【高考突破方案】语法 专题4 第1讲 名词 教师用书 高考一轮总复习英语

专题四　需要变形的名词、形容词和副词
第一讲　名词
情景导入
Born on August 23,1988 in America, Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball player① who was on the Huston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA)．But，to some degree，many Chinese fans② and coaches③ take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin has recently become a success④ and attracted the world's⑤ attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of imagination⑥ and pride⑦.As we know, in most people's eyes, Jeremy is a miracle.
用法感悟
1．根据①可知，player由词根 play ＋词缀 -er 构成；
⑥imagination为名词，其词根为 imagine ；
⑦pride为 名 词，其对应的形容词形式为proud。
2．根据②③可知，可数名词由单数变复数时，一般情况下在词尾加 -s ；
以-ch结尾的名词变复数时在词尾加 -es 。
3．根据④可知，a success意为“ 一个成功的人 ”，这是抽象名词的具体化。
4．根据⑤可知，名词所有格一般在名词词尾加 -'s 。
考点一　名词的构词规律
1．动词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e＋-al) approve→approval, survive→survival，arrive→arrival，refuse→ refusal，propose→proposal
-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为 appear→appearance，perform→performance，exist→existence，prefer→preference，refer→reference，depend→dependence，guide→guidance
-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为 direct→direction，expect→expectation，explain→explanation，invite→invitation，solve→solution，compete→competition，pronounce→pronunciation，describe→description，repeat→repetition
-s(s)ion表示行为或状态 discuss→discussion，admit→ admission，decide→decision
-ing表示具有……(特征的) hear→hearing，listen→listening，begin→beginning
-ment表示行为、结果等 achieve→achievement，develop→development，argue→argument
-ure/-ture表示行为或状态 fail→failure，press→pressure，mix→mixture，expose→exposure
-y表示“……的动作(或过程)” recover→recovery，discover→discovery
其他常见变化 choose→choice，vary→variety，tend→tendency，grow→growth，marry→marriage，carry→carriage，pack→package，post→postage，store→storage
2.形容词变名词的后缀
类别 例词
-cy表示性质、状态 fluent→fluency，accurate→accuracy，private→privacy，efficient→efficiency
-dom表示地位、状况等 free→freedom, wise→wisdom
-ness表示性质、状态 dark→darkness，weak→weakness，kind→kindness，cold→coldness，aware→awareness
-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态 warm→warmth, true→truth, deep→depth，strong→strength，long→length, wide→width
-y/-ty/-ity表示性质或状态 difficult→difficulty，honest→honesty， safe→safety，cruel→cruelty， responsible→responsibility
-ent→-ence, -ant→-ance, -nd→-nse different→difference，silent→silence，respond→response，patient→patience，absent→absence，present→presence，confident→confidence，convenient→convenience，important→importance，defend→defense
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．I had to refuse your invitation because of a precious engagement (engage)．
2．A collection of archaeological evidence has confirmed the existence (exist) of rhinos in ancient China.
3．The company's silence on the subject has been taken as an admission (admit) of guilt.
4. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration (consider) she showed to all her patients.
5．Meanwhile, a big tourism company said its rural tourism business has shown significant potential for future growth (grow) in the recent three years.
考点二　名词的数
1．可数名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则 例词
一般情况下 在词尾直接加-s house→houses map→maps
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词 在词尾加-es box→boxes brush→brushes
以辅音字母＋-y结尾的名词 变y为i再加-es city→cities party→parties
以元音字母＋-y结尾的名词 在词尾直接加-s holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
以-o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加-s photo→photos
有些在词尾加-es hero→heroes potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes
既可以在词尾加-es，也可以加-s zero→zeros/zeroes mosquito→ mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano→ volcanos/volcanoes
以-f, -fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v再加-es self→selves wolf→wolves
少数直接加-s belief→beliefs
2.有些可数名词复数形式不是以加-s或-es构成，它们的构成形式不规则
变化规则 例词
变内部元音 man→men, woman→women，foot→feet, mouse→mice, goose→geese, tooth→teeth
词尾加-en 或-ren ox→oxen, child→children
单复数同形 sheep, deer, means, series, Chinese， Swiss
【点津】
fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词；表示“鱼的条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同；但表示“不同种类的鱼”时，其复数形式为fishes。
3．合成可数名词的复数
(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。
passer-by→passers-by, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups
(2)“man/woman＋中心名词”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心名词都要变复数。
woman engineer→women engineers
4．常见的10个不可数名词
fun乐趣
progress进步
work工作
advice建议
information信息
homework家庭作业
equipment设备
weather天气
housework家务
furniture家具
5．抽象名词具体化
抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)
surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事
success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)
honour荣誉 an honour一个(件)令人尊敬的人(事)
failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)
beauty美；美丽 a beauty美丽的人或事物
pleasure快乐 a pleasure一件乐事
　　即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．Therefore, daily supplies (supply) were sent to me by my children so I could avoid going out.
2．And outstanding or gifted players will also have the chance to join inter-school teams for regional competitions (compete) and even national summer camps.
3．And one of his songs, Let the World Be Filled with Love, has enjoyed great popularity all over the country for decades (decade)．
4．My mother would sit by the window, watching the falling leaves (leaf) from the trees floating in the air.
5．In addition to books, many libraries also offer digital copies (copy) of books, audiobooks, movies, and more through Internet platforms.
考点三　名词所有格及名词作定语
一、名词所有格
1．-'s所有格
(1)and连接的并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-'s 或'；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-'s或'。
Tom's and Jim's rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim's room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
(2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber's在理发店
2．of所有格
无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the name of the girl over there
那边那个女孩的名字
3．双重所有格
“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
a photo of mine我的一张照片
a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧
二、名词作定语
名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：
1．一般用单数形式。
a stone bridge 一座石桥
a meeting room一间会议室
morning exercise早操
London Airport伦敦机场
a story book一本故事书
a shoe shop一家鞋店
2．man，woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。
a woman teacher一位女教师
two women teachers两位女教师
3．sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等一般用复数形式。
a sports meet运动会
a goods train货运列车
a customs officer海关官员
a sales manager销售部经理
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空/完成句子
1．There is a nice picture in the little girl's (girl) bedroom. She likes it very much.
2．He goes to work by car. His house is two hours' (hour) drive from his office in the city.
3．It was a good opportunity for me to experience the nation's (nation) diverse customs and traditions.
4．Unlike older generations who might favor Western culture and brands，Chinese youth were born and raised when the country's (country) economy was taking off, so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
5． John and Mary's mother (约翰和玛丽的妈妈) was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital.
6． Two women teachers (两位女老师) and four girl students were praised at the meeting yesterday.
【例1】　Also, technological know-how has become a requirement (require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most professions (profession)．
分析：动词become后接名词作表语，根据前面的不定冠词a可知，用名词的单数形式，故第一个空填requirement。名词profession为可数名词，根据前面的most可知用复数形式，故第二个空填professions。
【例2】　This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
分析：句意：这种变化已经减少了这个国家主要湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水变得更安全了。设空处作及物动词decreased的宾语，应用名词。故填pollution。
【例3】　My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
分析：分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作表语，说明主语的身份，表“是什么”，应用名词；根据句意“我是研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家”可知，应用名词。故填scientist。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)These plants included modern Western favourites (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
解析：考查名词复数。favourite是可数名词，意为“特别受喜爱的东西”，根据空后“such as rosemary，lavender and fennel”可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favourites。
2．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands asa great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯) the steps along the Silk Route that/which brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness (rich) of gardening in England.
解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用名词richness，作介词of的宾语，表示“丰富性”。故填richness。
3．(2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed(承诺) to promote the idea at the completion (complete) of their journey.
解析：考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应填名词作宾语，complete名词形式为completion，不可数。故填completion。
4．(2023·全国甲卷)However，Carson's theme is a more weighty warning (warn) about environmental destruction.
解析：考查名词。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知，此处用可数名词的单数形式。故填warning。
5．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings，Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life，with 21st-century architectural wonders (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
解析：考查名词复数。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式；根据下文的“historical buildings of the past”可知，空处为名词的复数形式。故填wonders。
6．(2023·1月浙江卷)Thanks to Beijing's long history as capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with historic events (event)．
解析：考查名词复数。event(事件)在此为可数名词，因historic 前面没有不定冠词，故event应用复数形式。故填events。
7．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations (population) and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
解析：考查名词复数。population在此处表示“种群”，为可数名词；根据空前的separate“不同的；分开的”可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。故填populations。
8．(2022·全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental protection (protect).
解析：考查名词。空前是形容词environmental，修饰名词。故填protection。
9．(2024·1月浙江卷)Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy on get on free” promotions because of the criticism (criticize) that they lead to waste.
解析：考查名词。句意：许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动，因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。由句意可知，此处应填名词criticism表示“批评”作介词of的宾语。故填criticism。
10．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my son's (son) life”， said Mrs. Brown.
解析：考查名词所有格。句意：他拯救了我儿子的生命。根据句意，life与提示词son之间是所属关系，故应该使用名词所有格。故填son's。
11．(2022·浙江卷)When the answer was no, she declined the invitation (invite)．
解析：考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语。故填invitation。
12．The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans (human) are.
解析：考查名词复数。句意：一旦你到达山顶，你所看到的滚滚云海将提醒你我们人类是多么渺小。表示“人类”，常用复数名词humans，此处作we的同位语。故填humans。
13．A company representative (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
解析：考查名词。句意：一位公司代表回信告诉我，该航空公司将把每天1,200个航班的塑料杯换成纸杯。该空作句子主语，用名词，前面有不定冠词a修饰，用名词单数。故填representative。
14．In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage (marry) ceremony in 1842.
解析：考查名词。句意：1844年，他们以1,200美元的价格从查尔斯·德莱瑟手中买下了它(这座房子)和一些土地，查尔斯·德莱瑟在1842年举行了他们的婚礼。结合设空前的形容词性物主代词可知，此处要用名词形式；结合设空处后的ceremony，可知此处意为“婚礼”；提示词marry为动词，其名词形式为marriage，marriage ceremony意为“婚礼”。故填marriage。
15．It is calculated by dividing a person's (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
解析：考查名词所有格。句意：它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知，person是修饰weight的，要用 person的名词所有格person's。故填person's。
16．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest (interesting) and creative activities.
解析：考查名词。句意：这将真正有助于通过共同的兴趣和创造性的活动来凝聚我们的居民。根据空前的形容词shared以及shared前的a可知，空处应填单数可数名词。故填interest。
17．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)You might think about posting what you looking for on social media, but it probably won't result in a useful response (respond)．
解析：考查名词。句意：你可能会考虑在社交媒体上发布你正在寻找的事情，但它可能不会导致一个有用的回应。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填response。
18．Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
解析：考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasons。
19．For Japan, the numbers (number)are more striking—22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050.
解析：考查名词复数。句意：对日本来说，这个数字更加惊人——1950年是22岁，今天是46岁，2050年是53岁。number为可数名词表示“数字”，且根据下文are可知主语应用复数形式。故填numbers。
Ⅱ.语法填空
名词专练
From the first day I arrived in Kunming, I had my 1.　　　　 (understand) of China changed.Far from being narrow-minded and hostile to 2.　　　　(foreign), people came up to talk to me the first time I went out on the street.It happened to be all in Chinese, so I didn't understand much, but it did cause me to rethink my 3.　　　　(assume).
As my Chinese improved, this continued throughout my stay, from my landlord introducing me to people who could help me learn 4.　　　　(China) to getting to know the couple who ran a noodle restaurant nearby.
If you're interested in other people, their culture, and their language, they'll be 5.　　　　(friend) to you.China isn't an 6.　　　　(except)．Don't judge a country by its 7.　　　　(medium) coverage, especially some media, which have much prejudice.
I saw a very different kind of China with my own eyes.Kunming, where I lived for most of my stay, wasn't much polluted.I had frank 8.　　　　(conversation) with Chinese people about almost everything.Still China is developing, but the economic 9.　　　　(grow) means that most people have seen their living 10.　　　　(standard) improve rapidly in the last 20 years.People I spoke with were generally optimistic about the future.
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者来到昆明后真切地认识和感受到中国的发展并真实地了解了中国。
解析：
1．understanding　考查名词。句意：从我来到昆明的第一天起，我对中国的理解就发生了变化。故填understanding。
2．foreigners　考查名词。句意：当我第一次走到街上的时候，人们非但没有对外国人有偏见和敌意，反而走过来和我说话。介词to后接名词且句中无限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。故填foreigners。
3．assumptions　考查名词。句意：我理解的不是很多，但这确实让我重新思考了我的假设。此空宜填名词的复数，assume的名词是assumption。故填assumptions。
4．Chinese　考查名词。句意：随着我汉语水平的提高，这种情况一直持续到我入住期间，从房东向我介绍可以帮助我学习汉语的人，到结识在附近经营一家面馆的一对夫妇。此处为学习汉语。故填Chinese。
5．friendly　考查形容词。固定短语be friendly to sb.对某人友好，be动词后接形容词。故填friendly。
6．exception　考查名词。空前是不定冠词，空处填名词，except的名词是exception。故填exception。
7．media　考查名词复数。“媒体”应该是有各种媒体，故用复数。medium的复数是media。故填media。
8．conversations　考查名词复数。句意：我和中国人坦诚地交谈了几乎所有的事情。对话应该有很多，用复数。故填conversations。
9．growth　考查名词。句意：中国仍在发展，但是经济增长意味着大多数人的生活水平在过去20年里迅速提高。形容词economic后接名词。growth是不可数名词，故填growth。
10．standards　考查名词复数。生活水平即living standards，名词用复数。故填standards。
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．(2023·1月浙江卷)上周末，我参加了一个由学生会举办的活动，它旨在教给我们更多的日常生物知识。
Last weekend, I took part in an event held by the Students' Union , which is aimed at educating us more about daily biology.
2．(2022·全国乙卷)如今，随着智能手机和电脑的日益普及，越来越多的学生在课堂之外以各种他们喜欢的方式学习英语。
Nowadays, with the growing popularity of smartphones and computers, an increasing number of students learn English beyond the classroom in various ways that they are fond of.
3．同样吸引人的是如何学习英语的建议，这对我的英语学习很有帮助。
Equally attractive are the tips on how to learn English, which is of great assistance to my English study.
Ⅳ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意名词的运用)
The Importance of Oral English Learning
In my opinion, oral English learning is 1.of great significance　(很有意义)for high school students. Firstly, oral English skills are essential for effective communication. Without good oral English skills, we may find it difficult to express ourselves clearly and understand others in class discussions or 2.social interactions　(社交互动). Secondly, oral English learning can 3.enhance our confidence　(增强我们的信心). We will feel more confident when 4.facing English-speaking situations　(面对说英语的情况), such as job interviews or international exchanges.
To improve our oral English skills, I suggest the following methods. Firstly, we can 5.participate in English corners and language exchange activities　(参加英语角和语言交流活动) to have conversations with native speakers or other English learners, which will help us become more comfortable and fluent in speaking English. Secondly, we can 6.improve our pronunciation　(提高我们的发音), vocabulary, and listening skills by immersing ourselves in English language and culture.