【高考突破方案】语法第十讲 情态动词与虚拟语气 高考一轮总复习英语 （教师版） 译林版

第10讲　情态动词与虚拟语气
情态动词
Ⅰ.常见的情态动词
情态动词 词义 否定式 缩略否定式
can/could 能；能够；可能 can/could not can't/couldn't
may/might 可以；也许 may/might not mayn't/mightn't
must 必须；一定 must not mustn't
should 应该 should not shouldn't
ought to 应当 ought not to oughtn't to
shall 可；必将 shall not shan't
will/would 愿意；决心 will/would not won't/wouldn't
need 需要 need not needn't
dare 敢 dare not daren't
Ⅱ.情态动词的用法
情态动词 用法 例句
can/could ①can表示现在具有某种能力或技能，意为“能，会” ②could表示过去一般性能力 ③表示请求允许。在一般疑问句中，could 可代替can, 但语气更委婉，答语要用can ④用于固定句型中：can't…too/enough(无论……也不为过)；can't help doing sth.(禁不住做某事)；can't help but do sth.(不得不做某事) ；can not/could not but do sth.(不得不做某事) ①Tom can speak English. ②Tom could sing English songs when he was 6. ③—Can/Could you help me —Yes, I can. ④I can't praise him too much. I couldn't but give it up.
may/might ①may表示请求或允许，“可以”。might表示请求时语气更为委婉。might是may的过去式，常用于间接引语 ②may、might表示推测，用于肯定句，“可能”；用于否定句，may not“可能不”；表“不可能”，用can't ③may表祝愿，其结构为：May＋主语＋do ④固定句型：may/might as well do(不妨，还是做……为好)；may/might well do＝be very likely to do(很有可能做……) ①May I help you She said I might visit her at any time. ②This coat may be Tom's. This coat may not be Tom's. This coat can't be Tom's. ③May you succeed! ④So you might as well go there and have a look at it.
must ①表必要性，“必须”，否定式为needn't/don't have to ②mustn't 表禁止，“不准” ③表坚持，“偏要，非要” ④表推断，用于肯定句，“一定，准是” ①—Must I come before 8∶00 a. m. —Yes, you must./No, you needn't./No, you don't have to. ②You mustn't smoke here. ③Must you say like this ④You must be tired after such a long walk.
shall ①表示征求对方意见或请求，用于第一、三人称的疑问句中 ②用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话者的意志，用来表示说话者给对方的命令、警告、允诺等。在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，“应该，必须” ①Shall I go now ②You shall have a bicycle for your birthday. Every student shall obey these rules.
should ①相当于ought to，“应该”，表义务上的应该，也可表推测上的“按说应该” ②“竟然”，表说话人的惊讶、难以置信等情绪 ③用作shall 的过去式，表示打算或期望做的事 ①You should turn in your homework on time. He should be arrive by now. ②It's strange that he should fail the exam. ③I knew that we should have a meeting the next day.
will/would ①用于各种人称，表示主语的意愿和意志 ②用于第二人称的一般疑问句，表请求 ③will用来叙述目前的习惯；would表示过去的习惯 ①He will come to help you. ②Will/Would you go with me ③He would stay up late into the night.
need/dare ①need和dare用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词要用动词原形 ②need和dare用作实义动词时，后接动词要用不定式，有人称和数的变化，在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中都可以使用，并且need作实义动词“需要”解释，后接动名词相当于不定式的被动式 ①He needn't do it. ②He doesn't need to do it.
Ⅲ.“情态动词＋现在完成时”的用法
形式 含义 例句
can/could have done 本来能够做；过去可能会做 Can he have finished the work
must have done 推测某事必定已经发生 It must have rained last night, for the road is so muddy.
may/might have done 也许/或许已经做了(might语气更弱) You may have narrowly missed her on your way here.
should/ought to have done 本应该做而实际上没做 You should/ought to have finished the exercise more carefully.
needn't have done 本不必做而做了 There was plenty of time.She needn't have hurried.
虚拟语气
Ⅰ.虚拟语气的概念：表示说话人所说的不是事实，而是一种愿望、假设或推测。
Ⅱ.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句时，主句与从句的动词形式
虚拟条件 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 例句
与过去 事实相反 had＋done should/would/could/might＋have＋done If you had studied hard before，you would have passed the exam.
与现在 事实相反 did(be动词用were) should/would/could/might＋do If we left now, we would arrive in good time. If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.
与将来 事实相反 一般过去时/ should/were to＋do should/would/could/might＋do If you came tomorrow, we would meet you at the airport. If he should go away, I would do it in a different way.
Ⅲ.三种特殊的虚拟条件从句
事项 注意点 例句
错综时间条件句 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主语表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整 If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.
倒装句 条件状语中可省略if，把were、had、should提到句首，变成倒装句式 If I were at school again, I would study harder. →Were I at school again, I would study harder.
含蓄条件句 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with、without、but for I wouldn't have won the prize without my teacher's help.
Ⅳ.虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用
类别 解说 例句
在主语 从句中 在“it's＋形容词/过去分词＋that…”这类句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词形式常用“(should＋)动词原形”结构。另外，表示“提议，要求，命令”等动词的过去分词也可以这样用。常用句型： it is necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/…that… it is suggested/requested/desired/proposed/demanded/…that… It is necessary that we (should) master at least one foreign language.
在宾语 从句中 ①用于wish后的宾语从句中，表示说话人认为不可能实现的愿望： 表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去时或过去进行时(be动词一般用were) 表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had＋过去分词” 表示对将来的主观愿望：从句谓语动词形式为“should/might/would/could＋动词原形” ②在suggest、demand、order、propose、insist、command、request、desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”，表示“建议，要求，命令”等 ③would rather后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。在这种结构中，从句中的谓语动词通常用过去时表示对现在和将来的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟 常用动词的巧记口诀：一坚持(insist)，二命令(order、command)，三建议(advise、suggest、propose)，四要求(demand、require、request、desire) ★当insist意为“坚决认为，坚持说”，suggest意为“表明，暗含，暗示”时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气 ①I wish I knew what to do! ②The policeman insisted that she (should) have a look. ③I would rather you stayed at home.
在状语 从句中 ①as if/as though引导的从句所表示的内容往往不是事实，常用虚拟语气，其形式与wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词相同 ②在so that、in order that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“may/might＋动词原形”或“can/could＋动词原形” ③在whatever、whoever、no matter what等引导的让步状语从句中，谓语动词多用“may＋动词原形” ①He talks as if he knew everything. ②I live so that others may live better. ③I won't let you in whoever you may be.
在表语 从句和 同位语 从句中 在表示“意愿，要求，命令，建议”等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”，这类名词有idea、proposal、suggestion、advice、order、plan、decision、desire、requirement等 She put forward a suggestion that we (should) go for an outing this Sunday.
在定语 从句中 句型it is (high/about) time (that)…中，从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为过去式或“should＋动词原形”，should不可省略，意思是“是该做……的时候了” In my opinion, it is about time we had/should have new computers.
表示 惊叹 if only引导的感叹句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时表示对现在事实的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去事实的虚拟，意为“但愿，要是……多好” If only I were ten years younger.
Ⅰ.在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
1. Xiao Ming was absent yesterday. He might __________ (catch) a cold, but I'm not sure.
2. I am sad that the flowers died. I __________ have watered them often.
3. I love the weekend, because I __________ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
4. —I've told him many times about the meeting, but he still forgot it!
—Actually, anyone __________ be forgetful at times.
5. It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, __________ bring me food.
6. The sign over there says, “No one __________ bring drinks into the chemistry lab.”
7. The law states that people __________ drive after drinking alcohol.
8. Without your help, I would not __________ (win) first prize in the contest last term.
9. The boy over there __________ be John, as he is in the library now.
10. __________ (be) it not for your advice, I couldn't win the match.
11. Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week If you __________ (tell) me, I could have helped.
12. If it __________ (not, be) for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
13. The children __________ be thirsty after playing for such a long time.
14. I __________ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
15. She must __________ (admit) to the university since she is studying there.
答案及解析：1.have caught　句意：小明昨天没来。他可能感冒了，但我不确定。根据“Xiao Ming was absent yesterday.”和“might”可知，此处表示对过去事实可能性的推测，谓语动词需用might have done，故填have caught。
2. should　句意：这些花儿死了，我很伤心。我本来应该常给它们浇水的。表示“本来应该做某事而实际上没有做”，要用should have done。
3. needn't　句意：我喜欢周末，因为周六和周日我不需要早起。由句意及空前的I love the weekend可知此处表示“不需要”，应用情态动词needn't。
4. can　句意：——对于这次会议，我已经告诉他很多次了，但他还是忘记了。——事实上，任何人有时候都可能健忘。表示一种可能性，用情态动词can。
5. should　句意：他们这么穷竟然还带食物给我，这使我心里不好受。根据语境，应该用表示惊讶的“竟然”，故填should。
6. shall　句意：指示牌说：“任何人不应当把饮料带进化学实验室。” shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁，所以填shall。
7. mustn't　句意：法律规定人们喝酒后禁止开车。分析句意可知此处表“禁止”应用mustn't 。
8. have won　句意：没有你的帮助，我上学期就不会在比赛中获得一等奖。根据句首“Without your help”及句意和last term可知，本句是与过去事实相反的假设，would have done表示与过去相反的假设，本空用have won。
9. can't　句意：那边的男孩不可能是约翰，因为他现在在图书馆里。根据空后的be可知，空处应用情态动词。根据as he is in the library now可知，这里确定那个男孩不是约翰，表示对现在情况的否定推测，应用can't，表示“不可能”。
10. Were　句意：要不是你的建议，我不会赢得这场比赛。在虚拟语气中，be动词用were；虚拟语气的省略形式是把if省略，同时把were/should/had提前，故填Were。
11. had told　句意：你上周为什么没有告诉我你遇到了麻烦 如果你告诉我的话，我就可以帮你了。根据上文可知，这里是对过去发生的事情进行虚拟，if条件句的时态应该用过去完成时，故填had told。
12. had not been　句意：如果不是因为前几天他的邀请，我现在就不会在这里了。根据the other day可知，这里是对过去发生的事情进行虚拟，if条件句的时态应该用过去完成时，故填had not been。
13. must　句意：孩子们玩了这么久，一定渴了。根据after playing for such a long time可知，孩子们一定渴了，故空处应填情态动词must，表示肯定的推测，故填must。
14. can't　句意：我们不在家时你对我儿子的帮助，我真是感激不尽。“can't…too much”表示“再……都不为过”。
15. have been admitted　句意：她一定已经被那所大学录取了，因为她正在那里学习。根据句意可知，表示对过去发生的动作进行肯定推测，应用“must＋have＋过去分词”结构；admit和主语She之间是被动关系，故用must have been done形式。
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2025·河南焦作)
In 2017, eleven million deaths worldwide were linked to people eating diets high 1.__________ sugar, salt and processed meat. Those foods were partly 2.__________ (blame) for heart disease, cancer and diabetes, a new study found.
The findings was reported in the publication The Lancet. Researchers considered 15 dietary elements, from 3.__________ they found that the consumption of foods such as nuts and seeds, milk and whole grains 4.__________ (be) on average too low.
“The poor diet is responsible for more deaths than 5.__________ other risk factor in the world，” said Chris Murray, 6.__________ (direct) of the Institute for Health Metrics (指标) and Evaluation at the University of Washington, which led the work. The study found people ate only 12 percent of the 7.__________ (recommend) amount of nuts and seeds—an average intake of 3 grams a day. For good health, experts propose that everyone 8.__________ (consume) 21 grams of nuts and seeds every day.
Another study published in January suggested 9.__________ “ideal diet” for the health of people and the planet, which would include a doubling of the consumption of nuts, fruits, and vegetables. Such a diet would also include 10.__________ (reduce) the amount of meat and sugar consumed by half.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了2017年，全球有1 100万人因食用高糖、高盐和高加工肉类而死亡。今年1月发表的另一项研究表明，为了人类和地球的健康，一份“完美的饮食”应该包括将坚果、水果和蔬菜的消费量增加一倍。
1. in　考查介词。句意：2017年，全世界有1 100万人的死亡与食用高糖、高盐和高加工肉类有关。high in“富含……”。故填in。
2. to blame　考查非谓语动词。句意：一项新的研究发现，这些食物是导致心脏病、癌症和糖尿病的部分原因。此处为短语be to blame for“对……应负责任”。故填to blame。
3. which　考查定语从句。句意：研究员考虑了15种饮食元素，发现坚果和种子、牛奶和全谷物等食物的平均消耗量过低。此处引导定语从句，先行词为15 dietary elements，指物，在从句中作from的宾语，故应用which引导。故填which。
4. was　考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意同上。分析句子成分可知，此处主语为the consumption of foods，谓语动词应用单数，根据found可知，此处时态为一般过去时。故填was。
5. any　考查固定搭配。句意：“世界上，不良饮食导致的死亡比任何其他风险因素都要多，”Chris Murray说道，他是华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所所长。此处是“比较级＋than＋any other＋名词”用法。故填any。
6. director　考查名词。句意同上。根据of the Institute可知此处要用名词，作Chris Murray的同位语，指独一无二的头衔、职位的名称，前用零冠词。故填director。
7. recommended　考查非谓语动词。句意：研究发现，人们每天平均摄入的坚果和种子量仅为被推荐量的12%，即3克。分析句子结构可知，此处要用非谓语动词，amount与recommend之间为被动关系，故应用过去分词作定语, recommended意为“被推荐的”。故填recommended。
8. (should) consume　考查虚拟语气。句意：为了健康，专家建议每人每天吃21克的坚果和种子。此处propose“建议”，引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词应用虚拟语气(should＋)do。故填(should) consume。
9. an　考查冠词。句意：今年1月发表的另一项研究建议，为了人类和地球的健康，应该有一种“理想的饮食”，其中包括将坚果、水果和蔬菜的摄入量增加一倍。此处表示泛指“一种饮食”，用不定冠词修饰“ideal diet”，且形容词ideal为元音音素开头。故填an。
10. reducing　考查非谓语动词。句意：这样的饮食还包括减少一半的肉类和糖分的摄入量。分析句子成分可知，谓语为would include，reduce是宾语部分，include后用动名词作宾语。故填reducing。
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