【高考突破方案】语法 专题4 第1讲 名词 高考一轮总复习英语课件

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语法悟通　专题突破
专题四　需要变形的名词、形容词和副词
第一讲　名词
集训夯基 · 素养提能
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
Born on August 23,1988 in America, Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball player① who was on the Huston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA)．But，to some degree，many Chinese fans② and coaches③ take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin has recently become a success④ and attracted the world's⑤ attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of imagination⑥ and pride⑦.As we know, in most people's eyes, Jeremy is a miracle.
用法感悟
1．根据①可知，player由词根_______＋词缀______构成；
⑥imagination为名词，其词根为__________；
⑦pride为____词，其对应的形容词形式为proud。
2．根据②③可知，可数名词由单数变复数时，一般情况下在词尾加_____；
以-ch结尾的名词变复数时在词尾加______________。
play
-er
imagine
名
-es
一个成功的人
3．根据④可知，a success意为“_____________”，这是抽象名词的具体化。
4．根据⑤可知，名词所有格一般在名词词尾加______。
一个成功的人
-'s
考点一　名词的构词规律
1．动词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e＋-al) approve→approval, survive→survival，arrive→arrival，refuse→refusal，propose→proposal
类别 例词
-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为 appear→appearance，perform→performance，exist→existence，prefer→preference，refer→reference，depend→dependence，guide→guidance
-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为 direct→direction，expect→expectation，explain→explanation，invite→invitation，solve→solution，compete→competition，pronounce→pronunciation，describe→description，repeat→repetition
类别 例词
-s(s)ion表示行为或状态 discuss→discussion，admit→admission，decide→decision
-ing表示具有……(特征的) hear→hearing，listen→listening，begin→
beginning
-ment表示行为、结果等 achieve→achievement，develop→development，argue→argument
-ure/-ture表示行为或状态 fail→failure，press→pressure，mix→mixture，expose→exposure
类别 例词
-y表示“……的动作(或过程)” recover→recovery，discover→discovery
其他常见变化 choose→choice，vary→variety，tend→tendency，grow→growth，marry→marriage，carry→carriage，pack→package，post→postage，store→storage
2.形容词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-cy表示性质、状态 fluent→fluency，accurate→accuracy，private→privacy，efficient→efficiency
-dom表示地位、状况等 free→freedom, wise→wisdom
-ness表示性质、状态 dark→darkness，weak→weakness，kind→kindness，cold→coldness，aware→awareness
类别 例词
-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态 warm→warmth, true→truth, deep→depth，strong→strength，long→length, wide→width
-y/-ty/-ity表示性质或状态 difficult→difficulty，honest→honesty，
safe→safety，cruel→cruelty，
responsible→responsibility
类别 例词
-ent→-ence, -ant→-ance, -nd→-nse different→difference，silent→silence，respond→response，patient→patience，absent→absence，present→presence，confident→confidence，convenient→convenience，important→importance，defend→defense
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I had to refuse your invitation because of a precious _____________ (engage)．
2．A collection of archaeological evidence has confirmed the ____________ (exist) of rhinos in ancient China.
3．The company's silence on the subject has been taken as an ____________ (admit) of guilt.
engagement
existence
admission
4. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and _____________ (consider) she showed to all her patients.
5．Meanwhile, a big tourism company said its rural tourism business has shown significant potential for future _________ (grow) in the recent three years.
consideration
growth
考点二　名词的数
1．可数名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则 例词
一般情况下 在词尾直接加-s house→houses
map→maps
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词 在词尾加-es box→boxes
brush→brushes
变化规则 例词
以辅音字母＋-y结尾的名词 变y为i再加-es city→cities
party→parties
以元音字母＋-y结尾的名词 在词尾直接加-s holiday→holidays
monkey→monkeys
变化规则 例词
以-o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加-s photo→photos
有些在词尾加-es hero→heroes potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes
既可以在词尾加-es，也可以加-s zero→zeros/zeroes
mosquito→mosquitos/mosquitoes
volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以-f, -fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v再加-es self→selves
wolf→wolves
少数直接加-s belief→beliefs
2.有些可数名词复数形式不是以加-s或-es构成，它们的构成形式不规则
变化规则 例词
变内部元音 man→men, woman→women，foot→feet, mouse→mice, goose→geese, tooth→teeth
词尾加-en或-ren ox→oxen, child→children
单复数同形 sheep, deer, means, series, Chinese，
Swiss
【点津】
fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词；表示“鱼的条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同；但表示“不同种类的鱼”时，其复数形式为fishes。
3．合成可数名词的复数
(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。
passer-by→passers-by, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups
(2)“man/woman＋中心名词”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心名词都要变复数。
woman engineer→women engineers
4．常见的10个不可数名词
fun乐趣
progress进步
work工作
advice建议
information信息
homework家庭作业
equipment设备
weather天气
housework家务
furniture家具
5．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)
surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
honour荣誉 an honour一个(件)令人尊敬的人(事)
failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)
beauty美；美丽 a beauty美丽的人或事物
pleasure快乐 a pleasure一件乐事
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Therefore, daily ___________ (supply) were sent to me by my children so I could avoid going out.
2．And outstanding or gifted players will also have the chance to join inter-school teams for regional _______________ (compete) and even national summer camps.
supplies
competitions
3．And one of his songs, Let the World Be Filled with Love, has enjoyed great popularity all over the country for __________ (decade)．
4．My mother would sit by the window, watching the falling _________ (leaf) from the trees floating in the air.
5．In addition to books, many libraries also offer digital _________ (copy) of books, audiobooks, movies, and more through Internet platforms.
decades
leaves
copies
考点三　名词所有格及名词作定语
一、名词所有格
1．-'s所有格
(1)and连接的并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-'s 或'；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-'s或'。
Tom's and Jim's rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim's room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
(2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber's在理发店
2．of所有格
无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the name of the girl over there
那边那个女孩的名字
3．双重所有格
“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
a photo of mine我的一张照片
a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧
二、名词作定语
名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：
1．一般用单数形式。
a stone bridge 一座石桥
a meeting room一间会议室
morning exercise早操
London Airport伦敦机场
a story book一本故事书
a shoe shop一家鞋店
2．man，woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。
a woman teacher一位女教师
two women teachers两位女教师
3．sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等一般用复数形式。
a sports meet运动会
a goods train货运列车
a customs officer海关官员
a sales manager销售部经理
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空/完成句子
1．There is a nice picture in the little ________ (girl) bedroom. She likes it very much.
2．He goes to work by car. His house is two _________ (hour) drive from his office in the city.
3．It was a good opportunity for me to experience the ___________ (nation) diverse customs and traditions.
girl's
hours'
nation's
4．Unlike older generations who might favor Western culture and brands，Chinese youth were born and raised when the ____________ (country) economy was taking off, so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
5．_________________________ (约翰和玛丽的妈妈) was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital.
6．_____________________ (两位女老师) and four girl students were praised at the meeting yesterday.
country's
John and Mary's mother
Two women teachers
【例1】　Also, technological know-how has become a requirement (require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most professions (profession)．
分析：动词become后接名词作表语，根据前面的不定冠词a可知，用名词的单数形式，故第一个空填requirement。名词profession为可数名词，根据前面的most可知用复数形式，故第二个空填professions。
【例2】　This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
分析：句意：这种变化已经减少了这个国家主要湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水变得更安全了。设空处作及物动词decreased的宾语，应用名词。故填pollution。
【例3】　My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
分析：分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作表语，说明主语的身份，表“是什么”，应用名词；根据句意“我是研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家”可知，应用名词。故填scientist。