【高考突破方案】语法 专题2 第3讲 情态动词和虚拟语气 教师用书 高考一轮总复习英语

第三讲　情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词
情景导入
Lucy is an outgoing lady.She can① play many kinds of musical instruments.Actually，she could② play the piano when she was 8 years old. Lucy also keeps taking exercise every day.She says that she has to③ do some sports because she must④ keep slim.
“You shall⑤ get fat soon if you don't take exercise every day.” She usually says to her friends.
As for her，an elegant lady should⑥ try to keep fit.However，last week，she found that she might⑦ put on weight and she was worried and decided to lose weight.And these days she is always thinking that she may⑧ succeed soon if she tries all her best.However，she is always lacking in time because she ought to⑨ take care of her children.
One night after supper，she walked quickly in order to go dancing at the Tomorrow Park but she was late.On her way，she thought that the dancing must have begun⑩，and the coach could have taught or shown many new moves. She was afraid that her friends might have left before she got there.She was regretful then.She should have had supper earlier, or she could have taken a taxi，and indeed she needn't have taken a bath in advance.When she reached the park finally, she found nobody was there.She remembered suddenly that it had been reported on the radio that there would be a heavy rain that night.
用法感悟
1．①can和②could表 能力 ，意为“ 能够 ”。
2．③have to表示“ 不得不 ”。强调 客观需要 。
④must表 必须 ，强调说话者的 主观看法 。
3．⑤shall用于第 二 人称，表示说话人给对方 允诺 。
4．⑥should ⑨ought to表示“ 应该 ”。
5．⑧may ⑦might表示 推测 ，意为“ 可能 ”。
6．⑩must have done could have done might have done表示对过去所做事的 推测 。
7． should have done could have done needn't have done表示对过去所做事(没做的事) 责备、后悔 。
一、情态动词的基本用法
1．can/could
(1)表示“能力”，意为“能，会”。
I can't promise anything, but I'll do what I can.
我不能许诺什么，但我会尽力而为。
(2)表示推测，意为“可能”，往往用于否定句或疑问句中。can比could语气强。
That can't be Mary—she is in London now.
那不可能是玛丽——她现在在伦敦。
(3)表示客观可能性，意为“有时候会”，多用于肯定句。
Credit cards provide us with lots of convenience, but sometimes they can lead to problems.
信用卡给我们提供了许多方便，但有时候会导致一些问题。
(4)表示礼貌地请求，意为“能，可以”。在疑问句中could可代替can, 语气更委婉。
Can you tell us your recipe for happiness and a long life
你可以告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗？
(5)固定句式：can't ...too/enough无论……也不过分，越……越好。
I can't thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
我非常感谢你在我们不在家时对我儿子的帮助。
2．may/might
(1)表示许可和请求，在疑问句中might比may的语气更委婉。
Might/May I have a word with you It won't take long.
我可以和你说句话吗？不会耽误很长时间。
(2)表示推测，意为“可能，或许”，用于肯定句和否定句中。
If you forget to turn it off when you go away, you might burn down the house.
当你离开时如果忘记关掉它，你可能会把整个房子都烧毁。
(3)用于固定句式：may/might as well＋动词原形，意为“不妨；倒不如……”。
Since it is raining hard, you may/might as well stay here.
既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。
3．must
(1)表示义务、必要性等，意为“必须”，其否定式mustn't 意为“禁止”。
—Can't you stay a little longer
—It's getting late.I really must go now.My daughter is home alone.
——难道你不能再多待一会儿吗？
——时间不早了。现在我确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家。
(2)表示猜测、推测，意为“想必，一定”。常用于肯定句中。
You must be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.
你一定是卡罗尔。这么多年过去了，你一点都没变。
(3)表示偏执、固执，意为“非得，偏要”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非得走，至少要等到暴风雨停了。
4．shall
(1)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow
要我告诉Brett明天放学后直接过来吗？
(2)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
One of our rules is that every student shall wear the school uniform while at school.
我们的规定之一就是每名学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
5．should
(1)表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”。
I don't think you should give up the opportunity to go to the university which you have been dreaming about.
我认为你不应该放弃你一直以来梦想上这所大学的机会。
(2)表示推测、可能性或预期，意为“应该；可能”。
He should be here on time—he started early enough.
他应该按时到这里的——他出发得足够早。
(3)表示惊奇、失望、遗憾、愤怒等情绪，意为“竟然；居然”。
It's strange that a top student should fail to pass the exam.
奇怪的是，一个尖子生竟然考试不及格。
6．will/would
(1)表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。
I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
我已再三告诉他戒烟，但他就是不听。
(2)表示习惯性动作，意为“总是”，will指现在，would指过去。
I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland on the weekend.
我仍然记得我快乐的童年，那时我妈妈经常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。
(3)表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。
Will/Would you please let me have a look at your new watch
请让我看看你的新手表好吗？
7．need
need表示必要性，常用于疑问句和否定句中，needn't表示“不必”。need 作实义动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中，有人称、数和时态的变化，其后可接名词、代词、带to的动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语。
My room is in a mess, but I needn't clean it before I go out tonight.
我的房间里乱糟糟的，不过我今天晚上出门之前没必要打扫它。
Since you have already known it, we don't need to keep it a secret.
既然你已经知道了，我们就没必要保密了。
8．dare
dare意为“敢，敢于”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，后接动词原形。作实义动词时，在肯定句中通常接带to的动词不定式，在疑问句和否定句中，dare之后的to可省略。
How dare you leave your home without your parents' permission
在没有征得你父母同意的情况下你怎么敢离开家？
Most people hate Harry but they don't dare (to) say so.
大多数人讨厌哈里，但他们敢怒不敢言。
即时演练(一)
完成句子
1．安吉拉与西蒙进行了辩论，试图说服他改变主意，但西蒙不愿意听她的话。
Angela reasoned with Simon, trying to persuade him to change his mind, but Simon would not listen to her .
2．你不必道歉；任何人都可能迟到。过来坐下。
You don't have to apologize ; it can happen to anybody to be e and sit down.
3．就我个人而言，你不妨抓住这个机会，否则一旦错过就再也不会得到另外一个机会了。
Personally I think you may as well seize the chance , or you'll probably never get another once you miss it.
4．在这种情况下，如果说有什么话题需要避免，那一定就是大家的收入。
Under the circumstances, if there is any topic that needs avoiding, it must be people's income .
5．我奶奶已经七十多岁了，但她仍然可以不戴眼镜看书。
My grandma is over seventy, but she can still read without glasses .
二、情态动词＋have done
1．对过去的推测
(1)must have done一定做过……
(2)can't/couldn't have done过去不可能做过……
(3)may/might have done过去可能做过……
(4)may/might not have done过去可能没有做过……
Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He must have practised many times last week.
保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上周一定练习了很多次。
George can't have gone too far.His coffee is still warm.
乔治不可能走得太远。他的咖啡还是温的。
2．对过去情况的后悔、遗憾或责备
(1)could have done本来能够做但却未做
(2)should have done本来应该做但实际上未做
(3)shouldn't have done
本来不应该做而实际上做了
(4)needn't have done本来没必要做却做了
I thought you might have invited her over.
我想你大概已经邀请她过来了。
You should have studied harder.
你本应该更努力学习的。
You needn't have told him that.
你本来用不着告诉他那个的。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Your cousin must have enjoyed his trip in Jixian County, didn't he He looks amazingly different.
2．The spokesman did not regret what he had said at the conference but felt that he could have expressed (express) it indirectly.
3．This may have been an improvement, but “breakthrough” was an overstatement.
4．I'm not feeling well in the stomach. I shouldn't have eaten (eat) so much fried chicken just now.
5．You ought to have come (come) to the party yesterday, but why didn't you come
虚拟语气
情景导入
My deskmate，Mary，treats me as if she were① my sister.She is nice but fat. If she were not so fat，she would look② like a super model.Last year，a doctor advised that she (should) eat③ more vegetables and fruits.He also made a suggestion that she (should) work out④ regularly.Besides，he insisted that she (should) walk⑤ to school.If she had followed the doctor's advice，she would not be⑥ so fat now.In other words，if the doctor had persuaded her to do so, she would not have become⑦ overweight.
This morning, Mary's mother bought her a new dress.It was really nice. But after she tried it on，she couldn't help shouting，“If only I were⑧ a little thinner! How I wish I hadn't eaten⑨ so much junk food before！” Were I Mary，I would make⑩ a weight loss plan.If I became overweight in the future, I would do sports every day.Now it is high time that she changed her lifestyle.Without a healthy lifestyle，she wouldn't be able to lose weight.I would rather she went swimming with me，but she insists that water sports are not suitable for her.So it is necessary that she (should) walk to school.
用法感悟
1．根据句①可知，as if引导方式状语从句，与现在事实相反时，从句谓语动词用过去式，be动词一律用 were 。
2．(1)根据句②可知，表示与现在事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语动词用过去式(be动词一律用were)，主句的谓语用 would＋动词原形 。
(2)根据句⑦可知，表示与过去事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语动词用 过去完成时 ，主句的谓语用would have＋过去分词。
(3)根据句 可知，表示与将来事实相反的假设，if从句的谓语动词用 过去式 ，主句的谓语用would＋动词原形。
(4)句⑥为错综时间条件句，本句的虚拟条件句与 过去事实 相反，主句与 现在事实 相反。
(5)根据句⑩可知当省略if时，需要将 were ，should，had提到主语前，即部分倒装。
(6)根据句 可知本句为 without 引起的含蓄条件句，可转换为if从句。
3．(1)根据句③句⑤可知，在advise，insist(坚决主张)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“ (should＋)动词原形 ”。
(2)根据句 可知，insist意为“ 坚持说 ”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
(3)根据句⑨可知，wish后的宾语从句表示过去的情况时，从句谓语用 过去完成时 。
(4)根据句 可知，would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常用 过去式 来表示现在或将来的情况。
4．根据句④可知，suggestion后的同位语从句中，从句用“ (should＋)动词原形 ”。
5．根据句 可知，在“It is＋necessary＋that...”句型中，谓语动词用“ (should)＋动词原形 ”。
6．根据句⑧可知，if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。与现在事实相反时，谓语动词用过去式，be动词一律用 were 。
7．根据句 可知，在“It is high time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用 过去式 表示虚拟语气。
一、虚拟语气用于条件句中的4种情况
1．虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用
类别 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be用were) should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事 实相反 过去式(be用were) should/would/could/might＋动词原形
should＋动词原形
were to＋动词原形
If he had time now, he would (should/could/might) go with you.
如果他现在有时间，他会和你一起去的。(与现在事实相反)
If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would (should/could/might) have met the famous singer.
如果你早来几分钟，你就会见到那个著名歌手了。(与过去事实相反)
If it were to snow/should snow/snowed this evening, they would (should/could/might) not go out.
如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出去。(与将来事实相反)
2．虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装
如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装；若为否定形式，not不可提前。
Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
要是他赶上了早晨的火车，那他开会就不会迟到了。
3．错综时间条件句
有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自发生的时间加以调整。
If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.
如果我们早些订位子，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。(if条件句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在的虚拟)
4．含蓄条件句
(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for, without等介词(短语)来表示。
We wouldn't have finished the project on time without your timely help.
如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。
(2)用连词otherwise, or等暗示下文与前面的情况相反，从而引出下文的虚拟语气。
He reminded me of the meeting, otherwise I would have forgotten it.
他提醒了我会议的事，要不然我就忘了。
(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，句型结构为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。
She would have come to see you, but she was so busy that day.
她本来想来看望你的，但那天她太忙了。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．I was busy finishing my paper that day. Otherwise I would have gone (go) there with them.
2．If he had listened (listen) to the teacher attentively yesterday, he would know the answer to the problem now.
3．If he had lain (lie) quietly as the doctor instructed, he wouldn't suffer so much now.
4．Had you studied harder at college, you would/could get (get) a better job now.
5．I might not have been wet then if I had taken (take) my raincoat with me this morning.
二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句中的4种情况
1．在“It is＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/a pity＋that ...”句型中，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously.
重视道路安全驾驶是至关重要的。
2．在would rather (that)后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。
I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
要是他前天和我一起去海边就好了。
3．句中含有以下单词或其变形时，该句中的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。
4．动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
事实情况 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/could＋动词原形
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．It is essential that these application forms (should) be sent (send) back as early as possible.
2．It is strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked (check) every year.
3．How I wish I hadn't tried (not, try) to repair the cellphone! I only made it worse.
4．My suggestion is that more people from all walks of life (should) be encouraged (encourage) to finance the project with their deeper love for these children.
5．My husband is always talking about the economy, but I'd rather he focused (focus) more on our children's education.
三、3个特定句式中的虚拟语气
句型结构 过去虚拟 现在虚拟 将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句 had＋过去分词 过去式(be动词一般用were) would/could/should/might＋动词原形
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 had＋过去分词 过去式(be动词一般用were) would/could/should/might＋动词原形
It is(high) time(that)．.. 过去式或“should＋动词原形”
【点津】
在虚拟语气中，关键词的意义和语境是判断句子是否为虚拟语气的重点，解决此类问题要重点考虑时间和主从句结构两个方面。
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．I felt so embarrassed when being blamed by my teacher in class. If only I had completed (complete) my homework last night!
2．They stared at me as if I had come (come) from the outer space.
3．Some animals are in danger of dying out, so it is high time that the government took/should take (take) some measures to protect endangered animals.
【例1】　Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, can easily reach the books on the top shelf.
分析：句意：塞缪尔，我们班最高的男生，能很轻松地够着书架顶层的书。根据语境可知，此处表示“能力”，应用can。故填can。
【例2】　It's strange that he should have taken the books without the owner's permission.
分析：句意：真奇怪，他居然没有得到主人的允许就把那些书拿走了。should have done 表示“竟然做了某事”，体现说话者一种惊奇、惊讶、不相信的语气。故填should。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．—I honestly don't think I'm going to be admitted.
—Well, you never know! You may have made (make) a better impression than you think.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：——老实说，我觉得我不会被录取。——唉，谁知道呢！你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。根据句意可知，此处表示过去可能做某事，应用“情态动词＋have done”形式。故填have made。
2．It used to be that you could drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：过去你可能在这里开车几英里都看不到一个人，但现在到处都有房屋和人。根据句意可知，该处表示对客观可能性的推测。故填could。
3．Jim says we can stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
解析：考查情态动词。根据空后的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim允许我们待在他的房子里，即我们“能，可以”待在他的房子里。故填can。
4．You shouldn't have scolded (scold) him for his poor performance. After all, he had done his best.
解析：考查情态动词。根据语境可知，此处表示“本不应该”， shouldn't have done指做了过去本不该做的事，空前已有shouldn't。故填have scolded。
5．If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I wouldn't be (be) where I am.
解析：考查虚拟语气。此处是错综时间虚拟语气，根据空后的where I am可知，主句是与现在事实相反的假设，主句谓语动词应用would do形式，空前已有wouldn't。故填be。
6．The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished (accomplish) the task in half the time.
解析：考查虚拟语气。根据空前的“The workers were not better organized”可知，这是对过去情况的含蓄虚拟。从句应用should/would/could/might＋have＋done，空前已有would。故填have accomplished。
7．What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we would have had (have) a good time together.
解析：考查虚拟语气。根据关键词or可知应用虚拟语气，这里表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词应用would/could/should/might＋have done。故填would have had。
8．I can't find my purse.I could/might have left (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I'm not sure.
解析：考查情态动词。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去发生事情的推测，因此用“情态动词＋have done”，再根据后句but I'm not sure可知，此推测为不太肯定的推测，所以用could/might have done。故填could/might have left。
9．In today's information age，the loss of data can cause serious problems for a company.
解析：考查情态动词。can在此表示客观可能性，意为“可能会，有时候会”。故填can。
10．They might have found a better hotel if they had driven (drive) a few more kilometers.
解析：考查虚拟语气。根据主句的谓语形式以及语境(事情已经发生)可知，if条件句应该用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，因此从句谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。故填had driven。
Ⅱ.语法填空
情态动词和虚拟语气篇
I 1.　　　　 not have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer.I wish I 2.　　　　(dance) as well as her.No one 3.　　　　 be compared with her in dancing.Jack is more of a talker than a doer.Teachers always tell him it's high time that he 4.　　　　　　(do) something instead of just talking.Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5.　　　　 say “Ni Hao” to them.Teachers recommend that parents 6.　　　　　　(not，allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.Students 7.　　　　 obey school rules.Every student must wear school uniform while at school.If a student 8.　　　　(not) wear school uniform，he would be punished immediately.According to the rules，students 9.　　　　 get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship.It is beyond my imagination that students here 10.　　　　 be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me.
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文中介绍了作者来到一所新学校的情况，以及学校的一些规定。
解析：
1．need　考查情态动词。因为这儿的同学对我都非常友好，在来新学校之前我本不需要担心的。故填need。
2．danced　考查虚拟语气。我希望我跳舞像她一样好。wish 后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，而且与现在相反。故填danced。
3．can　考查情态动词。没有人像她跳得一样好。表示能力要用can。故填can。
4．did/should do　考查虚拟语气。It is high time that＋sb.should do/did sth.到了某人该做某事的时候了。故填did/should do。
5．will　考查情态动词。每当我靠近他们听见他们说汉语的时候，我会对他们说“你好”。will可以表示现在的习惯。故填will。
6．(should) not allow　考查虚拟语气。recommend后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。故填(should) not allow。
7．must　考查情态动词。学生必须要服从校规。must 表示强制。故填must。
8．didn't　考查虚拟语气。如果学生在校期间不穿校服，他会立即受到惩罚。因为主句谓语用would do，表示对现在的虚拟，所以条件从句中用过去式表示对现在的虚拟。故填didn't。
9．shall　考查情态动词。根据规定，学生如果想拿奖学金，任一单科成绩不得低于85分。shall用于第三人称，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，意为“应，必须”。故填shall。
10．should　考查情态动词。我没有想到这里的学生竟然像我一样痴迷《哈利·波特》系列丛书。 should在此意为“竟然”，表示惊讶。故填should。
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)另外，为了保证我们的口语练习顺利进行，我建议您安排三到四个学生在一起，其中一个作为组长，这样我们就可以更深入地交流。
Additionally, to ensure that our oral practice goes smoothly, I suggest that you (should) put three to four students together , with one as the group leader, in which case we can communicate with each other at a great depth.
2．(2023·1月浙江卷)想到我们宝贵的友谊，我不禁想念她。
I couldn't help missing her at the thought of our precious friendship.
3．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)首先，如果英语水平不同的学生能够被有意识地分组在一起，而不是随机分组就再好不过了，这样我们可以在练习中互相帮助。
To begin with, it couldn't be better if students with mixed levels of English could be grouped together deliberately rather than at random, so that we can help each other during our practice.
4．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)万一可能的话，我真的希望您能考虑一下我的建议。
Should it be possible/If it should be possible , I truly hope you can take my suggestions into consideration.
5．如果没有我周围人的爱和关心，我就不会成功。
But for the love and care from those around me , I wouldn't have made it.
Ⅳ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意情态动词和虚拟语气的运用)
Dear Eric,
I'm Li Hua.Do you still remember me I studied in your school for 3 months a couple of years ago.I'm very grateful for your help during my study in the US.At that time, you often recommended that 1.I (should) make new friends and adapt to the new life　 (我应该结交新朋友和适应新生活)．Without your help, 2.I couldn't have enjoyed my life there so much　 (我不可能那么享受我在那儿的生活)．Besides, if you hadn't helped me, 3.my English couldn't have improved so quickly　 (我的英语就不可能提高得那么快).
By the way, do you know how everything is going with Mr. Smith I failed to contact him after I left America.I'd appreciate it 4.if you could offer me his e-mail address or telephone number　 (如果你能给我他的邮箱地址或电话号码)．I remember that you are very interested in Chinese culture.If you were free during this winter holiday, how I wish 5.you could come to China during the Spring Festival to experience Chinese culture　 (你能在春节期间来中国体验中国文化)！I would rather that 6.you spent the Spring Festival with us happily　 (你和我们一起欢度春节)．I'm sure it will be an unforgettable trip for you.I would be very happy 7.if you were to accept my invitation　 (如果你接受我的邀请).
I am looking forward to your coming.
Yours，
Li Hua