【高考突破方案】语法第十二讲 定语从句 高考一轮总复习英语 （教师版） 译林版

第12讲　定语从句
Ⅰ.关系代词和关系副词的基本用法
关系词 先行词 从句中充当的成分 例句
关系 代词 who 人 主语或宾语 ①God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。（主语） ②Students who the teachers catch cheating in exams may have to take the classes again.被老师抓到考试作弊的学生有可能重修这门课。（宾语）
whom 人 宾语 The professor about whom you talked just now has come.你们刚才谈论的那位教授已经来了。
whose 人或物 定语 ①They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那个人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 ②Please pass me the book whose(＝of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
that 人或物 主语或宾语 ①My mother keeps telling me not to take the pills because they contain a harmful chemical that causes my liver to fail. 我妈妈一直告诉我别吃这些药，因为它们含有一种造成我肝脏衰竭的化学物质。（主语） ②The man that/who/whom you met at the airport is a famous actor.你在机场碰上的那个人是一个著名演员。（宾语）
which 物 主语或宾语 ①I think we have to abandon the party which is intended for her.我想，我们不得不取消给她准备的派对。（主语） ②The package which you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的那个包裹快要散开了。（宾语）
★whom、which和that在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
关系代词 as 人或物 主语、宾语或表语 Don't make friends with such people as always cheat. 不要和那些总是欺骗别人的人交朋友。（主语） This is the same book as I am looking for.这本书和我要找的那本一样。（宾语）（指同类异物） ★This is the same watch that I lost. Please return it to me.这就是我丢的那只表。请还给我。（指同物） The city is not the same place as it was.这个城市和过去不同了。（表语）
关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 There are occasions when(＝on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 ★when可用“相应的介词＋which”代替。它的先行词通常为time、day、morning、night、week、year等表示时间的名词
where 地点 地点状语 Last year my parents went to the farm where(＝on which) they worked 30 years ago again.去年我父母又去了那个他们30年前工作过的农场。 ★where可用“相应的介词＋which”代替。它的先行词通常为place、spot、street、house、room、city等表示地点的名词。where引导的定语从句还可以修饰case、situation、position、stage、point、atmosphere等表示抽象空间概念的名词
why 原因 原因状语 Is this the reason why(＝for which) he refused our offer？ 这就是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗？ ★why可用for which代替。 why本身不用来引导非限制性定语从句
Ⅱ.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
名称 例句 备注
限制性定语从句 The teacher talked with the students whose homework hadn't been handed in. Generation gap is a topic (which/that) people are interested in. 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，不用逗号分开
非限制性定语从句 They want to set up a country of their own, where they can be their own masters. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. 对先行词作附加说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，先行词若是前面的一整句话，关系代词用which，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式
Ⅲ.that与which、who、whom的用法区别
情况 用法 例句
只用that的情况 ①先行词为all、everything、anything、nothing、little、much等不定代词时 ②先行词被all、any、every、each、much、little、no、some、few等词修饰时 ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 ④先行词是并列结构既有人又指物时 ⑤先行词被the only、the very、the same修饰时 ⑥句中已经有who或which，为了避免重复时 ①I have nothing that is worth reading. ②This is all that I want to say at the meeting. ③This is the best film that I have ever seen. ④The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them. ⑤This is the very pen that I am looking for. ⑥He is the student who I have ever seen that can jump highest.
只用which、who、whom的情况 ①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指物，用who/whom指人 ②在由“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人 ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which；先行词为those、one、he时多用who ①He has a son, who has made great medical advances in recent years. ②I like the person to whom I can express myself freely. ③Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
Ⅳ.as和which的区别
从句 区别 例句
限制性定语从句 名词前有such或the same修饰时，关系代词用as，不能用which It is such a difficult problem as no one can work out.
非限制性定语从句 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，像”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思 As was expected beforehand, the concert was very successful. They missed the opportunity, which we hadn't expected.
　　Ⅴ.“介词＋关系代词”结构(prep.＋which/whom)
当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语时，我们用“介词＋关系代词(which或whom)”引导定语从句。如果指人，用“介词＋whom”；如果指物，用“介词＋which”。
介词的选择依据 例句
根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯 The professor for whom you are waiting won't come.
根据与先行词的关系或语境需要来选择 We walked to a river, along which are trees.
代替关系副词 We'd better fix a date on which(＝when) we will practise speaking English next week. Can you tell me the reason for which(＝why) you were late for school？ I visited the village in which(＝where) many children couldn't go to school because of poverty.
在非限制性定语从句中of which/whom 可用来修饰all、each、one、many、much、more、most、any、some、a few、a little、none、both等不定代词，表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分” We are all familiar with flashlights, portable radios and car lighting systems, all of which use batteries as their source power. There are 103 elements found in nature, most of which are metals.
★the way作先行词时，定语从句可由that、in which 引导或不用引导词
　　Ⅵ.定语从句与其他从句(句型)的区别
类别 区别 例句
定语从句与并列句 并列句有and、but、so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词 Mr. Li has three sons, none of whom live in the hometown.（定语从句） Mr. Li has three sons, but none of them lives in the hometown.（并列句）
定语从句 与状语从句 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词 This is the place where we planned to travel last year.（定语从句，先行词为the place） Lily went where she could find a better job. （地点状语从句）
定语从句修饰、限制名词，只能放在先行词的后面；状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面 Please tell me the exact time when the class is over.（定语从句） It was already five o'clock when the class was over.＝When the class was over, it was already five o'clock.（时间状语从句）
when、where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行 This is the factory in which(＝where) his father once worked. （定语从句） Put back the book where it was.（状语从句）
定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句成分仍然完整 It is such a difficult problem as no one can work out. （as作work out的宾语，它引导的是定语从句） It is such a difficult problem that no one can work it out. （that不充当句子成分，故引导的是结果状语从句）
定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系；同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容，与先行词之间是同位关系 The news that he told us interested all of us.（定语从句） ★句中that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写 The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. （同位语从句） ★The news that she had passed the exam＝The news is that he has passed the exam.（表语从句）
定语从句与强调句 强调句的结构为“it is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋从句”。在这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when/where代替 that It is the factory where Mr. Wang works.（定语从句） It is in the factory that Mr. Wang works.（强调句）
Ⅰ.在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1. The man __________ won the competition is a college student from Peking University.
2. The reason __________ he didn't make it to the cinema was that he was injured.
3. You may think of giving up study, in __________ case just think it over before making the decision.
4. __________ is widely accepted, in the Middle East, Arabs greet each other by touching noses, but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.
5. Go for a walk in the countryside, __________ you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
6. The movie reminded me of the days ________ I was well taken care of in that far away village.
7. Swimming is good for teenagers, __________ some experts say will help them to stimulate their potential and promote their brain development.
8. Sales director is a position ____________ communication ability is just as important as sales.
9. I'd like to introduce Professor Zhang, ________ will offer us knowledge on traditional Chinese culture in the coming lectures.
10. At last we found a path leading to the top of the mountain, from __________ we saw a beautiful sunrise.
11. Children, in my opinion, __________ creative ability is unbelievably rich, should be trained in that area.
12. The baseball team __________ my cousin plays for is doing really well this season.
13. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, __________ the audience can buy ice cream.
14. In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to __________ she could turn for help.
15. Surprisingly, he knows nothing about the movies and the actors ____________ are popular with my classmates.
答案及解析：1.who/that　句意：赢得比赛的人是北京大学的一名大学生。空处引导定语从句修饰先行词man，在从句作主语，指人。故填who/that。
2. why　句意：他没能去电影院的原因是他受伤了。本句为包含定语从句的复合句，The reason是先行词，从句中缺少原因状语，用关系副词why来引导。故填why。
3. which　句意：你可能会考虑放弃学习，在那种情况下，好好想想再做决定。分析句子可知，此句为非限制性定语从句，此空位于介词in后面，指代主句“You may think of giving up study”，应用关系代词which。
4. As　句意：众所周知，在中东，阿拉伯人通过碰鼻子来打招呼，但在其他文化中，这不是一种礼貌的问候方式。分析句子可知，“______ is widely accepted”在句中为定语从句，从句缺少主语，as指代整个句子“in the Middle East, Arabs greet each other by touching noses”。在引导非限制性定语从句时，as引导的从句可以置于句首。
5. where　句意：去乡村散步，在那里你可以欣赏美丽的风景和享受宁静的气氛。分析句子可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为the countryside，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where。
6. when　句意：这部电影使我想起了我在那个遥远的村庄受到很好的照顾的日子。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词days，先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when作引导词。故填when。
7. which　句意：游泳对青少年有好处，一些专家说，这将帮助激发他们的潜能，促进他们的大脑发育。分析句子可知，“______ some experts say will help them to…development”为非限制性定语从句，修饰主句“Swimming is good for teenagers”，所设空处意为“这件事，这一点”，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。
8. where　句意：销售经理是一个交流能力和销售能力一样重要的职位。分析句子可知，本句为限制性定语从句，position 为先行词，且在定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where。
9. who　句意：我想向大家介绍张教授，他将在接下来的讲座中为我们提供有关中国传统文化的知识。分析句子可知，这里考查非限制性定语从句，先行词Professor Zhang，指人，在从句中作主语，所以应用关系代词who。故填who。
10. where　句意：最后我们找到了一条通往山顶的路，在那里我们看到了美丽的日出。分析句子结构可知，空格后为定语从句，where代表“the top of the mountain”, from where＝from the top of the mountain，需要注意的是which只能代表the mountain，故填where。
11. whose　句意：在我看来，孩子们的创造能力丰富得令人难以置信，应该在这个领域进行训练。分析句子可知，“______ creative ability is unbelievably rich”为非限制性定语从句，又因先行词Children和creative ability之间是所属关系，关系词在从句中作定语，应用关系代词whose。
12. that/which　句意：我表弟所在的棒球队本赛季表现非常好。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The baseball team，指物，在从句中作宾语，用关系词that/which引导从句。故填that/which。
13. when　句意：在音乐会两部分之间有间隙时间，那个时候观众可以买冰激凌。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词为interval(幕间休息)，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when。
14. whom　句意：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个人是她可以求助的。分析句子可知，“______ she could turn for help”为非限制性定语从句，turn to sb. for help为固定短语，“向某人求助”，因此先行词在从句中作to的宾语，应用关系代词whom。
15. that　句意：令人吃惊的是，他对我的同学们喜欢的电影和演员一无所知。分析句子可知，that引导定语从句，且在定语从句中作主语，既指人又指物，应用关系代词that。
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2025·湖北鄂州)
The popularity of ancient towns in the south of the Yangtze River, such as Zhouzhuang and Wuzhen, has aroused a nationwide trend in the construction of ancient towns. Lin Peng, director of China's Institute of Ancient Cities and Cultural Studies, pointed 1.__________ that there are more than 2，800 developed or developing ancient towns in our country, 2.__________ is definitely the highest number globally.
In ancient towns, 3.__________ immersive (沉浸式) experience being mentioned here is historical and cultural characteristics—the “ancient” of ancient towns. Apart from visible “special buildings”, characteristics also include invisible “culture”. Tourists in ancient towns want to see the living 4.__________ (condition) of local people, feel the vitality of town life, try characteristic local snacks 5.__________ (influence) by geography and folk customs, and understand how long history 6.__________ (shape) local culture. Out of modern fast paced work and life, tourists want to awaken their inner softness with a slow moving ancient town.
Touring ancient towns is for recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, 7.__________ if all the ancient towns in 8.__________ (differ) places are the same and cannot find their own uniqueness, then ancient town tourism will 9.__________ (eventual) decline. Let every ancient town become a unique historical imprint (印记), so that tourists can find their “poetry and distance” while 10.__________ (wander) through the ancient towns. This is the soul that ancient towns need to regain.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了周庄、乌镇等江南古镇的火爆，在全国范围内掀起了古镇建设的热潮。游客到古镇是希望看到当地人的生活状况，感受古镇生活的活力，品尝受地理和民俗影响的特色小吃，了解历史悠久的当地文化。
1. out　考查固定短语。句意：中国古城与文化研究院院长林鹏指出，我国有2 800多个已开发或正在开发的古镇，这绝对是全球最多的。根据句意可知，此处用固定短语point out，意为“指出”。故填out。
2. which　考查定语从句。句意同上 。空处引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词进行补充说明，先行词指物，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
3. the　考查冠词。句意：在古镇中，这里所说的沉浸式体验就是历史文化特色——古镇的“古”。空处表示特指，指“这里所说的沉浸式体验”，应用定冠词the。故填the。
4. conditions　考查名词。句意：来到古镇的游客希望看到当地人民的生活状况，感受城镇生活的活力，品尝受地理和民俗影响的特色小吃，了解悠久的历史如何塑造了当地的文化。空处作see的宾语，空前没有表示单数概念的修饰语，可数名词condition应用复数形式。故填conditions。
5. influenced　考查非谓语动词。句意同上。句子已有谓语，空处用非谓语动词，influence“影响”和snacks在逻辑上是被动关系，应用influence的过去分词形式，作snacks的后置定语。故填influenced。
6. has shaped　考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意见第4题解析。空处作how引导的从句的谓语，结合“long history”可知，时态应用现在完成时，表示过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响，且主语history为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has shaped。
7. but　考查连词。句意：游览古镇是为了休闲、放松、愉悦，但如果各地的古镇都大同小异，找不到自己的独特性，那么古镇旅游最终会走向衰落。空处前后是完整的句子，上下文语义构成转折。故填but。
8. different　考查形容词。句意同上。空处修饰名词places，应用形容词different，意为“不同的”，作定语。故填different。
9. eventually　考查副词。句意见第7题解析。空处修饰动词decline，应用副词eventually，意为“最终”，作状语。故填eventually。
10. wandering　考查省略。句意：让每一个古镇都成为独特的历史印记，让游客在古镇中徜徉，找到属于自己的“诗与远方”。此处用了while引导时间状语从句，且从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句中含有be动词，因此对主语和be动词同时进行了省略，wander“徜徉，漫游”和被省略的主语tourists之间是主动关系，应用wander的现在分词形式。故填wandering。
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