.