【高考突破方案】语法第一讲 名词 高考一轮总复习英语 （教师版） 译林版

第1讲　名词
Ⅰ.名词的分类
Ⅱ.名词的数
1. 规则名词的复数形式：
序号 规则 例词
1 一般情况在词尾加 s bird—birds, sea—seas, lake—lakes
2 以 s、 x、 ch、 sh结尾的在词尾加 es church—churches, box—boxes, dish—dishes
3 以 f或 fe结尾的词 变 f或 fe为v再加 es leaf—leaves, thief—thieves, loaf—loaves, self—selves, shelf—shelves, wife—wives
加 s belief—beliefs, chief—chiefs, proof—proofs, roof—roofs, gulf—gulfs, grief—griefs, cliff—cliffs, safe—safes
4 以辅音字母加 y结尾的名词，变y为i加 es fly—flies, family—families, university—universities
5 以元音字母加 y结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y结尾的，加 s toy—toys, monkey—monkeys, ray—rays
6 以辅音字母加 o结尾的名词 一般加 es hero—heroes, echo—echoes, potato—potatoes, tomato—tomatoes
一些外来词加 s piano—pianos, photo—photos, auto—autos, kilo—kilos, solo—solos
两者皆可 zero—zeros/zeroes, volcano—volcanos/volcanoes
7 以元音字母加 o结尾的名词加 s radio—radios, bamboo—bamboos, zoo—zoos, studio—studios
8 以 th结尾的名词加 s truth—truths, mouth—mouths, month—months, path—paths
2.不规则名词的复数形式：
序号 规则 例词
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese, mouse—mice, ox—oxen, crisis—crises, medium—media, analysis—analyses, phenomenon—phenomena, criterion—criteria, child—children
2 单复数同形 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents, shoes, gloves, chopsticks, jeans, sleeves, slippers
4 一些集体名词用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑，智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟), airs(摆架子), works(著作), damages(赔偿金), balances(天平), interests(利益)
7 表示 “某国人” 加 s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Europeans, Romans
单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以 man结尾的改为 men；以 woman结尾的改为 women Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons in law, lookers on, passers by, story tellers
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown ups, go betweens
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants
Ⅲ.名词的所有格
名词的所有格表示所有关系，它有两种形式：一是由名词词尾加's构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. 's所有格的构成：
规则 例词
单数名词在末尾加's the boy's teacher, Henry's cat, her son in law's photo
复数名词 一般在末尾加' the teachers' reading room, the twins' mother
不规则复数名词后加's the children's toys, women's rights, men's clothes
以 s结尾的人名所有格加's或者' Dickens' novels, Engels' works, the Smiths' house
表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加's Japan's and America's problems, Mary's and Tom's rooms
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一名词末尾加's Japan and America's problems, Jane and Mary's room
表示“某人的家/店铺”，所有格后的名词省略 the doctor's, the barber's, the tailor's, my uncle's
2.'s所有格的用法：
序号 用法 例词
1 表示时间 a week's time, five weeks' holiday
2 表示距离 ten miles' distance
3 表示自然现象 the Earth's gravity, the tree's branches
4 表示国家、城市等地方的名词 the world's population, China's future
5 表示工作群体 the committee's decision, the team's victory
6 表示度量衡及价值 a mile's journey, five dollars' worth of apples
7 表示拟人 a wolf in sheep's clothing
8 某些固定词组 at arm's length, a bird's eye view, a stone's throw, at one's wit's end (黔驴技穷), for friendship's sake
3.of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the name of the song, the roof of the church
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
Ⅳ.名词作定语
序号 用法 例词
1 表示地点、时间、材料、用途、类别、性别等的名词常用来作定语 cotton goods (棉织品)　　　　　　history teacher (历史老师) paper factory (纸厂) telephone number (电话号码) London Airport (伦敦机场) Moscow Stadium (莫斯科体育场) summer holiday (暑假) a coffee cup (咖啡杯) a book case (书箱) science fiction (科幻小说) a weather report (天气预报) a peace conference (和平会议) a research project (研究项目)
2 名词作定语时一般用单数形式，但个别情况下仍需用复数 sales plan (销售计划)　　　　　　customs officer (海关人员) clothes line (晾衣绳) an Arts degree (文科学位) careers guidance (就业指导) savings bank (储蓄银行) a greetings telegram (问候电报) animal rights group (动物权益组织)
3 合成名词作定语时，名词用单数形式 a six minute walk (6分钟的路程)　a five pound note (5英镑的钞票) a three footed table (3条腿的桌子) a three foot high table (3英尺高的桌子)
4 (wo)man作定语修饰名词复数时应变为(wo)men 而boy/girl用作定语时，总是用单数 a man doctor (一个男医生)　　　 two men doctors (两个男医生) a woman's dress (一件女式衣服) three women's dresses (三件女式衣服) a boy baby(一个男婴) two boy babies (两个男婴)
5 名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别 a gold chain (金表链) 　　　　　the golden sunshine (金色的阳光) heart trouble (心脏病) a hearty welcome (热诚的欢迎) economy measures (节约措施) economic measures (经济措施)
Ⅰ.在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1. Every __________ (individual) story adds depth to our understanding of history.
2. Women have yet to achieve full __________ (equal) with men in the workplace.
3. Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the ____________ (assume) you've made.
4. You may tower over other __________ (candidate) if you have previous experience in this field.
5. Only a few dollars can help to fill a __________ (child) hungry stomach.
6. Let us combine our two firms against our __________ (compete).
7. You should take __________ (responsible) for what you said.
8. After the car accident, he suffered from headaches and __________ (lose) of weight.
9. The law which was passed last month applies to theatres, cinemas, and other places of public __________ (entertain).
10. There are __________ (various) of books on the Internet.
11. My computer has a program which corrects my __________ (spell).
12. Many new __________ (apply) have been found for computers since the 1970s.
13. Relatively speaking, these jobs provide good __________ (salary) which attract many university graduates.
14. The __________ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into Tom's car.
15. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional __________ (competent).
答案及解析：1.individual's　句意：每个人的故事都加深了我们对历史的理解。根据句意可知，此处需要用individual的所有格形式individual's来修饰后面的名词story。
2. equality　此处用名词形式作谓语动词的宾语。
3. assumption　由空前的定冠词the和空后的made可知，应填入名词作made的宾语。
4. candidates　句意：如果你以前在这个领域有经验，你可能胜过其他候选人。candidate意为“候选人”，为可数名词。前面有other修饰，这里应用名词复数candidates。
5. child's　句意：仅仅几美元就能帮助一个孩子填饱肚子。应填入child的所有格形式。
6. competitor/competitors　句意：让我们联合我们的两家公司来对抗我们的竞争对手。此处应填表“竞争对手”的名词形式，单复数均可。
7. responsibility　词组take responsibility for表示“对……负责”。
8. loss　介词from 后须用名词形式作宾语。
9. entertainment　介词of 后须用名词形式作宾语。
10. varieties　词组varieties of表示“各种各样的”。
11. spelling　spell的名词形式是spelling，作“拼写”时为不可数名词。
12. applications　many后接名词的复数形式。
13. salaries　句意：相对而言，这些工作提供了不错的薪水，吸引了许多大学毕业生。根据these jobs 可知，空格处应填名词复数形式salaries，表示“薪水”作宾语。
14. girls'　根据后面主句的them和从句的they可知，前面主句的girl应当是复数形式，且须用所有格形式。
petence　句意：教师必须不断更新自己的知识来保持专业能力。设空处前面是形容词，故填名词competence(能力，技能)。
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2025·江西南昌)
Language is sometimes written as a code so that people can communicate secrets. During the Second World War, the German Navy (海军)used 1.__________ code to send messages. The British broke the code and 2.__________ (learn) about many German plans. The Japanese also used a code to talk to 3.__________ (they) ships at sea. It was called the Purple Code. Although the Americans soon broke this code, the Japanese didn't know it 4.__________ (break). In 1942 , the Americans began to use their own code to send 5.__________ (secret). A few Navajo(纳瓦霍人)Indians made this code 6.__________ (base) on their language, which only some American Indians spoke. The code described a few things the American army did. Only they could understand this code, so they went with the army as it fought against the Japanese. These Navajo soldiers promised 7.__________ (keep) this code a secret, even though this could cause their 8.__________ (die). The Japanese never broke the code because they knew nothing 9.__________ the Navajo language. And the code, 10.__________ connected two languages, helped win the war in the Pacific.
答案及解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了二战时期不同国家使用的一些语言密码。
1. a　考查冠词。此处指用一种密码来发送信息，要用不定冠词，表“一种”。故填a。
2. learned/learnt　考查动词时态。根据前文During the Second World War可知是过去发生的事情，所以此处用一般过去时learned/learnt。故填learned/learnt。
3. their　考查代词。此处表示日本人也用密码跟他们的船只交流，修饰名词ships应用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。
4. had been broken　考查动词时态和语态。根据前文Although the Americans soon broke this code, the Japanese didn't know it可知，美国人破解了密码，但日本人不知道密码已经被破解了。break动作发生在didn't know之前，故本空应用过去完成时，且根据语境可知，此处应用被动语态。故填had been broken。
5. secrets　考查名词复数。根据语境可知美国人用密码传递秘密，秘密不可能只有一个，应用复数 secrets。故填secrets。
6. based　考查过去分词。此处指一些纳瓦霍人以他们的语言为基础创造了密码。be based on意为“以……为基础”，本空应用过去分词based。故填based。
7. to keep　考查不定式。promise to do sth. 意为“承诺做某事”，本空应用to keep作宾语。故填to keep。
8. deaths　考查词性转换和名词复数。设空处作动词cause的宾语，并且被形容词性物主代词their修饰，所以用名词复数。故填deaths。
9. about　考查介词。根据语境可知，他们对纳瓦霍人的语言一无所知。know nothing about…意为“对……一无所知”，本空应用介词 about。故填about。
10. which　考查定语从句的关系词。此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the code, 关系词在从句中作主语，应用which。故填which。
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