【高考突破方案】语法 专题5 不容忽视的冠词、代词、数词和介词(短语) 教师用书 高考一轮总复习英语

专题五　不容忽视的冠词、代词、数词和介词(短语)
情景导入
Tom，a① classmate of mine，is a② Lei Feng in our class，who is always ready to help others.Henry，whose father is a teacher, is considered to be the③ most diligent student in our class, who is the④ first one to get to school and the⑤last one to leave every day.He believes the harder you study, the more knowledge you'll get.Tom likes watching TV while Henry enjoys listening to the⑥ radio.Both of them are working for the⑦ Students' Union.They are of an⑧ age.
用法感悟
1．使用不定冠词的情况：
(1)泛指“一个”，如 ① ;
(2)指与某人或某物有类似性质的人或事物，如 ② ;
(3)表示“同一，相同”，如 ⑧ 。
2．使用定冠词的情况：
(1)根据 ③④⑤ 可知定冠词the可用在序数词或表示序列的next，last以及最高级前；
(2)根据 ⑥⑦ 可知定冠词the可用在固定搭配中。
考点一　冠 词
一、不定冠词的3种基本用法和2种灵活用法
1．3种基本用法
(1)表示类指或指某类中的“任何一个”。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
普遍认为男孩必须学会站起来并像个男子汉一样去奋斗。
(2)表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
那是一个寒冷的冬夜，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。
(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。
Rome was not built in a day.
罗马非一日建成。/冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
2．2种灵活用法
(1)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr. Brown came to see you just now.
刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。
(2)“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一；再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常；很”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(赢得金牌的)机会。
二、定冠词的5种基本用法
1．特指某人或某事。
2．用在专有名词前或与世界上独一无二的事物连用。
3．用在序数词和形容词、副词最高级及only, very, same等之前。
4．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour, by the day, by the week, by the dozen, by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
—It's said John will get a job paying over $600,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
——据说约翰会得到一份年薪超过六十万美元的工作。
——是的，而且会按周付薪。
5．某些形容词前面加定冠词，表示某类人或物。
The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay.
受伤的人被立刻送到了最近的医院。
三、冠词在固定搭配中的用法
1．不定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
have a look 看一下
take a bath/walk/rest冲凉/散步/休息
as a matter of fact事实上
all of a sudden突然
in a hurry匆忙地
do sb a favour帮某人一个忙
keep an eye on留心
2．定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
on the whole总体上
to tell the truth说实话
on the contrary相反
in the end最后
in the charge of由……负责
四、零冠词的3种基本用法
1．在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指时不用冠词。
2．称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、宾语补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to further study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯宾塞告诉我们：“这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津大学或剑桥大学深造。”
3．表示时间、节日、季节、三餐、球类运动、语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
即时演练(一)
单句语法填空
1．Autumn, a word dating back to the late 1300s, became popular as an alternative.
2. When I see a child under this kind of pressure, I think of Tom. He was a shy, nervous boy.
3．And without courage, we'll never step into the unknown.
4．In fact，communication has been the best way to promote each other's understanding and trust.
【例1】　When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.
分析：考查冠词。此处表示“我们以为那是一个玩笑”，joke为单数可数名词，在此处表示泛指，且joke的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
【例2】　Unexpectedly，I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at the top of her voice.
分析：考查固定搭配。句意：出乎意料的是，我和那只大猩猩面对面，它开始声嘶力竭地尖叫。at the top of one's voice高声地；声嘶力竭地。故填the。
考点二　代 词
情景导入
We① students should get on well with each other.But in fact, something② unpleasant can happen from time to time.For example, yesterday afternoon, it③ was fine.All④ of us went out to the playground.Some were playing games and others⑤ were playing football when two boys of us quarreled and then fought. Every one of us was confused because they were ever very good friends and nobody⑥ could exactly tell what they fought for.Neither⑦ of them wanted to give in to the other⑧.I thought it⑨ wrong of them to do so.
用法感悟
1．(1)①We是人称代词的 主 格。
(2)③it指 天气 ；⑨it为形式 宾 语。
2．(1)④All表示 三者及三者以上 的“全部”；
不定代词⑦Neither表示 两者都不 。
(2)⑧the other指 两 者中的另一个。
(3)⑤some...others表示 一些……另外一些……　。
(4)②something表示 某事/物 ；
⑥nobody表示“没有人，谁也不”，只指 人 ，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1．分类
类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
功能 主语 宾语、表语 定语 主语、表语、宾语 宾语、表语、同位语
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
2.反身代词
(1)基本用法
反身代词
Tom taught himself Chinese.
汤姆自学了汉语。
You can't leave the baby by himself.
你不能留下孩子一个人。
She is not quite herself today.
她今天不在状态。
I myself can repair the bike.
我自己能修那辆自行车。
(2)常见搭配
与介词 搭配 by oneself 独自地 for oneself 替自己；为自己 of oneself 自动地 in oneself 本质上；本身
与动词 搭配 apply oneself to 专心致志于 behave oneself 举止得体；行为检点 dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣 devote oneself to 致力于；献身于 help oneself to 随便吃/用 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 seat oneself 就座；入席 make oneself at home别客气 teach oneself 自学
二、it的用法
1．基本用法
指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象，还可以指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。
The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.
由于当地政府努力提高就业率，大城市的就业率不断上升。
2．it作形式主语和形式宾语的常用句型
it作 形式 主语 ①It is a pity/shame that...真可惜…… ②It is no wonder that...难怪…… ③It seems/appears that...似乎/看来…… ④It looks/seems as if/as though... 看起来好像…… ⑤It happens that...碰巧…… ⑥It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that... 某人突然想起…… ⑦It is said/reported that... 据说/据报道…… ⑧It is certain that...……是一定的。 ⑨It is no use/good doing... 做……没有用/好处。 ⑩It takes sb. some time to do... 做……花费某人若干时间。
it作 形式 宾语 ①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/...＋ it＋形容词/名词＋for/of sb. to do/that从句 ②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/... ＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy/...＋doing...
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。(覆水难收。)
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重的错误。
It took him much energy to write the novel.
写这部小说耗费了他大量的精力。
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
三、不定代词
1．other，others，the other，another
other 不能单独使用，常与复数名词连用，如果前面有the，some，any，each，every，no以及形容词性物主代词时，也可与可数名词单数连用
others 表示泛指，相当于“other＋复数名词”，可构成 some...others...一些……另一些……
the other “the other＋单数可数名词”特指两者中的另一个，常有one...the other...“一个……另一个……”的搭配，其复数形式为the others或“the other＋复数名词”，特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，其余的人或物
another 指三者或三者以上中的另一个，表示泛指，后接单数名词，也可用于“another＋数词＋名词复数”，表示“另外几个……”的含义
I have two books; one is English, and the other is French.
我有两本书，一本是英语书，另一本是法语书。
Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another.
网购使人们不必从一家店到另一家店地寻找商品。
You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你喜欢的事。
2．both，all，either，any，neither，none
　　　 含义 范围　　　 都 任一 都不
两者 both either neither
三者或三者以上 all any none
As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me.
由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都买下来，每一本对我来说都非常重要。
Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.
拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。
All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.
所有的马都是动物，但是并不是所有的动物都是马。
【点津】
(1)固定搭配： anything but(根本不), nothing but(只不过；仅仅)，all but(几乎；差一点)，none but(仅仅；只有)。
(2)everything意为“每件事物；所有事物”，强调整体，与not连用时表示部分否定，意为“并不是所有事物都……”。
(3)both，all与 not连用表示部分否定；表示全部否定时应用 neither，none。
四、指示代词： one(s)、that、those
指示代词 用法 说明
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”； ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词，也表泛指 a/an＋可数名词单数＝one；the＋可数名词单数＝that/the one; the＋不可数名词＝that；the＋可数名词复数＝the ones/those；可数名词复数＝ones
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，其前面通常不能有修饰语，但可以有后置定语
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事物，只能指代可数名词复数，相当于the ones
The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.
这款车的基本设计与之前车型的设计非常相似。
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.
我们工厂里的一些机器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。
We've been looking for a cheap house but haven't found one yet.
我们一直在找一个便宜的房子但是还没找到。
【点津】
在句中为避免重复， one(s)，that，those等都可以用来代替上文出现的名词。
即时演练(二)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their (they) contents.
2．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony, opening its (it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
3．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.It sure does in mine (I)．
4．Ecotourism has its (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
【例1】　Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reuse is another .
分析：句意：(废品)回收利用是一种保护环境的方式，而重复使用是另外一种(保护环境的)方式。 本题构成one...another...结构。another再一，又一，另一。故填another。
【例2】　Surprisingly, Susan's beautiful hair reached below her knees and made itself (it) almost an overcoat for her.
分析：句子成分法。句意：让人吃惊的是，苏珊漂亮的头发一直垂到她的膝盖之下，使它几乎成了她的一件长大衣。设空处作 made的宾语，指代Susan's beautiful hair，应用反身代词。故填itself。
【例3】　New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
分析：句式结构法。句意：新技术已经使更快、成本更低地生产新产品成为可能。动词不定式短语to turn out...在句中是真正的宾语，设空处应用形式宾语it。故填it。
考点三　数词
情景导入
Mister Smith is sixty① years old and yesterday was his 60th② birthday. He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③， he drank dozens of④ bottles of beer a day.However, he spent thousands of④ dollars in hospital. Later, two fifths⑤ of his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
用法感悟
①数词的基本形式为 基数词 。②表示数词的顺序往往用 序数词 。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-i再加-eth。③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“ 在某个世纪几十年代 ”。“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“ 在某人几十多岁时 ”。④具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million等词时，后面直接加 名词复数 ；表示笼统数目时，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions of＋ 名词复数 。⑤分数表达：分子用 基数 词，分母用 序数 词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加 -s ，如：1/3：one third,2/3：two thirds。
1．序数词一般由基数词加-th构成。以-y结尾的基数词构成序数词时，先把y变为i，再加-eth。如the twentieth/fiftieth。不规则的序数词有以下几个：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。序数词前通常要加定冠词the，但当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一”“再一”时，要用不定冠词。
2．年龄、年代的表达法：表示“在某人几十多岁时”用“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”；表示“在几十年代”用“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”。
3．基数词dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表示确切数目时不能加-s，其前可用数词或several, some等修饰，此时其后通常不跟of(后有these, those或代词宾格时可跟of)；表示“数以百万计”“数以千计”等笼统数目时，要加-s，其前不能用数词，其后可跟of。
4．基数词可与名词等构成合成形容词，用连字符“-”连接，作前置定语，其中的名词应用单数形式，如：a four-hour journey。
5．分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于一时，分母应用序数词的复数形式，如：two-sevenths七分之二。
即时演练(三)
单句语法填空
1．(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the sixth (six) century B．C.
2．I've always loved the ocean. In the ninth (nine) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.
3．In the summer holiday following my eighteenth (eighteen) birthday, I took driving lessons.
4．Though in her seventies (seventy), she still worked 8 hours a day in the pet shop.
【例1】　Without a second (two) thought，he agreed to join the club.
分析：固定句型。without a second thought毫不犹豫，不假思索。故填second。
【例2】　30% of the river has been polluted (pollute) by the water from the factory already and many fish have disappeared.
分析：对号入座法。百分数作主语，根据指代的river可知用单数。故填has been polluted。
【例3】　Then，when I was in the fifth (five) grade，I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.
分析：语境分析法。根据句意可知，此处用序数词。故填fifth。
考点四　介词和介词短语
一、常考介词
1．表示时间和方位的介词
类别 介词 用法
表 示 时 间 at, in, on ①at表示时间点；②in表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配；③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日；也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上
in, after 两者均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用
for, since， from ①“for＋时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了一段时间；②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点
before, by 两者均可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内
表 示 方 位 on, above， over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath；②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below；③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……”
across, through, past, over，along，by， beside ①across指从一平面上“横穿”或“在……对面”；②through指从人群或物体内部“穿过；贯穿”；③past 表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边；④over表示从上方越过；⑤along表示“沿着”；⑥by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚；凭靠”的意思，beside指两者位置关系
at, in，on ①at后接较小的地方或门牌号码；②in后接较大的地方；③on一般指与面或线接触
in, on， to, off ①in表示在某一范围之内；②on表示与某一地区“毗邻；接壤”；③to表示在某范围之外；④off表示“(时空上)离；距”
He climbed over the wall.
他爬过了那堵墙。
In fact, half of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the UNESCO.
根据联合国教科文组织的说法，事实上，全球范围内的六千至七千种语言中，有一半到下个世纪可能会消失。
即时演练(四)
单句语法填空
1．It began on 19 January and finished on the early morning of 20 January.
2．The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
3．The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.
4．“Speed up. 70 km/h isn't fast enough.You are holding up traffic，” ordered another voice from the seat next to me.
【点津】
(1)在以下短语中，at表示时间段。
at dinner time　在(吃)晚饭时
at weekends/the weekend在周末
(2)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each, some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。
this morning今天上午
last year去年
(3)“on＋名词或动词-ing形式”结构可以表示“一……就……”。
On my arrival/arriving home, I discovered they had gone.
我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。
2．其他常用介词
介词 用法
against 反对，违背，与……相反；触；碰撞；紧靠，倚靠；与……竞争，对阵；以……为背景
at ①用在表示某地点、场合、方位等的名词前；②用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前；③以，按(价格、速度、数量等)；④朝、向、对着某人/某物的方向
beyond (指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及；(时间)晚于
by (时间)不迟于，在……之前；常用于结构“by＋the＋单数名词”，表示“按……计算”；(表示程度、数量)相差；经过，经由；通过(某种方法、手段)
for ①(表示目的或功能)为了；②(表示对象或用途)给，对；③(表示原因)因为，由于；④(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计；⑤支持，赞成；⑥至于，关于， 就……而言；⑦(表示去向)往，向；⑧(表示陈述或问题的对象)对于
in ①(表示地点、场所、位置等)在……里面；在……内；②(表示时间)在……期间；在(一段时间)以内；在……之后；③(表示某人或某物的状态、情况)处于……中；④关于；在……方面
on ①(表示接触或由某一表面支撑着)在……上；②(表示时间)在……时候；③关于，有关；④借助于，通过……，以……方式
with 和……一起，和，同，跟；(伴)随着；具有，带有；由于，因为；(表示方式)用
3.表示“除了”的介词(短语)
介词(短语) 用法
besides 除……之外(还有)，包括后面所提到的人或物，相当于in addition to
except 除……之外(其他的都)，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间的关系。除了接名词、代词、动词-ing形式之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及 that, what, when, where等引导的从句。 He is never late except when he is ill. 他从不迟到，生病的时候除外。
except for 除……之外，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别状况的补充说明。 During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice. 斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独自一人。
but 除……之外(＝except)，常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。 There's no one here but me. 这里除了我没有别人。
apart from 既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于 except for。 Apart from the ending, it's a really good film. 除了结局，这部电影确实不错。(相当于except for)
【点津】
besides还可作副词，意为“另外；而且”，在句中常作插入语。
I don't want to go; besides, it's too late now.
我不想去；而且现在太晚了。
二、介词短语
1．“at＋名词”表示状态
at a loss 不知所措
at dinner在吃晚餐
at peace处于和平中
at dawn在黎明
at war在战争中
at work在工作
2．“by＋名词”表示方式
by accident偶然地
by chance偶然地
by force用暴力
by hand手工地
by mistake错误地
by the month按月算
3．“beyond＋名词”表示状态
beyond comparison无与伦比
beyond control失控
beyond description难以描述
beyond doubt毋庸置疑
beyond expression难以表达
beyond(one's) reach够不到
4．“in＋名词”表示状态
in bed在床上
in danger处于危险中
in debt负债
in difficulty处境困难
in high spirits情绪高昂
in need在危难中；在穷困中的
in order整齐；井然有序
in surprise吃惊地
in trouble在困境中
in use使用中
5．“on＋名词”表示状态
on a trip在旅行
on business出差
on display/show在展出
on duty在值班
on holiday/vacation在度假
on sale在出售
on strike在罢工
on the way在途中
6．“out of＋名词”表示状态
out of balance失去平衡
out of control失去控制
out of danger脱离危险
out of date过期
out of order出故障
out of work失业
7．“under＋名词”表示状态
under consideration在考虑中
under construction在建造中
under control在控制之下
under discussion在讨论中
under pressure在压力下
under repair在修理中
under treatment在治疗中
8．其他高频介词短语
against time争分夺秒
at the sight of一看到……
at the age of在……岁时
in the face of面对；面临
in addition(to)另外；除了
in case of万一
in charge of负责；主管
in favour of赞成；支持
in need of需要
in no time立刻
in a hurry匆忙
in preparation for为……做准备
in return for作为回报
of help/use有帮助的/有用的
of importance重要的
on behalf of代表
即时演练(五)
单句语法填空
1．The most important thing is to practice. You can do this by joining such kind of clubs.
2．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.
3．You'll succeed in time as long as you love it with passion because life will give back what you put into it.
4．You don't look very surprised at the good news.
5．There are a number of things we can do by learning a few life-saving skills for conditions beyond our control.
6．Ancient architecture in China stands out for its fine wooden structures, the elegant outside and beautiful decoration.
三、动词与介词构成的搭配
1．“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”结构
accuse sb. of sth.指责/控告某人某事
cure sb. of sth.治好某人的某种疾病
rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某物
cheat sb. of sth.骗走某人某物
remind sb. of sth.使某人想起某事
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
convince sb. of sth.使某人确信某事
suspect sb. of sth.怀疑某人某事
2．“动词＋sb.＋for＋doing sth.”结构
blame sb. for doing sth.指责某人做某事
批评某人做某事
原谅某人做某事
punish sb. for doing sth.因做某事而惩罚某人
thank sb. for doing sth.感谢某人做某事
3．“动词＋sb./sth.＋from＋(doing) sth.”结构
prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth. from being done保护某人/物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb./sth. from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配
account for占……(比例)；解释……(原因)
act as充当；起作用
break away from 脱离；逃离
bring about引起；导致；造成
call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求
carry out履行；实施；执行
carry through帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现
come across (偶然)遇见，碰见；发现
come to an end终止，结束
come up with提出
do harm to对……有害
do without没有……也行；没有……而设法对付过去
end up with以……结束
get across被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚
get around传播；流传；各处走动
get down to开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事
get over解决；克服；控制
get rid of除去，去掉；免除，摆脱
get through正式通过；(用电话)接通，联系上；顺利通过(考试等)
give rise to使发生
give way to屈服；退让；让步
go against违反；与……不符
go in for参加考试(或竞赛)；对某事物有兴趣，爱好
go through经历
keep in touch with与……保持联系
look down on/upon轻视；瞧不起
look into调查；审查
make the best of充分利用；尽力而为
be made up of由……组成
put up with忍受，容忍
see through看穿；识破
see to照料；处理
set about着手做
show around/round领(某人)参观
show off炫耀；展示
take in吸入；理解，领会
take on承担；呈现，具有
work out计算出；制定出
即时演练(六)
单句语法填空
1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”
2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that
3．As a result, he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.
5．Many times we don't realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
【例1】　The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.
分析：此处指农村女性和男性的平均BMI值“增加了2.1”，应用介词by。故填by。
【例2】　Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.
分析：句意：在亚洲，并非每个地方都用筷子。比如，在印度，大多数人还是按照传统用手吃饭。介词with作“用；使用”时，表示使用某种工具或人的某一身体部位。故填with。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2024·全国甲卷) This area，with its (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty，must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy—as a national park.
解析：考查代词和介词。第一空修饰名词beauty用形容词性物主代词。故填its。分析句子结构可知，第二空应填介词for，for与名词连用后接不定式，构成for sb. to do结构，在此结构中for用于引出不定式的逻辑主语。故填for。
2．(2024·北京卷)One day, I saw a boy walking along George Street with an armful of books. I thought to myself, “Why would he carry all his books ”
解析：考查介词。固定搭配think to oneself意为“盘算，心里想”。故填to。
3．(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path...
解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，此处指的是Glasshouse“作为”当代设计的一项伟大成就。故填as。
4．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion(《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways to Romeo and Juliet.
解析：考查介词。be similar to意为“和……相似”。故填to。
5．(2024·1月浙江卷)．..some supermarkets ... selling chicken or salad in packs...with two halves containing separate portions(份)．Then, when you use one section， the other stays fresh. Who knows，perhaps some of the more forward-looking ones (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well.
解析：第一空考查冠词。the other意为“(两个中的)另一个”，为固定搭配。故填the。第二空考查代词。代词one在some of后应用复数形式。故填ones。
6．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)There you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup，and the wrappers are pressed by hand rather than rolled.
解析：考查介词。by hand“用手”是固定搭配。故填by。
7．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside，the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin，allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their (they) contents.
解析：考查代词。修饰后面的名词contents需用形容词性物主代词。故填their。
8．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with a touch of sweetness and the soup hot，clear and delicious.
解析：考查冠词。a touch of意为“一点点；稍许”，为常用搭配，touch“轻微；稍许”常用作单数。故填a。
9．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)And who do they speak English with/to
解析：考查介词。根据句意可知，应用speak English with/to sb.，意为“与某人用英语交谈”。故填with/to。
10．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas，even though the language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
解析：考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，此处特指用于医学训练指导使用的语言，应用定冠词修饰。故填the。
11．(2023·全国乙卷)Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern.From Buddhist temples to museums，narrow hutong to royal palaces，it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout，with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
解析：考查介词。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知，空处和上文保持一致，表示“从……到……”，用介词to。故填to。
12．(2023·全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures，and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the sixth (six) century，B.C.Yet，the form of the fable still has values today, as Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
解析：考查数词。century“世纪”前面要用序数词形式。故填sixth。
13．(2023·1月浙江卷)Thanks to Beijing's long history as capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City，the Summer Palace，and the Temple of Heaven，the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers.
解析：第一空考查介词。空白处所在部分意为“由于北京……中国首都的悠久历史”。介词as在此意为“作为”，符合句子结构和语境。第二空考查冠词。空白处后指的是“北京普通民众的文化”，此处填定冠词the表示特指。故填as；the。
14．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
解析：考查冠词。“倍数＋the size (width, length...) of”是固定用法，意为“……是……的……倍”。故填the。
15．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
解析：考查固定搭配。serve as为固定搭配，意为“充当，担任”。故填as。
16．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) The Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.On the day of the accident, Mrs.Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father.
解析：考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，设空处应用冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the＋姓氏，意为“某某一家人”；同时该单词置于句首，首字母应大写。故填The。
17．(2022·全国甲卷) A friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
解析：考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处泛指“他的一个朋友”，且空后的名词friend的发音以辅音音素开头，所以应用不定冠词a；且设空处位于句首。故填A。
18．(2022·全国乙卷)To celebrate the festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
解析：考查冠词。设空处特指这一个节日，应用定冠词the。故填the。
19．As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in mine (I)．
解析：考查代词。根据上文中的in the visitor's memory可知，in 对应的是in my memory，设空处指的是“在我的记忆中”。故填mine。
20．While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is a must to visit!
解析：考查冠词。must在这里作可数名词，意为“必须做(或看、买等)的事”；a must在文中指“一个必游之地”，且must的发音是以辅音音素开头的。故填a。
21．(2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
解析：考查介词。句意：9月20日，他从4,700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi'an to Kashgar 可知，此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”，应用介词from，固定搭配from...to...表示“从……到……”。故填from。
22．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
解析：考查介词。句意：2019年11月27日，联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知，此处表达“被联合国在2019年11月27日命名”。表示被动，使用固定结构“be＋过去分词＋by”。故填by。
23． The Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.
解析：考查冠词。句意：林肯夫妇在1856年把房子扩大到了整整两层，以满足他们日益增长的家庭的需要。根据句意可知，此处意为“林肯一家”；根据设空后的Lincolns可知，此处考查“the＋姓氏复数”，表示夫妇俩，或者一家人。设空处位于句首，所以首字母要大写。故填The。
24．Ecotourism has its (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
解析：考查代词。句意：生态旅游业起源于20世纪70年代的环保运动。空格所填词与空后的origin一起作has的宾语；同时与空后的origin构成限定关系，因此应填形容词物主代词。故填its。
25．She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of herself (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.
解析：考查反身代词。句意：她非常漂亮，并且她的房子就是她的写照，每件东西都摆放整齐，品味也很好。故填herself。
26．It was built originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．
解析：考查介词。唐朝the Tang Dynasty，是段时间。因此，在唐朝，应用in the Tang Dynasty。故填in。
27．Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
解析：考查介词。句意：……各种各样的旅行被归类于生态旅行。根据空格前后为名词并具有所属关系。故填of。
28．The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.
解析：考查介词。句意：研究发现1985－2017年间，农村男人和女人BMI的平均数值上升了2.1。increase by＋数值表示增长了多少。故填by。
29．In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some land.
解析：考查介词。句意：1844年，他们以1,200美元的价格购买了它(这个房子)和一些地。buy sth. for ＋价格，表示以什么价格购买某物。故填for。
30．The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).
解析：考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。故填the。
31．Then，with the rise of science，changes began.
解析：考查冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。
32．A child born in the US today has a very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
解析：考查冠词。句意：今天在美国出生的孩子有非常现实的机会活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。chance为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且very为辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。
33．Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether its (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
解析：考查代词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少冰和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。根据空后的名词plans可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
34．As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
解析：考查反身代词。句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
35．The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist on earth, Mother Nature.
解析：考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
36．Museums must compete for people's spare time and money with other amusements.
解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语：compete for，意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
Ⅱ.语法填空
Passage 1　冠词与代词专练
On our way to the house， 1.　　　　 was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long 2.　　　　 would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by 3.　　　　 pack of dogs，seven to be exact. 4.　　　　(them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for 5.　　　　(this) animals.Our hosts shared many of 6.　　　　(they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 7.　　　　 backyard.
When they were free from work，they invited 8.　　　　(we) to local events and let us know of 9.　　　　 interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On 10.　　　　 last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
解析：
1．it　考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
2．it　考查代词。句意同上题。此处是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
3．a　考查冠词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填a。
4．They　考查代词。句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．these　考查代词。句意同上题。因为animals是复数形式，故填指示代词these。故填these。
6．their　考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
7．the　考查冠词。空处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
8．us　考查代词。空处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
9．an　考查冠词。空后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
10．the　考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2　动词与介词专练
She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full 1.　　　　 life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward 2.　　　　 the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 3.　　　　(rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
Sarah was told that she could be Britain's new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give 4.　　　　 school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part 5.　　　　 shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry 6.　　　　 with her education.
She has turned 7.　　　　 several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year 8.　　　　 to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 9.　　　　 engineering or architecture.
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school 10.　　　　(come) first.I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”
语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
解析：
1．of　考查介词。固定短语： full of life充满活力。故填of。
2．to　考查介词。固定短语：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望(做)某事。故填to。
3．resting　考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。故填resting。
4．up　考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (doing) sth.放弃(做)某事。故填up。
5．in　考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth.参加……活动。故填in。
6．on　考查动词短语。固定短语：carry on with sth.继续某事。 故填on。
7．down　考查动词短语。固定短语：turn down 拒绝。故填down。
8．off　考查动词短语。固定短语：take some time off 请假一段时间。故填off。
9．in　考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，get a degree in...意为“在某方面获得某项学位”。故填in。
10．comes　考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。故填comes。
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)“我就知道你会赢！我为你感到骄傲。你成功了！”他兴奋地说。
“I knew you'd win! I am proud of you. You made it ！” he said excitedly.
2．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)然而，他用尽全力赶上其他人，他的小身体左右摇晃，没有放弃的迹象。
However, he went all out to keep up with the others , his small body rocking from side to side ，showing no sign of giving up.
3．站在山顶上，我们可以看到更广阔的地平线。
Standing on the top of the mountain , we can enjoy a broader horizon.
4．最后但同样重要的是，由于不断的锻炼和健身，我的身体状况很好。
Last but not least, thanks to the constant exercise and body building, I am in good condition .
5．总的来说，我有资格成为一名志愿者。
On the whole , I am qualified to be a volunteer.
6．你已经养成了每天练习京剧的习惯，这是你成功的关键。
You have made it a habit to practise Peking Opera on a daily basis, which is the key to your success.
7．(2023·全国甲卷)给我印象最深的是他著名的人生哲学：“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。”
What impresses me most is his famous philosophy of life：“Be the first to worry about the troubles across the land, and the last to enjoy universal happiness.”
Ⅳ.写作运用(根据汉语提示完成下面短文，注意代词、介词和冠词的运用)
Dear all，
I'm honoured to announce that this semester's“Most popular teacher” goes to Mike!
He gives our grade oral English， 1.encouraging us to speak more　 (鼓励我们多说). Besides, he 2.is responsible for/takes responsibility for　 (对……负责) our Drama Club, where we rehearse together and present marvelous plays 3.under his professional guidance　 (在他专业的指导下)．
Mike is worthy of this award. His exceptional teaching ability has greatly 4.boosted our confidence in expressing ourselves　 (增强了我们表达自我的信心). What's more, his passion for teaching as well as friendliness to students makes learning with him 5.a really enjoyable experience　(真正令人愉悦的体验)．
Now let's welcome our principal to present this award to Mike!