英语 选择性必修 第四册[WY]
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
Grammar被动语态(复习)
①Hotels are fully booked and the narrow streets are crowded with wonderful costumes.
②They were put into prison because they had broken the law.
③Today, carnival in Venice is celebrated for five days in February.
④I think the problem can be solved soon.
⑤English lessons are being broadcast on the radio.
⑥Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
⑦He said all the task had been finished by last week.
⑧This kind of clothes washes easily and sells well.
(1)①～⑦句中的被动语态结构分别是
①________________ ②________________
③________________ ④________________
⑤________________ ⑥________________
⑦________________
(2)以上句子中，________句是用主动形式表示被动意义。
答案：(1)①are booked ②were put into ③is celebrated ④can be solved ⑤are being broadcast ⑥will be sent ⑦had been finished (2)⑧
(一)被动语态的用法
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，句子的主语是动作的承受者，即动作的对象。一般来说，只有及物动词(短语)才有被动语态，不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态。
1．不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。
The cup with mixture was broken after class.
那个装有混合液的杯子课后被打破了。
2．突出或强调动作的承受者时，如果需要突出动作的执行者，用by的短语表示。
The novel was written by a high school student.
这部小说是由一个高中生写的。
3．由于某种理由(如为了礼貌、婉转或便于组织句子)时。
Everyone is expected to obey the following rules.
希望大家遵守以下规定。
被动语态小口诀： 谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。 动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。
单句表达
①领导给了我一次机会。
I __________________________ by my leader.
②我的建议被拒绝了。
My suggestion ______________________．
③希望所有人都按时参加会议。
Everyone ________________ attend the meeting on time.
答案：①was offered a chance ②was turned down ③is expected to
(二)各种时态的被动语态
时态名称 被动语态形式
一般现在时 am/is/are＋过去分词
一般过去时 was/were＋过去分词
一般将来时 will/shall＋be＋过去分词
现在进行时 am/is/are＋being＋过去分词
过去进行时 was/were＋being＋过去分词
将来进行时 will＋be＋being＋过去分词
现在完成时 have/has＋been＋过去分词
过去完成时 had＋been＋过去分词
过去将来时 would＋be＋过去分词
The meeting will be held at 8：00 am tomorrow.
会议将于明天上午8点举行。
The plan is being carried out successfully.
这项计划正在被顺利地实施。
The experiment will be being done here at this time next Monday.
下周一的这个时候，这里将正在进行此项实验。
They had been warned many times before they carried out the plan.
在执行计划之前，他们已经被警告过多次了。
单句表达
①老师告诉我们第二天有一个新实验要做。
The teacher told us that a new experiment ________________________ the next day.
②我们到那里时，工作已经完成了。
When we got there the work __________________________.
③学生们一直在努力学习，他们的努力最终会得到成功的回报。
The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts __________________ with success in the end.
④放学后，我们去阅读室阅读，却被告知它正在装修。
After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it ________________.
答案：①would be performed ②had been finished ③will be rewarded ④was being decorated
(三)被动语态的特殊形式
1.含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”。
She should be taught how to operate the computer.
应该教她如何操作电脑。
2.“get＋过去分词”是被动语态的变形，强调结果。
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
那个男孩骑车上学时受伤了。
3.动词不定式的被动语态
(1)一般式to be done：表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之后发生或与其同时发生。
The book is said to be published soon.
据说这本书很快就会出版。
(2)完成式to have been done：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
She claims to have been unfairly dismissed.
她声称遭到无理解雇。
单句表达
①所有信件均应立刻回复。
All the letters ____________________ immediately.
②必须马上做手术。
The operation ____________________ at once.
③没有人在这次事故中受伤。
Nobody ______________ in the accident.
④目前一个潜在的危机好像已被避免了。
For the moment, a potential crisis appears ____________________.
答案：①should be answered ②must be done ③got hurt/injured ④to have been avoided
(四)主动形式表示被动意义
1.动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, seem, turn, fall, grow, keep, go, stay作系动词时，后跟名词或形容词作表语，表示主语的特点，此时用主动形式表示被动意义。
The building looks very beautiful.
这栋建筑看上去很美。
2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin, finish, open, stop, move等，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The shop opens at 8：00 in the morning every day.
商店每天上午八点开始营业。
3.表示主语属性、特性的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, lock等，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The new book of the young writer sells well.
这位年轻作家的新书卖得很好。
4.be worth 后跟动名词形式，用主动形式表示被动意义；need, want, require 等词表示“需要……”，且物作主语时，后接 doing, 用主动形式表示被动意义，相当于to be done。
The movie is worth seeing.
这部影片值得一看。
The rumour needs clarifying/to be clarified.
谣言需要澄清。
5.be to blame或be to let(待出租)也是主动形式表示被动意义。
He is to blame for the broken window.
打破窗户是他的责任。
6.在“be＋形容词＋to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of water isn't fit to drink.
这种水不适合饮用。
7.动词不定式在名词或代词后作定语或宾语补足语，不定式和名词或代词之间有动宾关系，且和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
I'll give you something to read.
我会给你一些东西读。
(1)单句语法填空
①I have a lot of readings ________ (complete) before the end of this term.
②In many people's opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant ________ (deal) with.
③With so much work ________ (do), I have no time to go to the cinema.
④The problem is worth ________ (discuss) again.
⑤The soup ________ (taste) a little sour and a little sweet.
答案：①to complete ②to deal ③to do ④discussing ⑤tastes
(2)单句表达
①那位司机应对此事故负责。
That driver ____________________ for the accident.
②这座房子需要修理。
The house needs ________________________.
③他不易相处。
He isn't easy ______________________.
④这种布很好洗。
The cloth ________________.
⑤这种材料摸起来很软。
The material ____________________.
答案：①was to blame ②repairing/to be repaired ③to get along with ④washes easily ⑤feels very soft
(五)主动语态变成被动语态
1.将主动语态的宾语用作被动语态的主语，谓语动词变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来体现不同的时态，其后可接by介词短语，by后面是动作的发出者(有时by短语可以省略)。
The teacher asked him to answer the question.
老师让他回答问题。(变成被动语态)
→He was asked to answer the question by the teacher.
2.被动语态的一般疑问句是将助动词置于主语之前；其否定句是在助动词后加not；其特殊疑问句的语序为“疑问词＋一般疑问句”。
Where did they grow vegetables？
他们在哪里种菜？(变成被动语态)
→Where were vegetables grown by them？
3.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
一是将间接宾语(人)变为主语，直接宾语(物)保持不变；
二是将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。
He told us a story.
他给我们讲了一个故事。(变成被动语态)
→We were told a story by him.
＝A story was told to us by him.
Her mother bought her a computer.
她妈妈给她买了一台电脑。(变成被动语态)
→She was bought a computer by her mother.
＝A computer was bought for her by her mother.
4.若主动语态中的谓语是动词短语，在变为被动语态时，要将动词短语视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。
She will take good care of the children.
她会照顾好这些孩子。(变成被动语态)
→The children will be taken good care of by her.
将下列句子改为被动句
①They kept us waiting for a long time.
→________________________________________________________________________
②The news of his sudden success shocked us all.
→________________________________________________________________________
③We expect you to finish the work in time.
→________________________________________________________________________
④His father bought a birthday present for him last week.
→________________________________________________________________________
⑤The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
→________________________________________________________________________
答案：①We were kept waiting for a long time by them. ②We were all shocked by the news of his sudden success. ③You are expected to finish the work in time. ④He was bought a birthday present by his father last week./A birthday present was bought for him by his father last week. ⑤The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children./A warm welcome was given to the foreign guests by the children.
Vocabulary
cooperate v. 合作，协作(教材P24)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①I was struck by his inspiring words, and I decided to cooperate with him.
我被他鼓舞人心的话语打动并且决定和他合作。
②The company produces computers in cooperation with a German firm.
这家公司和德国一家公司合作生产电脑。
(1)单句语法填空
①They discussed how to promote ________ (cooperate) between the two countries.
②Mr White had promised to cooperate ________ us, but he changed his mind at the last minute.
答案：①cooperation ②with
(2)单句表达
①参加课外活动让我们学会了与同学进行协商与合作。
Participating in extra curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and ____________________________.
②我们和其他学校的学生合作制作机器人，不仅获得了知识，还收获了友谊。
We worked __________________________________________， gaining not only knowledge but also friendship.
答案：①cooperate with fellow students ②in cooperation with the students from other schools
Ⅰ.根据语境及首字母提示完成句子
1．Many new words and p________ have been included in the revised edition.
答案：phrases
2．The f________ they are offering bears no relation to the amount of work involved.
答案：fee
3．Mary is very considerate towards her colleagues in the company, so they are willing to c________ with her.
答案：cooperate
4．The old couple i________ their life savings in their daughter's business.
答案：invested
5．The manager put all his time and e________ into the business.
答案：efforts
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The winner is passing the money ________ to a selection of her favourite charities.
答案：on
2．Visitors ________ (request) not to touch the exhibits.
答案：are requested
3．According to the record, the Zhaozhou Bridge ________ (build) in the Sui Dynasty.
答案：was built
4．She told me she ________ (dismiss) by her boss.
答案：had been dismissed
5．The book is said to ________ (translate) into many languages in the last decade.
答案：have been translated
6．These problems should ________ (solve) step by step.
答案：be solved
7．Miguel was determined to stick ________ his decision.
答案：to
8．She called us that she would ________ (delay) and would arrive in two hours.
答案：be delayed
9．She was partly ________ (blame) for failing to look as she crossed the road.
答案：to blame
10．There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need ________ (improve)．
答案：improving/to be improved
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．当去除食物中的脂肪与盐时，食物尝起来好像少了点什么。
When fat and salt ______________ from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
答案：are removed
2．她为什么不坚持以舞蹈为职业呢？
Why didn't she ________________ as a career
答案：stick to dancing
3．小汤姆喜欢今天晚上被带去看电影。
Little Tom enjoys ____________ to the theatre this evening.
答案：being taken
4．很快，四川将会建成更多的高速公路来促进当地经济发展。
More expressways ______________ in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
答案：will be built
5．他决定靠自己而不向朋友求助。
He decided to rely on himself ____________ seek help from his friends.
答案：rather than
6．在大城市里，女清洁工通常按小时计算薪酬。
In big cities, cleaning women usually ________________________．
答案：get paid by the hour
7．那些村子太小不可能标在地图上。
Those villages are so small that they ________________ on the maps.
答案：can't be shown
8．在他的帮助下，这个问题很容易解决。
The problem ______________________ with his help.
答案：is easy to solve
9．他的书很畅销，因此很快就会销售一空。
His books ________________， so they ____________________．
答案：sell well; will be sold out soon
10．一些孩子推迟一年上学用来做志愿者或者打工赚钱支付自己的大学学费。
Some kids take a “gap year” for voluntary work or saving money by work to ________________________．
答案：pay their university fees
较易题(占比25%) 中档题(占比75%) 拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B
难度 ★★ ★★ ★★ ★
Ⅰ 阅读
A
When I was two years old, I was diagnosed with a hearing loss. My mother cried when she found out—she wanted her son to be happy and able to experience everything life had to offer. I went to a special playgroup twice a week where a nurse discovered I had taught myself to read. At the age of five I attended a school for the deaf from age three to six.
I remember looking around the room there. People talked and signed to each other. I had a best friend and I did very well in class. But I told my mother that I wanted to go to the regular school with hearing people, because I felt more like a hearing person than a hearing impaired (听力受损) one. I didn't even use sign language! I lip read and listened with my hearing aids. After visiting a public school for a day, my mother agreed to let me go. Without doubt, I have functioned very well.
Many people don't even know I am hearing impaired until they see my hearing aids. My classmates often forget that I have any problem, and I feel fortunate that they do not look down upon people like me. The only problem I have with this hearing loss is that some people discriminate against me. The fact is that I am just as normal as anyone else. The only differences are that others need to speak up, and I have some help from my hearing aids.
The next time you see hearing impaired people, don't feel sorry for them because that just gives them an excuse to mistreat themselves and hurt their own advantages. Instead, encourage them and tell them that a disability only hurts a person if he or she lets it.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过作者自己的故事告诉我们：残疾人应该把自己当作正常人。
1．Which of the following is mentioned about the author when he was 5
A．He went to a special playgroup.
B．He attended a school for the deaf.
C．He stayed at home with his mother.
D．He was diagnosed with hearing loss.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“At the age of five ... from age three to six.(我5岁时在一所为3到6岁的孩子开办的聋哑学校上学。)”可知，作者5岁时在聋哑学校上学。故选B。
2．Why did the author want to attend the regular school
A．He even didn't know sign language.
B．He had few friends at the deaf school.
C．He didn't believe his handicap was a big problem.
D．He found it very hard to get along with his classmates.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第四句“But I told my mother that ... than a hearing impaired (听力受损) one.(但是我告诉妈妈我想去正常的学校，因为我觉得自己更像一个听力正常的人，而不是一个听力受损的人。)”可推知，作者想上正常的学校是因为他觉得自己的残疾不是个大问题。故选C。
3．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “functioned” in Para.2
A．remembered B．translated
C．challenged D．performed
答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句“Many people don't even know ... until they see my hearing aids.(很多人直到看到我的助听器才知道我有听力障碍。)”可知，作者在学校表现非常好，以至于大家都不知道他有残疾。由此可知，画线词意为“表现”，与perform同义。故选D。
4．What can we infer from the last sentence
A．A disabled person should be well treated.
B．If a person is disabled, he will hurt himself.
C．The disabled should regard themselves as normal.
D．A normal person is disabled, he will hurt himself.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“Instead, encourage them ... he or she lets it.(相反，要鼓励并告诉他们，只有自己任由残疾伤害自己，残疾才会伤害他或她。)”可推知，残疾人应该把自己看作正常人。故选C。
B
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow－up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision－making are enormous.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“群体智慧”效应的相关研究，包括这一效应的基本逻辑、相关的研究过程和发现以及这些研究的重要意义。
5．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people's errors.
D．The design of Galton's experiment.
答案：B
解析：段落大意题。通读第二段可知，本段阐述了人们估算的误差并不总是相同的，当这些误差足够多并被平均开来时，它们会相互抵消，就会产生更准确的估算值。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
6．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________．
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In more technical terms ... that people's estimates be independent.”和第三段中的“The key finding ... obtained from 20 independent individuals.”可知，第二段提到更准确的估算要求人们的估算是独立的，但第三段提出人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值更准确了，说明即使在估算数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
7．What did the follow－up study focus on
A．The size of the groups.
B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In a follow－up study ... in their discussion.(在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。)”可推知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
8．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Although the studies ... decision－making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性且存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可推知，作者对于Navajas的研究表示支持。故选D。
Ⅱ 七选五
Self improvement doesn't have to be a terrifying task. It can be a fun and exciting adventure that takes you on a journey of discovery and growth. With some simple tricks, you can transform yourself into a better version of you.
First off, remember that self improvement is a marathon, not a dash. __1__ Take it one step at a time, and enjoy the ride. Think of it like climbing a mountain: you take one step after another, admiring the view as you go, until you reach the summit.
Start with small, achievable goals. Whether it's reading a book a week, going for a daily walk, or learning a new skill, these little milestones will help you stay motivated and feel accomplished. __2__
Don't be afraid to fail. Failure is part of the learning process. If you stumble or fall short of your goals, don't beat yourself up. __3__ Keep in mind, failure is just a temporary setback—it doesn't define you.
__4__ Share your goals with friends or family, and ask them to hold you accountable. Join a self improvement group or find someone who can guide and encourage you on your journey. You'll find that makes the process even more enjoyable.
And finally, don't forget to celebrate your progress. __5__ Whether it's a small accomplishment or a major milestone, take a moment to appreciate your efforts and feel proud of yourself. You can even create a reward system for yourself—maybe a delicious treat or a fun activity for every goal you achieve.
A．Choose your circle wisely.
B．Seek support and inspiration.
C．Instead, dust yourself off, and start out again.
D．Make time for activities that will fuel your soul.
E．No one can expect to change everything overnight.
F．Remember, every step counts, however small it is!
G．Every little win is well worth acknowledging and rewarding.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章对如何实现自我提升提出了几点建议。
1．答案：E
解析：根据前文“First off, remember that ... not a dash.(首先，记住自我提升是一场马拉松，而不是短跑。)”可知，此处是指自我提升不能一蹴而就，所以E项(没有人能指望一夜之间改变一切。)承接前文，符合语境。故选E。
2．答案：F
解析：根据前文“Start with small ... stay motivated and feel accomplished.(从可实现的小目标开始。无论是一周读一本书，每天散步，还是学习一项新技能，这些小的里程碑都会帮助你保持动力并感受到成就感。)”可知，此处是指迈出一小步也是进步，所以F项(记住，每一步都很重要，无论多么小！)承接前文。故选F。
3．答案：C
解析：根据前文“Don't be afraid to fail ... don't beat yourself up.(不要害怕失败。失败是学习过程的一部分。如果你摔倒了或者没有实现你的目标，不要自责。)”可知，C项(相反，掸掉身上的灰尘，重新开始。)承接前文，解释失败后的正确做法。故选C。
4．答案：B
解析：设空处位于段首，为本段主旨句。根据后文“Share your goals ... on your journey.(与朋友或家人分享你的目标，并请求他们监督你。加入一个自我提升小组，或者找一个能在你的旅程中指导和鼓励你的人。)”可知，此处建议寻求身边人的支持和鼓励，B项(寻求支持和鼓励。)概括本段大意，适合作为本段主旨句。故选B。
5．答案：G
解析：根据后文“Whether it's a small accomplishment ... feel proud of yourself.(无论是一个小的成就还是一个重要的里程碑，花点时间感谢你的努力，为自己感到骄傲。)”可知，此处是指每一个小的成就都值得奖励，所以G项(每一个小小的胜利都值得认可和奖励。)引出后文，符合语境。故选G。
Ⅲ 应用文写作
请以“Can Money Buy Happiness？(金钱能买来幸福吗？)”为题写一篇短文，文中应包括以下内容：
1．有人认为金钱是幸福之本(source of happiness)；
2．也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of all evil)；
3．你的看法。
注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Can money buy happiness People have various answers to the question.
[精彩范文]
Can money buy happiness People have various answers to the question.
Some people may say, “Money is the source of happiness.” In their eyes, only a rich man can live a happy life. A man with plenty of money can buy anything required for him to live comfortably and enjoyably.
On the other hand, there are still a lot of others who take a negative attitude towards money. They think that money is the root of all evil. Money can drive people into stealing, robbing and even murdering. Many people become criminals just because they were in search of much more money.
In my view, money, when justly obtained and properly used, can bring us happiness and blessings. However, if we try every possible means to get money for nothing, money means nothing but a source of evil.
Therefore, I believe that money is a good servant but a bad master.
18(共73张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
Unit 2 Lessons in life
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
课前自主预习
精讲课时语法
课堂效果检测
目录
CONTENTS
1
2
３
课后课时作业
4
Grammar被动语态(复习)
课前自主预习
①Hotels are fully booked and the narrow streets are crowded with wonderful costumes.
②They were put into prison because they had broken the law.
③Today, carnival in Venice is celebrated for five days in February.
④I think the problem can be solved soon.
⑤English lessons are being broadcast on the radio.
⑥Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
⑦He said all the task had been finished by last week.
⑧This kind of clothes washes easily and sells well.
(1)①～⑦句中的被动语态结构分别是
①________________ ②________________
③________________ ④________________
⑤________________ ⑥________________
⑦________________
(2)以上句子中，_____句是用主动形式表示被动意义。
are booked
were put into
is celebrated
can be solved
are being broadcast
will be sent
had been finished
⑧
精讲课时语法
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，句子的主语是动作的承受者，即动作的对象。一般来说，只有及物动词(短语)才有被动语态，不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态。
1．不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。
The cup with mixture was broken after class.
那个装有混合液的杯子课后被打破了。
(一)被动语态的用法
2．突出或强调动作的承受者时，如果需要突出动作的执行者，用by的短语表示。
The novel was written by a high school student.
这部小说是由一个高中生写的。
3．由于某种理由(如为了礼貌、婉转或便于组织句子)时。
Everyone is expected to obey the following rules.
希望大家遵守以下规定。
被动语态小口诀：
谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。
动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。
单句表达
①领导给了我一次机会。
I ___________________ by my leader.
②我的建议被拒绝了。
My suggestion ________________．
③希望所有人都按时参加会议。
Everyone _____________ attend the meeting on time.
was offered a chance
was turned down
is expected to
(二)各种时态的被动语态
时态名称 被动语态形式
一般现在时 am/is/are＋过去分词
一般过去时 was/were＋过去分词
一般将来时 will/shall＋be＋过去分词
现在进行时 am/is/are＋being＋过去分词
过去进行时 was/were＋being＋过去分词
将来进行时 will＋be＋being＋过去分词
现在完成时 have/has＋been＋过去分词
过去完成时 had＋been＋过去分词
过去将来时 would＋be＋过去分词
The meeting will be held at 8：00 am tomorrow.
会议将于明天上午8点举行。
The plan is being carried out successfully.
这项计划正在被顺利地实施。
The experiment will be being done here at this time next Monday.
下周一的这个时候，这里将正在进行此项实验。
They had been warned many times before they carried out the plan.
在执行计划之前，他们已经被警告过多次了。
单句表达
①老师告诉我们第二天有一个新实验要做。
The teacher told us that a new experiment __________________ the next day.
②我们到那里时，工作已经完成了。
When we got there the work ________________.
would be performed
had been finished
③学生们一直在努力学习，他们的努力最终会得到成功的回报。
The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _______________ with success in the end.
④放学后，我们去阅读室阅读，却被告知它正在装修。
After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it __________________.
will be rewarded
was being decorated
1.含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”。
She should be taught how to operate the computer.
应该教她如何操作电脑。
2.“get＋过去分词”是被动语态的变形，强调结果。
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
那个男孩骑车上学时受伤了。
(三)被动语态的特殊形式
3.动词不定式的被动语态
(1)一般式to be done：表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之后发生或与其同时发生。
The book is said to be published soon.
据说这本书很快就会出版。
(2)完成式to have been done：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
She claims to have been unfairly dismissed.
她声称遭到无理解雇。
单句表达
①所有信件均应立刻回复。
All the letters __________________ immediately.
②必须马上做手术。
The operation _____________ at once.
③没有人在这次事故中受伤。
Nobody ______________ in the accident.
④目前一个潜在的危机好像已被避免了。
For the moment, a potential crisis appears ____________________.
should be answered
must be done
got hurt/injured
to have been avoided
1.动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, seem, turn, fall, grow, keep, go, stay作系动词时，后跟名词或形容词作表语，表示主语的特点，此时用主动形式表示被动意义。
The building looks very beautiful.
这栋建筑看上去很美。
2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin, finish, open, stop, move等，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The shop opens at 8：00 in the morning every day.
商店每天上午八点开始营业。
(四)主动形式表示被动意义
3.表示主语属性、特性的动词，如read, write, sell, wash, lock等，用主动形式表示被动意义。
The new book of the young writer sells well.
这位年轻作家的新书卖得很好。
4.be worth 后跟动名词形式，用主动形式表示被动意义；need, want, require 等词表示“需要……”，且物作主语时，后接 doing, 用主动形式表示被动意义，相当于to be done。
The movie is worth seeing.
这部影片值得一看。
The rumour needs clarifying/to be clarified.
谣言需要澄清。
5.be to blame或be to let(待出租)也是主动形式表示被动意义。
He is to blame for the broken window.
打破窗户是他的责任。
6.在“be＋形容词＋to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动意义。
This kind of water isn't fit to drink.
这种水不适合饮用。
7.动词不定式在名词或代词后作定语或宾语补足语，不定式和名词或代词之间有动宾关系，且和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
I'll give you something to read.
我会给你一些东西读。
(1)单句语法填空
①I have a lot of readings ___________ (complete) before the end of this term.
②In many people's opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant _______ (deal) with.
③With so much work ______ (do), I have no time to go to the cinema.
④The problem is worth __________ (discuss) again.
⑤The soup _____ (taste) a little sour and a little sweet.
to complete
to deal
to do
discussing
tastes
(2)单句表达
①那位司机应对此事故负责。
That driver ____________ for the accident.
②这座房子需要修理。
The house needs _____________________.
③他不易相处。
He isn't easy ________________.
was to blame
repairing/to be repaired
to get along with
④这种布很好洗。
The cloth ____________.
⑤这种材料摸起来很软。
The material ______________.
washes easily
feels very soft
1.将主动语态的宾语用作被动语态的主语，谓语动词变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来体现不同的时态，其后可接by介词短语，by后面是动作的发出者(有时by短语可以省略)。
The teacher asked him to answer the question.
老师让他回答问题。(变成被动语态)
→He was asked to answer the question by the teacher.
(五)主动语态变成被动语态
2.被动语态的一般疑问句是将助动词置于主语之前；其否定句是在助动词后加not；其特殊疑问句的语序为“疑问词＋一般疑问句”。
Where did they grow vegetables？
他们在哪里种菜？(变成被动语态)
→Where were vegetables grown by them？
3.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
一是将间接宾语(人)变为主语，直接宾语(物)保持不变；
二是将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。
He told us a story.
他给我们讲了一个故事。(变成被动语态)
→We were told a story by him.
＝A story was told to us by him.
Her mother bought her a computer.
她妈妈给她买了一台电脑。(变成被动语态)
→She was bought a computer by her mother.
＝A computer was bought for her by her mother.
4.若主动语态中的谓语是动词短语，在变为被动语态时，要将动词短语视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。
She will take good care of the children.
她会照顾好这些孩子。(变成被动语态)
→The children will be taken good care of by her.
将下列句子改为被动句
①They kept us waiting for a long time.
→________________________________________
②The news of his sudden success shocked us all.
→________________________________________________
③We expect you to finish the work in time.
→_______________________________________
We were kept waiting for a long time by them.
We were all shocked by the news of his sudden success.
You are expected to finish the work in time.
④His father bought a birthday present for him last week.
→_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
⑤The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
→__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
He was bought a birthday present by his father last week./A birthday present was bought for him by his father last week.
The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children./A warm welcome was given to the foreign guests by the children.
Vocabulary
cooperate v. 合作，协作(教材P24)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①I was struck by his inspiring words, and I decided to cooperate with him.
我被他鼓舞人心的话语打动并且决定和他合作。
②The company produces computers in cooperation with a German firm.
这家公司和德国一家公司合作生产电脑。
(1)单句语法填空
①They discussed how to promote ___________ (cooperate) between the two countries.
②Mr White had promised to cooperate _____ us, but he changed his mind at the last minute.
cooperation
with
(2)单句表达
①参加课外活动让我们学会了与同学进行协商与合作。
Participating in extra curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate and ____________________________.
②我们和其他学校的学生合作制作机器人，不仅获得了知识，还收获了友谊。
We worked __________________________________________， gaining not only knowledge but also friendship.
cooperate with fellow students
in cooperation with the students from other schools
课堂效果检测
Ⅰ.根据语境及首字母提示完成句子
1．Many new words and p_______ have been included in the revised edition.
2．The f___ they are offering bears no relation to the amount of work involved.
3．Mary is very considerate towards her colleagues in the company, so they are willing to c________ with her.
4．The old couple i________ their life savings in their daughter's business.
5．The manager put all his time and e______ into the business.
hrases
ee
ooperate
nvested
fforts
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The winner is passing the money _____ to a selection of her favourite charities.
2．Visitors ____________ (request) not to touch the exhibits.
3．According to the record, the Zhaozhou Bridge ________ (build) in the Sui Dynasty.
4．She told me she _________________ (dismiss) by her boss.
5．The book is said to __________________ (translate) into many languages in the last decade.
on
are requested
was built
had been dismissed
have been translated
6．These problems should ________ (solve) step by step.
7．Miguel was determined to stick ___ his decision.
8．She called us that she would _________ (delay) and would arrive in two hours.
9．She was partly ________ (blame) for failing to look as she crossed the road.
10．There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need _______________________ (improve)．
be solved
to
be delayed
to blame
improving/to be improved
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．当去除食物中的脂肪与盐时，食物尝起来好像少了点什么。
When fat and salt ______________ from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
2．她为什么不坚持以舞蹈为职业呢？
Why didn't she _______________ as a career
3．小汤姆喜欢今天晚上被带去看电影。
Little Tom enjoys ____________ to the theatre this evening.
are removed
stick to dancing
being taken
4．很快，四川将会建成更多的高速公路来促进当地经济发展。
More expressways ____________ in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.
5．他决定靠自己而不向朋友求助。
He decided to rely on himself ___________ seek help from his friends.
6．在大城市里，女清洁工通常按小时计算薪酬。
In big cities, cleaning women usually ____________________．
will be built
rather than
get paid by the hour
7．那些村子太小不可能标在地图上。
Those villages are so small that they ________________ on the maps.
8．在他的帮助下，这个问题很容易解决。
The problem _____________ with his help.
9．他的书很畅销，因此很快就会销售一空。
His books ________， so they ____________________．
10．一些孩子推迟一年上学用来做志愿者或者打工赚钱支付自己的大学学费。
Some kids take a “gap year” for voluntary work or saving money by work to ________________________．
can't be shown
is easy to solve
sell well
will be sold out soon
pay their university fees
课后课时作业
较易题(占比25%) 中档题(占比75%) 拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B 难度 ★★ ★★ ★★ ★
Ⅰ 阅读
A
When I was two years old, I was diagnosed with a hearing loss. My mother cried when she found out—she wanted her son to be happy and able to experience everything life had to offer. I went to a special playgroup twice a week where a nurse discovered I had taught myself to read. At the age of five I attended a school for the deaf from age three to six.
I remember looking around the room there. People talked and signed to each other. I had a best friend and I did very well in class. But I told my mother that I wanted to go to the regular school with hearing people, because I felt more like a hearing person than a hearing impaired (听力受损) one. I didn't even use sign language! I lip read and listened with my hearing aids. After visiting a public school for a day, my mother agreed to let me go. Without doubt, I have functioned very well.
Many people don't even know I am hearing impaired until they see my hearing aids. My classmates often forget that I have any problem, and I feel fortunate that they do not look down upon people like me. The only problem I have with this hearing loss is that some people discriminate against me. The fact is that I am just as normal as anyone else. The only differences are that others need to speak up, and I have some help from my hearing aids.
The next time you see hearing impaired people, don't feel sorry for them because that just gives them an excuse to mistreat themselves and hurt their own advantages. Instead, encourage them and tell them that a disability only hurts a person if he or she lets it.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过作者自己的故事告诉我们：残疾人应该把自己当作正常人。
1．Which of the following is mentioned about the author when he was 5
A．He went to a special playgroup.
B．He attended a school for the deaf.
C．He stayed at home with his mother.
D．He was diagnosed with hearing loss.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“At the age of five ... from age three to six.(我5岁时在一所为3到6岁的孩子开办的聋哑学校上学。)”可知，作者5岁时在聋哑学校上学。故选B。
2．Why did the author want to attend the regular school
A．He even didn't know sign language.
B．He had few friends at the deaf school.
C．He didn't believe his handicap was a big problem.
D．He found it very hard to get along with his classmates.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第四句“But I told my mother that ... than a hearing impaired (听力受损) one.(但是我告诉妈妈我想去正常的学校，因为我觉得自己更像一个听力正常的人，而不是一个听力受损的人。)”可推知，作者想上正常的学校是因为他觉得自己的残疾不是个大问题。故选C。
3．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “functioned” in Para.2
A．remembered B．translated
C．challenged D．performed
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句“Many people don't even know ... until they see my hearing aids.(很多人直到看到我的助听器才知道我有听力障碍。)”可知，作者在学校表现非常好，以至于大家都不知道他有残疾。由此可知，画线词意为“表现”，与perform同义。故选D。
4．What can we infer from the last sentence
A．A disabled person should be well treated.
B．If a person is disabled, he will hurt himself.
C．The disabled should regard themselves as normal.
D．A normal person is disabled, he will hurt himself.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“Instead, encourage them ... he or she lets it.(相反，要鼓励并告诉他们，只有自己任由残疾伤害自己，残疾才会伤害他或她。)”可推知，残疾人应该把自己看作正常人。故选C。
B
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow－up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision－making are enormous.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“群体智慧”效应的相关研究，包括这一效应的基本逻辑、相关的研究过程和发现以及这些研究的重要意义。
5．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people's errors.
D．The design of Galton's experiment.
解析：段落大意题。通读第二段可知，本段阐述了人们估算的误差并不总是相同的，当这些误差足够多并被平均开来时，它们会相互抵消，就会产生更准确的估算值。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
6．Navajas' study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ______．
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In more technical terms ... that people's estimates be independent.”和第三段中的“The key finding ... obtained from 20 independent individuals.”可知，第二段提到更准确的估算要求人们的估算是独立的，但第三段提出人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值更准确了，说明即使在估算数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
7．What did the follow－up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In a follow－up study ... in their discussion.(在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。)”可推知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
8．What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Although the studies ... decision－making are enormous. (尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性且存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可推知，作者对于Navajas的研究表示支持。故选D。
Ⅱ 七选五
Self improvement doesn't have to be a terrifying task. It can be a fun and exciting adventure that takes you on a journey of discovery and growth. With some simple tricks, you can transform yourself into a better version of you.
First off, remember that self improvement is a marathon, not a dash. __1__ Take it one step at a time, and enjoy the ride. Think of it like climbing a mountain: you take one step after another, admiring the view as you go, until you reach the summit.
Start with small, achievable goals. Whether it’s reading a book a week, going for a daily walk, or learning a new skill, these little milestones will help you stay motivated and feel accomplished. __2__
Don't be afraid to fail. Failure is part of the learning process. If you stumble or fall short of your goals, don't beat yourself up. __3__ Keep in mind, failure is just a temporary setback—it doesn't define you.
__4__ Share your goals with friends or family, and ask them to hold you accountable. Join a self improvement group or find someone who can guide and encourage you on your journey. You'll find that makes the process even more enjoyable.
And finally, don't forget to celebrate your progress. __5__ Whether it's a small accomplishment or a major milestone, take a moment to appreciate your efforts and feel proud of yourself. You can even create a reward system for yourself—maybe a delicious treat or a fun activity for every goal you achieve.
A．Choose your circle wisely.
B．Seek support and inspiration.
C．Instead, dust yourself off, and start out again.
D．Make time for activities that will fuel your soul.
E．No one can expect to change everything overnight.
F．Remember, every step counts, however small it is!
G．Every little win is well worth acknowledging and rewarding.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章对如何实现自我提升提出了几点建议。
1．答案：E
解析：根据前文“First off, remember that ... not a dash.(首先，记住自我提升是一场马拉松，而不是短跑。)”可知，此处是指自我提升不能一蹴而就，所以E项(没有人能指望一夜之间改变一切。)承接前文，符合语境。故选E。
2．答案：F
解析：根据前文“Start with small ... stay motivated and feel accomplished.(从可实现的小目标开始。无论是一周读一本书，每天散步，还是学习一项新技能，这些小的里程碑都会帮助你保持动力并感受到成就感。)”可知，此处是指迈出一小步也是进步，所以F项(记住，每一步都很重要，无论多么小！)承接前文。故选F。
3．答案：C
解析：根据前文“Don't be afraid to fail ... don't beat yourself up.(不要害怕失败。失败是学习过程的一部分。如果你摔倒了或者没有实现你的目标，不要自责。)”可知，C项(相反，掸掉身上的灰尘，重新开始。)承接前文，解释失败后的正确做法。故选C。
4．答案：B
解析：设空处位于段首，为本段主旨句。根据后文“Share your goals ... on your journey.(与朋友或家人分享你的目标，并请求他们监督你。加入一个自我提升小组，或者找一个能在你的旅程中指导和鼓励你的人。)”可知，此处建议寻求身边人的支持和鼓励，B项(寻求支持和鼓励。)概括本段大意，适合作为本段主旨句。故选B。
5．答案：G
解析：根据后文“Whether it's a small accomplishment ... feel proud of yourself.(无论是一个小的成就还是一个重要的里程碑，花点时间感谢你的努力，为自己感到骄傲。)”可知，此处是指每一个小的成就都值得奖励，所以G项(每一个小小的胜利都值得认可和奖励。)引出后文，符合语境。故选G。
Ⅲ 应用文写作
请以“Can Money Buy Happiness？(金钱能买来幸福吗？)”为题写一篇短文，文中应包括以下内容：
1．有人认为金钱是幸福之本(source of happiness)；
2．也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of all evil)；
3．你的看法。
注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Can money buy happiness People have various answers to the question.
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[精彩范文]
Can money buy happiness People have various answers to the question.
Some people may say, “Money is the source of happiness.” In their eyes, only a rich man can live a happy life. A man with plenty of money can buy anything required for him to live comfortably and enjoyably.
On the other hand, there are still a lot of others who take a negative attitude towards money. They think that money is the root of all evil. Money can drive people into stealing, robbing and even murdering. Many people become criminals just because they were in search of much more money.
In my view, money, when justly obtained and properly used, can bring us happiness and blessings. However, if we try every possible means to get money for nothing, money means nothing but a source of evil.
Therefore, I believe that money is a good servant but a bad master.
