【高考突破方案】语法 专题3 第2讲 定语从句 高考一轮总复习英语课件

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语法悟通　专题突破
专题三　三大从句和特殊句式
第二讲　定语从句
集训夯基 · 素养提能
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
It was the summer of 2012, when① I came to Guangning No.1 Senior High School.Our school is a wonderful place, where② I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square.Our classroom，the roof of which③ looks like a rocket in the distance，is located in the center of our school.The main reason why④ I like our school is that I can make many friends.I can get along with my classmates here, two of whom⑤ are my best friends.The teacher whom⑥ I like most is Mr Zhang，our math teacher.To be honest，I gradually fall in love with our school.
用法感悟
①when为关系副词，在定语从句中作_________，其先行词为_______。
②where为关系副词，在定语从句中作_____________，其先行词为________。
③the roof of which为“the ＋名词＋of＋关系代词”，在定语从句中作____语，其先行词为____________。
④why为关系副词，在定语从句中作______________，其先行词为_________。
时间状语
2012
地点状语
place
主
classroom
原因状语
classmates
⑤two of whom为“数词＋of＋关系代词”，在定语从句中作____语，其先行词为_____________。
⑥whom为关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，其先行词为_______。
主
classmates
teacher
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句，其功能相当于形容词，被修饰的名词或代词被称作先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词(that, who、 whom、 which和whose)和关系副词(when, where和why)。定语从句有两种，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。
考点一　关系代词的用法
一、关系代词that与which的用法
1．只用that的情况
(1)当先行词为all，everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few等不定代词时；
(2)当先行词被all，some，every，any，no，little，much，few等修饰时；
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时；
(4)先行词被the only, the very (正是；恰是), the same, the last等修饰时；
(5)先行词中既有人也有物时；
(6)在which、who或what引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时；
(7)先行词是the way，并在定语从句中充当状语时，关系代词用that/in which或省略关系词。
This is the very film that I want to see.
这正是我想看的一部影片。
The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are well-known now.
你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。
2．只用which的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时；
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时；
(3)当先行词本身为that时。
The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.
结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。
二、which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可位于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 这一点 正如……；正像……的那样
She married again, which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料不及的。
She married again, as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
三、其他关系代词的用法辨析
关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作成分
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose(＝of whom/ of which) 人或物 定语
Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.
每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业证书。
My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.
我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I'm grateful that the assistant responded in a way _____________ made me rethink the power of my words.
2．The woman said that her husband had died some months before and that she didn't have anyone else in her family ______ could help her.
3．First, we went to Mount Tai, ________ is a very famous tourist spot in China.
that/which
who
which
4．The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two years.
5．This story about self-respect and self-love, ________ characters are Chinese, is set in Europe.
as
whose
考点二　关系副词的用法
关系副词指代的先行词及其作用
关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
when 表示时间的名词：time, day, year等 作时间状语 相当于at/in/on/during which
关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
where 表示地点的名词：park, place, country, city, house等 作地点状语 相当于in/at/to/on which
why 表示原因的名词：reason 作原因状语 相当于
for which
We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。
Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代的中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again
你能告诉我你又迟到的原因吗？
【点津】
(1)先行词为抽象名词point，position，situation, stage, state, case, scene 等后也常用where引导定语从句。
He said if we really got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.
他说如果我们真到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。
(2)表时间和表地点的名词以及reason作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导。
The boss doesn't want to hear any reason (that/which) you give.
老板不想听你所给的任何理由。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．The Double Ninth Festival is also a time ______ the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms.
2．I enjoyed my stay in the library ________ I could read various books I was interested in.
3．The reason ______ all people present are opposed to the project is that it will cause much pollution.
when
where
why
4．She is going to settle in Shanghai, ________ she has some close friends.
5．Next month, _______ we will spend our winter holidays in our hometown, is approaching.
where
when
考点三　“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
一、“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法
“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是一个你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
二、“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
1．根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.
物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(be interested in)
2．根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我童年时在乡下度过的那段时光。(during the time)
3．根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas, without which we can't live, is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，没有它我们无法生存。(without the colorless gas)
三、“介词＋关系代词”结构的变式
1．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句有时可以与“介词＋关系代词＋动词不定式”转换。
She must have time in which she could grow calm (＝in which to grow calm)．
她需要时间冷静。
Frank's dream is to have his own garden in which he can grow many beautiful flowers (＝in which to grow many beautiful flowers)．
弗兰克的梦想是拥有自己的花园，在里面可以种植许多漂亮的花。
2．“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”结构。
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely.
他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。
There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．I'll never forget the day _____ which we worked together in the countryside.
2．Yesterday we visited the Baotu Spring ______ which Jinan is famous.
3．In the fast moving information age, teenagers should keep pace with the media environment _____ which they communicate with the outside world.
on
for
in
4．I don't agree with the climate _____ which they've been accustomed for years.
5．For instance, in Lima, the capital of Peru, there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics, about 70 percent of ________ were set up by local doctors.
to
which
【例1】　The Digital World is a set of volumes that/which aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
分析：句意：数学世界是一套丛书，旨在描述数字系统如何影响社会，并帮助读者理解数学系统及其众多交互组件的本质。句中先行词为volumes，指物，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词that或which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
【例2】　Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a．m. to 5 p．m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les.
分析：句意：现在艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天上午9点到下午5点在迈克尔斯菲尔德的宠物店上班，这家店是她和已故的丈夫莱斯一起开的。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the pet shop，指物，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，应用which。故填which。
【例3】　They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals.
分析：句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照看动物方面经验丰富。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为masters，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导定语从句。故填who/that。