【高考突破方案】语法 专题4 第2讲 形容词和副词 高考一轮总复习英语课件

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语法悟通　专题突破
专题四　需要变形的名词、形容词和副词
第二讲　形容词和副词
集训夯基 · 素养提能
考点突破 · 精讲即练
考点突破 · 精讲即练
情景导入
Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains too much.It is not true.Through many studies，scientists show us that the more you use your brain, the better it will be and the cleverer① you will become.
Of course，if you want to keep your mind clear and active, you must take a proper rest and study properly②.To the teenagers, using their brains in the morning is good for their health.
There are many ways to rest.One is a peaceful③ rest.Sleep is a peaceful rest.Another is an active rest.For example，you can take a walk outdoors and do more exercise every day.
用法感悟
1．根据①可知，“the ＋比较级，the＋比较级”意为“越……越……”。
2．②中的properly为____词，其词根是_________，词缀为______。
3．③中的peaceful为形容词，其词根是________，词缀为_______。
副
proper
-ly
peace
-ful
考点一　形容词和副词的词形转换
1．形容词的构词规律
类别 例词
名词词尾加-y rain→rainy，cloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，sleep→sleepy，wealth→wealthy
动词词尾加-(e)d learn→learned，gift→gifted, talent→talented，advance→advanced，excite→excited
类别 例词
动词词尾加-ing challenge→challenging，surprise→surprising, convince→convincing, frighten→frightening
名词词尾加-ful/-less meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，thank→thankful/thankless，peace→peaceful/peaceless，use→useful/useless，home→homeless
类别 例词
名词或动词 词尾加-able accept→acceptable，comfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，respect→respectable，reason→reasonable
名词词尾加-ous danger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humour→humorous
名词词尾的 -ce变为-t confidence→confident，difference→different
类别 例词
名词词尾加-al music→musical, person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional
名词词尾加-ly friend→friendly, week→weekly，love→lovely
名词词尾加-en wood→wooden, wool→woolen
动词词尾加 -ive/-ative attract→attractive, talk→talkative，prevent→preventive，protect→protective
类别 例词
其他常见变化 energy→energetic, fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific
[以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny, fun→funny等)；以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy, ice→icy, taste→tasty等)]
【点津】
区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词的具体方法：
(1)-ing形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质特征，常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile (微笑), feeling (感觉), appearance (外貌), cry (哭), face (面部表情), voice (声音), mood (情绪), look (表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
2．副词的构词规律
类别 例词
形容词＋后 缀-ly clear→clearly, great→greatly，loud→loudly，sudden→suddenly，sincere→sincerely，shy→shyly
以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加-ly happy→happily，heavy→heavily，angry→angrily，lucky→luckily，noisy→noisily
类别 例词
词尾为-ble/-le的形容词，去e再加-y terrible→terribly，possible→possibly，gentle→gently，probable→probably，comfortable→comfortably，responsible→responsibly，suitable→suitably(例外：whole→wholly)
词尾为-ue的形容词，去e再加-ly true→truly
类别 例词
词尾为-ll的形容词，直接加-y full→fully，dull→dully
词尾为-ic的 形容词，加 -ally basic→basically, scientific→scientifically，
specific→specifically，
automatic→automatically
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．But that's how nature is—always leaving us __________ (astonish)．
2．Walking along a trail in the shadowy forest, I saw __________ (variety) plants that have started to turn reddish.
3．They are making the space experience _____________ (access) to ordinary people.
4．Today, as urban population explodes ___________ (globe), cities become more crowded.
astonished
various
accessible
globally
考点二　形容词和副词的基本用法
1．形容词和副词的句法功能
词性 功能 例句
形容词 在句中作定语、表语、补足语和状语(说明主语的状态、性质或特征等)，修饰名词、代词等 Optimistic, she is the sort of lady to spread sunshine to people through her smile.
乐观的她是那种通过微笑向人们传播阳光的人。
词性 功能 例句
副词 在句中作状语，修饰动词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子等，方位副词可作后置定语、表语或补语 I couldn't find my way out, so I stayed there all along.
我找不到出去的路，因此我一直待在那里。
2.兼有两种形式的副词
其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加后缀-ly。这两种形式的副词表示的意义不同。
close接近(指距离)—closely仔细地；密切地
free免费—freely自由地；自如地
deep深—deeply深刻地；深入地
hard努力地—hardly几乎不
wide充分地；尽可能远地—widely广泛地
high高—highly高度地
late晚；迟—lately近来
near邻近—nearly几乎
most最—mostly主要地；绝大多数地
pretty相当地—prettily优美地
【点津】
下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：
lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely 等。
3．常用的连接性副词
(1)though 一般用于句末，意为“然而；可是”，表示转折。
(2)meanwhile意为“在此期间”，表示两个动作同时发生。
(3)therefore/thus/consequently意为“因此；所以”，表示结果。
(4)moreover/furthermore/additionally意为“此外”，表示承接关系。
(5)besides意为“另外；还有”，表示并列或递进关系。
(6)however意为“然而”，表示让步和转折，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。
(7)instead意为“相反”，表示相反的情况。
(8)anyway/anyhow意为“尽管；即使这样”，表示让步。
4．常考易混、易错形容词和副词的区别
(1)before与ago
相同点：都可以表示“在若干时间以前”。
不同点：before常用于过去完成时，所指的时间是从过去某一时刻算起的以前；ago常用于一般过去时，所指的时间是从现在算起的一段时间以前。
Three days ago, I finally left the firm that I had joined eighteen years before.
三天前，我终于离开了18年前我所进入的公司。
(2)so与such
so是副词，可以放在形容词或副词之前作状语；such是限定词，可用来修饰名词，作定语。
such a beautiful girl＝so beautiful a girl
such a lovely day＝so lovely a day
应注意以下几点：
①当名词为不可数名词或复数名词时，不能用so，必须用such。
②当名词前有表示数量的词语(如many, much, few, little)时，则只能使用so来修饰它们，而不能使用such。
He has so little money.
他只有那么一点儿钱。
【点津】
当little作“小的”讲时，可以用such。
such a little animal这么小的动物
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．She is not an outgoing person and she doesn't let anyone know what she ________ (true) feels.
2．________________ (fortune), the people making the decisions are out of touch with the real world.
3．She is _____ confident a woman that she is certain of her views.
4．Oliver says if you're ________ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them if you can join in when it's possible.
truly
Unfortunately
so
lucky
考点三　比较级和最高级的用法
形容词和副词比较等级的考查主要体现在两个方面：一是通过标志词than或表示比较意义的语境推出用比较级还是最高级；二是考查一些固定结构中比较级和最高级的用法。
1．比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则形式
①单音节以及少数双音节形容词和副词，在原级后加-er，-est构成，如clever—cleverer—cleverest。
其他特殊变化见下表：
特殊情况 构成方法 例词
以不发音的字母-e结尾 加-r和-st brave—braver—bravest
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i，再加-er和-est happy—happier—happiest
以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母 双写词尾，再加-er和-est hot—hotter—hottest
②多音节和部分双音节形容词和副词，在原级前加more和most构成。
active—more active—most active
happily—more happily—most happily
【点津】
(1)有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以-ow, -er结尾的词。
(2)有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right (正确的)，wrong (错误的)，excellent (优秀的)，possible (可能的)，empty (空的)，first (第一的)，wooden (木制的)，final (最后的)，east (东方的)，last (最后的)等。
(2)不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good, well better best
bad, ill worse worst
many, much more most
little less least
原级 比较级 最高级
far farther(指时间或空间上“更远的/地”) farthest(指时间或空间上“最久的；最远的”)
further(指空间或用于描述比喻或抽象的距离“更远的；更进一步的”；“在更大程度上”) furthest(指空间距离“最远的；在最大程度上”)
old older/elder oldest/eldest
2.比较等级的基本用法
(1)同级比较：as＋形容词/副词原级＋as，其否定形式是“not as/so＋形容词/副词原级＋as”。
(2)比较级结构：形容词/副词的比较级＋than; more/less＋多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词＋than。常见的修饰比较级的词有any, much, even, far, by far, a lot, a great deal等。
The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.
这本书比我以前读的书有趣多了。
(3)最高级结构：the＋形容词的最高级(＋名词)＋比较范围(in/of/among短语)；one of the＋形容词的最高级＋名词复数。常用来修饰最高级的词有by far, almost以及序数词等。
Raymond's parents wanted him to have the best possible education.
雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。
3．比较等级的特殊句型
(1)“比较级＋and＋比较级”或“more and more/less and less＋原级”表示“越来越……”。
Holiday flight tickets are getting less and less expensive.
假期的机票越来越便宜了。
(2)“the＋比较级＋主语＋谓语，the＋比较级＋主语＋谓语”，表示“越……，就越……”。
The more you listen and read, the better you write and speak.
你听得越多、读得越多，你的写作和口语就越好。
(3)“the＋比较级＋of the two＋名词”，表示“两者中较……的那个人或物”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个相机中，我喜欢较小的那个，它很容易携带。
4．比较级形式表达最高级含义
(1)“否定词＋比较级”或“否定词＋such/so ...as”结构表示最高级含义。
The story is perfect; I've never heard a better one before.
这个故事太完美了；我从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。
(2)比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级含义：
①比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词；
②比较级＋than＋all the other＋复数名词；
③比较级＋than＋any of the other＋复数名词。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河流都长。/长江是中国最长的河流。
5．倍数表达法
常见的倍数表达句型主要有：
①A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B；
②A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B；
③A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height等)＋of＋B；
④The＋名词(size，length，height 等)＋of＋A＋is＋倍数＋that＋of＋B；
⑤A is＋倍数＋what引导的名词性从句。
Smoking is harmful to people's health, killing seven times more people each year than traffic accidents.
吸烟有害健康，每年因抽烟而丧命的人比死于交通事故的多7倍。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．My mum makes the _______ (good) biscuits in the world, so I decided to ask her for help.
2．He realized that if he could construct a windmill, his village people could live a far _________ (good) life.
3．After a few months, we all felt that we had been able to build much ___________ (strong) relationships with the family than we had before.
best
better
stronger
4．My father went to work by car as usual today, but he arrived at the company later _______ usual.
5．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times _________ (fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.
than
faster
【例1】　At the same time, computer games are becoming increasingly popular as major publishing houses continue to develop educational (education) computer programs for children in preschool.
分析：句法功能法。修饰名词computer programs，应用形容词。故填educational。
【例2】　Bamboo：Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices. Certainly (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
分析：句法功能法。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作状语修饰全句，应用副词。故填Certainly。
【例3】　Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher (high) than they actually are.
分析：标志词定性法。根据设空处后的比较级提示词than可知，设空处应用形容词的比较级。故填higher。