【高考突破方案】语法 专题3 第2讲 定语从句 教师用书 高考一轮总复习英语

第二讲　定语从句
情景导入
It was the summer of 2012, when① I came to Guangning No.1 Senior High School.Our school is a wonderful place, where② I can see a lot of beautiful buildings and a large square.Our classroom，the roof of which③ looks like a rocket in the distance，is located in the center of our school.The main reason why④ I like our school is that I can make many friends.I can get along with my classmates here, two of whom⑤ are my best friends.The teacher whom⑥ I like most is Mr Zhang，our math teacher.To be honest，I gradually fall in love with our school.
用法感悟
①when为关系副词，在定语从句中作 时间状语 ，其先行词为 2012 。
②where为关系副词，在定语从句中作 地点状语 ，其先行词为 place 。
③the roof of which为“the ＋名词＋of＋关系代词”，在定语从句中作 主 语，其先行词为 classroom 。
④why为关系副词，在定语从句中作 原因状语 ，其先行词为 reason 。
⑤two of whom为“数词＋of＋关系代词”，在定语从句中作 主 语，其先行词为 classmates 。
⑥whom为关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，其先行词为 teacher 。
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句，其功能相当于形容词，被修饰的名词或代词被称作先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词(that, who、 whom、 which和whose)和关系副词(when, where和why)。定语从句有两种，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。
考点一　关系代词的用法
一、关系代词that与which的用法
1．只用that的情况
(1)当先行词为all，everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few等不定代词时；
(2)当先行词被all，some，every，any，no，little，much，few等修饰时；
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时；
(4)先行词被the only, the very (正是；恰是), the same, the last等修饰时；
(5)先行词中既有人也有物时；
(6)在which、who或what引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时；
(7)先行词是the way，并在定语从句中充当状语时，关系代词用that/in which或省略关系词。
This is the very film that I want to see.
这正是我想看的一部影片。
The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are well-known now.
你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。
2．只用which的情况
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时；
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时；
(3)当先行词本身为that时。
The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.
结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。
二、which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可位于句末
搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等
意思上 这一点 正如……；正像……的那样
She married again, which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料不及的。
She married again, as we expected.
正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
三、其他关系代词的用法辨析
关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作成分
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose(＝of whom/ of which) 人或物 定语
Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.
每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业证书。
My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.
我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I'm grateful that the assistant responded in a way that/which made me rethink the power of my words.
2．The woman said that her husband had died some months before and that she didn't have anyone else in her family who could help her.
3．First, we went to Mount Tai, which is a very famous tourist spot in China.
4．The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two years.
5．This story about self-respect and self-love, whose characters are Chinese, is set in Europe.
考点二　关系副词的用法
关系副词指代的先行词及其作用
关系副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系
when 表示时间的名词：time, day, year等 作时间状语 相当于at/in/on/during which
where 表示地点的名词：park, place, country, city, house等 作地点状语 相当于in/at/to/on which
why 表示原因的名词：reason 作原因状语 相当于 for which
We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更容易获得更多信息的时代。
Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代的中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。
Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again
你能告诉我你又迟到的原因吗？
【点津】
(1)先行词为抽象名词point，position，situation, stage, state, case, scene 等后也常用where引导定语从句。
He said if we really got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.
他说如果我们真到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。
(2)表时间和表地点的名词以及reason作先行词时，若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that或which引导。
The boss doesn't want to hear any reason (that/which) you give.
老板不想听你所给的任何理由。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．The Double Ninth Festival is also a time when the chrysanthemum (菊花) blooms.
2．I enjoyed my stay in the library where I could read various books I was interested in.
3．The reason why all people present are opposed to the project is that it will cause much pollution.
4．She is going to settle in Shanghai, where she has some close friends.
5．Next month, when we will spend our winter holidays in our hometown, is approaching.
考点三　“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句
一、“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法
“介词＋关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
美国是一个大国，有着许许多多不同的方言。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是一个你可以信赖的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。
二、“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定
1．根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.
物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(be interested in)
2．根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我童年时在乡下度过的那段时光。(during the time)
3．根据所表达的意思来确定。
The colorless gas, without which we can't live, is called oxygen.
这种无色的气体就是氧气，没有它我们无法生存。(without the colorless gas)
三、“介词＋关系代词”结构的变式
1．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句有时可以与“介词＋关系代词＋动词不定式”转换。
She must have time in which she could grow calm (＝in which to grow calm)．
她需要时间冷静。
Frank's dream is to have his own garden in which he can grow many beautiful flowers (＝in which to grow many beautiful flowers)．
弗兰克的梦想是拥有自己的花园，在里面可以种植许多漂亮的花。
2．“名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词”结构。
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely.
他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。
There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.
我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．I'll never forget the day on which we worked together in the countryside.
2．Yesterday we visited the Baotu Spring for which Jinan is famous.
3．In the fast moving information age, teenagers should keep pace with the media environment in which they communicate with the outside world.
4．I don't agree with the climate to which they've been accustomed for years.
5．For instance, in Lima, the capital of Peru, there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics, about 70 percent of which were set up by local doctors.
【例1】　The Digital World is a set of volumes that/which aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
分析：句意：数学世界是一套丛书，旨在描述数字系统如何影响社会，并帮助读者理解数学系统及其众多交互组件的本质。句中先行词为volumes，指物，从句中缺少主语，应用关系代词that或which引导定语从句。故填that/which。
【例2】　Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a．m. to 5 p．m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les.
分析：句意：现在艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天上午9点
到下午5点在迈克尔斯菲尔德的宠物店上班，这家店是她和已故的丈夫莱斯一起开的。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the pet shop，指物，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，应用which。故填which。
【例3】　They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals.
分析：句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照看动物方面经验丰富。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为masters，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导定语从句。故填who/that。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place which/that welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life，with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
解析：考查定语从句。句中先行词为“a place”，空处关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
2．(2023·全国甲卷)There was once a town in the heart of America， where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings.
解析：考查定语从句。句中先行词为town，空处关系词在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
3．(2023·全国甲卷) Fables(寓言) were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the sixth century, B．
C． Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, as Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
解析：考查定语从句。关系词引导非限制性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as。故填as。
4．(2023·北京卷)Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, where thousands were attending a water conference.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，关系词在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species that live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
解析：考查定语从句。此处that引导定语从句，先行词为the species，被all修饰，关系代词只能用that不用which。故填that。
6．(2022·全国甲卷)On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Cao Shengkang。该定语从句缺少主语，且先行词指人，应用who来引导该定语从句。故填who。
7．(2022·浙江卷)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics that/who are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且空处关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词引导定语从句。故填that/who。
8．I decided that if I learned of a company which/that used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构， used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句。故填which/that。
9．William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from which we can learn without repeating them.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：William Hastie曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，从过去的错误中我们可以吸取教训而不重蹈覆辙。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为past mistakes，指物。此处定语从句由from＋which组成的“介词＋关系代词”引导。故填which。
10．BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool that/which gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格后是定语从句，tool是先行词，且关系词在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
11．At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands where artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是stands，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
12．In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词artist，且空处关系词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
13．The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，formed the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.
解析：考查定语从句。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
14．Thank you for your letter， which really made me happy.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物。故填which。
15．Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food that is provided by Mom with appreciation.
解析：考查定语从句。food后是定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，先行词又被all所修饰。故填that。
16．The students benefiting most from college are those who are totally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources(资源)．
解析：考查定语从句。 are totally engaged(参与) in academic life是定语从句，修饰先行词those，且空格处在从句中作主语，指代人。故填who。
17．Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是the stage，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where，相当于in which。故填where。
18．In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment that/which is created for them.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，关系词在定语从句中作主语，先行词为environment，指物。故填that/which。
19．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating(纪念) Tang Xianzu， who is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon，William Shakespeare's hometown.
解析：考查定语从句。空格处为非限制性定语从句的关系词，先行词为“Tang Xianzu”，指人，在该从句中作主语。故填who。
20．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯) the steps along the Silk Route which/that brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England.
解析：考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Silk Route，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。
21．(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2. 2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, which became a national monument in 1978，took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12. 3 million acres.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Wrangell-Saint Elias，指物，在从句中作主语。故填which。
22．(2024·北京卷)Tinniswood, who doesn't smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词 “Tinniswood”，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用who 引导该从句。故填who。
Ⅱ.语法填空
定语从句专练
There was a time 1.　　　　 I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2.　　　　 my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club， 3.　　　　 I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide， 4.　　　　 teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face.He，from 5.　　　　 I gained some useful instructions，also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.　　　　we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide， 7.　　　　 encouraged me to fall in love with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8.　　　　 I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9.　　　　 I can memorize a large number of new words. 10.　　　　 our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
解析：
1．when　考查定语从句。先行词是时间time，定语从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语。故填when。
2．why　考查定语从句。先行词是原因reason，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语。故填why。
3．where　考查定语从句。先行词是地点club，定语从句不缺主语或宾语。故填where。
4．whose　考查定语从句。先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系。故填whose。
5．whom　考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空前的介词from可知用whom。故填whom。
6．that/which　考查定语从句。定语从句中用关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语。故填that/which。
7．who　考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语。故填who。
8．which　考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词English，并在定语从句中作介词into的宾语。故填which。
9．which　考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的名词passages。故填which。
10．As　考查定语从句。根据句子结构和语境可知，此为非限制性定语从句且关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.”因此要用as引导定语从句，意为“正如”。故填As。
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．(2023·1月浙江卷)最后，我了解了一本关于我们在生活中经常看到的树的小册子，这使我受益匪浅。
Ultimately, I was introduced to a brochure about trees we usually see in life, which benefited me a lot .
2．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)我还记得那是一个春天的星期一早晨，老师把我叫到他的办公室，告诉我，我在写作比赛中得了第一名，而且我是唯一一个母语不是英语的获胜者。
I still remember it was a Monday morning in spring, when my teacher called me to his office , telling me that I had taken the first place in the writing contest, and that I was the only winner whose native language wasn't English .
3．(2023·全国甲卷)此外，他还提出建立国家学制，这对中国的教育制度产生了深远的影响。
Besides, he proposed the establishment of a national school system, which had a far-reaching influence on the Chinese educational system .
4．(2023·1月浙江卷)不知不觉中，牛奶房出现在我的视野中，我发现破碎的窗户已经修好了。
Unknowingly, the milking house appeared in my vision, in which I spotted that the broken window had been repaired .
5．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)我一手拿着奖杯，一手拿着奖状，望着老师，老师对我竖起了大拇指，眼里闪烁着喜悦和自豪。
With a trophy in one hand and an awarding paper in the other hand，I looked at my teacher， who gave me a thumbs-up ，with his eyes twinkling with pleasure and pride.
6．(2022·全国甲卷)6月8号的世界海洋日旨在提高人们保护海洋的意识。
World Ocean Day which/that falls on June 8th is aimed at raising people's awareness of ocean conservation.
7．(2023·全国甲卷)孔子的影响在现代中国社会仍然可以看到，他的学说继续被研究和应用于日常生活中。
Confucius' influence can still be seen in modern Chinese society， where his teachings continue to be studied and applied in daily life .
8．(2022·全国乙卷)对于学生们来说，使他们学习受益最大的就是读英语书，他们可以从中学习在课堂上学不到的东西。
For students，what is most beneficial to their study is reading English books， from which they can learn what they can't in class .
9．(2023·北京卷)首先，我建议组织一次环城徒步旅行，探索北京的绿色空间，这将使参与者体验到城市公园的美丽。
To begin with，I suggest organizing a walking tour around the city to explore the green spaces in Beijing，
which will allow participants to experience the beauty of the city's parks .
Ⅳ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意定语从句的运用)
1.As is universally known/As is known to all　 (众所周知), high school life is an important turning point and 2.high school campus is an important place where students study and live　 (高中校园是学生学习和生活的重要场所)．My classmates and I decided to do something for the coming graduation.Having had a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record 3.our experiences at school　 (我们的在校经历).
Material collecting took us a whole week, 4.during which we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of our school lives　 (在此期间，我们采访了我们的老师，并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面)．Some compromises were unavoidable, but the video turned out perfect. 5.That day when the video was played　 (播放录像的那一天), it was well received.The students and teachers shared a great time, 6.which surely gave us a great sense of achievement　 (这当然给了我们很大的成就感).