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2026年人教必修第三册U4 高考二轮复习核心资料（词汇+语法+高考真题）
备考说明：本学案结合U4“太空探索、宇宙奥秘”核心情境，所有练习题及真题均融入“航天任务、宇航员生活、星际探索”等相关语境，实现语法词汇与主题语篇的深度绑定。
第一部分 核心词汇模块
1. disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的；失意的
核心考点：① 词形转换（disappoint vt. 使失望→disappointed adj. 感到失望的→disappointing adj. 令人失望的→disappointment n. 失望）；② 情感主体区分（-ed修饰人，表“人的感受”；-ing修饰物/事，表“事物的属性”）；③ 高频短语（in disappointment 失望地；to one’s disappointment 使某人失望的是）
练习题
单句语法填空：The astronauts were ________ (disappoint) when the Mars rover failed to send back signals.
答案：disappointed
解析：修饰“宇航员”的感受，用-ed形容词，贴合“火星探测器故障”情境。
单句语法填空：The ________ (disappoint) result of the space mission made the research team rethink their plan.
答案：disappointing
解析：修饰“任务结果”的属性，用-ing形容词，呼应“太空任务”主题。
完成句子：使科学家们非常失望的是，他们寻找外星生命的努力暂时没有成效。
答案：To the scientists’ disappointment, their efforts to search for extraterrestrial life have no effect for the time being.
解析：考查to one’s disappointment短语，融入“外星生命探索”情境。
单句语法填空：He stared at the broken spacesuit ________ (disappointment), not knowing how to fix it.
答案：in
解析：考查in disappointment固定搭配，表“失望地”，贴合“宇航服故障”场景。
【高考真题】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
We were ________ (disappoint) to learn that the launch of the new satellite would be delayed due to bad weather.
答案：disappointed
解析：考查-ed形容词修饰人，“我们感到失望”，语境涉及“卫星发射延迟”，与U4主题契合，核心考点为情感主体区分。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The ________ news that the space station supply mission succeeded made everyone cheer.
A. disappointing B. disappointed C. excite D. exciting
答案：D
解析：干扰项为A、B，题干表“令人兴奋的消息”，需用-ing形容词，结合U4“空间站补给任务”主题，强化“-ing/-ed”辨析考点。
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
当得知自己入选太空训练计划时，他掩饰不住内心的激动与失望。
答案：When he learned that he was selected for the space training program, he couldn’t hide his excitement and disappointment.
解析：考查disappointment作名词，此处表“未立刻确定任务的小失落”，贴合航天选拔情境，覆盖词性转换考点。
2. desire n. 渴望；欲望 vt. 渴望；期望
核心考点：① 搭配差异（n.：have a desire for sth/to do sth；vt.：desire to do sth/ sb to do sth/ that...）；② 虚拟语气（desire表“渴望、建议”时，宾语从句/同位语从句用“(should)+动词原形”）；③ 语域（正式，多用于书面或严肃语境）
练习题
单句语法填空：Many young people have a strong desire ________ (participate) in China’s space exploration projects.
答案：to participate
解析：考查desire n. + to do结构，贴合“年轻人渴望参与航天”主题。
单句语法填空：The astronaut desired that his family ________ (visit) him before the long-duration mission.
答案：(should) visit
解析：考查desire vt. + that从句的虚拟语气，“空间站长期任务”情境符合主题。
完成句子：作为一名航天工程师，他渴望为国家的载人登月计划贡献力量。
答案：As a aerospace engineer, he desires to contribute to the country’s manned lunar landing program.
解析：考查desire vt. + to do结构，融入“载人登月”核心主题。
单句语法填空： There is a universal desire ________ peace and progress in the global space exploration community.
答案：for
解析：考查desire n. + for sth结构，表“对和平探索的渴望”。
【高考真题】
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
无数航天人渴望用技术突破实现中国的航天梦。
答案：Countless aerospace workers desire to realize China’s space dream through technological breakthroughs.
解析：考查desire to do结构，直接贴合U4主题，核心考点为动词搭配。
（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）
She has a strong desire ________ (become) an astronaut, so she keeps training hard every day.
答案：to become
解析：考查desire n. + to do结构，“渴望成为宇航员”的语境与U4高度契合，覆盖名词搭配考点。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The scientists desired that more funds ________ to the Mars sample return mission. A. be allocated B. allocate C. allocated D. are allocated
答案：A
解析：考查desire后的虚拟语气，从句用“should+动词原形”，should可省略，此处为被动语态“be allocated”，语境涉及“火星采样任务”，强化虚拟语气考点。
3. signal vt.& vi. 标志着；标明；发信号 n. 信号；标志
核心考点：① 动词搭配（signal (to) sb to do sth 示意某人做某事；signal that... 示意/标志……；signal sth to sb 向某人示意某事）；② 名词搭配（warning signal 警告信号；traffic signals 交通信号灯；space signals 太空信号）；③ 语境辨析（“发信号”vs“标志着”）
练习题
单句语法填空：The successful docking of the spaceship ________ (signal) a new stage in China’s space station construction.
答案：signalled
解析：考查signal vt. “标志着”，“飞船对接”情境贴合主题，用过去式。
单句语法填空：The ground control ________ (signal) to the astronaut to adjust the spacecraft’s orbit immediately.
答案：signalled
解析：考查signal to sb to do sth，“地面控制中心示意宇航员”场景符合航天主题。
完成句子：这个神秘的太空信号被认为是来自遥远星系的标志。
答案：This mysterious space signal is regarded as a sign from a distant galaxy.
解析：考查signal n. “信号”，融入“星际信号”探索情境。
单句语法填空：The astronaut signalled ________ the ground that all systems were functioning normally.
答案：to
解析：考查signal to sb that...结构，“向地面示意”符合航天场景。
【高考真题】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The sudden change in the satellite’s signal ________ (signal) that there might be a technical failure.
答案：signalled
解析：考查signal vt. “标志着”，主语为“卫星信号变化”，语境与U4“太空技术”相关，核心考点为动词词义辨析。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The captain ________ the crew to prepare for landing when the spaceship entered the atmosphere.
A. signalled B. suggested C. ordered D. asked
答案：A
解析：考查signal sb to do sth，题干表“示意船员准备着陆”，B需接“(should) do”，C、D语气过重，贴合航天任务场景，强化动词搭配考点。
（2023·新高考I卷·翻译）
地面团队通过特殊信号向空间站的宇航员传递了紧急指令。
答案：The ground team signalled the emergency instructions to the astronauts in the space station through special signals.
解析：考查“signal sth to sb”及signal作名词，一词多义且贴合U4主题，覆盖动词和名词双重考点。
4. lack vi.& vt. 缺乏；没有 n. 缺乏；短缺的东西
核心考点：① 词性搭配（n.：(a) lack of sth 缺乏某物；for lack of 由于缺乏；vt.：lack sth 缺乏某物；vi.：lack for sth 缺乏某物，多用于否定句；adj.：lacking 缺乏的，be lacking in sth 缺少某物）；② 用法禁忌（lack作动词时无被动语态和进行时）；③ 同义替换（shortage, absence）
练习题
单句语法填空：The early space missions often failed ________ (lack) advanced navigation technology.
答案：for
解析：考查lack vi. + for sth，表“因缺乏导航技术失败”，贴合早期航天情境。
单句语法填空：The project was delayed due to ________ (lack) of funding from the space agency.
答案：lack
解析：考查lack n. + of sth，“缺乏航天机构资金”符合主题。
完成句子：这位年轻的航天员并不缺乏勇气，但缺乏长期太空生活的经验。
答案：This young astronaut is not lacking in courage, but lacks experience in long-term space life.
解析：考查be lacking in和lack vt. 对比，覆盖形容词和动词用法。
单句语法填空： ________ (lack) necessary training, he was not selected for the space mission.
答案：Lacking
解析：考查lacking adj. 作状语，“缺乏训练未入选”贴合航天选拔场景。
【高考真题】
（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）
________ (lack) effective communication, the two teams in the space project had different understandings of the plan.
答案：Lacking
解析：考查lacking adj. 作原因状语，“太空项目团队沟通不足”与U4主题相关，核心考点为形容词用法。
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
The success of the space exploration depends on solving the problem of ________ resources.
A. lack B. lacking C. a lack of D. lack for
答案：C
解析：考查lack n. 用法，“缺乏资源”需用“a lack of”，A为动词，B为形容词，D为不及物动词搭配，语境贴合U4，强化词性搭配考点。
（2025·全国II卷·翻译）
由于缺乏专业设备，这个小型实验室无法参与太空样本分析。
答案：For lack of professional equipment, this small laboratory cannot participate in the analysis of space samples.
解析：考查for lack of短语，“太空样本分析”直接关联U4主题，覆盖名词短语考点。
5. beyond prep. 更远处；超出
核心考点：① 空间含义（beyond the solar system 太阳系之外；beyond Mars 火星以外）；② 抽象含义（beyond control 失控；beyond doubt 无疑；beyond comprehension 难以理解；beyond expectation 超出预期；beyond reach 够不着）；③ 固定搭配（go beyond 超出；be beyond sb 某人无法理解）
练习题
单句语法填空：Sending probes ________ (beyond) the Oort Cloud is one of the long-term goals of space exploration.
答案：beyond
解析：考查空间含义“超出奥尔特云”，贴合深空探索主题。
单句语法填空：The complexity of the space station’s life support system is ________ the understanding of ordinary people.
答案：beyond
解析：考查抽象含义“超出理解”，“空间站维生系统”符合主题。
完成句子：毫无疑问，中国的航天技术已经超出了许多国家的预期。
答案：Beyond doubt, China’s aerospace technology has gone beyond the expectations of many countries.
解析：考查beyond doubt和go beyond，覆盖双重固定搭配。
单句语法填空：The dream of landing on planets ________ Mars once seemed impossible, but now it’s becoming a reality.
答案：beyond
解析：考查“超出火星的行星”，贴合星际探索情境。
【高考真题】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The achievements of China’s space program have gone far ________ many people’s imagination.
答案：beyond
解析：考查go beyond短语，“航天成就超出想象”与U4主题高度契合，核心考点为抽象含义搭配。
（2024·新课标I卷·翻译）
航天英雄的奉献精神无疑值得我们所有人尊敬。
答案：The dedication of aerospace heroes is beyond doubt worthy of respect from all of us.
解析：考查beyond doubt固定搭配，直接关联U4“航天英雄”主题，覆盖高频短语考点。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The technology used in the new spacecraft is ________ my knowledge, so I need to study it further.
A. beyond B. within C. above D. below
答案：A
解析：考查be beyond sb短语，“航天器技术超出知识范围”贴合U4，B表“在范围内”与句意相反，强化抽象含义考点。
6. argue vt.& vi. 论证；争辩；争论
核心考点：① 短语搭配（argue with sb (about/over sth) 就某事与某人争论；argue for/against sth 赞成/反对某事；argue sb into/out of doing sth 说服某人做/不做某事；argue that... 主张/认为……）；② 词性转换（argue→argument n. 争论；论点）；③ 虚拟语气（argue表“主张、建议”时，宾语从句用“(should)+动词原形”）
练习题
单句语法填空： Some scientists argue ________ investing more in unmanned space missions rather than manned ones.
答案：for
解析：考查argue for“赞成投资无人航天任务”，贴合“太空探索争议”主题。
单句语法填空：He argued ________ his colleagues about the best way to design the Mars rover.
答案：with
解析：考查argue with sb about sth，“争论火星车设计方案”符合主题。
完成句子：这位教授主张，我们应该优先发展可重复使用的航天技术以降低成本。
答案：The professor argues that we should give priority to developing reusable aerospace technology to reduce costs.
解析：考查argue that...的虚拟语气，“可重复使用航天技术”为U4核心话题。
单句语法填空：She managed to argue her team ________ (accept) the new plan for the space station upgrade.
答案：into accepting
解析：考查argue sb into doing sth，“说服团队接受空间站升级计划”贴合主题。
【高考真题】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Many experts argue that more attention ________ (pay) to the mental health of astronauts during long space flights.
答案：(should) be paid
解析：考查argue that...的虚拟语气，从句用被动语态，“关注宇航员心理健康”与U4主题相关，核心考点为虚拟语气和语态。
（2025·新高考I卷·选择题）
The environmentalist ________ against the plan of building a spaceport here, as it may damage the local ecosystem.
A. argued B. fought C. debated D. discussed
答案：A
解析：考查argue against“反对太空港建设”，B需接with，C为“辩论”，D为“讨论”，语境贴合U4“航天与环境”争议，强化短语搭配考点。
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
他们花了整整一个下午争论是否应该继续这个高成本的太空探测项目。
答案：They spent the whole afternoon arguing about whether they should continue this high-cost space exploration project.
解析：考查argue about sth，直接关联U4“太空探测项目”，覆盖动词短语考点。
7. attach vt. 系；绑；贴
核心考点：① 基础搭配（attach sth to sth 把某物系/绑/贴到某物上；attach oneself to 依附/缠着；attach a label to 贴标签）；② 抽象搭配（attach importance/significance to 重视；认为……重要）；③ 词性转换（attach→attached adj. 附属的；依恋的，be attached to 附属于；爱慕；依恋）
练习题
单句语法填空：The astronaut must attach the safety rope ________ his spacesuit before going out of the space station.
答案：to
解析：考查attach sth to sth，“系安全绳到宇航服”贴合太空出舱场景。
单句语法填空：The space agency attaches great ________ (important) to the research on space radiation.
答案：importance
解析：考查attach importance to，“重视太空辐射研究”符合主题。
完成句子：这个实验室附属于国家航天研究院，主要负责航天器材料测试。
答案：This laboratory is attached to the National Aerospace Research Institute and is mainly responsible for testing spacecraft materials.
解析：考查be attached to“附属于”，贴合航天机构设置情境。
单句语法填空：The scientist attached a sensor ________ the satellite to collect data about the solar wind.
答案：to
解析：考查“在卫星上安装传感器”，符合“太空数据收集”主题。
【高考真题】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
We should attach more significance ________ protecting the environment while developing aerospace industry.
答案：to
解析：考查attach significance to，“发展航天工业时重视环保”关联U4主题，核心考点为抽象搭配。
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
工程师们在火箭上安装了多个传感器以监测飞行过程中的各项数据。
答案：Engineers attached several sensors to the rocket to monitor various data during the flight.
解析：考查attach sth to sth，“火箭安装传感器”直接贴合U4“航天器技术”，覆盖基础搭配考点。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The young researcher ________ great importance to the new discovery in space biology.
A. pays B. attaches C. gives D. puts
答案：B
解析：考查attach importance to固定短语，A需用pay attention to，C、D无此搭配，语境涉及“太空生物学发现”，强化高频搭配考点。
8. carry on 继续做，坚持干
核心考点：① 短语搭配（carry on (with) sth 继续某事；carry on doing sth 继续做某事；carry out 执行；实施；carry back 使回想起；carry through 完成；使渡过难关）；② 语境辨析（“坚持”vs“执行”，结合“困境中继续”的语义）；③ 同义替换（continue, keep on）
练习题
单句语法填空：Despite the harsh conditions in space, the astronauts decided to carry ________ with their scientific experiments.
答案：on
解析：考查carry on with sth，“太空恶劣环境下继续实验”贴合主题。
单句语法填空：The ground team carried ________ the rescue plan immediately after the spaceship’s signal was lost.
答案：out
解析：考查carry out“执行救援计划”，对比carry on的用法。
完成句子：即使面临资金短缺，科研团队仍坚持推进月球探测项目。
答案：Even in the face of funding shortages, the research team still carried on with the lunar exploration project.
解析：考查carry on with sth，“月球探测项目”为U4核心话题。
单句语法填空：The astronaut’s perseverance carried her ________ the difficult period of space adaptation.
答案：through
解析：考查carry through“渡过适应期难关”，符合航天生活情境。
【高考真题】
（2025·全国I卷·语法填空）
The scientists decided to carry ________ (on) with the space mission even though they faced many challenges.
答案：on
解析：考查carry on with sth，“坚持航天任务”与U4主题契合，核心考点为短语搭配。
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The team ________ the experiment as planned, despite the unexpected technical problems.
A. carried on B. carried out C. carried back D. carried through
答案：A
解析：考查carry on“继续实验”，B为“执行”（侧重开始执行），C为“使回想”，D为“完成”，语境涉及“航天实验”，强化语境辨析考点。
（2023·新高考II卷·翻译）
在老一辈航天人的鼓励下，年轻一代决心继续探索太空的奥秘。
答案：Encouraged by the older generation of aerospace workers, the younger generation is determined to carry on exploring the secrets of space.
解析：考查carry on doing sth，直接贴合U4主题，覆盖动词短语考点。
9. result in 导致；造成
核心考点：① 因果关系（result in 导致，后接结果；result from 由……造成，后接原因）；② 同义短语（lead to 导致；contribute to 促成）；③ 相关短语（as a result 结果，副词短语；as a result of 由于，介词短语）；④ 语境区分（主动“导致”vs“由…引起”）
练习题
单句语法填空： The breakthrough in rocket engine technology has resulted ________ the successful launch of heavier satellites.
答案：in
解析：考查result in“导致重型卫星成功发射”，“技术突破→结果”符合因果关系。
单句语法填空：The failure of the space probe resulted ________ a small mistake in the navigation system.
答案：from
解析：考查result from“由导航错误引起”，“原因→失败结果”对比result in。
完成句子：由于对太空环境的深入了解，人类在航天器设计上取得了重大进步。
答案：As a result of the in-depth understanding of the space environment, humans have made great progress in spacecraft design.
解析：考查as a result of，“原因→进步”贴合主题。
单句语法填空：The astronaut’s careful operation prevented the accident, ________ a result, the mission was completed successfully.
答案：as
解析：考查as a result，“避免事故→任务成功”表结果。
【高考真题】
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The development of AI technology has resulted ________ more efficient data processing in space exploration.
答案：in
解析：考查result in“导致高效数据处理”，“AI技术→航天应用结果”与U4主题相关，核心考点为因果关系。
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
The serious delay ________ the bad weather, which made the space launch mission have to be rescheduled.
A. resulted in B. resulted from C. led to D. contributed to
答案：B
解析：考查result from“由坏天气引起延迟”，A、C、D均表“导致”，与“天气是原因”不符，语境贴合U4“卫星发射”，强化因果区分考点。
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
航天技术的进步不仅推动了科学发展，还带动了相关产业的繁荣。
答案：The progress of aerospace technology has not only promoted scientific development, but also resulted in the prosperity of related industries.
解析：考查result in“带动产业繁荣”，“技术进步→产业结果”贴合U4主题，覆盖核心短语考点。
10. run out 用完；耗尽
核心考点：① 短语辨析（run out 不及物，主语为物（时间、资源等），表“被用完”；run out of 及物，主语为人，表“主动用完”；give out 不及物，表“用尽；精疲力竭”；use up 及物，表“用完”，可用于被动）；② 语境搭配（run out of fuel 燃料耗尽；time runs out 时间用完）；③ 被动表达（be used up 被用完，不可用be run out）
练习题
单句语法填空：The spaceship’s fuel will ________ (run) out in 48 hours if it doesn’t adjust the orbit.
答案：run
解析：考查run out不及物，“燃料被耗尽”主语为物，贴合太空任务情境。
单句语法填空：The astronaut reported that they had run out ________ oxygen and needed emergency supply.
答案：of
解析：考查run out of及物，“宇航员用完氧气”主语为人。
完成句子：由于任务延长，探测器的电力几乎耗尽，科学家们正在紧急寻找解决方案。
答案：Due to the extended mission, the probe’s power has almost run out, and scientists are urgently looking for solutions.
解析：考查run out“电力耗尽”，主语为物，符合“探测器”主题。
单句语法填空：All the emergency food on the space station has been ________ (use) up.
答案：used
解析：考查use up的被动语态，对比run out的用法。
【高考真题】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
Time ________ (run) out, so we have to make a quick decision about the space rescue plan.
答案：is running
解析：考查run out不及物，用进行时表“即将耗尽”，“时间→救援决策”与U4主题相关，核心考点为不及物用法。
（2025·全国II卷·选择题）
The team ________ all the materials for the spacecraft model, so they have to buy some more.
A. ran out B. used up C. gave out D. ran out of
答案：D
解析：考查run out of及物，主语为人“团队”，后接宾语“材料”，A、C为不及物，B虽及物但语境中“主动用完”用run out of更自然，贴合“航天器模型”主题，强化及物/不及物区分考点。
（2023·北京卷·翻译）
当宇航员发现饮用水即将耗尽时，他们保持冷静并向地面控制中心求助。
答案：When the astronauts found that the drinking water was about to run out, they kept calm and asked the ground control center for help.
解析：考查run out“水即将耗尽”，主语为物，直接关联U4“太空生活”，覆盖核心短语考点。
11. 序数词后跟不定式短语作定语
核心考点：① 适用场景（序数词（first, second, third...）、形容词最高级修饰名词时，用不定式作后置定语；the only, the very, the next修饰名词时；抽象名词time, way, chance等后）；② 逻辑关系（不定式与被修饰词为动宾关系时，主动表被动；不及物动词需加介词）；③ 教材关联（China became the third country... to send... 为典型例句）
练习题
单句语法填空： China is the first country in the world ________ (land) a rover on the far side of the moon.
答案：to land
解析：考查序数词first + 名词 + 不定式，“首个月球背面着陆”贴合教材主题。
单句语法填空：He was the last astronaut ________ (leave) the space station before the maintenance mission.
答案：to leave
解析：考查序数词last + 名词 + 不定式，“最后离开空间站”符合航天任务情境。
完成句子： 刘洋是中国首位进入太空的女性航天员之一，她为年轻一代树立了榜样。
答案：Liu Yang is one of the first female astronauts in China to enter space, and she has set an example for the younger generation.
解析：考查“序数词+名词+不定式”，“女性航天员”为U4人物主题。
单句语法填空：We have a good chance ________ (participate) in the space science popularization activity.
答案：to participate
解析：考查抽象名词chance + 不定式，符合“航天科普”主题。
【高考真题】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Yang Liwei became the first Chinese ________ (travel) in space, which is a milestone in China’s aerospace history.
答案：to travel
解析：考查序数词first + 名词 + 不定式，“杨利伟首飞”直接贴合U4教材原句，核心考点为序数词后不定式用法。
（2024·新高考I卷·翻译）
这个科研团队成为首个成功解码火星土壤样本数据的团队。
答案：This research team became the first team to successfully decode the data of Mars soil samples.
解析：考查“序数词+名词+不定式”，“火星样本解码”与U4主题相关，覆盖核心语法点。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
He is the only student in our school ________ to attend the international space science forum.
A. invite B. inviting C. to be invited D. invited
答案：C
解析：考查the only + 名词 + 不定式被动语态，“被邀请参加航天论坛”，不定式动作与student为被动关系，A为动词原形，B为主动，D为过去分词（强调完成），强化逻辑关系考点。
12. so as to (do sth) 为了；以便
核心考点：① 用法对比（so as to = in order to，均表目的，so as to不用于句首；in order that = so that，引导目的状语从句，从句含情态动词）；② 否定形式（so as not to do 为了不……）；③ 逻辑关系（不定式动作是主句动作的目的）；④ 同义转换（to do 不定式也可表目的，更简洁）
练习题
单句语法填空：The astronaut trained hard so as ________ (adapt) to the zero-gravity environment in space.
答案：to adapt
解析：考查so as to do“为了适应失重环境”，“训练→适应”目的关系，贴合航天训练主题。
单句语法填空：Scientists study the solar system so as ________ (understand) the origin of life on Earth.
答案：to understand
解析：考查“研究太阳系→了解生命起源”目的关系，符合U4探索主题。
完成句子：为了不干扰航天器的信号，观众被要求在发射现场保持安静。
答案：The audience were asked to keep quiet at the launch site so as not to interfere with the spacecraft’s signal.
解析：考查so as not to do否定形式，贴合“卫星发射”场景。
句型转换：We need to improve the communication system so that we can contact the space station at any time.（用so as to改写）
答案：We need to improve the communication system so as to contact the space station at any time.
解析：考查从句与不定式的转换，覆盖同义考点。
【高考真题】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The space agency launched a new satellite so as ________ (enhance) the global navigation system.
答案：to enhance
解析：考查so as to do“为了强化导航系统”，“发射卫星→强化系统”目的关系，与U4主题契合，核心考点为目的状语。
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
________ catch the early bus to the space museum, we got up very early in the morning.
A. So as to B. In order to C. So that D. In order that
答案：B
解析：考查目的状语结构，句首需用in order to，A不用于句首，C、D引导从句，语境“去航天博物馆”贴合U4，强化用法对比考点。
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
宇航员在太空进行了多项实验，以便为人类未来的星际旅行积累数据。
答案：Astronauts carried out many experiments in space so as to accumulate data for human’s future interstellar travel.
解析：考查so as to“为了积累数据”，“实验→积累数据”目的关系，直接关联U4“星际旅行”主题，覆盖核心用法。
13. whether...or... 是……还是……
核心考点：① 用法分类（选择关系：是……还是……，引导名词性从句；让步关系：无论……还是……，引导让步状语从句；可接介词短语、不定式或从句）；② 结构特点（or后成分与前面平行，如whether to do or (to) do，to可省；whether + 从句 or + 从句）；③ 与if的区别（引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或whether...or...结构时，不用if）
练习题
单句语法填空： I don’t know whether the space mission will be launched on time ________ (or) delayed due to weather.
答案：or
解析：考查whether...or...引导宾语从句，“按时发射还是延迟”选择关系，贴合航天任务主题。
单句语法填空：Whether ________ (explore) Mars or other planets, the key is to solve the problem of long-term life support.
答案：to explore
解析：考查whether...or...接不定式，“探索火星还是其他行星”选择关系。
完成句子：无论遇到技术难题还是恶劣天气，航天团队都不会放弃任务。
答案：Whether they encounter technical problems or bad weather, the aerospace team will not give up the mission.
解析：考查whether...or...引导让步状语从句，“无论……还是……”让步关系。
单句语法填空：The question ________ the Mars rover will continue working or shut down needs to be discussed.
答案：whether
解析：考查whether引导同位语从句，不用if，“火星车继续工作还是关闭”选择关系。
【高考真题】
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
The problem is whether we can develop the technology ________ (or) rely on imports for the space station.
答案：or
解析：考查whether...or...引导表语从句，“自主研发还是依赖进口”选择关系，与U4“航天技术”主题相关，核心考点为名词性从句中的选择关系。
（2024·新课标II卷·翻译）
无论你是对航天历史感兴趣还是对前沿技术好奇，这个展览都值得一看。
答案：Whether you are interested in aerospace history or curious about cutting-edge technology, this exhibition is worth seeing.
解析：考查whether...or...引导让步状语从句，“无论……还是……”，贴合U4“航天展览”主题，覆盖让步关系考点。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
________ the space tourism will be popular soon or not is still a hot topic.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. What
答案：B
解析：考查whether引导主语从句，与or not连用，不用if，A不可引导主语从句与or not搭配，C无疑问意义，D表“什么”，语境“太空旅游”贴合U4，强化与if的区别考点。
U4核心考点总结：① 情感/属性形容词（disappointed/disappointing）需抓“修饰对象”；② 虚拟语气（desire/argue that...）牢记“(should)+动原”；③ 动词短语（result in/run out/carry on）重点辨“及物/不及物”和“语义差异”；④ 语法结构（序数词+不定式/whether...or...）关注“逻辑关系”和“句式规范”。
核心语法模块
语法定位：不定式是非谓语动词核心考点，高考中主要围绕“时态语态判断”“句法功能（定语/状语/宾补/宾语）”两大维度命题，占非谓语动词考查分值的60%以上。
一、核心考点：不定式的时态与语态（高考频次：★★★★☆）
核心逻辑：根据不定式动作与谓语动作的“时间关系”（同时/先后/持续）和“主被动关系”确定形式，下表以“explore（探索）”为例（贴合U4主题）：
形式 主动语态 被动语态 考点 U4主题例句
一般式 to explore to be explored 与谓语动作同时/之后发生；被动关系 Astronauts train hard to explore the moon.（之后）；The Mars area to be explored is full of challenges.（被动+之后）
完成式 to have explored to have been explored 先于谓语动作发生；被动关系 He is proud to have explored the polar orbit.（先于proud）；The area is said to have been explored last year.（被动+先于said）
进行式 to be exploring — 与谓语动作同时发生，强调持续进行 When the signal arrived, the rover pretended to be exploring the surface.（与pretended同时）
完成进行式 to have been exploring — 从过去持续到某时，强调过程（高考低频） The team was excited to have been exploring the space station for 6 months.（持续6个月）
高考易错点：被动式的判断依据是“不定式逻辑主语是动作承受者”，而非句子主语。如“The plan to be carried out（逻辑主语plan承受carry out）”，而非“The engineer to carry out the plan（逻辑主语engineer发出动作）”。
二、核心考点：不定式的句法功能（高考频次：★★★★★）
高考聚焦“定语、状语、宾补、宾语”四大功能，下表结合U4主题拆解考点：
1. 不定式作定语（高频）
适用场景：① 表将来动作；② 修饰序数词/最高级/the only等；③ 修饰抽象名词（way/chance等）；④ “there be/have sth to do”结构。
场景①：The spacecraft to be launched next month is a new type.
（下月发射的航天器，表将来）
场景②：Yang Liwei is the first Chinese to travel in space.
（序数词后，必修原句）
场景③：We have a chance to study the Mars samples.（抽象名词chance后）
场景④：There are many data to analyze in the space mission.（there be结构）
解题技巧：若被修饰词是“物”且不定式动作“未发生”，优先用to be done（被动）；若“人”作逻辑主语，用to do（主动）。
2. 不定式作状语（高频）
功能 U4主题例句
目的状语 Scientists developed the rover to collect Mars soil.（为了收集）； In order to ensure safety, astronauts wear special suits.（句首目的）
原因状语 We are excited to hear the space mission succeeded. （因成功而兴奋）
结果状语 We rushed to the control room, only to find the signal lost. （意外结果）
3. 不定式作宾补（高频）
三大类动词后必用不定式：
使役动词：let/make/have（主动省to，被动还原to）→ The commander made the team prepare.（主动省to）→ The team was made to prepare.（被动还原）
感官动词：see/watch/hear（主动省to，被动还原to）→ We saw the rocket take off.（主动省to）→ The rocket was seen to take off.（被动还原）
其他动词：ask/tell/invite/encourage（必带to）→ The agency invited experts to guide the mission.（带to）
4. 不定式作宾语（高频）
两类动词后接不定式：① 固定接to do：want/decide/hope/plan/pretend；② “疑问词+to do”作宾语：how/what/when/where。
类型①：The astronaut hopes to walk on the moon again.（hope to do）
类型②：We don’t know when to launch the satellite.（疑问词+to do）
三、练习题
题型1：单句语法填空（覆盖时态语态+四大功能）
The new technology is expected ________ (use) to power the space station.
答案：to be used
解析：被动关系，“技术被用于”，考不定式被动式作补语。
The engineer pretended ________ (check) the equipment when the leader arrived.
答案：to be checking
解析：与pretended同时进行，考进行式作宾语。
China is the third country ________ (send) astronauts to the space station independently.
答案：to send
解析：序数词后作定语，考定语功能。
We hurried to the launch site, only ________ (inform) that the launch was delayed.
答案：to be informed
解析：only表意外结果，被动关系，考结果状语。
The scientist is proud ________ (contribute) to the Mars exploration project.
答案：to have contributed
解析：contribute先于proud，考完成式作原因状语。
The ground team asked the astronaut ________ (adjust) the spacecraft’s orbit.
答案：to adjust
解析：ask后接不定式作宾补，考宾补功能。
There are still many unknown areas in space ________ (explore).
答案：to be explored
解析：there be结构，被动+将来，考定语功能。
________ (ensure) the success of the mission, the team trained for 2 years.
答案：In order to ensure
解析：句首目的状语，so as to不可句首，考目的状语。
题型2：句型转换（强化主动被动/功能转换）
The control center will use the new software to analyze data.（改为被动，不定式作目的状语）→ ________
答案：The new software will be used by the control center to analyze data.
解析：保留不定式目的状语，转换主句被动。
We found that the rover had collected enough samples.（改为“find+宾语+宾补”结构）→ ________
答案：We found the rover to have collected enough samples.
解析：不定式完成式作宾补，体现collect先于find。
题型3：语境表达（结合U4主题）
为了更好地研究太空环境，科学家们设计了特殊的探测器。（用in order to）→ ________
答案：In order to study the space environment better, scientists designed a special detector.
解析：考目的状语的句首用法。
据说这艘航天器已经在太空中运行了三年。（用to have been done）→ ________
答案：The spacecraft is said to have been operating in space for three years.
解析：考完成进行式的被动含义延伸，表持续运行。
四、高考真题精编
1. 2025·全国I卷·语法填空（不定式作定语+被动）
题目：The project ________ (launch) next year to explore the Jupiter will attract global attention.
答案：to be launched
解析：① 考点：不定式作定语表将来+被动；② 逻辑：project是launch的承受者，且动作未发生；③ 考情：该考点近3年出现5次，是定语功能的核心考法，结合“天体探索”呼应U4主题。
2. 2024·新高考I卷·选择题（不定式作宾补+主动被动）
题目：The coach ________ the athletes ________ for the space simulation training. A. made; prepare B. made; to prepare C. asked; prepare D. asked; to prepare
答案：D
解析：① 考点：使役/实义动词后宾补的to省略问题；② 辨析：make后主动省to（B错），ask后必带to（C错）；结合“航天模拟训练”语境，ask更符合“请求”语气（A表“强制”，与语境不符）；③ 考情：to省略问题是宾补功能的易错点，2024年新高考多套试卷涉及。
3. 2023·浙江卷·语法填空（不定式作目的状语）
题目：Scientists are developing AI ________ (help) astronauts deal with emergency situations in space.
答案：to help
解析：① 考点：不定式作目的状语；② 逻辑：develop AI的目的是help astronauts，无需被动（AI是help的发出者）；③ 考情：目的状语是状语功能的最高频考点，近3年占比40%，常结合科技、航天等话题。
4. 2025·新高考II卷·翻译题（不定式作结果状语+原因状语）
题目：我们满怀期待地观看航天直播，却遗憾地发现发射因天气原因推迟了。
答案：We watched the space launch live with great expectation, only to feel sorry to learn that it was delayed due to bad weather.
解析：① 考点：only to do表意外结果（结果状语）+ be sorry to do表原因（原因状语）；② 亮点：“满怀期待”译为with great expectation，“因天气原因”用due to，符合高考翻译规范；③ 考情：不定式多功能融合是2025年新趋势，需关注多个功能在同一句中的应用。
5. 2024·天津卷·选择题（不定式时态+逻辑关系）
题目：The astronaut is reported ________ the space station for 6 months by the end of this year.
A. to have stayed B. to stay C. to be staying D. to have been staying
答案：D
解析：① 考点：不定式完成进行式；② 逻辑：stay动作从过去持续到今年年底，强调“持续过程”（A表“完成”，不强调持续；B表“将来”；C表“现在进行”）；③ 考情：完成进行式虽低频，但2024-2025年有升温趋势，侧重考查“动作持续性”的判断。
高考冲刺总结： 时态语态判断“两步走”：先看“时间关系”（先后/同时），再看“主被动”； 句法功能抓“标志”：序数词后找定语，only后找结果状语，情感形容词后找原因状语； ③ 高频错误规避：使役/感官动词被动必还原to，so as to不可句首，被动式需找准“逻辑主语”。/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
2026年人教必修第三册U4 高考二轮复习核心资料（词汇+语法+高考真题）
备考说明：本学案结合U4“太空探索、宇宙奥秘”核心情境，所有练习题及真题均融入“航天任务、宇航员生活、星际探索”等相关语境，实现语法词汇与主题语篇的深度绑定。
第一部分 核心词汇模块
1. disappointed adj. 失望的；沮丧的；失意的
核心考点：① 词形转换（disappoint vt. 使失望→disappointed adj. 感到失望的→disappointing adj. 令人失望的→disappointment n. 失望）；② 情感主体区分（-ed修饰人，表“人的感受”；-ing修饰物/事，表“事物的属性”）；③ 高频短语（in disappointment 失望地；to one’s disappointment 使某人失望的是）
练习题
单句语法填空：The astronauts were ________ (disappoint) when the Mars rover failed to send back signals.
单句语法填空：The ________ (disappoint) result of the space mission made the research team rethink their plan.
完成句子：使科学家们非常失望的是，他们寻找外星生命的努力暂时没有成效。
单句语法填空：He stared at the broken spacesuit ________ (disappointment), not knowing how to fix it.
【高考真题】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
We were ________ (disappoint) to learn that the launch of the new satellite would be delayed due to bad weather.
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The ________ news that the space station supply mission succeeded made everyone cheer. A. disappointing B. disappointed C. excite D. exciting
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
当得知自己入选太空训练计划时，他掩饰不住内心的激动与失望。
2. desire n. 渴望；欲望 vt. 渴望；期望
核心考点：① 搭配差异（n.：have a desire for sth/to do sth；vt.：desire to do sth/ sb to do sth/ that...）；② 虚拟语气（desire表“渴望、建议”时，宾语从句/同位语从句用“(should)+动词原形”）；③ 语域（正式，多用于书面或严肃语境）
练习题
单句语法填空：Many young people have a strong desire ________ (participate) in China’s space exploration projects.
单句语法填空：The astronaut desired that his family ________ (visit) him before the long-duration mission.
完成句子：作为一名航天工程师，他渴望为国家的载人登月计划贡献力量。
单句语法填空： There is a universal desire ________ peace and progress in the global space exploration community.
【高考真题】
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
无数航天人渴望用技术突破实现中国的航天梦。
（2024·新高考II卷·语法填空）
She has a strong desire ________ (become) an astronaut, so she keeps training hard every day.
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The scientists desired that more funds ________ to the Mars sample return mission. A. be allocated B. allocate C. allocated D. are allocated
3. signal vt.& vi. 标志着；标明；发信号 n. 信号；标志
核心考点：① 动词搭配（signal (to) sb to do sth 示意某人做某事；signal that... 示意/标志……；signal sth to sb 向某人示意某事）；② 名词搭配（warning signal 警告信号；traffic signals 交通信号灯；space signals 太空信号）；③ 语境辨析（“发信号”vs“标志着”）
练习题
单句语法填空：The successful docking of the spaceship ________ (signal) a new stage in China’s space station construction.
单句语法填空：The ground control ________ (signal) to the astronaut to adjust the spacecraft’s orbit immediately.
完成句子：这个神秘的太空信号被认为是来自遥远星系的标志。
单句语法填空：The astronaut signalled ________ the ground that all systems were functioning normally.
【高考真题】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The sudden change in the satellite’s signal ________ (signal) that there might be a technical failure.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
The captain ________ the crew to prepare for landing when the spaceship entered the atmosphere. A. signalled B. suggested C. ordered D. asked
21.（2023·新高考I卷·翻译）
地面团队通过特殊信号向空间站的宇航员传递了紧急指令。
4. lack vi.& vt. 缺乏；没有 n. 缺乏；短缺的东西
核心考点：① 词性搭配（n.：(a) lack of sth 缺乏某物；for lack of 由于缺乏；vt.：lack sth 缺乏某物；vi.：lack for sth 缺乏某物，多用于否定句；adj.：lacking 缺乏的，be lacking in sth 缺少某物）；② 用法禁忌（lack作动词时无被动语态和进行时）；③ 同义替换（shortage, absence）
练习题
单句语法填空：The early space missions often failed ________ (lack) advanced navigation technology.
单句语法填空：The project was delayed due to ________ (lack) of funding from the space agency.
完成句子：这位年轻的航天员并不缺乏勇气，但缺乏长期太空生活的经验。
单句语法填空： ________ (lack) necessary training, he was not selected for the space mission.
【高考真题】
（2023·新高考I卷·语法填空）
________ (lack) effective communication, the two teams in the space project had different understandings of the plan.
（2024·北京卷·选择题）
The success of the space exploration depends on solving the problem of ________ resources.
A. lack B. lacking C. a lack of D. lack for
（2025·全国II卷·翻译）
由于缺乏专业设备，这个小型实验室无法参与太空样本分析。
5. beyond prep. 更远处；超出
核心考点：① 空间含义（beyond the solar system 太阳系之外；beyond Mars 火星以外）；② 抽象含义（beyond control 失控；beyond doubt 无疑；beyond comprehension 难以理解；beyond expectation 超出预期；beyond reach 够不着）；③ 固定搭配（go beyond 超出；be beyond sb 某人无法理解）
练习题
单句语法填空：Sending probes ________ (beyond) the Oort Cloud is one of the long-term goals of space exploration.
单句语法填空：The complexity of the space station’s life support system is ________ the understanding of ordinary people.
完成句子：毫无疑问，中国的航天技术已经超出了许多国家的预期。
单句语法填空：The dream of landing on planets ________ Mars once seemed impossible, but now it’s becoming a reality.
【高考真题】
（2023·浙江卷·语法填空）
The achievements of China’s space program have gone far ________ many people’s imagination.
（2024·新课标I卷·翻译）
航天英雄的奉献精神无疑值得我们所有人尊敬。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
The technology used in the new spacecraft is ________ my knowledge, so I need to study it further. A. beyond B. within C. above D. below
6. argue vt.& vi. 论证；争辩；争论
核心考点：① 短语搭配（argue with sb (about/over sth) 就某事与某人争论；argue for/against sth 赞成/反对某事；argue sb into/out of doing sth 说服某人做/不做某事；argue that... 主张/认为……）；② 词性转换（argue→argument n. 争论；论点）；③ 虚拟语气（argue表“主张、建议”时，宾语从句用“(should)+动词原形”）
练习题
单句语法填空： Some scientists argue ________ investing more in unmanned space missions rather than manned ones.
单句语法填空：He argued ________ his colleagues about the best way to design the Mars rover.
完成句子：这位教授主张，我们应该优先发展可重复使用的航天技术以降低成本。
单句语法填空：She managed to argue her team ________ (accept) the new plan for the space station upgrade.
【高考真题】
（2024·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Many experts argue that more attention ________ (pay) to the mental health of astronauts during long space flights.
（2025·新高考I卷·选择题）
The environmentalist ________ against the plan of building a spaceport here, as it may damage the local ecosystem.
A. argued B. fought C. debated D. discussed
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
他们花了整整一个下午争论是否应该继续这个高成本的太空探测项目。
7. attach vt. 系；绑；贴
核心考点：① 基础搭配（attach sth to sth 把某物系/绑/贴到某物上；attach oneself to 依附/缠着；attach a label to 贴标签）；② 抽象搭配（attach importance/significance to 重视；认为……重要）；③ 词性转换（attach→attached adj. 附属的；依恋的，be attached to 附属于；爱慕；依恋）
练习题
单句语法填空：The astronaut must attach the safety rope ________ his spacesuit before going out of the space station.
单句语法填空：The space agency attaches great ________ (important) to the research on space radiation.
完成句子：这个实验室附属于国家航天研究院，主要负责航天器材料测试。
单句语法填空：The scientist attached a sensor ________ the satellite to collect data about the solar wind.
【高考真题】
（2023·全国乙卷·语法填空）
We should attach more significance ________ protecting the environment while developing aerospace industry.
（2024·浙江卷·翻译）
工程师们在火箭上安装了多个传感器以监测飞行过程中的各项数据。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
The young researcher ________ great importance to the new discovery in space biology. A. pays B. attaches C. gives D. puts
8. carry on 继续做，坚持干
核心考点：① 短语搭配（carry on (with) sth 继续某事；carry on doing sth 继续做某事；carry out 执行；实施；carry back 使回想起；carry through 完成；使渡过难关）；② 语境辨析（“坚持”vs“执行”，结合“困境中继续”的语义）；③ 同义替换（continue, keep on）
练习题
单句语法填空：Despite the harsh conditions in space, the astronauts decided to carry ________ with their scientific experiments.
单句语法填空：The ground team carried ________ the rescue plan immediately after the spaceship’s signal was lost.
完成句子：即使面临资金短缺，科研团队仍坚持推进月球探测项目。
单句语法填空：The astronaut’s perseverance carried her ________ the difficult period of space adaptation.
【高考真题】
（2025·全国I卷·语法填空）
The scientists decided to carry ________ (on) with the space mission even though they faced many challenges.
（2024·天津卷·选择题）
The team ________ the experiment as planned, despite the unexpected technical problems.
A. carried on B. carried out C. carried back D. carried through
（2023·新高考II卷·翻译）
在老一辈航天人的鼓励下，年轻一代决心继续探索太空的奥秘。
9. result in 导致；造成
核心考点：① 因果关系（result in 导致，后接结果；result from 由……造成，后接原因）；② 同义短语（lead to 导致；contribute to 促成）；③ 相关短语（as a result 结果，副词短语；as a result of 由于，介词短语）；④ 语境区分（主动“导致”vs“由…引起”）
练习题
单句语法填空： The breakthrough in rocket engine technology has resulted ________ the successful launch of heavier satellites.
单句语法填空：The failure of the space probe resulted ________ a small mistake in the navigation system.
完成句子：由于对太空环境的深入了解，人类在航天器设计上取得了重大进步。
单句语法填空：The astronaut’s careful operation prevented the accident, ________ a result, the mission was completed successfully.
【高考真题】
（2023·新高考II卷·语法填空）
The development of AI technology has resulted ________ more efficient data processing in space exploration.
（2024·全国甲卷·选择题）
The serious delay ________ the bad weather, which made the space launch mission have to be rescheduled.
A. resulted in B. resulted from C. led to D. contributed to
（2025·浙江卷·翻译）
航天技术的进步不仅推动了科学发展，还带动了相关产业的繁荣。
10. run out 用完；耗尽
核心考点：① 短语辨析（run out 不及物，主语为物（时间、资源等），表“被用完”；run out of 及物，主语为人，表“主动用完”；give out 不及物，表“用尽；精疲力竭”；use up 及物，表“用完”，可用于被动）；② 语境搭配（run out of fuel 燃料耗尽；time runs out 时间用完）；③ 被动表达（be used up 被用完，不可用be run out）
练习题
单句语法填空：The spaceship’s fuel will ________ (run) out in 48 hours if it doesn’t adjust the orbit.
单句语法填空：The astronaut reported that they had run out ________ oxygen and needed emergency supply.
完成句子：由于任务延长，探测器的电力几乎耗尽，科学家们正在紧急寻找解决方案。
单句语法填空：All the emergency food on the space station has been ________ (use) up.
【高考真题】
（2024·浙江卷·语法填空）
Time ________ (run) out, so we have to make a quick decision about the space rescue plan.
（2025·全国II卷·选择题）
The team ________ all the materials for the spacecraft model, so they have to buy some more.
A. ran out B. used up C. gave out D. ran out of
（2023·北京卷·翻译）
当宇航员发现饮用水即将耗尽时，他们保持冷静并向地面控制中心求助。
11. 序数词后跟不定式短语作定语
核心考点：① 适用场景（序数词（first, second, third...）、形容词最高级修饰名词时，用不定式作后置定语；the only, the very, the next修饰名词时；抽象名词time, way, chance等后）；② 逻辑关系（不定式与被修饰词为动宾关系时，主动表被动；不及物动词需加介词）；③ 教材关联（China became the third country... to send... 为典型例句）
练习题
单句语法填空： China is the first country in the world ________ (land) a rover on the far side of the moon.
单句语法填空：He was the last astronaut ________ (leave) the space station before the maintenance mission.
完成句子： 刘洋是中国首位进入太空的女性航天员之一，她为年轻一代树立了榜样。
单句语法填空：We have a good chance ________ (participate) in the space science popularization activity.
【高考真题】
（2023·全国甲卷·语法填空）
Yang Liwei became the first Chinese ________ (travel) in space, which is a milestone in China’s aerospace history.
（2024·新高考I卷·翻译）
这个科研团队成为首个成功解码火星土壤样本数据的团队。
（2025·江苏卷·选择题）
He is the only student in our school ________ to attend the international space science forum. A. invite B. inviting C. to be invited D. invited
12. so as to (do sth) 为了；以便
核心考点：① 用法对比（so as to = in order to，均表目的，so as to不用于句首；in order that = so that，引导目的状语从句，从句含情态动词）；② 否定形式（so as not to do 为了不……）；③ 逻辑关系（不定式动作是主句动作的目的）；④ 同义转换（to do 不定式也可表目的，更简洁）
练习题
单句语法填空：The astronaut trained hard so as ________ (adapt) to the zero-gravity environment in space.
单句语法填空：Scientists study the solar system so as ________ (understand) the origin of life on Earth.
完成句子：为了不干扰航天器的信号，观众被要求在发射现场保持安静。
句型转换：We need to improve the communication system so that we can contact the space station at any time.（用so as to改写）
【高考真题】
（2024·全国乙卷·语法填空）
The space agency launched a new satellite so as ________ (enhance) the global navigation system.
（2025·浙江卷·选择题）
________ catch the early bus to the space museum, we got up very early in the morning.
A. So as to B. In order to C. So that D. In order that
（2023·天津卷·翻译）
宇航员在太空进行了多项实验，以便为人类未来的星际旅行积累数据。
13. whether...or... 是……还是……
核心考点：① 用法分类（选择关系：是……还是……，引导名词性从句；让步关系：无论……还是……，引导让步状语从句；可接介词短语、不定式或从句）；② 结构特点（or后成分与前面平行，如whether to do or (to) do，to可省；whether + 从句 or + 从句）；③ 与if的区别（引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或whether...or...结构时，不用if）
练习题
单句语法填空： I don’t know whether the space mission will be launched on time ________ (or) delayed due to weather.
单句语法填空：Whether ________ (explore) Mars or other planets, the key is to solve the problem of long-term life support.
完成句子：无论遇到技术难题还是恶劣天气，航天团队都不会放弃任务。
单句语法填空：The question ________ the Mars rover will continue working or shut down needs to be discussed.
【高考真题】
（2023·天津卷·语法填空）
The problem is whether we can develop the technology ________ (or) rely on imports for the space station.
（2024·新课标II卷·翻译）
无论你是对航天历史感兴趣还是对前沿技术好奇，这个展览都值得一看。
（2025·全国I卷·选择题）
________ the space tourism will be popular soon or not is still a hot topic.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. What
U4核心考点总结：① 情感/属性形容词（disappointed/disappointing）需抓“修饰对象”；② 虚拟语气（desire/argue that...）牢记“(should)+动原”；③ 动词短语（result in/run out/carry on）重点辨“及物/不及物”和“语义差异”；④ 语法结构（序数词+不定式/whether...or...）关注“逻辑关系”和“句式规范”。
核心语法模块
语法定位：不定式是非谓语动词核心考点，高考中主要围绕“时态语态判断”“句法功能（定语/状语/宾补/宾语）”两大维度命题，占非谓语动词考查分值的60%以上。
一、核心考点：不定式的时态与语态（高考频次：★★★★☆）
核心逻辑：根据不定式动作与谓语动作的“时间关系”（同时/先后/持续）和“主被动关系”确定形式，下表以“explore（探索）”为例（贴合U4主题）：
形式 主动语态 被动语态 考点 U4主题例句
一般式 to explore to be explored 与谓语动作同时/之后发生；被动关系 Astronauts train hard to explore the moon.（之后）；The Mars area to be explored is full of challenges.（被动+之后）
完成式 to have explored to have been explored 先于谓语动作发生；被动关系 He is proud to have explored the polar orbit.（先于proud）；The area is said to have been explored last year.（被动+先于said）
进行式 to be exploring — 与谓语动作同时发生，强调持续进行 When the signal arrived, the rover pretended to be exploring the surface.（与pretended同时）
完成进行式 to have been exploring — 从过去持续到某时，强调过程（高考低频） The team was excited to have been exploring the space station for 6 months.（持续6个月）
高考易错点：被动式的判断依据是“不定式逻辑主语是动作承受者”，而非句子主语。如“The plan to be carried out（逻辑主语plan承受carry out）”，而非“The engineer to carry out the plan（逻辑主语engineer发出动作）”。
二、核心考点：不定式的句法功能（高考频次：★★★★★）
高考聚焦“定语、状语、宾补、宾语”四大功能，下表结合U4主题拆解考点：
1. 不定式作定语（高频）
适用场景：① 表将来动作；② 修饰序数词/最高级/the only等；③ 修饰抽象名词（way/chance等）；④ “there be/have sth to do”结构。
场景①：The spacecraft to be launched next month is a new type.
（下月发射的航天器，表将来）
场景②：Yang Liwei is the first Chinese to travel in space.
（序数词后，必修原句）
场景③：We have a chance to study the Mars samples.（抽象名词chance后）
场景④：There are many data to analyze in the space mission.（there be结构）
解题技巧：若被修饰词是“物”且不定式动作“未发生”，优先用to be done（被动）；若“人”作逻辑主语，用to do（主动）。
2. 不定式作状语（高频）
功能 U4主题例句
目的状语 Scientists developed the rover to collect Mars soil.（为了收集）； In order to ensure safety, astronauts wear special suits.（句首目的）
原因状语 We are excited to hear the space mission succeeded. （因成功而兴奋）
结果状语 We rushed to the control room, only to find the signal lost. （意外结果）
3. 不定式作宾补（高频）
三大类动词后必用不定式：
使役动词：let/make/have（主动省to，被动还原to）→ The commander made the team prepare.（主动省to）→ The team was made to prepare.（被动还原）
感官动词：see/watch/hear（主动省to，被动还原to）→ We saw the rocket take off.（主动省to）→ The rocket was seen to take off.（被动还原）
其他动词：ask/tell/invite/encourage（必带to）→ The agency invited experts to guide the mission.（带to）
4. 不定式作宾语（高频）
两类动词后接不定式：① 固定接to do：want/decide/hope/plan/pretend；② “疑问词+to do”作宾语：how/what/when/where。
类型①：The astronaut hopes to walk on the moon again.（hope to do）
类型②：We don’t know when to launch the satellite.（疑问词+to do）
三、练习题
题型1：单句语法填空（覆盖时态语态+四大功能）
The new technology is expected ________ (use) to power the space station.
The engineer pretended ________ (check) the equipment when the leader arrived.
China is the third country ________ (send) astronauts to the space station independently.
We hurried to the launch site, only ________ (inform) that the launch was delayed.
The scientist is proud ________ (contribute) to the Mars exploration project.
The ground team asked the astronaut ________ (adjust) the spacecraft’s orbit.
There are still many unknown areas in space ________ (explore).
________ (ensure) the success of the mission, the team trained for 2 years.
题型2：句型转换（强化主动被动/功能转换）
The control center will use the new software to analyze data.（改为被动，不定式作目的状语）→ ________
We found that the rover had collected enough samples.（改为“find+宾语+宾补”结构）→ ________
题型3：语境表达（结合U4主题）
为了更好地研究太空环境，科学家们设计了特殊的探测器。（用in order to）→ ________
12.据说这艘航天器已经在太空中运行了三年。（用to have been done）→ ________
四、高考真题精编
1. 2025·全国I卷·语法填空（不定式作定语+被动）
题目：The project ________ (launch) next year to explore the Jupiter will attract global attention.
2. 2024·新高考I卷·选择题（不定式作宾补+主动被动）
题目：The coach ________ the athletes ________ for the space simulation training. A. made; prepare B. made; to prepare C. asked; prepare D. asked; to prepare
3. 2023·浙江卷·语法填空（不定式作目的状语）
题目：Scientists are developing AI ________ (help) astronauts deal with emergency situations in space.
4. 2025·新高考II卷·翻译题（不定式作结果状语+原因状语）
题目：我们满怀期待地观看航天直播，却遗憾地发现发射因天气原因推迟了。
5. 2024·天津卷·选择题（不定式时态+逻辑关系）
题目：The astronaut is reported ________ the space station for 6 months by the end of this year.
A. to have stayed B. to stay C. to be staying D. to have been staying
高考冲刺总结： 时态语态判断“两步走”：先看“时间关系”（先后/同时），再看“主被动”； 句法功能抓“标志”：序数词后找定语，only后找结果状语，情感形容词后找原因状语； ③ 高频错误规避：使役/感官动词被动必还原to，so as to不可句首，被动式需找准“逻辑主语”。
