英语 选择性必修 第四册[WY]
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
Grammar定语从句(复习)
①Do you know the year when the Chinese Communist Party was founded
②Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
③You're the only person I've ever met who could do it.
④I lost a book, whose title I can't remember now.
⑤He is working hard, which will make him pass the final exam.
⑥This is the hotel where they stayed last month.
(1)①⑥句中的黑体部分是________，在定语从句中作________。
(2)②句中的先行词是anything，关系词在从句中作宾语，只能用that，不能用________。
(3)③句中的who为________，在从句中作主语。
(4)④⑤句中的黑体部分引导____________从句；④句中的whose作________；⑤句中的which指代前面整句话的内容。
答案：(1)关系副词 状语 (2)which (3)关系代词 (4)非限制性定语 定语
(一)定语从句中关系词的选择
准确地判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分是确定关系词的关键所在，再结合先行词自身的属性便可做到万无一失。
1．关系代词引导的定语从句
(1)who, whom, that用来指人，其中that也可指物，who, that在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，whom在从句中作宾语。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you (who/that在从句中作主语)
他就是想见你的那个人吗？
He is the man who/whom/that I saw yesterday. (who/whom/that在从句中作宾语)
他就是我昨天看到的那个人。
It turned out that he wasn't the person who I'd thought he was.(who在从句中作表语)
事实证明，他并不是我想象中的那个人。
(2)whose用来指人或物，只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(whose在从句中指人)
他们赶过去帮助那个车坏了的人。
Please pass me the book whose cover/of which the cover is green.(whose/of which在从句中指物)
请把那本绿色封面的书递给我。
(3)which, that用来指物，其中that也可指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
A house which/that is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake.(which/that在从句中作主语)
建立在沙子上的房子在地震时可能会倒塌。
The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which/that在从句中作宾语)
你拿着的这个包裹快要打开了。
(4)as用来指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
They talked in such simple English as children could understand. (as在从句中作宾语)
他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。
As is known to all, fish can't live without water.(as在从句中作主语)
众所周知，鱼离不开水。
2．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词用来指时间、地点或理由，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词＋ which”结构，因此常常和“介词＋which”结构互换使用。
There are occasions when/on which one must yield.(when/on which在从句中指时间)
一个人肯定有屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where/in which I was born.(where/in which在从句中指地点)
北京是我出生的地方。
Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer？(why/for which在从句中指原因)
这就是他拒绝我们帮助的原因吗？
3．定语从句的分类
(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉后也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
This is the house which we bought last month.(限制性定语从句)
这就是我们上个月买的房子。
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.(非限制性定语从句)
我们上个月买的房子很好。
(2)当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查尔斯·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
去年我买的房子有一个美丽的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说感人至深，我已经读了三遍了。
(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行补充说明，这时从句谓语动词要用单数。
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没有理解我的意思，这让我很沮丧。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
用适当的关系词填空
①The place ________ interested me most was the Children's Palace.
②This is the reason ________ he didn't come to the meeting.
③Do you know the man ________ I spoke to
④In our factory there are 2，000 workers, two thirds of ________ are women.
⑤Is there anyone in your class ________ family is in the country
⑥Do you remember the man ________ taught us English
答案：①which/that ②why ③whom/who/that ④whom ⑤whose ⑥who/that
(二)难点突破
1．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
(1)关系代词作介词的宾语，当介词置于定语从句句首时，关系代词只能用which (指物) 或whom (指人)。
The pencil with which he was writing suddenly broke.
他正在写字的铅笔突然断了。
Look at the photo. This is Mr Green, in front of whom sit three students.
看这张照片。这是格林先生，在他的前面坐着三个学生。
Do you remember the day on which (＝when) you joined our club
你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
“介词＋关系词”引导定语从句时介词的选择。 (1)介词的选择要根据定语从句中的谓语、先行词以及它们之间的搭配来确定。 (2)有些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，故不能提到关系词前。 (3)关系副词when根据先行词的不同可转化为：介词in/during/on/at 等＋which；关系副词where可转化为：介词 in/on/at等＋which；关系副词why可转化为：介词for＋which。
(2)“不定代词或数词＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句可转化为“of＋which/whom＋不定代词或数词”引导的定语从句。其中不定代词为：some, any, none, both, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, one, most等。
There are 40 students in our class, most of whom (＝of whom most) like English.
我们班有40名学生，他们中大多数都喜欢英语。
(3)在定语从句中，“whose＋名词”可转化为“the＋名词＋of＋which/whom”或“of＋which/whom＋the＋名词”。介词of表示所属关系。
I live in a room whose windows are all broken.
＝I live in a room the windows of which (＝of which the windows) are all broken.
我住在一个窗户都坏了的房间里。
(4)如果先行词way后面的定语从句中缺少方式状语，关系词则用that或in which，也可省略关系词。
I don't like the way (that/in which) he talks to me.
我不喜欢他和我说话的方式。
(5)“某些介词＋关系副词”可引导定语从句。
He graduated from Peking University in 1988, since when he has improved himself in all aspects.
1988年他毕业于北京大学，从那时起他在各方面都提高了。
用适当的介词填空
①He built a telescope, ________ which he could study stars.
②What is the youngest age ________ which a person can be employed
③The teacher ________ whom you are waiting is coming.
④The colourless gas ________ which we cannot live is called oxygen.
⑤I made a list of the members ________ whom I had received replies.
⑥The way ________ which we work has undergone a complete transformation in the past decade.
答案：①through ②at ③for ④without ⑤from ⑥in
2．定语从句中需要注意的问题
(1)as, which引导非限制性定语从句时，as通常指代整个主句的内容，which既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代具体的词或词组；as引导的从句位置灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末，而which引导的从句通常位于先行词之后。
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
He finished the work ahead of time, which is very important to us.
他提前完成了工作，这对我们很重要。
(2)the same ... that表示“同一个，就是那一个”；而the same ... as 表示“与……一样(但不是同一个)”。
This is the same book that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢的那本书。
This is the same book as I lost yesterday.
这与我昨天丢的那本书一样。
(3)在一些类似地点的抽象名词后面，也可用关系副词where来引导定语从句。
I can think of many cases where cultural differences really exist.
我可以想出许多文化差异确实存在的事例。
(4)定语从句的关系代词只用that而不用which的情况：
①当先行词是all, much, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
We should do everything that is useful to the people.
我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。
②当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to our mind is the West Lake.
我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。
This is the fifth film that has been shown in our village.
这是在我们村庄放映的第五部电影。
③当先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.
这是当今世界上最小的计算机。
④当先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
他们谈论了他们访问过的那些老师和学校。
⑤当先行词被the very, the only, the same等修饰时。
The only thing that I need now is a cup of coffee.
我现在唯一需要的是一杯咖啡。
This is the very storybook that I want to read.
这正是我想看的那本故事书。
用适当的关系词填空
①The little girl failed the exam again, ________ was expected.
②We talked about the people and the things ________ we were interested in.
③What impressed me most was that there was a door on the fence, ________ definitely strengthened our connection.
④That is the most exciting game ________ I have ever watched.
⑤Students should involve themselves in community activities ________ they can gain experience of growth.
⑥I want the same shirt ________ my friend bought yesterday.
答案：①as ②that ③which ④that ⑤where ⑥as
Vocabulary
1 superior adj. 质量上乘的，优质的(教材P54)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①Our products are superior in quality and moderate in price and are sure to be saleable in your market.
我们的产品质量优秀，价格适中，在贵方市场上一定很畅销。
②This model is technically superior to its competitors.
这一款式在技术上超过了与之竞争的产品。
③He is a capable worker, and his superiors think highly of him.
他工作能力强，上级很器重他。
(1)单句语法填空
①He had a well－developed sense of his own ________ (superior)．
②It cannot be questioned that the new method is superior ________ the old one.
答案：①superiority ②to
(2)单句表达
亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟创作的要好。
Henry's works of art ________________ many aspects to those of his brothers.
答案：are superior in
2 go into debt 陷入债务之中，负债(教材P57)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①I have always been a good payer and have never gone into debt.
我一直及时付款，从未欠债。
②She bought whatever she liked and ended up in heavy debt.
她喜欢什么就买什么，结果负债累累。
③After years' hard work we've paid off our debts at last.
经过多年艰苦的劳动，我们终于还清了债务。
④I owe a debt of thanks to Joyce Thompson, whose careful and able research was of great help.
我欠乔伊斯·汤普森一份感谢之情，他谨慎杰出的研究具有极大的帮助。
(1)单句语法填空
①He has misconducted his affairs so that he's deep ________ debt.
②He's in debt ________ the bank because he bought that big house.
③I can guarantee that he will pay ________ the debt.
答案：①in ②to ③off
(2)单句表达
①我永远报答不尽你的恩情。
I ________________________ which I shall never be able to repay.
②他穷的时候欠了债，但自从富裕后就摆脱了债务。
He was ____________ when he was poor, but he has been ________________ since he got rich.
答案：①owe you a debt of gratitude ②in debt; out of debt
3 accumulate v. 积累，积聚(教材P57)
归纳拓展
情景助记
①By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.
她投资精明，积累了一笔财富。
②Art is all about the slow accumulation over time.
艺术不过是随着时间慢慢累积而形成。
③His disease resulted from the accumulative effects of eating too much.
他的病是由于长期饮食过量造成的。
(1)单句语法填空
①The funds needed will mainly be drawn from ________ (accumulate) within the enterprise.
②As the spring comes, the weather is becoming ________ (accumulate) hot.
答案：①accumulation ②accumulative
(2)单句表达
①我只想在那里积累一些有用的经验。
I just want to __________________________________ there.
②如果你努力工作，总有一天会积累起一笔财富的。
Work hard, and you __________________ someday.
答案：①accumulate some useful experience ②will accumulate a fortune
Ⅰ.根据语境及首字母提示完成句子
1．It is unfair to d________ between black people and white people.
答案：discriminate
2．If you prefer m________ flavours, reduce or leave out the chilli.
答案：mild
3．The demand for places at some schools e________ the supply.
答案：exceeds
4．College f________ have four years ahead in which they can prepare for their future careers.
答案：freshmen
5．The e________ is an imaginary line around the middle of the earth.
答案：equator
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．A few years ago it was virtually impossible to find ________ (superiority) quality coffee in local shops.
答案：superior
2．We know that taste in art is a ________ (subject) matter.
答案：subjective
3．The decision was based on emotion rather than ________ (ration) thought.
答案：rational
4．His ________ (finance) affairs were in complete disorder.
答案：financial
5．The engines shut off ________ (automatic) in an emergency.
答案：automatically
6．Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
答案：which
7．Dr Rowan, ________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has to do all his own typing.
答案：whose
8．Their child is at the stage ________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
答案：where
9．A new study finds that electronic noises in particular interfere ________ sleep.
答案：with
10．It's not a hotel, in the ________ (convention) sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel.
答案：conventional
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．众所周知，世界由七大洲和四大洋组成。
________________， the world consists of seven continents and four oceans.
答案：As we all know
2．像你刚才描述的那种人现在已经很少了。
____________________ you described just now are rare nowadays.
答案：Such people as
3．人类的大脑将永远优越于机器，因为机器仅仅只是人脑的工具。
The human mind ____________________ machines because machines are only tools of human minds.
答案：will always be superior to
4．那些想去参观展览的人必须在学校门口等候。
Those ______________________________ will have to wait at the gate of the school.
答案：who want to go to the exhibition
5．中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。
In ancient China lived an artist ________________________________．
答案：whose paintings were almost lifelike
6．在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。
In the dark street，there wasn't a single person __________________________________．
答案：to whom she could turn for help
7．我不会再为拯救你的公司而欠债了。
I wouldn't ______________ any further to try to save your company.
答案：go into debt
8．我和丈夫拼命工作，勉强糊口。
My husband and I work hard ________________________．
答案：to make to ends meet
9．他做实验失败了，这是没有预料到的。
He failed in the experiment, ______________________．
答案：which was unexpected
10．这是迄今为止防止污染所用的最好办法。
This is the best way ________________ against pollution so far.
答案：that has been used
较易题(占比25%) 中档题(占比75%) 拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B
难度 ★★ ★★ ★★ ★
Ⅰ 阅读
A
Tired of underpaid jobs and inconvenient hours, three entrepreneurial McLean teens decided to start their own company.
Their new company, TeenServ, aims to solve teenage unemployment with a platform that matches students and community members who need short term assistance with various tasks.Through TeenServ, residents sign up to post jobs they need done. Teens signed up to work can choose to accept a job depending on their schedules and work preferences. Website users can pick up shifts wherever and whenever they want, making it convenient for hectic schedules.
A year ago, Jack Lannin, Quin Frew and Ben Jeannot worked as lifeguards at a local pool. Lannin told Tysons Reporter that they were upset when a pay change “almost cut their salary in half”， and they wanted to find another job but there were few options. Then they came up with the idea for TeenServ. “Aside from getting a real job, refereeing (担任裁判) sports or yard work, there isn't really a good way to make money，” Lannin said, adding that even becoming a referee requires a significant start up cost for teens—around $70—to pay for training and a uniform.
They started out by going door to door and asking community members if they would pay teens fair wages for short term yard work.Soon enough, they began gathering opportunities. With help from an entrepreneurship class at McLean High School and feedback from teens, the students were able to turn their idea into a reality. So far, the website has employed more than 200 teens, according to Lannin. TeenServ pays students up to $18 per hour—well above Virginia's minimum wage of $7.25.
The business is focused on mostly McLean for now, but TeenServ's owners hope to expand around Fairfax County. That involves building up a base of teen workers before allowing residents to post jobs elsewhere in the county. After all, if residents need time specific jobs done, they can't be the ones waiting.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了三个青少年在厌倦了低薪和上班时间不便利的工作之后，创办了一家公司，旨在为社区的青少年提供更多的兼职和就业岗位。
1．What is TeenServ's goal
A．To increase the number of teen workers.
B．To help teens decide on their future career.
C．To encourage teens to start their own business.
D．To connect community employers to local teens.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Their new company ... who need short term assistance with various tasks.(他们的新公司TeenServ旨在解决青少年失业问题，通过一个平台，为需要短期援助的学生和社区成员匹配各种任务。)”可推知，TeenServ的目的是帮助将社区雇主与当地青少年联系起来。故选D。
2．What does the underlined word “hectic” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Regular. B．Flexible.
C．Traditional. D．Busy.
答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前文“Website users can pick up shifts wherever and whenever they want”可知，网站用户可以随时随地轮班，为繁忙的日程安排提供了便利。hectic意为“忙碌的”。故选D。
3．What problem did the three founders come across last year
A．They failed to find a part time job.
B．They received a significant pay cut.
C．They obtained little funding for their start up.
D．They lost a game due to a referee's unfair decision.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Lannin told Tysons Reporter that they were upset when a pay change ‘almost cut their salary in half’”可知，去年他们遇到的问题是：薪酬几乎减半。故选B。
4．What do the three owners plan to do
A．Create more time specific jobs.
B．Raise Virginia's minimum wage.
C．Grow their business outside of McLean.
D．Allow McLean residents to post jobs elsewhere.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The business is focused on ... around Fairfax County.(目前，TeenServ的业务主要集中在麦克莱恩，但其所有者希望在费尔法克斯县扩大业务。)”可知，他们的公司业务主要集中在麦克莱恩，但是希望扩大业务至其他地区。故选C。
B
You have a nice salary, but you still feel short of money. At the end of each month, you often ask yourself, “Where has all my money gone？” To help you better run your salary, here come some money saving tips.
First, you need to set goals to encourage yourself to save money. For example, you plan to have a good dress in one year, to have a car in two years' time or to buy a house in five years.
Second, form money saving habits and stay away from the ones that waste money. Learn to keep a diary of how much you spend and what it's for. Think twice before using money on expensive skin care products (护肤品). The best way to keep your skin in good condition is enough sleep.
Third, pay attention to your daily things. Leave no more than one light on when you leave home. Buy vegetables from a market where vegetables are less expensive and fresher, not a supermarket. When going to a supermarket, take a notebook with you. Write down what you want to buy.
Fourth, save your social life. Take the dishes that haven't been eaten up away for next day when you have dinner in a restaurant. When it's your turn to offer a meal, invite your friends to your home, and cook the dinner yourself. If you are to attend a party and an expensive present is needed, ask several friends to go together to share a present.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了省钱的四个方法。
5．Which of the following does the author favour
A．Buying some good skin care products.
B．Enough sleep does good to skin.
C．All things in supermarkets are expensive.
D．Vegetables in a market taste good.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The best way to keep your skin in good condition is enough sleep.(保持皮肤良好状态的最好方法是充足的睡眠。)”可知，作者赞成充足的睡眠对皮肤有好处这一观点。故选B。
6．What should you do if you want to save money
A．Have dinner in a restaurant.
B．Buy dishes in a restaurant and eat at home.
C．Invite friends home and cook yourself.
D．Attend a party alone.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“When it's your turn ... cook the dinner yourself.(当轮到你请客时，邀请你的朋友到你家来，自己做饭。)”可知，如果你想省钱，你应该邀请朋友到家里来，自己做饭。故选C。
7．Which of the following is NOT suggested by the author
A．Making a plan to save money.
B．Forming habits of saving money.
C．Cutting the prices when buying things.
D．Leaving few lights on when you leave home.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“First, you need to ... in five years.”、第三段中的“Second, form money saving ... that waste money.”和第四段中的“Leave no more than ... you leave home.”可知，A、B、D三项均正确，C项未被提及。故选C。
8．What is the passage mainly about
A．Four ways to save money.
B．How to set goals to save money.
C．Where to keep money.
D．How to live well with little money.
答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中的“To help you better run your salary, here come some money saving tips.(为了帮助你更好地管理你的薪水，这里有一些省钱的建议。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲的是省钱的四种方法。故选A。
Ⅱ 七选五
Visit the grocery store on an empty stomach, and you will probably come home with a few things you did not plan to buy. __1__ The location of store displays (摆放) also influences our shopping choices. And it may make or break some healthy eating habits.
The checkout area is a particular hotspot for junk food. Studies have found that the products most commonly found there are sugary and salty snacks. And a few studies have suggested that simply swapping in healthier options can change customer behavior. A 2012 study in the Netherlands found that hospital workers were more likely to give up junk food for healthy snacks. __2__ In 2014 Norwegian and Icelandic researchers also found that replacing unhealthy foods with healthy ones in the checkout area significantly increased last minute sales of healthier foods.
__3__ It has been working with more than 1，000 store owners to encourage them to order and promote nutritious foods. “We know that the stores are full of cues (暗示) meant to encourage consumption，” says Tamar Adjoian, a research scientist at the department. “Making healthy foods more convenient or appealing can lead to increased sales of those products.”
Adjoian and her colleagues wondered if such findings would apply to their city's crowded urban checkout areas, so they selected three Bronx supermarkets for their own study. __4__ Then they recorded purchases over six three hour periods in each store for two weeks.
Of the more than 2，100 shoppers they observed, just 4 percent bought anything from the checkout area. Among those who did, however, customers in the healthy lines purchased nutritious foods more than twice as often as those in the standard lines. __5__ The findings were reported in September in the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.
The potential influence may seem small, but Adjoian believes that changing more checkout lines would open customers' eyes to nutritious, lower calorie foods. Health department officials are now exploring ways to expand healthy options at checkout counters throughout New York City.
A．These foods give people more energy.
B．They bought unhealthy foods 40 percent less often.
C．But hunger is not the only cause of additional purchases.
D．The supermarkets began to offer nutritious, lower calorie foods.
E．It happened when the latter were more readily available on canteen shelves.
F．These findings caught the attention of New York City Department of Health.
G．They replaced candies and cookies with fruits and nuts near the checkout counter.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍几个实验说明了商店中商品的摆放位置会影响我们购物的选择，从而会形成或破坏一些健康的饮食习惯。
1．答案：C
解析：前文“Visit the grocery store ... you did not plan to buy.”提到空着肚子影响购物选择，后文“The location of store displays (摆放) also influences our shopping choices.”提到影响购物选择的另一个因素是商店中商品的摆放位置，C项(但饥饿并不是增加购买的唯一原因。)与前文构成转折关系，并引出后文。故选C。
2．答案：E
解析：根据前文“A 2012 study ... for healthy snacks.”可知，2012年荷兰的一项研究发现，医院工作人员更有可能放弃垃圾食品，转而吃健康零食。E项(当时，后者在食堂的货架上更容易买到。)解释了其原因，“It”指代前文这一现象，前后衔接紧密。故选E。
3．答案：F
解析：后文“It has been ... promote nutritious foods.(它一直在与1，000多家店主合作，鼓励他们订购和推广营养食品。)”介绍了“它”的措施，那么设空处应提及“它”指的是什么。F项(这些发现引起了纽约市卫生局的注意。)中的“New York City Department of Health”为后文中“It”指代的内容，且“These findings”呼应前一段提及一系列“购买健康食物”的发现。故选F。
4．答案：G
解析：前文“Adjoian and her colleagues wondered ... for their own study.”提到研究人员为了证明把健康食品放在收银处，是不是影响拥挤的市区内的顾客的购买行为，他们选择了三家超市，G项(他们把收银处附近的糖和饼干换成了水果和坚果。)承接前文，解释了他们的实验行为，且与后文“Then they recorded purchases ... in each store for two weeks.(然后，他们在两周的时间里，在每家商店记录了六次三小时的购物记录。)”构成顺承关系，前后衔接紧密。故选G。
5．答案：B
解析：前文“Of the more than 2，100 shoppers ... in the standard lines.(在他们观察的2，100多名购物者中，只有4%的人在收银台买了东西。然而，在那些购买了营养食品的顾客中，站在健康食品队列的顾客购买营养食品的次数是站在不健康食品队列的人的两倍多。)”提到研究的结果，后文“The findings were ... Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.(这项研究结果发表在9月份的《营养教育与行为》杂志上。)”是对研究结果的最后处理，由此可推知，设空句应同样也在讲述研究结果，B项(他们买不健康食品的概率也降低了40%。)承接前文，且与后文中的“The findings”呼应。故选B。
Ⅲ 应用文写作
最近几年越来越多的大学生加入兼职的队伍，请根据下面最近的一次调查内容写一篇报道，并阐明你对此现象的看法。
1．比例：25%的大学生兼职(暑假可达到72%)；
2．工作：家教、服务员、销售员等；
3．原因：争取经济独立(学费、日常开支)。
注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右；
2．开头已给出，不计入总词数；
3．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：家教tutor；学费tuition
According to a recent survey,
[精彩范文]
According to a recent survey, about 25 percent of college students have a part time job. During summer vacation, this figure will increase to 72 percent. College students are working as tutors, waiters or salesmen etc.
Why do college students want part time jobs The main reason is that they hope to be economically independent. If so, they can buy whatever they need in daily life. Meanwhile, they may help cover their increasing college tuition.
I think it is good for college students to do part time jobs. By doing part time jobs, they can gain some society experience and broaden their outlook. What is more, part time jobs can provide them with a valuable opportunity to know the outside world.
1(共76张PPT)
WELCOME UNIT
Unit 4 Everyday economics
Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar & Integrated skills
课前自主预习
精讲课时语法
课堂效果检测
目录
CONTENTS
1
2
３
课后课时作业
4
Grammar定语从句(复习)
课前自主预习
①Do you know the year when the Chinese Communist Party was founded
②Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
③You're the only person I've ever met who could do it.
④I lost a book, whose title I can't remember now.
⑤He is working hard, which will make him pass the final exam.
⑥This is the hotel where they stayed last month.
(1)①⑥句中的黑体部分是__________，在定语从句中作______。
(2)②句中的先行词是anything，关系词在从句中作宾语，只能用that，不能用______。
(3)③句中的who为_________，在从句中作主语。
(4)④⑤句中的黑体部分引导_____________从句；④句中的whose作______；⑤句中的which指代前面整句话的内容。
关系副词
状语
which
关系代词
非限制性定语
定语
精讲课时语法
准确地判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分是确定关系词的关键所在，再结合先行词自身的属性便可做到万无一失。
(一)定语从句中关系词的选择
1．关系代词引导的定语从句
(1)who, whom, that用来指人，其中that也可指物，who, that在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，whom在从句中作宾语。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you (who/that在从句中作主语)
他就是想见你的那个人吗？
He is the man who/whom/that I saw yesterday. (who/whom/that在从句中作宾语)
他就是我昨天看到的那个人。
It turned out that he wasn't the person who I'd thought he was.(who在从句中作表语)
事实证明，他并不是我想象中的那个人。
(2)whose用来指人或物，只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换。
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(whose在从句中指人)
他们赶过去帮助那个车坏了的人。
Please pass me the book whose cover/of which the cover is green.(whose/of which在从句中指物)
请把那本绿色封面的书递给我。
(3)which, that用来指物，其中that也可指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
A house which/that is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake.(which/that在从句中作主语)
建立在沙子上的房子在地震时可能会倒塌。
The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which/that在从句中作宾语)
你拿着的这个包裹快要打开了。
(4)as用来指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
They talked in such simple English as children could understand. (as在从句中作宾语)
他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。
As is known to all, fish can't live without water.(as在从句中作主语)
众所周知，鱼离不开水。
2．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词用来指时间、地点或理由，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词＋ which”结构，因此常常和“介词＋which”结构互换使用。
There are occasions when/on which one must yield.(when/on which在从句中指时间)
一个人肯定有屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where/in which I was born.(where/in which在从句中指地点)
北京是我出生的地方。
Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer？(why/for which在从句中指原因)
这就是他拒绝我们帮助的原因吗？
3．定语从句的分类
(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉后也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
This is the house which we bought last month.(限制性定语从句)
这就是我们上个月买的房子。
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.(非限制性定语从句)
我们上个月买的房子很好。
(2)当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查尔斯·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
去年我买的房子有一个美丽的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说感人至深，我已经读了三遍了。
(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行补充说明，这时从句谓语动词要用单数。
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没有理解我的意思，这让我很沮丧。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
用适当的关系词填空
①The place __________ interested me most was the Children's Palace.
②This is the reason _____ he didn't come to the meeting.
③Do you know the man _____________ I spoke to
④In our factory there are 2，000 workers, two thirds of _______ are women.
⑤Is there anyone in your class _______ family is in the country
⑥Do you remember the man _________ taught us English
which/that
why
whom/who/that
whom
whose
who/that
1．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
(1)关系代词作介词的宾语，当介词置于定语从句句首时，关系代词只能用which (指物) 或whom (指人)。
The pencil with which he was writing suddenly broke.
他正在写字的铅笔突然断了。
Look at the photo. This is Mr Green, in front of whom sit three students.
看这张照片。这是格林先生，在他的前面坐着三个学生。
Do you remember the day on which (＝when) you joined our club
你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
(二)难点突破
“介词＋关系词”引导定语从句时介词的选择。
(1)介词的选择要根据定语从句中的谓语、先行词以及它们之间的搭配来确定。
(2)有些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，故不能提到关系词前。
(3)关系副词when根据先行词的不同可转化为：介词in/during/on/at 等＋which；关系副词where可转化为：介词 in/on/at等＋which；关系副词why可转化为：介词for＋which。
(2)“不定代词或数词＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句可转化为“of＋which/whom＋不定代词或数词”引导的定语从句。其中不定代词为：some, any, none, both, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, one, most等。
There are 40 students in our class, most of whom (＝of whom most) like English.
我们班有40名学生，他们中大多数都喜欢英语。
(3)在定语从句中，“whose＋名词”可转化为“the＋名词＋of＋which/whom”或“of＋which/whom＋the＋名词”。介词of表示所属关系。
I live in a room whose windows are all broken.
＝I live in a room the windows of which (＝of which the windows) are all broken.
我住在一个窗户都坏了的房间里。
(4)如果先行词way后面的定语从句中缺少方式状语，关系词则用that或in which，也可省略关系词。
I don't like the way (that/in which) he talks to me.
我不喜欢他和我说话的方式。
(5)“某些介词＋关系副词”可引导定语从句。
He graduated from Peking University in 1988, since when he has improved himself in all aspects.
1988年他毕业于北京大学，从那时起他在各方面都提高了。
用适当的介词填空
①He built a telescope, ________ which he could study stars.
②What is the youngest age ____ which a person can be employed
③The teacher _____ whom you are waiting is coming.
④The colourless gas ________ which we cannot live is called oxygen.
⑤I made a list of the members ______ whom I had received replies.
⑥The way _____ which we work has undergone a complete transformation in the past decade.
through
at
for
without
from
in
2．定语从句中需要注意的问题
(1)as, which引导非限制性定语从句时，as通常指代整个主句的内容，which既可指代整个主句的内容，也可指代具体的词或词组；as引导的从句位置灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末，而which引导的从句通常位于先行词之后。
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
He finished the work ahead of time, which is very important to us.
他提前完成了工作，这对我们很重要。
(2)the same ... that表示“同一个，就是那一个”；而the same ... as 表示“与……一样(但不是同一个)”。
This is the same book that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢的那本书。
This is the same book as I lost yesterday.
这与我昨天丢的那本书一样。
(3)在一些类似地点的抽象名词后面，也可用关系副词where来引导定语从句。
I can think of many cases where cultural differences really exist.
我可以想出许多文化差异确实存在的事例。
(4)定语从句的关系代词只用that而不用which的情况：
①当先行词是all, much, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
We should do everything that is useful to the people.
我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。
②当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to our mind is the West Lake.
我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。
This is the fifth film that has been shown in our village.
这是在我们村庄放映的第五部电影。
③当先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.
这是当今世界上最小的计算机。
④当先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
他们谈论了他们访问过的那些老师和学校。
⑤当先行词被the very, the only, the same等修饰时。
The only thing that I need now is a cup of coffee.
我现在唯一需要的是一杯咖啡。
This is the very storybook that I want to read.
这正是我想看的那本故事书。
用适当的关系词填空
①The little girl failed the exam again, _____ was expected.
②We talked about the people and the things _____ we were interested in.
③What impressed me most was that there was a door on the fence, ______ definitely strengthened our connection.
④That is the most exciting game ______ I have ever watched.
⑤Students should involve themselves in community activities _______ they can gain experience of growth.
⑥I want the same shirt ____ my friend bought yesterday.
as
that
which
that
where
as
Vocabulary
1 superior adj. 质量上乘的，优质的(教材P54)
归纳 拓展
情景 助记
①Our products are superior in quality and moderate in price and are sure to be saleable in your market.
我们的产品质量优秀，价格适中，在贵方市场上一定很畅销。
②This model is technically superior to its competitors.
这一款式在技术上超过了与之竞争的产品。
③He is a capable worker, and his superiors think highly of him.
他工作能力强，上级很器重他。
(1)单句语法填空
①He had a well－developed sense of his own ___________ (superior)．
②It cannot be questioned that the new method is superior _____ the old one.
(2)单句表达
亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟创作的要好。
Henry's works of art _____________ many aspects to those of his brothers.
superiority
to
are superior in
2 go into debt 陷入债务之中，负债(教材P57)
归纳 拓展
情景 助记
①I have always been a good payer and have never gone into debt.
我一直及时付款，从未欠债。
②She bought whatever she liked and ended up in heavy debt.
她喜欢什么就买什么，结果负债累累。
③After years' hard work we've paid off our debts at last.
经过多年艰苦的劳动，我们终于还清了债务。
④I owe a debt of thanks to Joyce Thompson, whose careful and able research was of great help.
我欠乔伊斯·汤普森一份感谢之情，他谨慎杰出的研究具有极大的帮助。
(1)单句语法填空
①He has misconducted his affairs so that he's deep ____ debt.
②He's in debt _____ the bank because he bought that big house.
③I can guarantee that he will pay ______ the debt.
in
to
off
(2)单句表达
①我永远报答不尽你的恩情。
I ________________________ which I shall never be able to repay.
②他穷的时候欠了债，但自从富裕后就摆脱了债务。
He was ________ when he was poor, but he has been ___________ since he got rich.
owe you a debt of gratitude
in debt
out of debt
3 accumulate v. 积累，积聚(教材P57)
归纳 拓展
情景 助记
①By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.
她投资精明，积累了一笔财富。
②Art is all about the slow accumulation over time.
艺术不过是随着时间慢慢累积而形成。
③His disease resulted from the accumulative effects of eating too much.
他的病是由于长期饮食过量造成的。
(1)单句语法填空
①The funds needed will mainly be drawn from ____________ (accumulate) within the enterprise.
②As the spring comes, the weather is becoming _____________ (accumulate) hot.
(2)单句表达
①我只想在那里积累一些有用的经验。
I just want to ______________________________ there.
②如果你努力工作，总有一天会积累起一笔财富的。
Work hard, and you ______________________ someday.
accumulation
accumulative
accumulate some useful experience
will accumulate a fortune
课堂效果检测
Ⅰ.根据语境及首字母提示完成句子
1．It is unfair to d__________ between black people and white people.
2．If you prefer m____ flavours, reduce or leave out the chilli.
3．The demand for places at some schools e_______ the supply.
4．College f_________ have four years ahead in which they can prepare for their future careers.
5．The e_______ is an imaginary line around the middle of the earth.
iscriminate
ild
xceeds
reshmen
quator
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．A few years ago it was virtually impossible to find ________ (superiority) quality coffee in local shops.
2．We know that taste in art is a _________ (subject) matter.
3．The decision was based on emotion rather than ________ (ration) thought.
4．His ________ (finance) affairs were in complete disorder.
5．The engines shut off ____________ (automatic) in an emergency.
superior
subjective
rational
financial
automatically
6．Many lessons are now available online, from _______ students can choose for free.
7．Dr Rowan, _______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has to do all his own typing.
8．Their child is at the stage _______ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
9．A new study finds that electronic noises in particular interfere ______ sleep.
10．It's not a hotel, in the ____________ (convention) sense, but rather a whole village turned into a hotel.
which
whose
where
with
conventional
Ⅲ.单句表达
1．众所周知，世界由七大洲和四大洋组成。
______________， the world consists of seven continents and four oceans.
2．像你刚才描述的那种人现在已经很少了。
______________ you described just now are rare nowadays.
3．人类的大脑将永远优越于机器，因为机器仅仅只是人脑的工具。
The human mind _______________________machines because machines are only tools of human minds.
As we all know
Such people as
will always be superior to
4．那些想去参观展览的人必须在学校门口等候。
Those _____________________________ will have to wait at the gate of the school.
5．中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。
In ancient China lived an artist ________________________________．
6．在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。
In the dark street，there wasn't a single person __________________________．
who want to go to the exhibition
whose paintings were almost lifelike
to whom she could turn for help
7．我不会再为拯救你的公司而欠债了。
I wouldn't ___________ any further to try to save your company.
8．我和丈夫拼命工作，勉强糊口。
My husband and I work hard ___________________．
9．他做实验失败了，这是没有预料到的。
He failed in the experiment, ____________________．
10．这是迄今为止防止污染所用的最好办法。
This is the best way ________________ against pollution so far.
go into debt
to make to ends meet
which was unexpected
that has been used
课后课时作业
较易题(占比25%) 中档题(占比75%) 拔高题(占比0%)
题号 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
A B 难度 ★★ ★★ ★★ ★
Ⅰ 阅读
A
Tired of underpaid jobs and inconvenient hours, three entrepreneurial McLean teens decided to start their own company.
Their new company, TeenServ, aims to solve teenage unemployment with a platform that matches students and community members who need short term assistance with various tasks.Through TeenServ, residents sign up to post jobs they need done. Teens signed up to work can choose to accept a job depending on their schedules and work preferences. Website users can pick up shifts wherever and whenever they want, making it convenient for hectic schedules.
A year ago, Jack Lannin, Quin Frew and Ben Jeannot worked as lifeguards at a local pool. Lannin told Tysons Reporter that they were upset when a pay change “almost cut their salary in half”， and they wanted to find another job but there were few options. Then they came up with the idea for TeenServ. “Aside from getting a real job, refereeing (担任裁判) sports or yard work, there isn't really a good way to make money，” Lannin said, adding that even becoming a referee requires a significant start up cost for teens—around $70—to pay for training and a uniform.
They started out by going door to door and asking community members if they would pay teens fair wages for short term yard work.Soon enough, they began gathering opportunities. With help from an entrepreneurship class at McLean High School and feedback from teens, the students were able to turn their idea into a reality. So far, the website has employed more than 200 teens, according to Lannin. TeenServ pays students up to $18 per hour—well above Virginia's minimum wage of $7.25.
The business is focused on mostly McLean for now, but TeenServ's owners hope to expand around Fairfax County. That involves building up a base of teen workers before allowing residents to post jobs elsewhere in the county. After all, if residents need time specific jobs done, they can't be the ones waiting.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了三个青少年在厌倦了低薪和上班时间不便利的工作之后，创办了一家公司，旨在为社区的青少年提供更多的兼职和就业岗位。
1．What is TeenServ's goal
A．To increase the number of teen workers.
B．To help teens decide on their future career.
C．To encourage teens to start their own business.
D．To connect community employers to local teens.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Their new company ... who need short term assistance with various tasks.(他们的新公司TeenServ旨在解决青少年失业问题，通过一个平台，为需要短期援助的学生和社区成员匹配各种任务。)”可推知，TeenServ的目的是帮助将社区雇主与当地青少年联系起来。故选D。
2．What does the underlined word “hectic” in Paragraph 2 mean
A．Regular. B．Flexible.
C．Traditional. D．Busy.
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前文“Website users can pick up shifts wherever and whenever they want”可知，网站用户可以随时随地轮班，为繁忙的日程安排提供了便利。hectic意为“忙碌的”。故选D。
3．What problem did the three founders come across last year
A．They failed to find a part time job.
B．They received a significant pay cut.
C．They obtained little funding for their start up.
D．They lost a game due to a referee's unfair decision.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Lannin told Tysons Reporter that they were upset when a pay change ‘almost cut their salary in half’”可知，去年他们遇到的问题是：薪酬几乎减半。故选B。
4．What do the three owners plan to do
A．Create more time specific jobs.
B．Raise Virginia's minimum wage.
C．Grow their business outside of McLean.
D．Allow McLean residents to post jobs elsewhere.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The business is focused on ... around Fairfax County.(目前，TeenServ的业务主要集中在麦克莱恩，但其所有者希望在费尔法克斯县扩大业务。)”可知，他们的公司业务主要集中在麦克莱恩，但是希望扩大业务至其他地区。故选C。
B
You have a nice salary, but you still feel short of money. At the end of each month, you often ask yourself, “Where has all my money gone？” To help you better run your salary, here come some money saving tips.
First, you need to set goals to encourage yourself to save money. For example, you plan to have a good dress in one year, to have a car in two years' time or to buy a house in five years.
Second, form money saving habits and stay away from the ones that waste money. Learn to keep a diary of how much you spend and what it's for. Think twice before using money on expensive skin care products (护肤品). The best way to keep your skin in good condition is enough sleep.
Third, pay attention to your daily things. Leave no more than one light on when you leave home. Buy vegetables from a market where vegetables are less expensive and fresher, not a supermarket. When going to a supermarket, take a notebook with you. Write down what you want to buy.
Fourth, save your social life. Take the dishes that haven't been eaten up away for next day when you have dinner in a restaurant. When it's your turn to offer a meal, invite your friends to your home, and cook the dinner yourself. If you are to attend a party and an expensive present is needed, ask several friends to go together to share a present.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了省钱的四个方法。
5．Which of the following does the author favour
A．Buying some good skin care products.
B．Enough sleep does good to skin.
C．All things in supermarkets are expensive.
D．Vegetables in a market taste good.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The best way to keep your skin in good condition is enough sleep.(保持皮肤良好状态的最好方法是充足的睡眠。)”可知，作者赞成充足的睡眠对皮肤有好处这一观点。故选B。
6．What should you do if you want to save money
A．Have dinner in a restaurant.
B．Buy dishes in a restaurant and eat at home.
C．Invite friends home and cook yourself.
D．Attend a party alone.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“When it's your turn ... cook the dinner yourself.(当轮到你请客时，邀请你的朋友到你家来，自己做饭。)”可知，如果你想省钱，你应该邀请朋友到家里来，自己做饭。故选C。
7．Which of the following is NOT suggested by the author
A．Making a plan to save money.
B．Forming habits of saving money.
C．Cutting the prices when buying things.
D．Leaving few lights on when you leave home.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“First, you need to ... in five years.”、第三段中的“Second, form money saving ... that waste money.”和第四段中的“Leave no more than ... you leave home.”可知，A、B、D三项均正确，C项未被提及。故选C。
8．What is the passage mainly about
A．Four ways to save money.
B．How to set goals to save money.
C．Where to keep money.
D．How to live well with little money.
解析：主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中的“To help you better run your salary, here come some money saving tips.(为了帮助你更好地管理你的薪水，这里有一些省钱的建议。)”可知，这篇文章主要讲的是省钱的四种方法。故选A。
Ⅱ 七选五
Visit the grocery store on an empty stomach, and you will probably come home with a few things you did not plan to buy. __1__ The location of store displays (摆放) also influences our shopping choices. And it may make or break some healthy eating habits.
The checkout area is a particular hotspot for junk food. Studies have found that the products most commonly found there are sugary and salty snacks. And a few studies have suggested that simply swapping in healthier options can change customer behavior. A 2012 study in the Netherlands found that hospital workers were more likely to give up junk food for healthy snacks. __2__ In 2014 Norwegian and Icelandic researchers also found that replacing unhealthy foods with healthy ones in the checkout area significantly increased last minute sales of healthier foods.
__3__ It has been working with more than 1，000 store owners to encourage them to order and promote nutritious foods. “We know that the stores are full of cues (暗示) meant to encourage consumption，” says Tamar Adjoian, a research scientist at the department. “Making healthy foods more convenient or appealing can lead to increased sales of those products.”
Adjoian and her colleagues wondered if such findings would apply to their city's crowded urban checkout areas, so they selected three Bronx supermarkets for their own study. __4__ Then they recorded purchases over six three hour periods in each store for two weeks.
Of the more than 2，100 shoppers they observed, just 4 percent bought anything from the checkout area. Among those who did, however, customers in the healthy lines purchased nutritious foods more than twice as often as those in the standard lines. __5__ The findings were reported in September in the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.
The potential influence may seem small, but Adjoian believes that changing more checkout lines would open customers' eyes to nutritious, lower calorie foods. Health department officials are now exploring ways to expand healthy options at checkout counters throughout New York City.
A．These foods give people more energy.
B．They bought unhealthy foods 40 percent less often.
C．But hunger is not the only cause of additional purchases.
D．The supermarkets began to offer nutritious, lower calorie foods.
E．It happened when the latter were more readily available on canteen shelves.
F．These findings caught the attention of New York City Department of Health.
G．They replaced candies and cookies with fruits and nuts near the checkout counter.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍几个实验说明了商店中商品的摆放位置会影响我们购物的选择，从而会形成或破坏一些健康的饮食习惯。
1．答案：C
解析：前文“Visit the grocery store ... you did not plan to buy.”提到空着肚子影响购物选择，后文“The location of store displays (摆放) also influences our shopping choices.”提到影响购物选择的另一个因素是商店中商品的摆放位置，C项(但饥饿并不是增加购买的唯一原因。)与前文构成转折关系，并引出后文。故选C。
2．答案：E
解析：根据前文“A 2012 study ... for healthy snacks.”可知，2012年荷兰的一项研究发现，医院工作人员更有可能放弃垃圾食品，转而吃健康零食。E项(当时，后者在食堂的货架上更容易买到。)解释了其原因，“It”指代前文这一现象，前后衔接紧密。故选E。
3．答案：F
解析：后文“It has been ... promote nutritious foods.(它一直在与1，000多家店主合作，鼓励他们订购和推广营养食品。)”介绍了“它”的措施，那么设空处应提及“它”指的是什么。F项(这些发现引起了纽约市卫生局的注意。)中的“New York City Department of Health”为后文中“It”指代的内容，且“These findings”呼应前一段提及一系列“购买健康食物”的发现。故选F。
4．答案：G
解析：前文“Adjoian and her colleagues wondered ... for their own study.”提到研究人员为了证明把健康食品放在收银处，是不是影响拥挤的市区内的顾客的购买行为，他们选择了三家超市，G项(他们把收银处附近的糖和饼干换成了水果和坚果。)承接前文，解释了他们的实验行为，且与后文“Then they recorded purchases ... in each store for two weeks.(然后，他们在两周的时间里，在每家商店记录了六次三小时的购物记录。)”构成顺承关系，前后衔接紧密。故选G。
5．答案：B
解析：前文“Of the more than 2，100 shoppers ... in the standard lines.(在他们观察的2，100多名购物者中，只有4%的人在收银台买了东西。然而，在那些购买了营养食品的顾客中，站在健康食品队列的顾客购买营养食品的次数是站在不健康食品队列的人的两倍多。)”提到研究的结果，后文“The findings were ... Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.(这项研究结果发表在9月份的《营养教育与行为》杂志上。)”是对研究结果的最后处理，由此可推知，设空句应同样也在讲述研究结果，B项(他们买不健康食品的概率也降低了40%。)承接前文，且与后文中的“The findings”呼应。故选B。
Ⅲ 应用文写作
最近几年越来越多的大学生加入兼职的队伍，请根据下面最近的一次调查内容写一篇报道，并阐明你对此现象的看法。
1．比例：25%的大学生兼职(暑假可达到72%)；
2．工作：家教、服务员、销售员等；
3．原因：争取经济独立(学费、日常开支)。
注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右；
2．开头已给出，不计入总词数；
3．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：家教tutor；学费tuition
According to a recent survey, ﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍
[精彩范文]
According to a recent survey, about 25 percent of college students have a part time job. During summer vacation, this figure will increase to 72 percent. College students are working as tutors, waiters or salesmen etc.
Why do college students want part time jobs The main reason is that they hope to be economically independent. If so, they can buy whatever they need in daily life. Meanwhile, they may help cover their increasing college tuition.
I think it is good for college students to do part time jobs. By doing part time jobs, they can gain some society experience and broaden their outlook. What is more, part time jobs can provide them with a valuable opportunity to know the outside world.
