【高考突破方案】语法第九讲 非谓语动词 高考一轮总复习英语 （教师版） 译林版

第9讲　非谓语动词
Ⅰ.非谓语动词的概念：非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词形式。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。
Ⅱ.非谓语动词的主要形式
形式功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 宾补 相当词类
不定式(to＋v.) √ √ √ √ √ √ n./adj./adv.
动名词(v. ing) √ √ √ √ n.
现在分词(v. ing) √ √ √ √ adj./adv.
过去分词(v. ed) √ √ √ √ adj./adv.
Ⅲ.动词的非谓语形式题的解题策略
动词的非谓语形式就是解决一个英语句子中出现了第二个动词的问题。
提示词为动词：
1. 句中无谓语，则填谓语动词
(1)看“时间”定时态；(2)看“主语”定语态；(3)看“人称和数”，确保主谓一致。
2. 句中已有谓语动词
(1)与设空处为并列关系，由and、or、but等连接，则确定填谓语动词。同时注意时态和语态等。
(2)填非谓语动词：to do表目的、将来、出乎意料的结果；doing 表主动、进行、自然而然的结果；done表被动、完成、状态。
3. 既不作谓语，也不是非谓语动词，则可确定是词类转化
Ⅳ.非谓语动词的句子功能
1. 非谓语动词作宾语(限不定式与动名词，分词无此功能)
情况 例示
常接不定式作宾语的动词 decide/determine, learn, want/long, hope/expect/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help, (fail, afford, happen) etc. 决心学会想希望；拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划；同意请求帮一帮。
常接动名词作宾语 常见动词(短语) consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep (on), practise/practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help, mind, allow/permit, escape, etc. 考虑建议盼原谅；承认推迟没得想；避免错过继续练；否认完成就欣赏；禁止想象才冒险；不禁介意准逃亡。
少数形容词 be worth, be busy (in), etc.
一些常见句型结构 have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth., have a good/wonderful/hard time (in) doing sth., spend/waste…(in) doing sth., there is no point in doing sth.
有许多短语中的“to”是介词，而不是不定式符号，因此后面须接名词、代词或动名词形式 be addicted to, be familiar to, be equal to, be sentenced to, be accustomed/used to, devote oneself to/be devoted to, get down to, give way to, lead to, look forward to, look up to, pay attention to, object to, stick to, turn to, etc.
接不定式与动名词两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) ★(1)当like、love、hate、prefer与would、should连用时，其后只能接不定式。I'd hate to spend Christmas alone. (2)当begin、start本身为进行时态或后接know、realize、understand等静态动词时，其后的动词只能用不定式。He started to realize that he was wrong.
need, want, require (接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，相当于接不定式的被动形式) sth. needs/wants/requires＋doing/to be done The library needs cleaning/to be cleaned, but it will have to wait until the day after tomorrow.
意义相反 stop to do sth.停下来去做其他的事情(实际上to do起目的状语作用) The boy was watching TV just now. When his mom came in, he stopped to do his homework. stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情 The boy stopped watching TV when he heard his mom calling for dinner.
意义不同 ①remember to do sth. (记得去做某事——未做) remember doing sth.(记得做了某事——已做) ②forget to do sth. (忘记要做某事——未做) forget doing sth. (忘记已经做过某事——已做) ③regret to do sth. (对要做的事表示抱歉——未做) regret doing sth. (对做过的事表示后悔——已做) ④try to do sth. (尽力去做某事) try doing sth.(试着做某事) ⑤mean to do sth. (打算做某事) mean doing sth. (意味着做某事) ⑥go on to do sth. (接着做某事——不同的事) go on doing sth. (继续做某事——同一件事) ⑦can't help (to) do sth. (不能帮助做某事) can't help doing sth. (忍不住做某事)
2.非谓语动词作定语
形式 区别 例示
不定式 通常置于修饰的名词或代词之后 ①His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. (表示未做的事情) ②There is no one to look after him. (主谓关系) ③I have got a letter to write. (动宾关系) ④Do you have the ability to read and write in English (同位关系，类似的词还有chance、opportunity、courage、right、promise、time、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等)
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途和性能，通常置于被其修饰的名词之前 a walking stick＝a stick for walking (手杖) a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming (游泳池)
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作正在进行 the boiling water＝the water is boiling正在沸腾的水 a developing country＝a country is developing发展中国家
过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，也表示该动作已经完成 the boiled water＝the water which has been boiled开水 the developed country＝the country which has been developed发达国家
3.非谓语动词作状语(动名词无此功能)
形式 功能 例句
不定式 目的状语 Every morning he gets up very early to exercise.
结果状语 You are old enough to take care of yourself now.
原因状语 She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.
现在分词 时间、原因、结果、伴随等 ①Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, I decided to do an experiment. (表时间或原因) ②A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, killing all four people on board. (表结果) ③The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing the mountain in golden light. (表伴随)
过去分词 时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等 ①When offered help, one often says “Thank you” or “It's kind of you”. (表时间) ②Inspired by her teacher's words, the girl works much harder. (表原因) ③Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars. (表条件) ④Not discovered by humans, so many laws of nature are still here.(表让步) ⑤The lady returned home, followed by the famous detective Holmes.(表伴随)
　　4.非谓语动词作宾语补足语(动名词无此功能)
形式 带宾补的常见动词(短语) 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不定式 ask, advise, beg, permit, allow, persuade, cause, command, request, order, encourage, expect, want, wish, force, forbid, get, invite, mean, prefer, tell, warn, call on, depend on, long for, wait for 主谓关系，强调动作即将发生或动作的全过程 ①If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on. ②Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students. ③We're all longing for the new term to begin.
have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe, look at, listen to(其后不定式作宾补省略to，但如果用于被动语态，则to不可省略) ①Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them. ②The thief was observed to enter the bank half an hour ago.
现在 分词 have, get, leave, keep, catch, feel, hear, find, notice, see, watch, observe, look at, listen to 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 ①It's wrong to leave the computer working. ②Anyone caught doing something ungreen will be punished. ③As I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.
过去 分词 have, get, make, let, leave, keep, feel, hear, find, notice, see, watch, observe 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 ①You should keep me informed of his whereabouts. ②I was surprised to find my village changed so much. ③When we saw the road blocked with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
Ⅴ.非谓语动词疑难点
形式 规则 例句
不定式 不定式复合结构：“It is＋adj.＋for sb.＋动词不定式”与“It is＋adj.＋of sb.＋动词不定式” ①有些形容词仅仅描述事物，不对不定式行为者的品格进行评价。如difficult、easy、hard、dangerous、necessary、important、possible、impossible等，只能对动词不定式短语所表示的事情进行评价，这时只能用for sb. ②若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质，如kind、good、nice、clever、careful、careless、polite、foolish等，即对不定式的逻辑主语(sb.)进行评价，这时常用of sb. ①It is necessary for us to learn a foreign language. ②It is clever of you to work out the maths problem.
“疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语 一些动词后可接“疑问词(以及whether)＋不定式”结构作宾语，常可转换为一个宾语从句 常见的可接这种结构作宾语的动词有know、ask、tell、explain、show、wonder、consider、decide、understand、discuss、forget、remember 等 ①I don't know how to get back to the village.＝I don't know how I could get back to the village. ②I wonder whether to answer his letter.＝I wonder whether I should answer his letter.
介词but和expect后接不定式，如果前面有实义动词do/does/did，不定式省略to ①We have no choice but to read here. ②He did nothing but read a novel yesterday.
不定式作状语表结果时常常在其前面加副词only，表示意外的或事与愿违的结果 He rushed to the station, only to find that the train had left.
在too…to…结构中，当too前面有only时，意思是“非常”，表肯定。搭配的形容词常见的有pleased、ready、willing、glad、happy等 I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.＝I'm very glad to have passed the exam.
v. ing v. ing形式作宾补时有被动式 When he came to himself, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
有些分词(短语)作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，被称为独立成分。常见的有generally speaking(一般说来)；frankly speaking(坦白地说)；honestly speaking(老实说)；strictly speaking(严格地说)；roughly speaking(大体来讲)；judging from/by…(根据……来判断)；considering…/taking…into consideration(考虑到……) ①Judging from his accent, he is from the north. ②Considering your health, you'd better have a rest.
v. ed v. ed作表语，连系动词除be外，还可用become、feel、remain、get、look、appear、seem等 ①I went to Professor Jane, who listened to my arguments but remained unmoved. ②They got discouraged and went home.
部分过去分词(短语)作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的有located(坐落于)；lost(迷路的)；seated(坐着的); hidden(躲着的); lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于); dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦的); faced with(面对着) Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. Located in the center of the city, the business is very good. Dressed in his doctor's uniform, he went in to see her.
★在with的复合结构中，非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法：
with的复合结构可以在句中作状语和定语。with的复合结构由“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”构成
①with＋宾语＋doing(表主动、进行、经常发生)
The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.
②with＋宾语＋done(表被动、完成)
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
③with＋宾语＋to do(表将要发生的动作)
With a lot of work to do, the students weren't allowed to leave the classroom.
Ⅵ.非谓语动词的相似结构
1. I am looking forward to coming to see you before long.
The day he had been looking forward to came at last.
2. The man I spoke to made room for the old lady.
The man spoke to me to make room for the old lady.
He asked the man I spoke to to make room for the old lady.
3. The boy, working hard, hoped to enter a key university.
The boy works hard, hoping to enter a key university.
The boy works hard to hope to enter a key university.
4. The girl used to live the country life and is not used to the city life.
The girl used to living the country life is not used to the city life.
5. He is said to write a novel, but he hasn't begun it.
He is said to be writing a novel, but he hasn't finished it.
He is said to have written a novel, but I haven't read it.
6. The building being built now will be a hospital.
The building to be built next year will be a hospital.
The building built last year is a hospital now.
7. He kept supplying us with food and clothes.
He kept us supplying him with food and clothes.
He kept us supplied with food and clothes.
He kept us from supplying him with food and clothes.
He was kept supplied with food and clothes.
8. You should see from the hill to see the beautiful city.
To see the beautiful city, you should see from the hill.
See from the hill and you will see the beautiful city.
Seeing from the hill, you will see the beautiful city.
Seen from the hill, the city will look more beautiful.
Ⅰ.在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1. When I came in, I found her quietly ________ (bury) in a novel.
2. The evidence is not detailed enough __________ (sustain) his argument.
3. Instead of __________ (resolve) to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: I'll stop having dessert for lunch.
4. Is it going to rain If not, we'll go __________ (hike) with our exchange students.
5. Just inside the entrance of a building today I saw a woman __________ (seat) in a wheelchair in front of me.
6. Bell is thought __________ (invent) the first telephone in the world.
7. A traffic light tells us when __________ (cross) the road and when to stop.
8. With winter __________ (approach), the squirrels got busy storing all kinds of nuts.
9. __________ (bathe) in warm sunshine, we sang and laughed while picking oranges.
10. This conclusion was drawn from a study __________ (involve) players of a mobile game about sea, which tests 3 D navigation skills.
11. My heavy workload does not permit my __________ (go) with you to go on vacation.
12. Unhappy for __________ (interrupt), she said, “There is nothing you can do.”
13. __________ (work) in several countries, the young man seems to have the experience we're looking for.
14. __________ (face) with a difficult situation, Amold decided to ask his boss for advice.
15. __________ (cover) 840 square miles, the national park has beautiful lakes, mountains, and forests.
答案及解析：buried　考查“find＋宾语＋宾补”结构，宾语her与宾补之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。
2. to sustain　句意：证据不够详尽，不足以证明他的论点。此处为固定结构be＋adj.＋enough＋to do，空处需填动词不定式to sustain作结果状语。
3. resolving　句意：与其下定决心减肥，不如试试一个可行的决议：我不再吃甜点了。位于介词of后面，使用动名词作宾语。
4. hiking　go hiking是固定搭配，意为“去远足”，其中hiking为动名词形式。
5. seated　考查“see＋宾语＋宾补”，宾语a woman与宾补seat之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
6. to have invented　invent的动作比谓语动词is thought的动作先发生，故用完成式，be thought to…“被认为……”。
7. to cross　此处考查“疑问词＋不定式”结构，作宾语。
8. approaching　句意：随着冬天的临近，松鼠们忙着储藏各种坚果。此处为with 的复合结构“with＋ 宾语＋宾补”，winter 与approach 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。
9. Bathed　句意：沐浴在温暖的阳光下，我们摘着橘子，又唱又笑。分析句子可知，空处所在句作状语，bathe使用非谓语动词，意为“使沐浴”，与主句主语we之间为被动关系，应用过去分词形式，且位于句首首字母应大写，故填Bathed。
10. involving　句意：这一结论来自一项研究，研究对象是一款关于海洋的手机游戏的玩家，该游戏测试的是3D导航技能。分析句子结构可知involve与逻辑主语study构成主动关系，故用现在分词作定语，故填involving。
11. going　句意：我的工作量很大，不允许我和你一起去度假。permit (one's) doing sth.“允许(某人)做某事”，one's为动名词的逻辑主语，故填going。
12. being interrupted　句意：因为被打断而不高兴，她说：“你什么也做不了。”空处需要动名词形式作介词for的宾语，且该动词和其逻辑主语she之间为被动关系，所以用动名词的被动形式，故填being interrupted。
13. Having worked　句意：这个年轻人在几个国家工作过，似乎有我们所需要的经验。表示发生在主句谓语动词之前的主动的动作，故用完成式having done。
14. Faced　固定短语be faced with “面对着……”，对Amold 的情况进行说明。
15. Covering　句意为：占地面积840平方英里，这个国家公园里有美丽的湖泊、山脉和森林。逻辑主语the national park 与cover之间构成主动关系，故用现在分词形式。
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2025·河北唐山)
Despite the hot weather, more than a dozen international students could not hide their excitement after 1.__________ (complete)a three hour bike ride along the central axis(中轴线)of Beijing, each rushing to high five their team leader.
At a session in India in late July, 2024, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)listed the 700 year old Beijing Central Axis, referred to 2.__________ the “spine of the city's culture”, on the World Heritage List. The Beijing Central Axis, the best preserved example of traditional central axis architecture in China, extends 7.8 km from Yongding Gate in the south to the Bell and Drum Towers in the north.
“This journey has been so 3.__________ (impress)，” said Callum Deighton, a student from the University of York, Britain, adding that he was 4.__________ (true)amazed by the historic architecture along the central axis. He was among a group of students from different countries that joined a cycling course 5.__________ (offer)by the Peking University Summer School International 2024. During 6.__________ one month course in July, students had the opportunity 7.__________ (gain) cycling knowledge and skills, while joining cycle tours to explore the ancient beauty of Beijing.
Lu Fuquan, their team leader and 8.________ (instruct) from Peking University, has been a cycling enthusiast for many years, 9.__________ is also fond of Beijing's historical and cultural heritage. He has planned six cycling routes for the course, leading students on a two wheeled exploration of the ancient capital.
Since last year, the course 10.__________ (attract)130 international students, including those from Britain, France, Canada, Australia, Japan and Singapore.
答案及解析：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了越来越多的外国学生参观北京的中轴线上的历史建筑。
1. completing　考查非谓语动词。句意：尽管天气炎热，十几名国际学生在沿着北京中轴线骑行了三个小时后，仍然难掩兴奋之情，每个人争先恐后地和他们的队长击掌。此处用动名词形式作介词after的宾语。故填completing。
2. as　考查介词。句意：2024年7月下旬，在印度举行的一次会议上，联合国教科文组织将被称为“城市文化脊柱”的有700年历史的北京中轴线列入世界遗产名录。refer to…as…是固定搭配，意为“把……称作……”。故填as。
3. impressive　考查形容词。句意：来自英国约克大学的学生卡勒姆·戴顿说：“这次旅行令人印象深刻。”他补充说，他对中轴线沿线的历史建筑感到非常惊讶。此处用形容词impressive作表语。故填impressive。
4. truly　考查副词。句意同上。此处用副词truly修饰形容词amazed。故填truly。
5. offered　考查非谓语动词。句意：他是来自不同国家的一群学生之一，他们参加了2024年北京大学国际暑期学校提供的骑行课程。空处为非谓语动词，course与offer为被动关系。此处用过去分词offered作后置定语，修饰course。故填offered。
6. the　考查冠词。句意：在七月份为期一个月的课程中，学生们有机会获得骑行知识和技能，同时参加骑行游览，探索北京的古老之美。此处特指为期一个月的课程，应用定冠词the。故填the。
7. to gain　考查动词不定式。句意同上。have the opportunity to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“有机会做某事”。故填to gain。
8. instructor　考查名词。句意：来自北京大学的领队兼指导员卢福泉是一名多年的自行车爱好者，他也很喜欢北京的历史和文化遗产。此处用表示人的名词instructor表示“指导员”符合句意。和leader 并列来解释卢福泉的职业。故填instructor。
9. who　考查定语从句。句意同上。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Lu Fuquan，指人，关系代词用who。故填who。
10. has attracted　考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：自去年以来，这门课程已经吸引了130名国际学生，包括来自英国、法国、加拿大、澳大利亚、日本和新加坡的学生。根据时间状语Since last year可知，句子用现在完成时，且主语the course为第三人称单数形式，谓语的助动词应用has。故填has attracted。
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