第四讲 专攻重难(3)—“关照时代、增长见识”难度加大的C、D篇
高考英语阅读理解C、D篇担负着区分考生、选拔人才的功用，一直以来都是学生高分路上的“拦路虎”。近两年高考愈发注重对学生深度阅读能力、高阶思维和创新思维的综合考查。近两年高考英语阅读理解C、D篇呈现出以下命题新趋势。
新动向1：情境时代化，专业词汇和新概念增多，读文难度加大
阅读理解C篇和D篇往往以社科类说明文和科普类说明文为主，其目的是增长学生的知识见识、拓展学生视野、把握时代脉动。文本中涉及大量专业词汇和新概念，对考生的信息捕捉与理解能力提出了更高的要求。下面，就近两年全国Ⅰ卷和新高考Ⅰ卷中的C、D篇具体分析如下：
年份 篇目 话题 专业词汇和新概念
2025 C篇 通过引述荷兰作者的新书《出行之道》，批评了城市街道设计过度服务汽车、忽视行人尤其是儿童出行安全的问题，呼吁人们重新思考街道的功能，建设适宜居民生活的城市环境。 pedestrian mobility, road networks, expressway, car ownership
D篇 介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料含量的新研究。研究表明，煮沸并过滤自来水可有效减少其中80%以上的微塑料，尤其在含碳酸钙较多的硬水中效果更佳。该方法为降低人体微塑料摄入提供了简单可行的途径。 microplastics, calcium carbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, vinyl chloride
2024 C篇 探讨了有纸化学习与无纸化学习的区别，并提出用纸质书籍更容易让人投入、专心学习，而电子书籍更容易使人分心。 entertainment mindset, physical properties, shallowing hypothesis
D篇 探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。 physical specimens, observational data, dataset, biodiversity, citizen scientist
为凸显应用性命题导向，未来高考阅读试题将会出现更多领域的专业词汇和前沿新概念。鉴于此，考生在备考时需广泛涉猎各类语篇，大量阅读时文，以此拓宽思维和视野，缩小信息差，进而有效攻克阅读难题。
新动向2：对构词现象、熟词生义的考查力度加大，考查学生的活学活用能力
近几年高考，阅读文本及选项中越来越多地出现一些学习备考中使用频率较低的词汇(包括通过构词法合成或派生而来的新词、熟词生义、课标外拓展词等)，加大了语篇阅读和解题的难度，要求考生既要理解文章信息，又要理解这些由构词法产生的新词的含义或熟词在陌生语境中的生义，旨在考查考生占有词汇的广度和对词汇理解的深度。
[例1] (2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读D篇节选)
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A．The importance of plastic recycling.
B．The severity of the microplastic problem.
C．The danger in overusing pure water.
D．The difficulty in treating polluted water.
分析：由题干中的关键词“bottled water in paragraph 4”定位解题信息至本选段。考生需要准确理解path在此不是熟义“小路；小径”，而是“途径；方式”；同时，需要明白文中派生词increasingly(越来越多地)、originally (起初，原来)以及选项中的派生词severity (严重性)的含义，才能确定B项“微塑料问题的严重性”为正确选项。
新动向3：长句难句频现，文本复杂难懂
社科类、科普类的选文，其语言的严谨性导致大量的长句和难句频繁出现在语篇中，而这些长难句又常常是命题者的出题之处。长难句的句子结构复杂， 除了主干外，还有很多附加部分，如插入语、同位语、状语、定语从句、介词短语作定语、非谓语动词作定语等， 再加上其他复合句结构，还有并列、倒装、省略、强调和虚拟语气的运用，使得阅读文本复杂难懂，很难找到主干部分，以至于影响阅读及理解。
[例2] (2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读C篇节选)
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children.Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
28．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A．Cars often get stuck on the road.
B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more.
D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
分析：本段中的两句话都是长难句，是此题的解题依据。第一句while引导让步状语从句，“transport studies also show declines in pedestrian mobility”是主句，“especially among young children”作插入语。第二句say后是省略了that的宾语从句，且是由so连接的并列句。
题目问 “第一段指出的现象”，需整合两句逻辑：“行人流动性下降”＋“家长因车辆太多，不安全而开车送孩子”，共同指向 “人们步行减少、开车增多”，对应选项 C。长难句的从句嵌套正是命题人考查的核心，旨在考查考生能否突破结构壁垒，抓取核心信息。
新动向4：“随文命题”的特质，凸显了对学生思维品质的考查
高考注重引导学生了解社会、关注现实，强化对学生发现问题、解决问题能力的考查，随文命题、反套路化命题已成为新高考的特色。以2024年新高考Ⅰ卷D篇为例，试题设计遵循“了解现状(第32题)—聚焦问题(第33题)—分析原因(第34题)—提出建议(第35题)”的逻辑规律，引导考生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。具体分析如下：
[例3] [1]In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
[2]“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable？”
[3]Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
[4]“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
[5]Their study revealed that the large number of observation only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye catching features.
[6]What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
[7]“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form.
C．They are limited in number.
D．They are used for public exhibition.
33．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications.
34．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
35．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
[习题精析]
本文由四个部分组成：
第一部分 引入问题(Para.1)：
提出现存问题——现在以照片、视频等数字形式记录生物多样性的方式并不完美。第 32 题在此命题，对现状设问。第二句中的“digital records” 与选项 B 中的“electronic form” 为同义替换，直接对应得出答案。
第二部分 研究动机(Para.2)：
紧接现实问题提出开展研究的目的——探究这种观测数据是否可用。第33题在此命题，对研究团队研究的焦点设问。
(阅读理解C、D篇解题策略指导),第二段研究围绕 “observational data” 展开，选项 C 与之匹配，通过抓取核心研究对象(观测数据)对应解题。
第三部分 研究过程与发现(Paras.3－5)：
抛出研究目的后说明具体的研究过程→Daru团队使用全球数据集测试，特别关注可能导致数据偏差的采样方面，并给出了研究结果→大量的观测记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖，且这些数据存在地域、时间和物种偏差。而后说明了产生偏差的原因→采样人员的区域及物种特点，即采样方式不当。第 34 题在此命题，要求考生分析总结产生偏差的原因。选项C中的“Improper way of sampling” 同义替换第四段中 “aspects of sampling that tend to bias data”，由此得出答案。
第四部分 解决方案
(Paras.6－7)：
针对导致偏差的原因，Daru 提出可以提示用户去何地采样或采样什么物种，也可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传照片。第 35 题在此命题，对具体的改善建议设问。选项 D “Give guidance to citizen scientists” 是对最后一段内容的同义转述与概括，据此可推出答案。
阅读理解C、D篇的增分策略指导
高考英语阅读 C、D 篇涉及社科类和科普类话题的多种语篇类型。不同的语篇类型遵循一定的结构范式(如实验研究报告的结构是“背景—过程—结论”；事理议论文的结构是“论点—论证—结论”)，文章主旨则锚定核心价值(如科技文聚焦“技术价值”；社会现象文深挖“影响启示”)。掌握语篇结构模型，可快速预判解题信息点的分布(如实验结论在末段、论点藏于首段等)；抓住文章主旨，能明确所有细节服务核心的逻辑(让细节题精准定位、推理题有据可依)，告别盲目找答案的低效困境。
高考英语阅读C、D篇的语篇类型和结构模型可归纳如下：
语篇类型 结构模型 主旨位置及关键段
实验研究与报告 环环相扣式：背景—过程—结果/结论—应用/前景 主旨通常在结果/结论或应用/前景部分
事理阐释类议论文 层进论述式：论点—论证—结论 主旨明确出现在论点部分(首段或段落开头)
新兴技术介绍类说明文 前瞻导览式：背景—介绍—前景 主旨集中在背景(问题/需求)或前景(意义/影响)部分
社会发展新现象类说明文 因果演绎式：引出现象—分析原因—说明影响 主旨隐藏于分析原因或说明影响部分
新科技发明类说明文 特征详解式：发明背景—介绍发明—应用前景 主旨在发明背景(解决的问题)或应用前景(未来价值)部分中
问题解决类说明文 问题驱动式：提出问题—解决措施—评价 主旨多在解决措施或评价部分中体现
社会发展与变迁类说明文 历程剖析式：背景—发展历程—看法表述 主旨在背景(核心观点)或表述看法(总结)部分
书评 综合评述式：背景—内容—评价 主旨通常在评价部分
下面以2025年全国Ⅰ卷D篇为例进行解题示范(画波浪线部分为关键词句)：
[例4] [1]Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans.
[2]Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it.In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
[3]Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.Additionally, the research didn't include all types of plastics.
[4]Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
[5]Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns.The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake.“The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice，” Caroline Gauchotte Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept.
C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics.
33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A．The hardness of water.
B．The length of cooling time.
C．The frequency of filtering.
D．The type of plastic in water.
34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A．The importance of plastic recycling.
B．The severity of the microplastic problem.
C．The danger in overusing pure water.
D．The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35．What is Gauchotte Lindsay's suggestion about
A．Choice of new research methods.
B．Possible direction for further study.
C．Need to involve more researchers.
D．Potential application of the findings.
[解题示范]
第一步：通过关键词句确定语篇类型
根据现象描述关键词，如a common source of pollution, settled in the deep sea, appearing inside humans, boiling hard water containing等和研究介绍关键词，如new research suggests, reduce the level of microplastics, boiling and filtering, found that boiling ...could remove ..., relies on, calcium carbonate, the findings show a potential path forward ..., scientists are still trying to determine ...等可知，本文属于新兴技术介绍类说明文，核心围绕 “降低自来水中微塑料含量的新方法(煮沸＋过滤)” 这一具有一定创新性的技术应用展开。The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
,第二步：通过关键词句理清文章结构
根据文章画线关键词句，文章结构如下图所示：
第三步：通过关键信息破解阅读题目
32．本题为推理判断题，在“背景”部分设题。
通过列举深海、喜马拉雅山、火山岩、海鸟胃、南极雪、人体等多个微塑料存在的实例，呈现微塑料污染问题，对应 “By giving examples (通过举例)” 的方式，直接依据段落内容的写作手法得出答案。故选C。
33．本题为细节理解题，在“分析条件与局限”部分设题。第三段中“ ...boiling hard water containing ...an almost 90 percent drop in plastics ...boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.”的关键词“hard water”与选项A “The hardness of water”为同义替换，据此推断得出答案。故选A。
34．本题为推理判断题，在“研究意义”部分设题。“The severity of the microplastic problem” 是对第四段 “Even bottled water ...contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.” 这一情况的概括，通过例子支撑观点的逻辑，推断出是为说明微塑料问题的严重性，由此得出答案。故选B。
35．本题为推理判断题，在“作出评价”部分设题。“Potential application of the findings” 与最后一段“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”对应，通过理解建议内容与研究发现的关联，推断出是关于研究成果的潜在应用。故选D。B项为易错选项，further study是研究层面，而对饮用水处理厂进行升级是一种落地的举措，故B项错误。
总之，高考英语阅读理解C、D篇尽管难度偏高，但只要耐心读文、细心解题，在平时的训练中，内化一些基本的思维范式，是完全可以做到少失分乃至不失分的。稳取C、D篇，切忌浮躁情绪、不沉稳心态。
A
(2025·杭州一模·C篇)When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched.Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus.He identified the bacteria killing substance, which he called “penicillin”， and seemingly at a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素)．
That's how most people see innovation: A flash of brilliance and Eureka！， a new world is born.The truth, however, is messier.It wasn't until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use.
To put Fleming's discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame.That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad air”．After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming's later work.
Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator.When he published his results in 1929, few took notice.In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming's paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity.By 1943, with World WarⅡ raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering_in the new age of antibiotics.Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin owes much of its success to government support.For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast track their ideas.So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down.
1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about？( )
A．An account of a lab story.
B．Redefinition of a traditional view.
C．Correction of a popular misconception.
D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon.
2．What is the message conveyed in paragraph 3？( )
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C．Luck has got your back when it comes to success.
D．Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs.
3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” in paragraph 4 mean？( )
A．Delaying. B．Introducing.
C．Predicting. D．Transforming.
4．Which of the following can be the best title？( )
A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes
B．From Failure to Success: the Story of Penicillin
C．The Lone Genius: Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin
D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens
B
(2025·郑州二模·D篇)Just as damaged teeth can be replaced with gold crowns (人造冠), scientists are exploring how gold can be used to repair damaged parts of the brain.
Scientists at Link ping University in Sweden said that a “brain of gold” might just be what we need to fight nervous system diseases.The plan is to put gold electrodes (电极) into the affected part of the brain.They will act as “telephone operators” between nerve cells and electronic medical devices, enabling communication so that the nervous system can function normally.
Treatment plans that involve connecting medical devices to the brain already exist.However, the electrodes used are usually made of hard metals, while the brain is like a jelly that “shakes” at the body's slightest movement.
“As the body is constantly in motion, achieving close contact between something that is hard and something that is soft and breakable becomes a problem，” explained Klas Tybrandt, one of the scientists.
This is why the Swedish scientists are using a new material called “gold nanowires” (金纳米线)．As the name suggests, these are long, extremely thin gold threads — 1,000 times thinner than human hair.By putting them into rubber, the scientists have successfully created electrodes that are soft enough to connect comfortably with the human brain.
Gold can be made into structures as small as nanowires.According to a report, gold can be stretched, pressed or even rolled into all kinds of shapes without breaking.What's more, gold doesn't react with other chemicals in the human brain, making it a safe choice.Once placed in the brain, gold nanowires can last for at least three years, which is longer than many materials currently in use.
5．What role will gold electrodes play in treating nervous system diseases？( )
A．Replacing damaged nerve cells.
B．Serving as a communication link.
C．Activating different brain regions.
D．Protecting the brain's unaffected parts.
6．What can we learn about gold nanowires？( )
A．They are harder than rubber.
B．They are as thin as human hair.
C．They can be placed into the brain.
D．They are in the final stage of development.
7．Why is gold a safe choice for use in the brain？( )
A．It can be stretched by the brain.
B．It can be made into various shapes.
C．It is being used to create soft electrodes.
D．It has no negative impact on the brain's functions.
8．What is the main idea of the text？( )
A．The unique properties of gold nanowires.
B．The history of gold use in the medical field.
C．The current applications of gold in the brain.
D．The potential use of gold in nervous system treatment.
第五讲 习题讲评 —每卷4篇阅读理解限时训练/练后讲评
“4篇阅读理解仿真限时训练”选自原汁原味的名校模拟题，通过高仿真的情境设定和限时训练，旨在让学生内化命题规律，掌控4篇阅读理解的答题同时，提升答题速度与准确率，锻造稳定的应试能力。每套阅读理解后设置特色栏目“由阅读积词汇”，遵循“在语境中学习词汇”的语言习得规律，让学生通过语境激活所学词汇，实现从“被动记忆”到“主动吸收”的转变，有效扩大词汇量。
第四讲 专攻重难(3)
[A]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章以Alexander Fleming发明青霉素为例引入话题，阐述了创新并非是简单的灵光一现，而是一个复杂的过程。
1．选C 推理判断题。前两段先以Alexander Fleming发现青霉素的故事开头，接着讲述绝大多数人们认为创新是灵光一闪，然后作者指出这是对创新的普遍误解，实际上青霉素从发现到广泛应用并非如此简单。所以前两段重点在于纠正这种普遍误解。
2．选D 推理判断题。第三段讲述了Ignaz Semmelweis倡导洗手以减少产褥热。虽然当时他的想法受到鄙视，但他的工作为Fleming后来的工作奠定了基础。这体现了早期工作对后来突破的重要性。
3．选B 词义猜测题。画线部分所在句提到21个公司量产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，并且“ushering in the new age of antibiotics”。结合语境和常识可知，此处的意思是开启了抗生素的新时代。
4．选D 标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了青霉素从发现到广泛应用的漫长过程，并以青霉素为例，说明了创新并非是绝大部分人认为的天才的灵光一现，而是需要众多因素共同作用的，是个复杂的过程。
[B]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。瑞典科学家研发了新材料“金纳米线”来探索黄金在人类神经系统治疗方面的潜在应用。用这种新材料制作的金电极治疗大脑的方法解决了传统电极材料的硬度难题，更安全、更长效。
5．选B 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They will act as ‘telephone operators’ ...enabling communication so that the nervous system can function normally.”可知，金电极将充当神经细胞和电子医疗设备之间的“电话接线员”，使沟通成为可能，这样神经系统就能够正常运作。所以金电极充当了沟通连接物。
6．选C 细节理解题。第二段讲到的方案是把金电极置于大脑的受影响区域；再根据第五段可知，瑞典科学家正在使用一种名为“金纳米线”的新材料，通过将其置于橡胶中，科学家成功创造出了足够柔软的电极(即第二段中的金电极)，可以舒适地与人类大脑连接，所以“金纳米线”可以被放入大脑中。
7．选D 细节理解题。根据第六段中的“gold doesn't react with other chemicals in the human brain, making it a safe choice”可知，黄金不会与人脑中的其他化学物质发生反应，因此它是一个安全的选择。
8．选D 主旨大意题。第一段引出话题——科学家们正在探索如何利用黄金来修复大脑受损的部分；第二段讲述黄金修复大脑的原理；第三、四段讲述现有治疗方案的弊端及寻找新方案的必要性；第五段讲述新材料“金纳米线”及其工作原理；第六段讲述黄金这种材料的优势。所以本文主要讲述了黄金在人类神经系统治疗方面的潜在应用。
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第四讲 专攻重难(3)—“关照时代、
增长见识”难度加大的C、D篇
高考英语阅读理解C、D篇担负着区分考生、选拔人才的功用，一直以来都是学生高分路上的“拦路虎”。近两年高考愈发注重对学生深度阅读能力、高阶思维和创新思维的综合考查。近两年高考英语阅读理解C、D篇呈现出以下命题新趋势。
新动向1：情境时代化，专业词汇和新概念增多，读文难度加大
阅读理解C篇和D篇往往以社科类说明文和科普类说明文为主，其目的是增长学生的知识见识、拓展学生视野、把握时代脉动。文本中涉及大量专业词汇和新概念，对考生的信息捕捉与理解能力提出了更高的要求。下面，就近两年全国Ⅰ卷和新高考Ⅰ卷中的C、D篇具体分析如下：
年份 篇目 话题 专业词汇和新概念
2025 C篇 通过引述荷兰作者的新书《出行之道》，批评了城市街道设计过度服务汽车、忽视行人尤其是儿童出行安全的问题，呼吁人们重新思考街道的功能，建设适宜居民生活的城市环境。 pedestrian mobility, road networks, expressway, car ownership
D篇 介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料含量的新研究。研究表明，煮沸并过滤自来水可有效减少其中80%以上的微塑料，尤其在含碳酸钙较多的硬水中效果更佳。该方法为降低人体微塑料摄入提供了简单可行的途径。 microplastics, calcium carbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, vinyl chloride
2024 C篇 探讨了有纸化学习与无纸化学习的区别，并提出用纸质书籍更容易让人投入、专心学习，而电子书籍更容易使人分心。 entertainment mindset, physical properties, shallowing hypothesis
D篇 探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。 physical specimens, observational data, dataset, biodiversity, citizen scientist
续表
为凸显应用性命题导向，未来高考阅读试题将会出现更多领域的专业词汇和前沿新概念。鉴于此，考生在备考时需广泛涉猎各类语篇，大量阅读时文，以此拓宽思维和视野，缩小信息差，进而有效攻克阅读难题。
新动向2：对构词现象、熟词生义的考查力度加大，考查学生的活学活用能力
近几年高考，阅读文本及选项中越来越多地出现一些学习备考中使用频率较低的词汇(包括通过构词法合成或派生而来的新词、熟词生义、课标外拓展词等)，加大了语篇阅读和解题的难度，要求考生既要理解文章信息，又要理解这些由构词法产生的新词的含义或熟词在陌生语境中的生义，旨在考查考生占有词汇的广度和对词汇理解的深度。
[例1] (2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读D篇节选)
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A．The importance of plastic recycling.
B．The severity of the microplastic problem.
C．The danger in overusing pure water.
D．The difficulty in treating polluted water.
分析：由题干中的关键词“bottled water in paragraph 4”定位解题信息至本选段。考生需要准确理解path在此不是熟义“小路；小径”，而是“途径；方式”；同时，需要明白文中派生词increasingly(越来越多地)、originally (起初，原来)以及选项中的派生词severity (严重性)的含义，才能确定B项“微塑料问题的严重性”为正确选项。
新动向3：长句难句频现，文本复杂难懂
社科类、科普类的选文，其语言的严谨性导致大量的长句和难句频繁出现在语篇中，而这些长难句又常常是命题者的出题之处。长难句的句子结构复杂， 除了主干外，还有很多附加部分，如插入语、同位语、状语、定语从句、介词短语作定语、非谓语动词作定语等， 再加上其他复合句结构，还有并列、倒装、省略、强调和虚拟语气的运用，使得阅读文本复杂难懂，很难找到主干部分，以至于影响阅读及理解。
[例2] (2025·全国Ⅰ卷·阅读C篇节选)
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children.Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
28．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A．Cars often get stuck on the road.
B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more.
D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
分析：本段中的两句话都是长难句，是此题的解题依据。第一句while引导让步状语从句，“transport studies also show declines in pedestrian mobility”是主句，“especially among young children”作插入语。第二句say后是省略了that的宾语从句，且是由so连接的并列句。
题目问 “第一段指出的现象”，需整合两句逻辑：“行人流动性下降”＋“家长因车辆太多，不安全而开车送孩子”，共同指向 “人们步行减少、开车增多”，对应选项 C。长难句的从句嵌套正是命题人考查的核心，旨在考查考生能否突破结构壁垒，抓取核心信息。
新动向4：“随文命题”的特质，凸显了对学生思维品质的考查
高考注重引导学生了解社会、关注现实，强化对学生发现问题、解决问题能力的考查，随文命题、反套路化命题已成为新高考的特色。以2024年新高考Ⅰ卷D篇为例，试题设计遵循“了解现状(第32题)—聚焦问题(第33题)—分析原因(第34题)—提出建议(第35题)”的逻辑规律，引导考生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。具体分析如下：
[例3] [1]In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
[2]“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable？”
[3]Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
[4]“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
[5]Their study revealed that the large number of observation- only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye -catching features.
[6]What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
[7]“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32．What do we know about the records of species collected now
A．They are becoming outdated.
B．They are mostly in electronic form.
C．They are limited in number.
D．They are used for public exhibition.
33．What does Daru's study focus on
A．Threatened species. B．Physical specimens.
C．Observational data. D．Mobile applications.
34．What has led to the biases according to the study
A．Mistakes in data analysis.
B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C．Improper way of sampling.
D．Unreliable data collection devices.
35．What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A．Review data from certain areas.
B．Hire experts to check the records.
C．Confirm the identity of the users.
D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.
[习题精析]
本文由四个部分组成：
第一部分 引入问题(Para.1)：
提出现存问题——现在以照片、视频等数字形式记录生物多样性的方式并不完美。第 32 题在此命题，对现状设问。第二句中的“digital records” 与选项 B 中的“electronic form” 为同义替换，直接对应得出答案。
第二部分 研究动机(Para.2)：
紧接现实问题提出开展研究的目的——探究这种观测数据是否可用。第33题在此命题，对研究团队研究的焦点设问。第二段研究围绕 “observational data” 展开，选项 C 与之匹配，通过抓取核心研究对象(观测数据)对应解题。
第三部分 研究过程与发现(Paras.3－5)：
抛出研究目的后说明具体的研究过程→Daru团队使用全球数据集测试，特别关注可能导致数据偏差的采样方面，并给出了研究结果→大量的观测记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖，且这些数据存在地域、时间和物种偏差。而后说明了产生偏差的原因→采样人员的区域及物种特点，即采样方式不当。第 34 题在此命题，要求考生分析总结产生偏差的原因。选项C中的“Improper way of sampling” 同义替换第四段中 “aspects of sampling that tend to bias data” ，由此得出答案。
第四部分 解决方案
(Paras.6－7)：
针对导致偏差的原因，Daru 提出可以提示用户去何地采样或采样什么物种，也可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传照片。第 35 题在此命题，对具体的改善建议设问。选项 D “Give guidance to citizen scientists” 是对最后一段内容的同义转述与概括，据此可推出答案。
阅读理解C、D篇的增分策略指导
高考英语阅读 C、D 篇涉及社科类和科普类话题的多种语篇类型。不同的语篇类型遵循一定的结构范式(如实验研究报告的结构是“背景—过程—结论”；事理议论文的结构是“论点—论证—结论”)，文章主旨则锚定核心价值(如科技文聚焦“技术价值”；社会现象文深挖“影响启示”)。掌握语篇结构模型，可快速预判解题信息点的分布(如实验结论在末段、论点藏于首段等)；抓住文章主旨，能明确所有细节服务核心的逻辑(让细节题精准定位、推理题有据可依)，告别盲目找答案的低效困境。
高考英语阅读C、D篇的语篇类型和结构模型可归纳如下：
语篇类型 结构模型 主旨位置及关键段
实验研究与报告 环环相扣式：背景—过程—结果/结论—应用/前景 主旨通常在结果/结论或应用/前景部分
事理阐释类议论文 层进论述式：论点—论证—结论 主旨明确出现在论点部分(首段或段落开头)
新兴技术介绍类说明文 前瞻导览式：背景—介绍—前景 主旨集中在背景(问题/需求)或前景(意义/影响)部分
社会发展新现象类说明文 因果演绎式：引出现象—分析原因—说明影响 主旨隐藏于分析原因或说明影响部分
新科技发明类说明文 特征详解式：发明背景—介绍发明—应用前景 主旨在发明背景(解决的问题)或应用前景(未来价值)部分中
问题解决类说明文 问题驱动式：提出问题—解决措施—评价 主旨多在解决措施或评价部分中体现
社会发展与变迁类说明文 历程剖析式：背景—发展历程—看法表述 主旨在背景(核心观点)或表述看法(总结)部分
书评 综合评述式：背景—内容—评价 主旨通常在评价部分
续表
下面以2025年全国Ⅰ卷D篇为例进行解题示范(画波浪线部分为关键词句)：
[例4] [1]Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans.
[2]Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it.In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
[3]Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.Additionally, the research didn't include all types of plastics.The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
[4]Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
[5]Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns.The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake.“The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice，” Caroline Gauchotte -Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept.
C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics.
33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A．The hardness of water.
B．The length of cooling time.
C．The frequency of filtering.
D．The type of plastic in water.
34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A．The importance of plastic recycling.
B．The severity of the microplastic problem.
C．The danger in overusing pure water.
D．The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35．What is Gauchotte Lindsay's suggestion about
A．Choice of new research methods.
B．Possible direction for further study.
C．Need to involve more researchers.
D．Potential application of the findings.
[解题示范]
第一步：通过关键词句确定语篇类型
根据现象描述关键词，如a common source of pollution, settled in the deep sea, appearing inside humans, boiling hard water containing等和研究介绍关键词，如new research suggests, reduce the level of microplastics, boiling and filtering, found that boiling ...could remove ..., relies on, calcium carbonate, the findings show a potential path forward ..., scientists are still trying to determine ...等可知，本文属于新兴技术介绍类说明文，核心围绕 “降低自来水中微塑料含量的新方法(煮沸＋过滤)” 这一具有一定创新性的技术应用展开。
第二步：通过关键词句理清文章结构
根据文章画线关键词句，文章结构如下图所示：
第三步：通过关键信息破解阅读题目
32．本题为推理判断题，在“背景”部分设题。
通过列举深海、喜马拉雅山、火山岩、海鸟胃、南极雪、人体等多个微塑料存在的实例，呈现微塑料污染问题，对应 “By giving examples (通过举例)” 的方式，直接依据段落内容的写作手法得出答案。故选C。
33．本题为细节理解题，在“分析条件与局限”部分设题。第三段中“ ...boiling hard water containing ...an almost 90 percent drop in plastics ...boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.”的关键词“hard water”与选项A “The hardness of water”为同义替换，据此推断得出答案。故选A。
34．本题为推理判断题，在“研究意义”部分设题。“The severity of the microplastic problem” 是对第四段 “Even bottled water ...contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.” 这一情况的概括，通过例子支撑观点的逻辑，推断出是为说明微塑料问题的严重性，由此得出答案。故选B。
35．本题为推理判断题，在“作出评价”部分设题。“Potential application of the findings” 与最后一段“We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”对应，通过理解建议内容与研究发现的关联，推断出是关于研究成果的潜在应用。故选D。B项为易错选项，further study是研究层面，而对饮用水处理厂进行升级是一种落地的举措，故B项错误。
总之，高考英语阅读理解C、D篇尽管难度偏高，但只要耐心读文、细心解题，在平时的训练中，内化一些基本的思维范式，是完全可以做到少失分乃至不失分的。稳取C、D篇，切忌浮躁情绪、不沉稳心态。
随堂训练·应用体验
A
(2025·杭州一模·C篇)When Alexander Fleming returned to his lab in 1928, he found a bacteria culture he had grown was infected by fungus (霉菌), killing any colonies it touched.Rather than simply starting over, Fleming switched his focus to the fungus.He identified the bacteria- killing substance, which he called “penicillin”， and seemingly at a single stroke, created the new field of antibiotics (抗生素)．
That's how most people see innovation：A flash of brilliance and Eureka！， a new world is born.The truth, however, is messier.It wasn't until 1943 that penicillin came into widespread use.
To put Fleming's discovery in context, consider Ignaz Semmelweis, who pioneered hand washing in maternity wards (产房), significantly reducing childbed fever but receiving scorn instead of fame.That was because in the 1850s, his ideas conflicted with the popular miasma theory, which attributed disease to “bad air”．After his death in 1865, germ theory was accepted, paving the way for Fleming's later work.
Fleming was a gifted biologist but a poor communicator.When he published his results in 1929, few took notice.In 1935, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered Fleming's paper, understood its importance, and developed methods to produce penicillin in quantity.By 1943, with World WarⅡ raging, the War Production Board enlisted 21 companies to mass produce penicillin, saving countless lives and ushering_in the new age of antibiotics.Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945.
Penicillin owes much of its success to government support.For many other groundbreaking innovations like the Internet and GPS, their innovators, while carving their own path, are often uncertain of where the opportunity lies until they team up with other visionaries and corporations, who might have the resources to fast track their ideas.So, look at any significant innovation and the myth of the lone genius and the “eureka moment” breaks down.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章以Alexander Fleming发明青霉素为例引入话题，阐述了创新并非是简单的灵光一现，而是一个复杂的过程。
解析：推理判断题。前两段先以Alexander Fleming发现青霉素的故事开头，接着讲述绝大多数人们认为创新是灵光一闪，然后作者指出这是对创新的普遍误解，实际上青霉素从发现到广泛应用并非如此简单。所以前两段重点在于纠正这种普遍误解。
1．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about
A．An account of a lab story.
B．Redefinition of a traditional view.
C．Correction of a popular misconception.
D．An analysis of a scientific phenomenon.
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解析：推理判断题。第三段讲述了Ignaz Semmelweis倡导洗手以减少产褥热。虽然当时他的想法受到鄙视，但他的工作为Fleming后来的工作奠定了基础。这体现了早期工作对后来突破的重要性。
2．What is the message conveyed in paragraph 3
A．Great minds think alike.
B．The early bird catches the worm.
C．Luck has got your back when it comes to success.
D．Early work is a stepping stone to later breakthroughs.
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解析：词义猜测题。画线部分所在句提到21个公司量产青霉素，拯救了无数生命，并且“ushering in the new age of antibiotics”。结合语境和常识可知，此处的意思是开启了抗生素的新时代。
3．What does the underlined part “ushering in” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Delaying. B．Introducing.
C．Predicting. D．Transforming.
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解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了青霉素从发现到广泛应用的漫长过程，并以青霉素为例，说明了创新并非是绝大部分人认为的天才的灵光一现，而是需要众多因素共同作用的，是个复杂的过程。
4．Which of the following can be the best title
A．Great Innovations: Individuals Are True Heroes
B．From Failure to Success: the Story of Penicillin
C．The Lone Genius: Fleming's Discovery of Penicillin
D．The Long Road to Penicillin: How Innovation Happens
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B
(2025·郑州二模·D篇)Just as damaged teeth can be replaced with gold crowns (人造冠), scientists are exploring how gold can be used to repair damaged parts of the brain.
Scientists at Link ping University in Sweden said that a “brain of gold” might just be what we need to fight nervous system diseases.The plan is to put gold electrodes (电极) into the affected part of the brain.They will act as “telephone operators” between nerve cells and electronic medical devices, enabling communication so that the nervous system can function normally.
Treatment plans that involve connecting medical devices to the brain already exist.However, the electrodes used are usually made of hard metals, while the brain is like a jelly that “shakes” at the body's slightest movement.
“As the body is constantly in motion, achieving close contact between something that is hard and something that is soft and breakable becomes a problem，” explained Klas Tybrandt, one of the scientists.
This is why the Swedish scientists are using a new material called “gold nanowires” (金纳米线)．As the name suggests, these are long, extremely thin gold threads — 1,000 times thinner than human hair.By putting them into rubber, the scientists have successfully created electrodes that are soft enough to connect comfortably with the human brain.
Gold can be made into structures as small as nanowires.According to a report, gold can be stretched, pressed or even rolled into all kinds of shapes without breaking.What's more, gold doesn't react with other chemicals in the human brain, making it a safe choice.Once placed in the brain, gold nanowires can last for at least three years, which is longer than many materials currently in use.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。瑞典科学家研发了新材料“金纳米线”来探索黄金在人类神经系统治疗方面的潜在应用。用这种新材料制作的金电极治疗大脑的方法解决了传统电极材料的硬度难题，更安全、更长效。
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They will act as ‘telephone operators’ ...enabling communication so that the nervous system can function normally.”可知，金电极将充当神经细胞和电子医疗设备之间的“电话接线员”，使沟通成为可能，这样神经系统就能够正常运作。所以金电极充当了沟通连接物。
5．What role will gold electrodes play in treating nervous system diseases
A．Replacing damaged nerve cells.
B．Serving as a communication link.
C．Activating different brain regions.
D．Protecting the brain's unaffected parts.
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解析：细节理解题。第二段讲到的方案是把金电极置于大脑的受影响区域；再根据第五段可知，瑞典科学家正在使用一种名为“金纳米线”的新材料，通过将其置于橡胶中，科学家成功创造出了足够柔软的电极(即第二段中的金电极)，可以舒适地与人类大脑连接，所以“金纳米线”可以被放入大脑中。
6．What can we learn about gold nanowires
A．They are harder than rubber.
B．They are as thin as human hair.
C．They can be placed into the brain.
D．They are in the final stage of development.
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解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中的“gold doesn't react with other chemicals in the human brain, making it a safe choice”可知，黄金不会与人脑中的其他化学物质发生反应，因此它是一个安全的选择。
7．Why is gold a safe choice for use in the brain
A．It can be stretched by the brain.
B．It can be made into various shapes.
C．It is being used to create soft electrodes.
D．It has no negative impact on the brain's functions.
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解析：主旨大意题。第一段引出话题——科学家们正在探索如何利用黄金来修复大脑受损的部分；第二段讲述黄金修复大脑的原理；第三、四段讲述现有治疗方案的弊端及寻找新方案的必要性；第五段讲述新材料“金纳米线”及其工作原理；第六段讲述黄金这种材料的优势。所以本文主要讲述了黄金在人类神经系统治疗方面的潜在应用。
8．What is the main idea of the text
A．The unique properties of gold nanowires.
B．The history of gold use in the medical field.
C．The current applications of gold in the brain.
D．The potential use of gold in nervous system treatment.
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