【高考突破方案】语法第九讲 非谓语动词 高考一轮总复习英语课件 译林版

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第9讲　非谓语动词
思维导图
考点精讲
Ⅰ.非谓语动词的概念：非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词形式。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。
Ⅱ.非谓语动词的主要形式
形式功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 宾补 相当词类
不定式(to＋v.) √ √ √ √ √ √ n./adj./adv.
动名词(v. ing) √ √ √ √ n.
现在分词(v. ing) √ √ √ √ adj./adv.
过去分词(v. ed) √ √ √ √ adj./adv.
Ⅲ.动词的非谓语形式题的解题策略
动词的非谓语形式就是解决一个英语句子中出现了第二个动词的问题。
提示词为动词：
1. 句中无谓语，则填谓语动词
(1)看“时间”定时态；(2)看“主语”定语态；(3)看“人称和数”，确保主谓一致。
2. 句中已有谓语动词
(1)与设空处为并列关系，由and、or、but等连接，则确定填谓语动词。同时注意时态和语态等。
(2)填非谓语动词：to do表目的、将来、出乎意料的结果；doing 表主动、进行、自然而然的结果；done表被动、完成、状态。
3. 既不作谓语，也不是非谓语动词，则可确定是词类转化
Ⅳ.非谓语动词的句子功能
1. 非谓语动词作宾语(限不定式与动名词，分词无此功能)
情况 例示
常接不定式作 宾语的动词 decide/determine, learn, want/long, hope/expect/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help, (fail, afford, happen) etc.
决心学会想希望；拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划；同意请求帮一帮。
情况 例示
常接动名词作宾语 常见动词(短语) consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep (on), practise/practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help, mind, allow/permit, escape, etc.
考虑建议盼原谅；承认推迟没得想；避免错过继续练；否认完成就欣赏；禁止想象才冒险；不禁介意准逃亡。
少数形容词 be worth, be busy (in), etc.
一些常见句型结构 have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth., have a good/wonderful/hard time (in) doing sth., spend/waste…(in) doing sth., there is no point in doing sth.
情况 例示
常接动名词作宾语 有许多短语中的“to”是介词，而不是不定式符号，因此后面须接名词、代词或动名词形式 be addicted to, be familiar to, be equal to, be sentenced to, be accustomed/used to, devote oneself to/be devoted to, get down to, give way to, lead to, look forward to, look up to, pay attention to, object to, stick to, turn to, etc.
情况 例示
接不定式与动名词两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
★(1)当like、love、hate、prefer与would、should连用时，其后只能接不定式。I'd hate to spend Christmas alone.
(2)当begin、start本身为进行时态或后接know、realize、understand等静态动词时，其后的动词只能用不定式。He started to realize that he was wrong.
need, want, require (接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，相当于接不定式的被动形式)
sth. needs/wants/requires＋doing/to be done
The library needs cleaning/to be cleaned, but it will have to wait until the day after tomorrow.
情况 例示
接不定式与动名词两者都可以 意义相反 stop to do sth.停下来去做其他的事情(实际上to do起目的状语作用)
The boy was watching TV just now. When his mom came in, he stopped to do his homework.
stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情
The boy stopped watching TV when he heard his mom calling for dinner.
情况 例示
接不定式与动名词两者都可以 意义不同 ①remember to do sth. (记得去做某事——未做)
remember doing sth.(记得做了某事——已做)
②forget to do sth. (忘记要做某事——未做)
forget doing sth. (忘记已经做过某事——已做)
③regret to do sth. (对要做的事表示抱歉——未做)
regret doing sth. (对做过的事表示后悔——已做)
④try to do sth. (尽力去做某事)
try doing sth.(试着做某事)
⑤mean to do sth. (打算做某事)
mean doing sth. (意味着做某事)
⑥go on to do sth. (接着做某事——不同的事)
go on doing sth. (继续做某事——同一件事)
⑦can't help (to) do sth. (不能帮助做某事)
can't help doing sth. (忍不住做某事)
2.非谓语动词作定语
形式 区别 例示
不定式 通常置于修饰的名词或代词之后 ①His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. (表示未做的事情)
②There is no one to look after him. (主谓关系)
③I have got a letter to write. (动宾关系)
④Do you have the ability to read and write in English (同位关系，类似的词还有chance、opportunity、courage、right、promise、time、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等)
形式 区别 例示
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途和性能，通常置于被其修饰的名词之前 a walking stick＝a stick for walking (手杖)
a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming (游泳池)
现在 分词 与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作正在进行 the boiling water＝the water is boiling正在沸腾的水
a developing country＝a country is developing发展中国家
过去 分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，也表示该动作已经完成 the boiled water＝the water which has been boiled开水
the developed country＝the country which has been developed发达国家
3.非谓语动词作状语(动名词无此功能)
形式 功能 例句
不定式 目的状语 Every morning he gets up very early to exercise.
结果状语 You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
原因状语 She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.
现在分词 时间、原因、结果、伴随等 ①Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, I decided to do an experiment. (表时间或原因)
②A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, killing all four people on board. (表结果)
③The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing the mountain in golden light. (表伴随)
形式 功能 例句
过去分词 时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等 ①When offered help, one often says “Thank you” or “It's kind of you”. (表时间)
②Inspired by her teacher's words, the girl works much harder. (表原因)
③Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars. (表条件)
④Not discovered by humans, so many laws of nature are still here.(表让步)
⑤The lady returned home, followed by the famous detective Holmes.(表伴随)
4.非谓语动词作宾语补足语(动名词无此功能)
形式 带宾补的 常见动词(短语) 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不定式 ask, advise, beg, permit, allow, persuade, cause, command, request, order, encourage, expect, want, wish, force, forbid, get, invite, mean, prefer, tell, warn, call on, depend on, long for, wait for 主谓关系，强调动作即将发生或动作的全过程 ①If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.
②Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.
③We're all longing for the new term to begin.
形式 带宾补的常见动词(短语) 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不定式 have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe, look at, listen to(其后不定式作宾补省略to，但如果用于被动语态，则to不可省略) 主谓关系，强调动作即将发生或动作的全过程 ①Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.
②The thief was observed to enter the bank half an hour ago.
形式 带宾补的 常见动词(短语) 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
现在 分词 have, get, leave, keep, catch, feel, hear, find, notice, see, watch, observe, look at, listen to 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 ①It's wrong to leave the computer working.
②Anyone caught doing something ungreen will be punished.
③As I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
形式 带宾补的 常见动词(短语) 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
过去 分词 have, get, make, let, leave, keep, feel, hear, find, notice, see, watch, observe 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 ①You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.
②I was surprised to find my village changed so much.
③When we saw the road blocked with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
Ⅴ.非谓语动词疑难点
形式 规则 例句
不定式 不定式复合结构：“It is＋adj.＋for sb.＋动词不定式”与“It is＋adj.＋of sb.＋动词不定式” ①有些形容词仅仅描述事物，不对不定式行为者的品格进行评价。如difficult、easy、hard、dangerous、necessary、important、possible、impossible等，只能对动词不定式短语所表示的事情进行评价，这时只能用for sb. ②若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质，如kind、good、nice、clever、careful、careless、polite、foolish等，即对不定式的逻辑主语(sb.)进行评价，这时常用of sb. ①It is necessary for us to learn a foreign language.
②It is clever of you to work out the maths problem.
形式 规则 例句
不定式 “疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语 一些动词后可接“疑问词(以及whether)＋不定式”结构作宾语，常可转换为一个宾语从句 常见的可接这种结构作宾语的动词有know、ask、tell、explain、show、wonder、consider、decide、understand、discuss、forget、remember 等 ①I don't know how to get back to the village.＝I don't know how I could get back to the village.
②I wonder whether to answer his letter.＝I wonder whether I should answer his letter.
形式 规则 例句
不定式 介词but和expect后接不定式，如果前面有实义动词do/does/did，不定式省略to ①We have no choice but to read here.
②He did nothing but read a novel yesterday.
不定式作状语表结果时常常在其前面加副词only，表示意外的或事与愿违的结果 He rushed to the station, only to find that the train had left.
在too…to…结构中，当too前面有only时，意思是“非常”，表肯定。搭配的形容词常见的有pleased、ready、willing、glad、happy等 I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.＝I'm very glad to have passed the exam.
形式 规则 例句
v. ing v. ing形式作宾补时有被动式 When he came to himself, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
有些分词(短语)作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，被称为独立成分。常见的有generally speaking(一般说来)；frankly speaking(坦白地说)；honestly speaking(老实说)；strictly speaking(严格地说)；roughly speaking(大体来讲)；judging from/by…(根据……来判断)；considering…/taking…into consideration(考虑到……) ①Judging from his accent, he is from the north.
②Considering your health, you'd better have a rest.
形式 规则 例句
v. ed v. ed作表语，连系动词除be外，还可用become、feel、remain、get、look、appear、seem等 ①I went to Professor Jane, who listened to my arguments but remained unmoved.
②They got discouraged and went home.
部分过去分词(短语)作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的有located(坐落于)；lost(迷路的)；seated(坐着的); hidden(躲着的); lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于); dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦的); faced with(面对着) Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
Located in the center of the city, the business is very good.
Dressed in his doctor's uniform, he went in to see her.
★在with的复合结构中，非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法：
with的复合结构可以在句中作状语和定语。with的复合结构由“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”构成
①with＋宾语＋doing(表主动、进行、经常发生)
The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.
②with＋宾语＋done(表被动、完成)
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
③with＋宾语＋to do(表将要发生的动作)
With a lot of work to do, the students weren't allowed to leave the classroom.
Ⅵ.非谓语动词的相似结构
1. I am looking forward to coming to see you before long.
The day he had been looking forward to came at last.
2. The man I spoke to made room for the old lady.
The man spoke to me to make room for the old lady.
He asked the man I spoke to to make room for the old lady.
3. The boy, working hard, hoped to enter a key university.
The boy works hard, hoping to enter a key university.
The boy works hard to hope to enter a key university.
4. The girl used to live the country life and is not used to the city life.
The girl used to living the country life is not used to the city life.
5. He is said to write a novel, but he hasn't begun it.
He is said to be writing a novel, but he hasn't finished it.
He is said to have written a novel, but I haven't read it.
6. The building being built now will be a hospital.
The building to be built next year will be a hospital.
The building built last year is a hospital now.
7. He kept supplying us with food and clothes.
He kept us supplying him with food and clothes.
He kept us supplied with food and clothes.
He kept us from supplying him with food and clothes.
He was kept supplied with food and clothes.
8. You should see from the hill to see the beautiful city.
To see the beautiful city, you should see from the hill.
See from the hill and you will see the beautiful city.
Seeing from the hill, you will see the beautiful city.
Seen from the hill, the city will look more beautiful.