【高考突破方案】语法第十三讲 并列句与状语从句 高考一轮总复习英语 （教师版） 译林版

第13讲　并列句和状语从句
并列句
Ⅰ.并列句的几种情况
1. 并列句常由并列连词(短语)and、neither…nor、not only…but (also)等连接表联合。
After this, he can not only learn all of the skills conveniently but also have the chance to make more friends.
在这之后，他不仅可以方便地学习所有技能，而且有机会结交更多的朋友。
2. 并列句常由并列连词(短语)or、either…or等连接表选择。
Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.
现在你可以休息一下或者去电影院。
3. 并列句常由并列连词but、while、yet等连接表转折。
①but表示完全的转折，语气较强。
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
他是一个戴着厚眼镜的小个子男人，但他有一种奇特的方法，让他的课生动有趣。
②while主要表示对比，意为“而”。
③yet既可以用作并列连词，也可以用作连接副词。
4. 并列句常由并列连词so、for等连接表因果。
August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
八月是一年中水稻丰收的时候，所以我每天从天亮一直工作到天黑。
5. 并列句常由and、or等连接表条件或结果。在这类并列句中，and意为“(只要)……就”，or意为“否则”。
Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.
快点，否则你会赶不上火车的。
6. 并列句常由连接副词furthermore、besides、moreover等连接表递进。
Television is entertaining; furthermore/besides/moreover, it is instructive.
电视给人们提供娱乐，而且还有教育性。
Ⅱ.并列连词构成的常用句型
1. and构成的句型
(1)祈使句＋and＋陈述句(祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句，and后面的句子相当于一个表示结果的主句)。
Work hard, and you will succeed.＝If you work hard, you will succeed.
努力学习，你就会成功。
(2)名词词组＋and＋陈述句(名词词组相当于一个条件状语从句，其中常含有more、another等词)。
Another try, and you'll make a success.
再试一次，你就会取得成功。
2. or (else)构成的句型
(1)祈使句＋or (else)＋陈述句。
Seize the chance, or (else) you'll regret.
抓住这次机会，否则你会后悔的。
(2)名词词组＋or (else)＋陈述句。
More healthy food，or (else) you'll break down sooner or later.
多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。
3. when构成的句型
when引导并列句时，意为“正在这时”，表示某件事正在发生或刚要发生或刚刚完成时，突然发生另一动作。
(1)sb.be doing sth. when… 某人正在做某事，这时……
Last Monday, I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
上周一，我正在街上散步，这时我突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
(2)sb.be about to do sth. when… 某人正要做某事，这时……
We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.
我们正打算动身，突然下起雨来了。
(3)sb. be on the point of doing sth. when… 某人正要做某事，这时……
She was on the point of going to bed when someone knocked at the door.
她正要上床睡觉，这时有人敲门。
(4)sb.had just done sth. when… 某人刚做完某事，这时……
I had just finished sweeping the floor when the telephone rang.
我刚刚扫完地，这时电话铃响了。
4. while构成的句型
while作并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。
He likes pop music, while I am fond of classical music.
他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢古典音乐。
状语从句
状语从句有时间、条件、让步、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式和比较状语从句，共9种，是每年必考的语法项目，主要考查连词的判断选用、主句与从句谓语动词的时态运用。其中，以对时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和结果状语从句的考查最为频繁。近几年，重点考查的连词有when、while、as、before、unless、however等，并有考查状语从句、宾语从句、名词性从句交叉运用的题型出现。
状语从句引导词 时间状从 when, while, as, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as, immediately, instantly, directly, the moment, the minute, hardly…when…, no sooner…than…
条件状从 if, unless(＝if not), so/as long as, on condition that, in case, suppose/supposing, provided/providing
让步状从 although, though, even if/though, as, while, no matter＋疑问词, 疑问词 ever
地点状从 where, wherever
原因状从 because, for, as, since, now that, considering that
目的状从 so that, in order that, in case, for fear that
结果状从 so that, so/such…that…
方式状从 as, as if/though
比较状从 than, as…as…, not as/so…as…
　　Ⅰ.时间状语从句
1. when、while与as引导时间状语从句的区别
(1)when意为“当……时”，谓语动词用延续性动词或非延续性动词。从句动作和主句动作可同时发生，也可先后发生。可指时间的某个点，也指一段时间。
When they heard the good news, they all jumped with joy.
当听到这个好消息时，他们都开心得跳了起来。
I owed Jack $100 when I was in London.
我在伦敦时欠了杰克100美元。
(2)as意为“随着……；一边……一边……；当……时”，谓语动词用延续性动词或非延续性动词。从句动作与主句动作同时发生。可指时间的某个点，也指一段时间。
The students sang as they walked.
学生们边走边唱。
As he stood up, he dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
他站起来时，杯子掉在地上，摔成了碎片。
(3)while意为“当……时；在……期间”，谓语动词用延续性动词。从句动作与主句动作同时发生，强调一段时间。从句中常用过去进行时态或一般过去时态。
While I was reading, he came in.
我阅读的时候他进来了。
I made some foreign friends while I was in London.
我在伦敦时交了一些外国朋友。
2. before与since引导的时间状语从句的常用句式
(1)before意为“在……之前，还未……就……；……才……；趁……，还没来得及……”。
①it will (not) be＋一段时间＋before…(没有)过……时间才……
②it was not long before… 不久，就……
③it was＋时间段＋before… 过了……(时间)才……
If you miss this chance, it may be years before you get another one.
如果你错过了这次机会的话，那可能要等到多年之后你才能再次获得机会。
It wasn't two days before he got familiar with the new environment.
不到两天他就熟悉了新环境。
(2)since意为“自从……以来”。
①it is/has been＋一段时间＋since…(从句用一般过去时)
②it was＋一段时间＋since…(从句用过去完成时)
★since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的动作自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词，所表示的动作自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。
As is reported, it is about 110 years since Tsinghua University was founded.
据报道，自清华大学成立已经大约有110年了。
It's three years since we lived here.
我们不住在这里有三年了。
3. 表示“一……就……”含义的连词(短语)引导的时间状语从句
(1)引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有immediately、directly、as soon as、the moment、the minute、hardly/scarcely…when、no sooner…than…等。
I'll call you as soon as I get home.
我一到家就给你打电话。
(2)hardly/scarcely…when、no sooner…than…中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner…和hardly/scarcely…位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
We had hardly sat down to supper when the phone rang.
我们刚坐下用晚餐，电话就响了。
4. until与till引导的时间状语从句
(1)until与till引导时间状语从句的区别
连词 位置 用法
until 可以放在句首 not…until可用于强调句型
till 不可放在句首 一般不用于强调句型
(2)not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。
Not until they pointed out my fault to me did I realize it.
直到他们指出了我的错误，我才意识到。
5. 引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)
(1)其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after、whenever、every time、each time、next time、the first/last time、any time、by the time、the day/year等。
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.
每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮忙。
(2)by the time引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时，主句用将来完成时；by the time引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。
By the time you come back, we'll have finished the job.
到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成这项工作。
Tom had been to Beijing three times by the time it was in 2024.
到2024年为止，汤姆已经去过北京3次了。
Ⅱ.条件状语从句(主将从现、主情从现、主祈从现)
1. if “如果”
(1)主将从现(主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时)
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will have a picnic outside.
如果明天不下雨，我们将在外面野餐。
(2)主情从现(主句用“情态动词＋动词原形”，从句用一般现在时)
If Tom studies harder, he can pass the exam.
如果汤姆努力学习，他就能通过考试。
(3)主祈从现(主句用祈使句，从句用一般现在时)
If you are free tomorrow, let's go swimming.
如果你明天有空，我们去游泳吧。
2. unless“除非”(可以理解为“如果不…”if…not…)
You will catch a cold unless you wear more clothes.
除非你多穿点衣服，否则你会感冒的。
＝You will catch a cold if you don't wear more clothes.
如果你不多穿点衣服，你会感冒的。
3. in case“万一”
In case it rains, we will not have a picnic outside.
万一下雨，我们就不在外面野餐了。
4. on condition that/as long as“只要”
You will make progress on condition that/as long as you keep working hard.
只要你继续努力，你就会取得进步。
Ⅲ.让步状语从句
1. although“虽然”(较正式，一般位于句首，可与though替换)
Although Tom read the book, he couldn't understand what the book said.
虽然汤姆读了这本书，但他不明白书上说的是什么。
2. though“虽然”(可作副词，意为“可是”，位置灵活，可放于句首、句中、句末)
Though Tom recited the passage, he couldn't write it down in the exam.
虽然汤姆背诵了这篇文章，但他在考试中写不出来。
Our class lost. It was a nice football match though.
我们班输了。可是这也是一场精彩的足球赛。
★although/though意为“虽然”，不能与but连用，但可以与yet连用
3. even though“尽管”(与though相比加强了语气，后紧跟的让步状语从句表达的内容通常是真实的。不能将even though替换为even although)
Tom can't get a better job even though he has great marks.
尽管汤姆成绩很好，但他也找不到更好的工作了。
4. even if“即使”(语气比though/although要强，后紧跟的让步状语从句表达的内容通常为假设的，有时用虚拟语气)
Linda will always support Tom even if he fails again.
即使汤姆再次失败，琳达也会一直支持他。
5. while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首
While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不认为这些问题不能解决。
6. “no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词 ever”引导的让步状语从句
(1)“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词 ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句
Don't trust him no matter what/whatever he says.
无论他说什么，都不要相信他。
(2)whatever、whoever、whomever、whichever还可以引导名词性从句
Whatever he said was right.
无论他说什么都是对的。
7. whether…or… 引导的让步状语从句
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
不管你相信与否，那都是真的。
Ⅳ.地点状语从句
在句中作地点状语的从句称为地点状语从句，位于主句前后均可。
引导地点状语从句常用的引导词有where、wherever等。地点状语从句相当于to/in/from the place(s) where…或to/in/from any place where…结构。
We live where the road crosses the river.
＝We live in the place where the road crosses the river.
我们住在河流与街道交叉的地方。
Make marks wherever you have questions.
＝Make marks in any place where you have questions.
在任何有疑问的地方做标记。
Ⅴ.原因状语从句
1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because、as、since、now that、seeing that、considering that。
连词 区别
位置 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否被强调
because（因为） 主句前或后 直接因果关系 强 能 能
as（由于） 主句前或后 对方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能
since/now that（既然） 主句前
　　(1)because意为“因为”，表示造成某种情况的直接原因，语气最强，常用来回答由why提问的问句。
He took off his coat because it was too hot in the room.
他脱去了外套，因为房间里太热了。
(2)since意为“既然，由于”，往往表示众所周知的原因。since从句通常位于主句之前，其语气比because弱，比as稍强。
Since you come, wait for more time please.
既然你来了，请再多等一会儿吧。
(3)as表示原因时，语气比because和since都弱，引导的从句位于主句前后均可。
It is difficult to know what to do, as we are not his parents.
由于我们不是他的父母，我们很难知道该做什么。
2. when也可以表示原因，意为“既然，考虑到”。
It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.
既然步行5分钟就能轻松到达那里，你却打车，你可真够傻的。
Ⅵ.目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1. 目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that、in order that、for fear that、in case、lest等。
I hurried through my work in order that I could be in time for wonderful TV programmes.
我匆匆完成我的工作，以便能及时看到精彩的电视节目。
Tom put away his books in case they got wet in the rain.
汤姆把他的书放好以防在雨中弄湿了。
2. 结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that、so/such…that…，在非正式语体中，由so/such…that…引导的句子中的that可以省略。
It was so cold outside that we had to stop the game.
外面太冷了，我们不得不停止比赛。
He drove so carelessly that he almost lost his life.
他开车太不小心，差点丧了命。
It is so easy a question that I can work it out immediately.
这道题这么简单，我马上就能做出来。
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam once again.
他出了这么多错，以致考试又没及格。
He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare.
他工资很少，他的家人不得不靠救济金生活。
It was such a terrible day that none of us would find an excuse for going out to play.
今天天气太糟糕了，我们都找不到出去玩的理由。
This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice.
这音乐如此美妙，值得听两遍。
★为了强调形容词、副词或名词，在so/such…that…引导的结果状语从句中，可把so/such…置于句首，主句用倒装语序。
So excited was he that he could not fall into sleep.
他激动得不能入睡。
Such was his worry that he couldn't go on with his work.
他如此焦虑，以致不能继续工作了。
Ⅶ.方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as、as if、as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所述的情况很可能会实现，也可用陈述语气。
Tom wants to do as Linda is doing.
汤姆想要按琳达演示的那样去做。
Linda closed her eyes as if/though she didn't want to see Tom.
琳达闭上了双眼，似乎不想看见汤姆。
Ⅷ.比较状语从句
常用引导词：as…as(同级比较), not as/so…as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more…the more…, just as…, so…, A is to B what/as X is to Y, no…more than…
She is as bad tempered as her mother.
她和她妈妈一样脾气不好。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
锻炼得越多，你就越健康。
Ⅰ.在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1. Under the regulation, restaurants and hotels shall stop offering throwaway items __________ customers request them.
2. __________ having a roommate inevitably has its challenges, it can also be a great part of your college experience.
3. The Great Wall is such a well known tourist attraction __________ millions of people visit it every year.
4. In the field of science, __________ knowledge is constantly evolving, staying updated is crucial.
5. Building a skyscraper in the 21st century is much easier __________ it used to be.
6. Generally speaking, ________ taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
7. Just __________ a baby kangaroo must learn to protect itself when it leaves its mother's pocket, I will have to learn to protect myself when I grow up.
8. According to the report, this virus was never known __________ it was accidentally found by a doctor.
9. House prices vary from place to place and are usually high __________ there are famous schools.
10. It won't be long __________ we meet each other again.
11. The Amazon rainforest is absorbing greenhouse gases while slowing the rising temperatures. __________ it's now burning at a record rate.
12. Given this data, it seems that the link between human activities __________ rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
13. Let's keep to the point, __________ we will never reach any decision.
14. The young man wanted to help the dog, __________ as he approached, the dog started to bark.
15. It must be five o'clock now, __________ the birds are singing.
答案及解析：1.unless　考查条件状语从句。句意：根据规定，除非顾客要求，否则餐馆和酒店应停止提供一次性物品。unless意为“除非”，常用来引导条件状语从句。
2. Although/Though/While　考查让步状语从句。句意：尽管拥有一个室友不可避免地会有一些挑战，但这也可以成为你大学生活中很棒的一部分。分析句意可知，本句为although/though/while引导的让步状语从句，且句首单词首字母需大写。
3. that　考查结果状语从句。句意：长城是一个如此著名的旅游景点，每年都有数百万人参观。“such＋a(n)＋形容词＋名词＋that…”意为“如此……以至于……”，为固定句型，其中that引导结果状语从句。故填that。
4. since/as　考查原因状语从句。句意：在科学领域，由于知识在不断发展，所以保持与时俱进是至关重要的。分析句子结构可知，“knowledge is constantly evolving (知识在不断发展)”表示原因，“staying updated is crucial (保持与时俱进是至关重要的)”是结果，此处需要一个引导原因状语从句的连词，since/as 都有“由于，因为”的意思，符合语境。故填since/as。
5. than　考查比较状语从句。句意：在21世纪建造一座摩天大楼要比过去容易得多。空前使用了比较级，空后为比较状语从句，所以空处填than。故填than。
6. if　考查条件状语从句。句意：一般来说，如果按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用。分析句意，空格处表示“如果”，用if引导条件状语从句，该句是省略句，省略了it is。故填if。
7. as　考查方式状语从句。句意：就像袋鼠宝宝离开妈妈的口袋时必须学会保护自己一样，我长大后也必须学会保护好自己。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要连词as，引导方式状语从句，意为“正如，就像”。故填as。
8. until　考查时间状语从句。句意：据报道，直到一名医生偶然发现了这种病毒，人们才知道它的存在。until引导时间状语从句，“否定词＋until”表示“直到……才……”。
9. where　考查地点状语从句。句意：房价因地而异，凡是有名牌学校的地方房价通常都很高。此处为地点状语从句，表示“……的地方”应用where引导。
10. before　考查时间状语从句。句意：不久之后我们将再次见面。本题考查固定句型“It won't be long before…”，意为“不久之后……”，before引导时间状语从句。
11. But　考查并列句。句意：亚马孙热带雨林吸收温室气体，延缓地球升温。但是现在它正在以创纪录的速度燃烧。前后句构成转折关系，且首字母需要用大写形式。故填But。
12. and　考查并列句。句意：鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅是巧合而已。between…and…“……和……(两者)之间”是固定搭配。故填and。
13. or/otherwise　考查并列句。句意：我们还是不要偏离话题，否则我们做不出任何决定。根据句意和句子结构可知，此处两个句子之间是条件关系，or/otherwise意为“否则”。
14. but/yet　考查并列句。句意：那个年轻人想帮助那条狗，但是当他走近时，那条狗开始叫唤。设空处前后为转折关系，故用but 或yet 连接。
15. for　考查并列句。句意：现在肯定5点钟了，因为鸟在唱歌了。分析句子结构可知，此处需要填一个连词。后半句对前面的情况予以说明，故用并列连词for。
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2025·湖北武汉)
With some free time during the holiday, I thought it was time to achieve one of my Chinese 1.__________ (dream): visiting Harbin!
That afternoon of the first day 2.__________ (be) time to see the fabled (传说中的) snow and ice world of Harbin. This frozen amusement park just blew me away. The giant ice statues, all illuminated (被照亮的) 3.__________ the inside, were simply magical to explore; and various attractions and games, such as sledding, made the trip all the more worthwhile.
Although busy, the park was still definitely manageable, and 4.__________ was nice to see so many families who must have traveled from far and wide all having fun. My only regret was wearing only two pairs of socks and not three, as 5.__________ the sun went down the temperatures quickly dropped as well.
On my second day, my tour took us to the old city center. While 6.__________ (walk) down the pedestrian (行人的) Central Street, I found architectural influences from both the present and the past were on full display, showing 7.__________ amazing mix of cultures. In some ways, it reminded me of walking down Nanjing Road in Shanghai—just a lot 8.__________ (cold)! The freezing temperatures didn't stop visitors from enjoying the local ice cream, however.
The magic of this icy city 9.__________ (stick) with me since and I can't wait until next winter 10.__________ (visit) again.
答案及解析：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者的哈尔滨之旅。
1. dreams　考查名词。句意：在假期里有了一些空闲时间，我想是时候实现我的一个中国梦了：去哈尔滨！one of后接名词复数。故填dreams。
2. was　考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：第一天的下午是时候去看看传说中的哈尔滨冰雪世界了。根据上下文语境可知，时态为一般过去时且主语是第三人称单数。故填was。
3. from　考查介词。句意：巨大的冰雕，都是从内部被照亮的，简直是魔法般的探索；各种各样的景点和游戏，如雪橇，使这次旅行更加值得。根据句意可知，从内部发光，用介词from。故填from。
4. it　考查代词。句意：虽然很热闹，但公园仍然是可以管理的，很高兴看到这么多来自四面八方的家庭都玩得很开心。动词不定式作主语，it作形式主语。故填it。
5. after/when　考查连词。句意：我唯一的遗憾是只穿了两双袜子，而不是三双，因为当太阳下山时，温度也会迅速下降。根据句意可知，本句为after/when引导的时间状语从句。故填after/when。
6. walking　考查省略句。句意：当我走在步行街中央大街时，我发现古今中外的建筑风格都得到了充分的展示，展示了一种令人惊叹的文化融合。本句为状语从句的省略，还原后为：while I was walking，但从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略主语和be动词，这里省略了I was。故填walking。
7. an　考查冠词。句意同上。空后有名词mix，且名词前有元音因素开头的形容词amazing，表“一种”，因此填不定冠词。故填an。
8. colder　考查形容词。句意：在某些方面，它让我想起在上海南京路上散步——只是冷了很多！根据句意和a lot 可知，空处为形容词比较级。故填colder。
9. has stuck　考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：从那以后，这座冰雪之城的魔力就一直伴随着我，我等不及明年冬天再来这里了。根据“since”可知，本句为现在完成时，且主语为第三人称单数，谓语用单数。故填has stuck。
10. to visit　考查非谓语动词。句意同上。can't wait to do sth.“迫不及待做某事”。 故填to visit。
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