【高考突破方案】语法第十四讲 倒装与省略 高考一轮总复习英语 （教师版） 译林版

第14讲　倒装与省略
倒装
Ⅰ.倒装的概念：按“主语＋谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果将句中某个成分移至句首而引起主语和谓语顺序的颠倒，使句子的排列顺序变成“谓语(或谓语的一部分)＋主语”，就是倒装句。
倒装有两种情况：部分倒装和完全倒装。英语句子的倒装，一是语法结构的需要，二是表示强调。
Ⅱ.部分倒装：部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词，要在主语之前加助动词do/does/did等，而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。
情况 例句
little、few、never、not、no、seldom、neither、nor、rarely、hardly、scarcely、nowhere、no sooner、not only、in no way、at no time、by no means、under no circumstances、in no case、on no condition等表示否定或半否定的单词或短语位于句首时 Little does he care about what I said. Never have I found him so happy. Not a word did I say to him. I can't swim. Neither can he. No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.
“only＋状语（从句）”放在句首时 Only by this means is it possible to explain it. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. ★如果only后面不是状语，则不用倒装 Only Wang Ling knows this.
so/such…that 从句中，当“so＋adj./adv.”或“such＋n.”位于句首时 So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.
表示前者出现的肯定情况也适用于后者时，用“so＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语” Mary likes singing. So does Lily.
“not only＋分句，but (also)＋分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装 Not only does John love Chinese, but he is also good at speaking it.
not until放在句首，从句不倒装，主句倒装 Not until last week did they find the lost bike. Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time.
as/though引导的让步状语从句 Tired though he was(＝Though he was tired), he kept on running. Child as he is, he knows a lot.（child前没有冠词a）
在以often、well、many a time、now and again等方式或频度副词（短语）开头的句子中，要用部分倒装结构 Often have we met on the way to work. Many a time has John given me good advice.
在非真实条件句中，省去if，将谓语中were、had、should移至主语之前 Were I you (＝ If I were you), I would go to see the movie. Had I time (＝ If I had time), I would go and help you. Should he come (＝If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
　　Ⅲ.完全倒装：整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。
情况 例句
there be存在句中的be动词可以用exist、seem、happen、appear、live、rise、stand、lie、fly、remain等动词代替 There exist different opinions on this question. There stood a big tree in front the house.
here、there、now、then、up、down、in、away、out等表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词位于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。（此时，句子多用一般现在时态或一般过去时态） Here goes the story. Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. Up jumped the cat. ★Here you are.
such作表语置于句首时 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man but the 20th century greatest scientist.
on the wall、under the tree、in front of the house、in the middle of the room等表示地点的介词短语位于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装 On the top of the hill stands a pine tree. They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.
用于某些表示祝愿的句子 Long live the People's Republic of China！
作表语的形容词（短语）、表方位的副词（短语）、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）置于句首时 Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster. East of the city lies a new railway. Thanks to Yuan Longping, gone are the days when people suffered from hunger. Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. First to be completed was the seven storey teaching building.
省略
Ⅰ.省略的概念：为了避免重复、突出新的信息或使上下文连接紧密，英语中的许多句子经常省略一个或几个部分，这种语法现象称为省略。
Ⅱ.常见的几种省略
类别 具体内容 例句
不定式的省略 在动词不定式中，为避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to，否定式的省略用not to —Would you like to go with us？ —I'm glad to, but I'm too busy. The husband wanted to smoke but was told by his wife not to.
感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式要省to；但被动语态中的to不可省 I saw her enter the room just now.→She was seen to enter the room just now.
介词but、except前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
并列句中的省略 ①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分 ②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略 ③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语 ④在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等成分与第一个并列句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分 ①John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. ②His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry. ③Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways. ④Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
复合句中的省略 名词性从句中的省略： 作宾语的wh 从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则wh 从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语 Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it). He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
状语从句中的省略： 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词 ①在as、before、till、once、when、while等引导的时间状语从句中 ②在though、although等引导的让步状语从句中 ③在if、unless(＝if…not)等引导的条件状语从句中 ④在as、as if/though引导的方式状语从句中 ⑤在as/so…as…、than引导的比较状语从句中 ①While (I was) waiting, I was reading some magazines. ②Though (they were) tired, they went on working. ③You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited. ④He did as (he had been) told. ⑤This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). I know you can do better than he (can do).
Ⅰ.在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式
1. Not until he went through real hardship __________ he realize the love we have for our families is important.
2. As global temperatures increase, __________ do sea levels.
3. Only when he apologizes for his rudeness __________ I speak to him again.
4. People using mobile phones outdoors during storms are more likely to suffer internal injuries if __________ (strike) by lightning.
5. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not __________.
6. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if __________ (see) whether he was going in the right direction.
7. Among the crises that face humans __________ (be) the lack of natural resources.
8. One has reason to believe that China's anti corruption over the past few years, tough __________ it is, has achieved inspiring progress.
9. When __________ (chat) online, you can find some abbreviations(缩写词) that are difficult to understand.
10. Here __________ (come) the last bus. Hurry up, or we will have to walk home.
11. Such __________ (be) Tom, a shy boy who was determined to face challenges.
12. Very important in our study __________ (be) our questions and review.
13. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but __________ (enjoy) the flowing of the smog around me.
14. —What are you reading, Tom
—I'm not really reading, just __________ (turn) over the pages.
15. —You haven't lost the ticket, have you
—I hope __________. I know it's not easy to get another one at the moment.
答案及解析：1.did　句意：直到他经历了真正的艰难之后，他才意识到我们对家人的爱是很重要的。not until放在句首时，句子要用部分倒装结构。由he went through real hardship可知动作已经发生，与现在的动作没有关系，用一般过去时。故填 did。
2. so　句意：随着全球气温的上升，海平面也在上升。前文所说的肯定情况也适用于另外一个主语，可用“so＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋另一主语”，意为“……也是这样”。故填so。
3. will　句意：只有当他为他的粗鲁道歉的时候，我才会再跟他说话。当only放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时，主句用部分倒装；when引导的时间状语从句，有“主将从现”的用法，因此主句用一般将来时。故填will。
4. struck　句意：暴风雨期间在户外使用手机的人更有可能在被闪电击中时遭受内伤。if后没有主语，说明此处是状语从句的省略，逻辑主语People与strike之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作状语。故填struck。
5. to　句意：那个司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。这里为了避免重复，省略与前文相同的部分，只保留不定式符号to。
6. to see　句意：我们跟踪的那个人突然停了下来，看起来好像要看看他是否走对了方向。as if引导的表语从句，原句为：as if he was to see，省略了 he was。故填to see。
7. is　句意：自然资源的缺乏是人类面临的危机之一。根据介词短语不可以作主语的原则，可判断出这是一个倒装句，主语为the lack of natural resources，中心词为lack，所以用单数is。故填is。
8. as/though　句意：我们有理由相信，中国过去几年的反腐斗争虽然艰苦，但取得了令人鼓舞的进展。此处是as/though引导的让步状语从句，表语提前构成倒装。故填as/though。
9. chatting　句意：当你在网上聊天时，你可能会发现一些难以理解的缩写词。当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且含有be动词时，可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。本句话中when引导时间状语从句，完整的句子为When you are chatting online, you can find some abbreviations that are difficult to understand.所以可以把从句中的主语you和are省略，剩下现在分词，作状语。故填chatting。
es　句意：末班车来了。快点，不然我们只好走回家了。地点副词here置于句首，引起句子完全倒装，结合“Hurry up”可知，此处描述当前的情况，时态应用一般现在时，主语the last bus为第三人称单数，come应用第三人称单数形式。故填comes。
11. was　句意：这就是汤姆，一个决心面对挑战的害羞男孩。such置于句首时，后面使用全部倒装结构，a shy boy是Tom的同位语，由定语从句who was determined to face challenges可知，句子陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填was。
12. are　句意：疑问和复习在我们的学习中非常重要。为了保持句子平衡(主语较长)或使上下文衔接紧密，或为了强调表语，句子可用全部倒装结构，即可把作表语的形容词、分词或介词短语提到句首，并把句子的主语和谓语动词倒装。句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语our questions and review是复数概念，be动词应用are。故填are。
13. enjoy　句意：站在山顶上，除了欣赏周围烟雾的流动外我什么也不愿做。此处but是介词，根据括号内的动词可知是用不定式作宾语，但是前面有实意动词do，因此省略to。故填enjoy。
14. turning　句意：——汤姆，你正在读什么 ——我没真的在读什么东西，就是随便翻翻。完整的句子是：I'm not really reading; I am just turning over the pages. 与上句重叠的主语和be动词一起被省略了。
15. not　句意：——你没把票给弄丢了吧 ——我希望没有(弄丢)。我知道现在要想再弄一张票很难。完整的句子是：I hope I have not lost the ticket. 与上句重叠的部分省略以后，要保留否定词not。
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2024·河南郑州)
China is considered the home of tea. In the early period of the 17th century, Chinese tea 1.__________ (export) to Europe. The tea from China is in great 2.__________ (various). You can rely on the color, smell, taste and form 3.__________ (tell) the quality.
White tea is one of China's six famous tea types, 4.__________ name is from its silver white color. It is produced originally in Fujian Province, but it is also grown in Yunnan and Taiwan provinces with a long history, 5.__________ (date) back to the Northern Song Dynasty in ancient pared with other major types of teas, it distinguishes itself by its beautiful needle like shape. And the refreshingly sweet taste enjoys great popularity 6.__________ tea drinkers. In addition, the 7.__________ (long) it is preserved, the better health building effects it has. 8.__________ (amaze), it has been proved that if 9.__________ (drink) regularly, white tea will benefit people's physical and mental health. For example, it not only protects people from some common diseases, but also can effectively relieve symptoms and tiredness. Anyway, the white tea is 10.________ great present from nature.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国六大名茶之一的白茶。
1. was exported　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：17世纪初期，中国的茶叶出口到欧洲。本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动，且根据时间状语In the early period of the 17th century可知应用一般过去时，主语为tea，是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。故填was exported。
2. variety　考查名词。句意：中国的茶叶品种繁多。分析句子结构可知，形容词great后接名词variety(多样性)，此处是介词短语in great variety，意为“各种各样”。故填variety。
3. to tell　考查非谓语动词。句意：你可以通过茶的颜色、气味、味道和形状来辨别茶的品质。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语rely on，因此空处需使用动词的非谓语形式，空处可使用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to tell。
4. whose　考查定语从句。句意：中国六大名茶之一的白茶，因其银白色而得名。分析句子结构可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为White tea，指物，从句中缺少定语，因此可使用关系代词whose“……的”在从句中作定语，表示“茶的名字”。故填whose。
5. dating　考查非谓语动词。句意：它原产于福建省，但云南省和台湾省也有种植，历史悠久，可以追溯到中国古代的北宋时期。分析句子结构可知，谓语动词是 is produced和is grown，此处要用非谓语动词，且date back to无被动语态，因此要用现在分词形式。故填dating。
6. with/among　考查介词。句意：清新的甜味深受饮茶者的喜爱。分析句子结构可知，此处是固定短语enjoy popularity with/among…，意为“受……的欢迎，在……中大为流行”。故填with/among。
7. longer　考查形容词。句意：此外，保存时间越长，健身效果越好。分析句子结构可知，此处是固定句型“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”，意为“越……，越……”。故填longer。
8. Amazingly　考查副词。句意：令人惊讶的是，事实证明，如果经常饮用白茶，将有益于人们的身心健康。分析句子结构可知，空处需使用副词amazingly位于句首修饰整个句子，位于句首时首字母大写。故填Amazingly。
9. drunk　考查省略。句意同上。分析句子结构可知，此处是一个省略句，完整句子应该是：if it is drunk regularly, white tea will benefit people's physical and mental health。此if引导的状语从句中省略了与主句相同的主语white tea(it)和be动词，所以此处只填过去分词drunk表示被动。故填drunk。
10. a　考查冠词。句意：不管怎么说，白茶是大自然的馈赠。分析句子结构可知，present表“礼物”是可数名词，此处表示一份礼物，且great首字母的发音为辅音音素。故填a。
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