Section A Topic Talk
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ adj. 塑料制的 n. 塑料
2．____________ vi. & vt. 转换，改变
3．____________ n. 犀牛
4．____________ n. (牛、羊等头上的)角
5．____________ n. 一项，一条
6．____________ vt. 猎取，猎杀
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．保护→________ adj.保守的；守旧的
2．________ vt.破坏；毁掉→________ n．破坏；毁灭→________ adj.破坏性的；毁灭性的
3．________ vi. & vt.再利用，回收利用→________ adj.可回收的→________ n．回收利用
4．________ v．通知；熟悉→________ adj.了解情况的，消息灵通的，有学问的→________ n．信息→________ adj.有教育意义的；知识性强的
5．________ n．威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能→________ vt.威胁，恐吓→________ adj.威胁的；恐吓的→________ adj.受到威胁的；受到恐吓的
6．________ adj.合法的→________ adv.合法地→________ adj.非法的，违法的→________ adv.非法地，违法地
7．________ adj.灭绝的，绝种的→________ n．灭绝，消亡
8．________ v．催促，力劝→________ adj.紧急的，急迫的→________ adv.紧急地，急迫地→________ n．紧急
9．credit n．信用，信任 vt.相信，信赖→________ n．债权人→________ adj.可以信赖的，值得称赞的→________ adj.难以置信的→________ adv.非常地，极端地
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 是对……的最大威胁之一
2．________________ 砍伐森林
3．________________ 我们产生的废物量
4．________________ 非法猎杀以获取……
5．________________ 灭绝
6．________________ 一件非常紧急的事情
7．________________ 致力于
将英文短语译成汉语
1．switch to different forms of power ________________
2．as soon as possible ________________
3．have a role ________________
4．do one's part ________________
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．destroy vt.破坏；毁掉，摧毁；消灭 destruction n．破坏，毁灭 destructive adj.破坏性的；引起破坏的
(教材原句)Ways We Destroy Nature我们破坏自然的方式
destroy all the evidence 销毁一切证据
destroy a building 毁坏建筑物
destroy a plan 破坏计划
destroy one's confidence/hope 摧毁某人的信心/希望
completely/totally destroy 彻底毁掉
Don't let the pain brought by the epidemic destroy the hope of life.(过去分词短语作后置定语)
不要让流行病带来的痛苦摧毁对生活的希望。
He worked out methods to destroy bacteria on the seeds.
他研究出消灭种子上细菌的方法。
The widespread destruction to the beautiful place caused by the construction of roads and hotels aroused opposition.(过去分词短语作后置定语，与其所修饰名词destruction构成被动关系)由道路和宾馆建设导致的对这个美丽之地的大面积破坏激起了反对声。
[比较] destroy/damage/ruin
·destroy彻底地“破坏”“毁坏”，一般不能或很难再修复；
·damage部分地“破坏”“损坏”，一般可以修复；
·ruin严重地“毁坏”，侧重于破坏事物的内在价值。
[拓展]
destroy nature 破坏大自然
damage crops 损害庄稼
ruin oneself 毁掉自己
[即学即练] 完成句子
①The accident seemed to have completely ________________ (击垮了他的信心).
②There is worldwide concern about ____________________ (……的破坏) the rainforests.
选词填空：destroy/damage/ruin
③His heart is ________ as a result of his lung illness.
④That mistake ________ his chance of getting the job.
⑤The classical architecture was completely ________ by the big fire.
2．conservation n．保护 conserve v．保护；保存；节省 conservative adj.保守的，守旧的
We at the National Young Farmers Coalition need enormous support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation.我们在美国青年农会需要巨大的支持，因为我们敦促国会加强对耕地的保护。
(1)conservation measures 保护措施
wildlife conservation 野生动植物保护
a local conservation group 一个当地的保护组织
the conservation of resources 资源保护
environmental conservation 环境保护
(2)conserve one's energy for sth. 为……保留精力
be conservative in sth. 在……方面保守
the conservative Party (英国)保守党
Recycling is now recognised as an important part of the conservation of resources.
回收利用现在被认为是资源保护的一个重要部分。
He conserved his energy for the game.他为了比赛而保留精力。
We turned the electric vehicle off to conserve the batteries.我们把电动车辆关了，以节省电池的用电。
She is always conservative in her dress.
她总是穿着旧式的衣服。
[拓展] conserve fruit保存水果
conserve health保住健康
conserve resources保护资源
conserve strength保存体力
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He isn't interested in ____________ (conserve).
②He writes on both sides of the sheet ________ (conserve) paper.
③________ (conserve) your energy, and you'll need it!
④We must conserve our forests and woodlands ________ future generations.
⑤After the accident, he became a much more ________ (conservation) driver.
⑥The professor's a radical (激进的) in politics but a ________ (conserve) dresser.
3．recycle vi. & vt.再利用，回收利用 n．再循环 recycling n．回收利用 recyclable adj.可回收利用的 unrecyclable adj.不可回收的
(教材原句)recycle and reduce the amount of waste we produce
循环利用和减少我们产生的废物量
If we try our best to recycle the wastes, we can reduce pollution and conserve natural resources.
如果我们尽力回收废物，我们可以减少污染并保护自然资源。
Many materials like iron and glass can be recycled.
许多诸如铁和玻璃一类的材料可以循环再利用。
Water recycle is a good way to save our resources.
水循环利用是一种很好的节约我们资源的方法。
a recycling plant 回收厂
a recycling system 再循环系统
recycled paper 再生纸
a recycling programme 再循环方案
a recyclable product 可循环利用产品
(un)recyclable material(s)/waste (不)可回收材料/垃圾
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①________ (recycle) helps the environment mainly by saving energy.
②In fact, most things made of paper, metal, glass and plastic can ________ (recycle).
完成句子
③A lot of the plastics that makers are using ____________________________ (无法被回收).
④We package our products in ________________________ (可回收的材料).
4．informative adj.有教育意义的；知识性强的；增长见闻的 inform vt.告诉；通知；熟悉 ,informed adj.了解情况的；消息灵通的；有见识的 information n. [U]信息
(教材原句)Yes, it was really informative!
是的，它很有教育意义！
(1)the informative content 有教育意义的内容
an informative and entertaining book
一本资料丰富而且饶有趣味的书
(2)inform sb. that... 告知某人……
inform sb. how/when＋to do sth. 通知某人如何/何时做某事
inform sb. of/about sth. 告知某人某事/使某人了解某事
(3)keep sb. informed of sth. 随时告知某人情况
well-informed sources 消息灵通人士
stay informed 保持消息灵通
(4)the relevant information 相关信息
I found the talk both informative and entertaining.
我认为这次演讲知识性与趣味性并重。
He informed me of the event.他通知我这件事。
They informed us that they would set up an organisation to help carry out the plan.
他们告诉我们他们将成立一个组织来帮助执行这个计划。
He gave me a phone to inform us how to deal with the difficult situation.他打电话告诉我们如何处理困难情况。
I hope you can keep me informed of the change of the policy.我希望你能随时通知我政策的变化。
[语境助记] As middle school students in the new era, we need to inform ourselves thoroughly of the differences in the two cultures．(可用于书信体应用文写作)
作为新时期的中学生，我们需要彻底了解这两种文化的差异。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I informed my mother ________ my safe arrival as soon as I got there.
②They are very concerned to keep the residents ________ (inform) of what they are doing.
③It is an ____________ (inform) and entertaining tour into history and full of unbelievable facts.
④Words are important, but the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us ________ (inform) about their feelings.
完成句子
⑤We ____________________________ (被告知) the train is late again.
5．threat n．威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能 threaten vt.威胁；恐吓；危及，威胁到；有……危险；可能发生 threatening adj.恐吓的，威胁的 threatened adj.受到威胁的
(教材原句)．..the use of oil and coal is one of the biggest threats to our planet.
……石油和煤炭的使用是我们星球的最大威胁之一。
(1)the threat of... ……的威胁
the threat from... 来自……的威胁
under threat 遭受威胁
a threat to 对……是个威胁
pose/be a threat to... 构成对……的一个威胁
under threat from... 受到来自……的威胁
(2)threaten to do sth. 扬言/威胁要做某事
threaten sb. with sth. 用某事/某物威胁某人
threaten one's life 危及某人生命
(3)be threatened with 面临……的威胁
be threatened with dismissal 有被解雇的威胁
(4)a threatening letter 一封恐吓信
threatening behaviour 威胁行为
Anyone who poses a major threat to world peace is seen opposition to people.
任何对世界和平造成主要威胁的人都被视为人民的对立面。
These endangered species are under threat due to overhunting.
由于过度捕猎，这些濒危物种正受到威胁。
Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
经济的快速发展威胁到动物的栖息地。
Wildlife has been greatly threatened in the modern age.
在现代，野生动植物已经受到巨大威胁。
The heavy black clouds threaten a storm.
乌云密布，恐有暴风雨要来了。
They threaten them with violence.
他们对其进行暴力威胁。
[语境助记] Receiving a threatening email, Rose didn't feel threatened but chose to call the police.罗丝收到了一封恐吓电子邮件，她并没有感到受到了威胁而是选择了报警。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The old house seemed more ________ (threaten) in the cold light of the night.
②The cabs running too fast on the road ________ (threat) people's safety.
完成句子
③Chemical pollution will bring about ________________________________ (对……的一个威胁) agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health.
④These ancient woodlands are ________________________ (受到来自……的威胁) new road development.
⑤The robber ______________________ (用刀子威胁我).
⑥The pupil found my secret and ________________________________________ (扬言要告诉我的老师).
6．switch vi. & vt.转换，改变 n. [C](电路的)开头；转换器；改变
(教材原句)We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible.
我们确实需要尽快转换到不同的能源形式。
switch on＝turn on 打开，接通
switch off＝turn off 关上，把……关掉
switch over 转换频道，转变
switch to 转换为……；转向，转行到
switch from sth. to sth. 从某事转换到某事
switch between sth. and sth. 在某事和某事之间转换
switch sth. with sth. 把某物换成某物
switch sth. to sth. 把……调到……
switch sth. with sb. 和某人调班
at the flick of a switch 轻触开关
make a switch 改变
They switched the conversation when she came in.
她进来时他们就改变了谈话内容。
You needn't go to the bank since many people have switched over to mobile banking.(可用于现代科技话题写作)你不必去银行因为许多人都已经改用手机银行了。
The transport is convenient enough. You can take the high speed train to Nanjing Nan Station, and then make a switch to the tube.交通很是方便。你可以乘坐高铁到南京南站，然后转地铁。
[语境助记] Lucy returned home from work early. After changing clothes, she switched off the light and came downstairs. Then she switched on the TV and switched over with boredom.露西早早下班回到家，换完衣服后，她关掉灯来到楼下。然后她打开电视，无聊地换着频道。
[即学即练] 写出句中switch的词性和含义
①He used to smoke this brand of cigarettes, but now he switched.____________
②We have to make a switch in our plan for the summer vacation.____________
③Leona put some detergent into the dishwasher, shut the door, and pressed the switch.____________
完成句子
④She __________________________ (打开) the bedside lamp and began to read a novel.
⑤Let's ____________________________ (转换对话) to a different topic.
7．illegally adv.非法地，违法地 illegal adj.非法的
(教材原句)Yes, many animals are illegally hunted for something they have.是的，许多动物因为它们拥有的东西而被非法猎杀。
(1)illegally buy/sell/use/park/import
非法购买/销售/使用/停车/进口
an illegally parked car 一辆违章停放的汽车
(2)It is illegal to do sth. 做某事是违法的
illegal drugs 违禁药品
illegal parking 违章停车
an illegal act 违法行为
illegal activities 非法活动
非法移民
You know there are many people working illegally in New York.你知道有很多人非法在纽约工作。
Animal actors could be traded illegally.
动物演员可能被非法交易。
It's illegal to read people's private letters without permission.
未经允许看别人的私人信件是不合法的。
[拓展] legal adj.合法的
legal rights合法权利
legally adv.合法地；法律上地
[说明] il-否定前缀，意为“不，非”：illogical不合逻辑的
illiterate不识字的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It is illegal ________ (sell) cigarettes to children who are under age.
②He sold drugs ________ (illegal) at this area so he got arrested.
完成句子
③________________________________ (是非法的) to hunt endangered animals.
④The car owner will be fined for ________________________ (违章停车).
8．hunt vi. & vt.猎取，猎杀 vi.搜寻 n．狩猎；搜寻
go hunting 去打猎
hunt for 搜寻，寻找
on the hunt for 正在搜寻……
hunt for the animal 寻找动物
hunt for a job 找工作
hunt for the missing child 搜寻失踪的儿童
hunt sb./sth. down 追捕，捉住
hunt sb./sth. out 搜寻；搜捕
Weather permitting, we'll go hunting this Sunday morning.
如果天气允许，我们这周日上午要去打猎。
The whole neighbourhood have been hunting for the missing child.整个街区的人一直在寻找那个失踪的孩子。
He set off for a nineteen-day hunt in Nova Scotia.
他出发去新斯科舍进行为期19天的狩猎。
[拓展]
hunter n．猎人；搜集某种东西的人
job hunters找工作的人；求职者
[链接] 表示“寻找”的短语还有：look for; search for; (be) in search of
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The company is ________ the hunt for a personnel manager.
完成句子
②Jessica ________________________ (一直寻找) a job everywhere since she graduated last month.
③Gradually, they began to depend less on ________________________________ (野外所能猎杀到的) and more on animals they had raised.
9．extinct adj.灭绝的，绝种的；消亡的；不再活跃的；死的 extinction n．灭绝；消亡
(教材原句)How long do we have before rhinos become extinct？距离犀牛灭绝我们还有多长时间？
(1)an extinct volcano 一座死火山
an extinct species 一个已灭绝的物种
go extinct 落空
become extinct 灭绝；绝种
(2)be close to extinction 濒临灭绝
mass extinction 大量消亡
on the edge of extinction 濒临灭绝
in danger of extinction 有灭绝的危险
Dinosaurs have been extinct for tens of millions of years.
恐龙已经灭绝几千万年了。
The idea of cloning extinct life forms still belongs to science fiction.对灭绝的生命形式进行克隆的想法仍然属于科学幻想。
Many species of plants and animals are in danger of extinction, so it's high time that we took effective measures.许多动植物品种有灭绝的危险，因此是我们采取有效措施的时候了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①In brief, the ________ (extinct) of the dinosaurs occurred long before humans came into being.
完成句子
②My hope of getting into the Fortune 500 company ______________________ (落空了).
③According to Jack, it is global warming that ________________________________ (导致许多动物的灭绝).
10．urgent adj.紧急的，急迫的 urge v．催促，力劝；竭力主张 n．冲动
(教材原句)That's an incredibly urgent matter.
这是非常紧急的事情……
(1)an urgent matter 紧急的事情
urgent action 紧急行动
urgent relief 紧急救济
urgent care/cases/calls/telegrams 紧急护理/情况/呼叫/电报
in urgent need of 急需
It is urgent that＋主语＋(should＋)动词原形＋其他。
迫切需要……
(2)urge oneself on 鞭策自己
urge sb. (not) to do sth. 力劝某人(不要)做某事
urge that＋主语＋(should＋)动词原形＋其他
极力主张……
feel/have the/an urge to do sth. 有做某事的冲动
It's urgent that these food and water (should) be transported to the earthquake-stricken area.
当务之急是把这些食物和水运输到地震灾区。
He was in urgent need of medical attention.他急需治疗。
It is impolite for one to urge other people to drink in the West.在西方，过分劝别人饮酒是不礼貌的。
The report urged that all children be taught to swim.
这份报告呼吁教授所有的儿童游泳。
[说明] urge或urgent后跟that从句时，从句常用虚拟语气，谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
[拓展] urgently adv.紧急地
be urgently needed急需
urgency n．紧急；急迫
a matter of urgency十分紧急的事
a matter of great urgency极为迫切的事情
a sense of urgency紧迫感
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The Red Cross officials said they ________ (urgent) needed bread and water.
②It is urgent that we ________ (donate) food and clothing to the sufferers.
③They urged the council ____________ (approve) plans for their reform programme.
④I never felt an urge ________ (learn) any sign language before.
⑤Because of all the countless time, there was no sense of ________ (urgent) to do my schoolwork immediately.
完成句子
⑥The country in war made ________________________________ (紧急请求) international aid.
⑦Parents should actively __________________________________ (力劝他们的孩子利用机会) to join sports teams.
第二版块|重要短语
1．have a role起某种作用
(教材原句)We all have a role to play in protecting the environment.在保护环境方面，我们都有责任。
have a role in 在……中起某种作用
have an active role in 在……中起积极作用
the leading/starring role 主角
have a key/vital role/part in... 在……中发挥关键/至关重要的作用
have a role/part to play 发挥作用
play a role/part 发挥作用；扮演一个角色
take on a role of... 扮演……角色；起……作用
Each of the countries that I'm visiting has a role to play in this effort.
我正在访问的每一个国家都可以在这方面发挥作用。
The Panama Canal has played a very important role in transportation.巴拿马运河在运输上起到了非常重要的作用。
By focusing on saving oil, water, paper, food, chopsticks and clothing, we are playing a role in cutting down on waste.通过注重节约石油、水、纸、食物、筷子和衣服，我们在减少浪费方面发挥了作用。
[误区警示]
play a role/part in中role/part作先行词后接定语从句时，role/part前面常用定冠词the。
The key role the teachers play in the learning process should not be ignored.
(省略引导词的定语从句)
老师在学习过程中扮演的关键角色不应该被忽视。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Does religion have a role ________ (play) in society today
②We all think that she has played an important role ________ carrying out the plan.
③It's our hope that we will play ________ greater role in the market place and, therefore, supply more jobs.
完成句子
④She ____________________________ (起决定性作用) in the peace negotiations.
2．do one's part尽自己的职责
(教材原句)If we all do our part, we can live a healthier life on Earth.如果我们都尽自己的一份力量，我们就能在地球上过上更健康的生活。
do one's
If everyone does their part, the project will surely be a success.如果大家都尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。
Everyone must do his part.
人人必须尽自己的职责。
He said that he would do his best to help me with my lessons.他说他将尽力帮我学功课。
I'll do my bit in my work.
在工作中我将尽自己的一份力。
[易错提醒] play a part/role in在……中扮演角色；在……中起作用；参加，参与
play an active part/role in积极参与
(a) part of……的一部分
in part部分地；在某种程度上
for my part就我而言
take part in参加
For my part, what really matters is the interpersonal relationship instead of the money.在我看来，真正重要的是人与人之间的关系而不是金钱。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①Computers ____________________ (在……中起重要作用) our daily life.
②Everyone should ________________ (尽自己的职责) to help stop the process of desertification.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Bats sleep in the daytime and come out to ________ (猎取) for food at night regularly.
2．This innovative design makes the kite ________ (令人难以置信地) stable.
3．The leadership was called up three times during the night to attend to ________ (紧急的) cases.
4．Because dinosaurs are ________ (灭绝的), the scientists have very little to go on analysing them.
5．We had two very practical and ________ (有教育意义的) presentations.
6．The poisoned food has been removed from the shops and there is no ________ (威胁) to public health, which is motivating.
7．First, the competitor should ________ (打开) the machine on.
8．He could face a charge of ________ (非法地) importing poultry.
9．We shall stress on the committed ________ (保护) of our natural resources.
10．If the tree falls that way, it will extremely ________ (毁坏) the house.
11．We should ________ (回收利用) enormous garbage, not burn it.
Ⅱ.短语填空
switch on, the amount of, have a role in, do one's part, under threat, be urgent to do
1．It is recognised that ____________ sleep we need varies from person to person.
2．Wildlife is ____________ and the conservation of them is necessary.
3．The activity ____________ be organised, so it can't be delayed.
4．Please ____________ the radio to hear the news presentation and weather forecast.
5．Teachers must ____________ to motivate their students.
6．Education can ____________ decreasing the crime rate.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．Because of all this extra time, there was no sense of ________ (urgent) to do my school work immediately.
2．There are energy savings to be made from all ________ (recycle) materials, sometimes huge savings.
3．However, the two zookeepers didn't want to see the ________ (extinct) of this precious species.
4．It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur—unless you understand that the nutria ________ (destroy) vast wetlands every year.
5．Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane—has been viewed as important for scientists to get together and exchange ________ (inform).
6．How much time and money would it cost to replace the ________ (content) of that little wallet
7．A company representative wrote back and told me the airline was switching over the plastic ________ paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights.
8．It prevents people who are cut ________ from society falling victim to cheaters.
9．Rapid economic development ________ (threaten) animal habitats.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．Polishing up your article ________________________________ (在写作中起着非常重要的作用).
2．More and more people nowadays choose to arise _________________________________ (保护他们的合法权利).
3．Reading is a shortcut to learn new things and __________________________ (保持消息灵通).
4．Seeing that she wasn't interested in history, he ___________________________________ (把话题转向了时尚).
5．If we ____________________________________ (继续破坏森林), land desertification (沙漠化) will be unavoidable.
6．The key of garbage classification lies in the ____________________________________ (对于可回收和不可回收垃圾的准确识别).
Section A Topic Talk
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．plastic 2.switch 3.rhino 4.horn 5.item 6.hunt
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．conservation; conservative 2.destroy; destruction; destructive
3．recycle; recyclable; recycling 4.inform; informed; information; informative 5.threat; threaten; threatening; threatened
6．legal; legally; illegal; illegally 7.extinct; extinction
8．urge; urgent; urgently; urgency 9.creditor; credible; incredible; incredibly
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．be one of the biggest threats to 2.cut down forests 3.the amount of waste we produce 4.be illegally hunted for
5．become extinct 6.an incredibly urgent matter 7.work on
1．转到不同的能源形式 2.尽可能快地 3.起某种作用
4．尽自己的职责
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①destroyed his confidence ②the destruction of ③damaged ④ruined ⑤destroyed
2．①conservation ②to conserve ③Conserve ④for ⑤conservative ⑥conservative
3．①Recycling ②be recycled ③cannot be recycled ④recyclable material(s)
4．①of/about ②informed ③informative ④information ⑤are informed that
5．①threatening ②threatened ③a threat to ④under threat from ⑤threatened me with a knife ⑥threatened to tell my teacher
6．①动词，转换 ②名词，改变 ③名词，开关 ④switched/turned on ⑤switch the conversation
7．①to sell ②illegally ③It is illegal ④illegal parking
8．①on ②has been hunting for ③what could be hunted in the wild
9．①extinction ②went extinct ③leads to the extinction of many animals
10．①urgently ②(should) donate ③to approve ④to learn ⑤urgency ⑥an urgent request for ⑦urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity
第二版块|重要短语
1．①to play ②in ③a ④had/played a decisive role
2．①play an important role/part in ②do his part
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．hunt 2.incredibly 3.urgent 4.extinct 5.informative 6. 7.switch 8.illegally 9.conservation 10.destroy
11．recycle
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．the amount of 2.under threat 3.is urgent to 4.switch on 5.do their parts 6.have a role in
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．答案与解析：urgency a sense of urgency紧迫感。句意：由于所有这些额外的时间，我没有立即去做功课的紧迫感。
2．答案与解析：recyclable materials前应用定语修饰，故应用recycle的形容词形式。句意：所有可回收的材料都能节省能源，有时还能节省很多能源。
3．答案与解析：extinction 此处应用名词形式作see的宾语。句意：然而，这两位动物园管理员并不想看到这种珍贵物种的灭绝。
4．答案与解析：are destroying 由语境可知，此处表示动作正在进行，要用现在进行时。句意：谈论没有负罪感的皮毛听起来很疯狂——除非你知道海狸鼠每年都在破坏大片湿地。
5．答案与解析：information exchange information交流信息。句意：对于科学家来说，经常乘坐飞机参加会议、演讲、研讨会等活动对于他们聚在一起交流信息至关重要。
6．答案与解析：contents content表示“所容纳之物；所含之物；内容”时常用复数形式。句意：换掉那个小钱包里的东西要花多少时间和金钱？
7．答案与解析：to switch over...to...将……更换为……。句意：一位公司代表回信告诉我，该航空公司每天的1 200个航班都将把塑料杯换成纸杯。
8．答案与解析：off cut off断绝，切断与……的联系。句意：它防止那些与社会隔绝的人成为骗子的受害者。
9．答案与解析：threatens 由语境可知，此处作句子的谓语，并且主语是抽象名词，要用第三人称单数形式。句意：经济的快速发展威胁着动物的栖息地。
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．plays a vital role in writing
2．in defence of their legal rights
3．stay informed
4．switched the topic to fashion
5．continue to destroy forests
6．exact recognition of the recyclable and unrecyclable garbageSection C Lesson 2 War on Plastic Packets
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 垃圾箱
2．____________ n. 硬纸盒；塑料盒
3．____________ n. 椰子
4．____________ n. 壳；贝壳
5．____________ n. 餐具
6．____________ n. 筷子
7．____________ n. & vt. 吞下；咽下 n. 燕子
8．____________ n. 灰尘；尘土
9．____________ n. 委员会；理事会
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ v．打包→________ v．拆开包裹取出→________ n．包裹→________ n．包装盒(瓶、袋)，包装材料
2．________ v．消费；吃，喝→________ n．消费者→________ n．消费
3．________ v．浪费→________ n．废弃物；浪费→________ adj.浪费的；挥霍的
4．________ v．包，裹→________ v．打开→________n．包装材料
5．________ v．运输→________ n．交通运输系统，运输方式
6．________ v．实现→________ adj.现实的，实际的→________ adj.真实的→________ n．现实
7．________ adj.意识到的，明白的→________ n．意识→________ adj.没察觉的；不知道的
8．________ v．收集；聚集→________ adj.集体的→________ n．收集；收藏品；专辑
9．________ adj.焦虑的，不安的→________ n．焦虑→________ adv.焦急地
10．________ v．利用→________ adj.有用的→________ adj.无用的→________ n．用法；使用→________ adj.可再使用的，可重复使用的
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 塑料包装
2．________________ 对……有不同的观点
3．________________ 开始做某事，着手进行
4．________________ 最后吞食塑料
5．________________ 现实一些
6．________________ 代替，而不是
7．________________ 扔掉
8．________________ 致力于
将英文短语译成汉语
1．on one's way home ________________
2．in this case ________________
3．during transport ________________
4．sound like a wonderful idea ________________
5．become more environmentally aware
________________
6．rubbish collection day ________________
7．get anxious ________________
8．buy reusable shopping bags ________________
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．wrap vt.包，裹；覆盖 n．围巾；披肩；包装材料
(教材原句)When I picked them up, I was amazed that each coconut was wrapped in clear, thin plastic.
当我把它们拿起来时，我惊讶地发现每个椰子都用透明的薄塑料包裹着。
(1)wrap... in 把……包在……里
be wrapped up in 完全被包在……里；全神贯注于
wrap (...) up (使)穿得暖和；包起来
wrap A (up) in B 用B把A包起来
wrap A round/around B 用A把B包起来
(2)plastic wrap 塑料包装
under wraps 保密；隐藏
keep sth. under wraps 把某事保密
take the wraps off 揭示，揭露
She was wrapped up in the novel that she even forgot to eat.她看小说入了迷，饭都忘吃了。
Diana is taking the opportunity to wrap up the family presents.戴安娜正在利用这个机会包装给家人的礼物。
He wrapped a scarf around his neck.他用围巾围上脖子。
She wrapped a bath towel about the baby.她把婴儿裹在浴巾里。
The hills were wrapped in mist.山丘笼罩在雾中。
Keep the plan under wraps.这个计划要保密。
[语境助记] Kids just love playing around in the fresh air without having to wrap up．
孩子们就是喜欢在户外玩耍，不必穿得太暖和。
[提示] wrap的过去式、过去分词、现在分词都要双写字母p。
wrap—wrapped—wrapped—wrapping
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She was so wrapped up ________ her work that she didn't realise how late it was.
②The bids were submitted in May and were kept ________ wraps until October.
完成句子
③It does make sense to ______________ (穿得暖和) before going outside.
④They're completely ________________ (全神贯注于) their work.
2．wasteful adj.浪费的；挥霍的 waste v．浪费；滥用 n．废物；浪费
(教材原句)I understand that, but in this case it's completely wasteful and unnecessary.
我理解，但在这种情况下，这是完全浪费和不必要的。
(1)be wasteful of 浪费……
It is wasteful to do sth. 做某事是浪费的。
(2)waste... on... 在……上浪费……
waste... (in) doing sth. 浪费……做某事
It is a waste of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间。
a waste of time/money/effort 浪费时间/金钱/精力
waste an opportunity 浪费机会
waste one's breath 白费口舌
Keep lawn areas small as they are expensive and wasteful of water and time.减少草地面积，因为它们昂贵且费水费时。
It is wasteful to throw away glass, paper and metal.
扔掉玻璃、纸张和金属是很浪费的。
You're wasting your time trying to explain it to him.
你试图跟他解释这件事是在浪费时间。
He wasted a lot of time on things that had no importance.他在不重要的事情上浪费了大量的时间。
Relaxing yourself is not a waste of time for it can improve your study efficiency.
放松你自己并不是浪费时间，因为它可以提高你的学习效率。
[语境助记] It's a waste of breath talking to him.＝It wastes your breath talking to him.同他交谈简直就是白费口舌。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It is ________ (waste) to put more food on your plate than you can eat.
②He persuaded me not to waste my time ________ (play) games.
③I think it is a waste of time ________ (sit) in front of the television all day.
④This kind of training is ineffective, and wasteful ________ scarce resources.
完成句子
⑤I hate to see good food ______________________________ (被糟蹋).
⑥______________________________ (……很浪费) to buy things that you do not need.
⑦We should never have gone—it was ________________ (纯粹浪费时间).
3．aware adj.意识到的，明白的
(教材原句)Two friends, Lisa and Amy are discussing how to become more environmentally aware.
两个朋友，丽莎和艾米正在讨论如何提高环保意识。
be/become aware of 知道……；意识到……
be/become aware＋从句 知道……；意识到……
make sb. aware of 使某人意识到……
make sb. aware＋从句 使某人意识到……
as far as I am aware 据我所知
become unaware of the trouble 没有意识到麻烦
environmental awareness 环境意识
raise/arouse public awareness of 提高/激发公众对……的意识
Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health.吸烟者们都很清楚吸烟对其自身健康的危害。
Then he became aware that they were regarding him with interest.那时，他意识到他们都在饶有兴趣地看着他。
As far as I am aware, the company is not planning to expand its business overseas.
据我所知，此公司没有计划在海外拓展业务。
[词语积累] well aware一清二楚
awareness n．认识，意识
unaware adj.没察觉的，不知道的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I became aware ________ no one else was laughing.
②Patients should ________ (make) aware of the risks involved with this treatment.
完成句子
③The customers ________________ (没有意识到) eating more than usual.
④June 8th was officially named by the UN as World Oceans Day, which is aimed at ________________ (提高……的意识) ocean conservation.
4．collection n．收集；收藏品；专辑；收取；聚集；募捐 collect v．收集；聚集；募捐
(教材原句)It's rubbish collection day tomorrow.
明天是垃圾收集日。
(1)data collection 数据收集
art/coin/stamp collections 艺术品/硬币/邮票收藏
a collection box 募捐箱
make a collection for 为……募捐
a collection of 很多；一批
(2)collect evidence/information 收集证据/信息
collect money 集资；筹钱
collect... for... 为……筹集……
collect... from... 从……领取/接走……
His greatest treasure is his collection of rock records.
他最珍爱的东西就是他收藏的摇滚唱片。
The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.
这个国家公园有大量的野生动物，从蝴蝶到大象。
He used to collect cards, but now he likes to collect stamps.他以前收集卡片，现在却喜欢收集邮票。
[语境助记] They collected money for those who lost their jobs.他们为那些失业者募款。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①My father has ________ collection of magazines to which I return every now and then.
②Selected from ________ (collection) throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
③We all gathered together in front of the building ________ (collect) money for the poor children.
完成句子
④We're __________________________ (为……筹款) Tom's retirement at present.
⑤She selected a diamond ring ______________________ (从收藏品中).
5．anxious adj.焦虑的，不安的；紧张的；渴望的 anxiety n．焦虑 anxiously adv.急切地
(教材原句)I just get anxious when I think of the impact we have on the environment.
一想到我们对环境的影响，我就感到焦虑。
be anxious about 为……担心
be anxious for 渴望得到……；为……担心
be anxious to do sth. 渴望做某事
be anxious for sb. to do sth. 渴望某人做某事
be anxious that... 渴望……；盼望……
with anxiety 焦急地；急切地
I am anxious about the parcel because it hasn't arrived.
我对这包裹很担心，因为它还没到。
He was anxious for a doctor to come.他急盼医生到来。
We were anxious that everyone should know the truth.
我们渴望人人了解实情。
We waited with anxiety for our examination results.
我们焦急地等待考试结果。
They were waiting with anxiety for a doctor to come.
他们正焦急地等医生到来。
You have no reason for anxiety.你没有忧虑的理由。
[语境助记] When I was 14, I was so anxious to see more art that a friend of mine and I bicycled across the Alps to see Venice.
14岁的时候，我是如此渴望了解更多艺术以至于我和我的一个朋友骑车跨越了阿尔卑斯山去威尼斯看一看。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①After all the delays, we were anxious ________ (make) up for lost time.
②My little nephew ________ (anxious) asked who would babysit him if I wouldn't be there.
③Watching him climb up the cliff, everybody was breathless ________ anxiety.
完成句子
④The boy ________________________ (渴望得到) a personal computer.
⑤He ____________________________ (希望) the meeting the following day should be a success.
6．reusable adj.可再使用的，可重复使用的 usable adj. 可用的；适用的
(教材原句)We really should buy reusable shopping bags when we go to the supermarket.
当我们去超市时，我们真的应该买可重复使用的购物袋。
a reusable shopping bag 可重复使用的购物袋
a reusable plastic bottle 可重复使用的塑料瓶
They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their “new” clothes home.他们还应该准备大量的可重复使用的购物袋，把他们的“新”衣服带回家。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We have already discussed how to create ________ (usable) components.
②Charity shops and jumble sales welcome ________ (use) clothes.
第二版块|重要短语
1．set out开始做某事，着手进行；出发，启程
(教材原句)In the week when the government sets out its new environmental programme...
在政府公布其新的环境计划的那一周……
set out on a long walk/trip 出发进行长距离徒步/旅行
set out for a place 出发/动身去某地
set out to do sth. 着手/开始做某事
set sth. out in the shop window 在橱窗陈列某物
set out some seedlings 播种一些种子
We set out to determine exactly what happened that night.我们着手查明那天晚上发生的事情。
We should study up on the map before we set out.
我们出发前应好好研究一下地图。
set out to do sth. 着手做某事
set off 出发，启程；使爆炸，引发爆炸
set apart 留出，拨出
set forth 陈述；阐明
set out for 出发去，动身去
set about doing (sth.) 开始做(某事)
set aside 把……放到一旁；省出，留出
set down 记下，写下；放下；制定，规定
set an example (to) (为……)树立榜样
set foot on 踏足
set... free/loose 放走；释放
set up 建立，成立；安排；安装
set fire to 点燃
set a date 确定日期
After dinner, Candida set out for the supermarket to buy some chocolate.晚饭以后，坎迪德外出到超市买些巧克力。
The hotel manager set aside two pleasant rooms for us.
旅店经理给我们留出两间舒适的房间。
Emerson would always set down new ideas that occurred to him.爱默生总是把他突然想到的新想法写下来。
If you want to catch that train, we'd better set off for the station immediately.
你要是想赶上那班火车，咱们最好马上动身去火车站。
[语境助记] The fisherman was set free. He set down his suitcase, set up a tent and set fire to some wood to get warm. After he had set a date for going home, he set about preparing to set out next week.渔夫被释放了。他放下行李箱，搭了个帐篷，烧了一些木头取暖。在确定了回家的日期之后，他开始为下周出发做准备。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I should set ________ what happened regularly day by day.
②The Chinese government recently finalised a plan to set ________ a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP).
③I warned them not to do it, but my objections were set ________．
④He has achieved what he set out ________ (do) three years ago.
⑤He set an example of wholehearted service ________ the people.
⑥After the earthquake, the people set about ________ (rebuild) their homes.
完成句子
⑦Her diligence ____________________________________________________ (为其他人树立了榜样).
⑧On his arrival, he ____________________________________ (开始阅读) English words.
2．stop off (at sp.)(在某处)中途下车/船；中途停留；停(学)
(教材原句)On my way home from work yesterday, I stopped off at a local supermarket.
昨天下班回家途中，我在一个当地超市前下了车。
We stopped off in Birmingham to see some friends on our way up to Scotland.
我们在去苏格兰的途中在伯明翰下车看望了一些友人。
Jane should stop off school until her stomach trouble is really better.简在她的胃病真正转好之前不应上学。
We stopped off at a hotel for the night.
我们在一家旅馆停留过夜。
stop over＝stop off (旅途中)作短暂停留
stop in (at...) (对某一地点)作短暂的访问
stop up＝stay up 晚睡；熬夜
stop out 待在外面；在外过夜
stop by 顺便访问，作短暂的访问
stop for 停候；等候
stop from 阻止(某人或某事发生)
[名师点拨]
(1)stop off at/in a place用作不及物动词短语，意为“(在某处)下车/船，中途停留”。
(2)stop off sth.意为“停止某事”。
如：stop off school, stop off work等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The president stopped ________ in Poland on his way to Munich for the economic summit.
②I'll be late home, and please don't ________ up for me.
③The official said that it might be too late to stop that country ________ becoming a nuclear power.
④Can you stop ________ at my office for a minute today
⑤I'll stop ________ to see Robert before going home.
⑥We will stop ________ you at the crossroad.
3．instead of代替；而不是 prep.(＝in place of, rather than)
(教材原句)Its customers take refillable containers with them when they shop, and use them instead of plastic boxes and bags.顾客购物时会随身携带可重复充装的容器，用它们代替塑料盒和塑料袋。
Lee went there instead of his father.李代他父亲去那里。
He went there by ship instead of by plane.
他是乘船而不是乘飞机去那里的。
Instead of losing heart, the student decided to have another try.这个学生并没有灰心，反而决定再试一次。
He spent his time idly instead of working.
他不是工作而是荒废光阴。
[归纳总结]
instead of既可用作介词短语，后面跟名词、代词和动名词，也可用作连词，其后可跟副词或副词短语，有时也可接名词性从句。如：We should believe what he did instead of what he said.我们应该相信他做的事而不是他说的话。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Welson will be playing instead of ________ (I) on Saturday.
②The production in the plant has been increased very quickly instead of very ________ (slow).
③We went there ________ (乘火车) instead of ________ (乘长途汽车).
④It's our teacher who should ask you instead of ________ (you, ask) him.
⑤It's too hot today. Shall we stay in instead of ________ (go) out
4．do away with废除，除去；（非正式用语）谋杀（某人）；自杀
(教材原句)I really believe we should do away with packaging completely.我真地认为我们应彻底废除包装。
The government did away with free school meals.
政府取消了学校的免费用餐。
There were rumors that Bob had done away with his wife.
有种种传言说鲍勃谋杀了他的妻子。
与do构成的短语：
be doing well 安好，(事情进展)顺利
do out 打扫收拾；装饰
do out of... 剥夺……；欺骗……
do sb. out of sth. 剥夺某人某事；骗取某人某事
do with (如何)处理；应付
do without...＝go without 没有……也行；无需
have sth. to do with... 与……有关
have nothing to do... 与……无关
The patient is doing well.这病人已康复。
Are you trying to do me out of a job
你是要我没了工作吗？
What have you done with the box？你如何处理掉这个箱子的？
He is easy to do with.他是个容易应付的人。
We can't do without this dictionary.我们不能没有这本字典。
I have nothing to do with the accident.我跟这事故毫无关系。
She did him out of $1，000.她骗走了他1 000美元。
[语境助记]
My neighbour tried to do away with herself by taking poison.
我的邻居试图服毒自杀。
They did away with the law.
他废除了这法律。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①Why did the United kingdom ________________ (废除) the death penalty (死刑) for murder
②________________ (你怎么处理) the errors you found
③There's no more milk, so I guess we'll just ________________ (只得不吃了).
④Now that they have a regular income, they should be able to ________________ (没有我们的帮助也行).
⑤The boy was called in by the police; I think he may______________________________ (与这场事故有关系).
⑥If you are always late for work, you ________________________________ (就会失去工作).
5．be committed to sth./doing sth.致力于(做)某事
(教材原句)It feels good knowing that there are so many other people who are committed to contributing to a better future for our planet.知道有这么多其他人致力于为我们的星球创造更美好的未来，感觉真好。
We are committed to improving services.
我们致力于改善服务。
The president is personally committed to this legislation.
总统亲自参与推动这项立法。
He was very committed to his job.他对工作非常尽心尽力。
(1)commit to do sth. 承诺做某事
commit oneself to a promise 遵守诺言
commit sb. to do/doing sth. 使某人做某事
(2)commit sb. to a nurse's care 把某人交给护士照顾
commit sb. to prison 把某人押送监狱
commit a bill to a committee 把议案交给委员会
commit sb. 5 years in prison 判处某人5年监狱
(3)commit money to the task 给这任务拨款
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The government is ________ (commit) to serving the people.
②He ________ (commit) a serious crime.
③Petty committed her little son ________ my care.
④The government committed itself ________ (reduce) taxes.
⑤Signing this form commits you to ________ (buy) the goods.
⑥John was committed ________ prison and committed 2 years in prison.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．She arranged a safe ________ (可再填充的) container and cutlery on a small table.
2．It became the first ________ (可再使用的) packaging in space.
3．John has been ________ (意识到的) of having done something selfish.
4．She is very ________ (担心) about her selfless mother.
5．Why would somebody ________ (吞下，咽下) something unusual
6．Our income has decreased, so we must be ________ (现实的，实际的) and give up our car.
7．Proactive and ________ (创新的) spirit is the driving force for our career.
8．The plan has attracted complaint from ________ (消费者) groups.
9．He and his wife will not be ________ (浪费的；挥霍的) of organic food.
10．The designer will ________ (包，裹) the skirt around your waist.
Ⅱ.短语填空
stop...from doing, end up doing, be anxious for, end up with, set out, be aware of, be anxious about, do away with
1．It was raining when we ____________， which affected our mood.
2．Children always seem to enthusiastically ____________ the New Year to come.
3．The government should be determined to ________ the river ________ polluted.
4．That city is determined to ____________ overhead wires.
5．All our ambitious intentions ____________ nothing.
6．How can Alice ____________ only one packaging
7．The host doesn't seem to ____________ the coldness of their attitude towards his appeal.
8．There is no reason to ____________ the presentation.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while ________ (grow) up on Samal Island in the Philippines.
2．Amy, as well as her brothers, was given a warm welcome when ________ (return) to the village last week.
3．Producing food that no one eats ________ (waste) the water, fuel and other resources used to grow it.
4．Earth Day, marked on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public ________ (aware) about environmental protection.
5．She was anxious ________ (know) what had happened.
6．The next morning he hired a boat and set out ________ (find) the well-known painter.
7．________ (anxious) I went to bed dreaming about what I would find at the top of this magical mountain.
8．Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition, because there was no extra money set ________ for a college education.
9．Things that are ________ (use) can be recycled more than once.
10．He had an immense ________ (collect) of second-hand cartons.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．The party ________________________________ (以唱一首英文歌而结束).
2．We must __________________________________ (阻止他去河里游泳).
3．We ____________________________ (着手粉刷) the whole house but finished only the front part that day.
4．It is ______________________________________ (我们对成功的渴望) that supports us to overcome all kinds of obstacles.
5．Everyone is supposed to ____________________________ (意识到保护环境的重要性和紧迫性).
6．Recently a campaign ________________ (反对浪费食物) launched online might make you think twice about being so wasteful.
Section C Lesson 2 War on Plastic Packets
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．bin 2.carton 3.coconut 4.shell 5.cutlery
6．chopsticks 7.swallow 8.dirt 9.council
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．pack; unpack; package; packaging 2.consume; consumer; consumption 3.waste; waste; wasteful 4.wrap; unwrap; wrapper 5.transport; transportation 6.realise; realistic; real; reality 7.aware; awareness; unaware 8.collect; collective; collection 9.anxious; anxiety; anxiously 10.use; useful; useless; usage; reusable
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．plastic packaging 2.have different opinions on 3.set out to do sth. 4.end up swallowing the plastic 5.be realistic 6.instead of 7.throw away 8.be committed to
1．在某人回家的路上 2.在这种情况下 3.在运输中 4.听起来像一个很棒的主意 5.变得更加具有环保意识 6.垃圾收集日 7.变得焦虑/不安 8.购买可重复使用的购物袋
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①in ②under ③wrap up ④wrapped up in
2．①wasteful ②playing ③sitting ④of ⑤go to waste ⑥It is wasteful ⑦a total waste of time
3．①that ②be made ③aren't aware of/are unaware of
④raising awareness of
4．①a ②collections ③to collect ④making a collection for
⑤from the collections
5．①to make ②anxiously ③with ④is anxious for ⑤was anxious that
6．①reusable ②usable
第二版块|重要短语
1．①down ②up ③aside ④to do ⑤to ⑥rebuilding
⑦set an example to the others ⑧set out to read/set about reading
2．①off ②stay/stop ③from ④in ⑤by/in ⑥for
3．①me ②slowly ③by train; by bus ④you asking ⑤going
4．①do away with ②What did you do/with ③have to do without ④do without our help ⑤have something to do with the accident ⑥will be done out of your job
5．①committed ②committed ③to ④to reduce/reducing ⑤buying ⑥to
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．refillable 2.reusable 3.aware 4.anxious 5.swallow 6.realistic 7.innovative 8.consumer 9.wasteful 10.wrap
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．set out 2.be anxious for 3.stop; from being 4.do away with 5.ended up doing 6.end up with 7.be aware of
8．be anxious about
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．growing 2.returning 3.wastes 4.awareness 5.to know
6．to find 7.Anxiously 8.aside 9.reusable 10.collection
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．ended with an English song
2．stop him from going to swim in the river
3．set out to paint/set about painting
4．our anxiety for success
5．be aware of the importance and urgency of protecting the environment
6．against food wasteSection D Lesson 3 The Road to Destruction
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 十年，十年期
2．____________ adj. 卡住的，无法移动的
3．____________ n. 拥挤，堵塞；果酱
4．____________ n. 癌症
5．____________ vt. 适合 n. 套装
6．____________ adj. 交通的
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．棍，手杖→________ v．粘贴；伸出→________ adj.卡住的，无法移动的
2．________ vt.使恼怒；使烦恼→________ adj.烦恼的；生气的→________ adj.恼人的；讨厌的→________ n．烦恼；使人烦恼的事
3．________ n．愤怒；怒气→________ vt.激怒→________ adj.生气的；愤怒的
4．________ vi.相联系，有关联→________ n．关系；联系→________ adj.相对的；比较的→________ adv.相比较而言，相对地
5．________ adj.定期的，有规律的→________ adv.定期地；有规律地
6．________ vt.适合→________ n．套装→________ adj.适宜的，合适的
7．________ vt.破坏，毁坏→________ n．破坏，毁坏→________ adj.破坏性的
8．organise vt.组织→________ n．组织→organiser n．组织者→________ n．(人体的)器官；机关，组织
9．________ vt.玷污；污染→________ n．[U]污染；污染物
10．________ vt.预言，预料，预测→________ n．预言，预报→predictable adj.可预料的；可预见的
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 到市中心去
2．________________ 遇到交通堵塞
3．________________ 与……相比
4．________________ 上升了……；增加了……
5．________________ 找借口
6．________________ 坦率地说
7．________________ 对……上瘾；沉迷于……
8．________________ 向某人征求意见
9．________________ 放弃
10．________________ 有点儿，些许
11．________________ 那又怎样
12．________________ 在……的另外一侧
13．________________ 在拐角处
将英文短语译成汉语
1．over the last decade ________________
2．an average of... ________________
3．greenhouse gases ________________
4．some types of cancer ________________
5．be related to ________________
6．instead of ________________
7．keep sb. fit ________________
8．regular exercise ________________
9．cut the risk of ________________
10．take action (to do sth.) ________________
11．sit around ________________
12．improve our environment ________________
13．pick up sb. ________________
课文研析.语篇理解
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．What can we know from the first paragraph
A．Complaints about traffic jams are often heard.
B．Complaints about traffic jams are unreasonable.
C．Personal anger and stress shouldn't have happened.
D.The social costs are less important than personal anger.
2．What can we know from the figures about Britain
A．In the last two decades, the number of cars on the roads has gone up to 32 million.
B．Over the last decade, 2，500 people have died every year in vehicle accidents.
C．Almost 3，000 deaths per year are caused by air pollution.
D．All kinds of cancer are related to traffic pollution.
3．What can we know from the advice on how to give up cars from the author's friend
A．Use our legs regularly to prevent heart disease.
B．Reduce the unnecessary journey.
C．Share cars with someone else all the time.
D．Use public transport to save money.
4．What is the author's purpose of writing this passage
A．To inform us of some figures about the traffic in Britain.
B.To advise people to give up cars to relieve traffic pressure.
C．To present the traffic problems in Britain and possible solutions.
D．To suggest ways to reduce traffic pollution.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
We often hear people complain about the road conditions and traffic jams and the figures about Britain show that personal anger and stress are nothing 1.________ (compare) to the real costs socially. The author's friend advises doing the following five things：
·Use your legs. In 2014, over 55% of car journeys were under eight kilometres, and we could 2.________ (easy) walk or cycle. Leg power can save your money, keep you fit and help you live longer. Regular exercise also cuts the risk of heart disease 3.________ 50%!
·Use public transport. Up to 90 people can travel in one bus, while 4.________ same number will need at least 18 cars. Sometimes it can take a little bit 5.________ (long), but we can relax, read a book or talk to someone.
·Think before you go. Before you get into your car, think about 6.________ you really need 7.________ (make) that journey.
·Share cars. If you really have to use a car, share 8.________ (journey) with someone else. It is much cheaper and kinder to the environment.
·Take action! There is something we can do about the noise, 9.________ (pollute) and danger of traffic. If your street is 10.________ (fill) with heavy traffic, talk to your neighbours about it. Write to the papers. Go to the city government. Ask for a speed limit. Do whichever of these things that suit you. Don't just sit around and complain！
教材助读.开放课堂
[教材原文]
Part 1
“This morning, it took me 40 minutes to go downtown①. More roadworks② on the A10！”
“Oh really It took me over an hour. There was an accident on the M11.”
How often have you heard these conversations How often do we get stuck③ in traffic jams④？ How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out⑤， tired and angry For many people, the answer is every day. But personal anger⑥ and stress are nothing compared to⑦ the real costs socially. Here are some figures⑧ about Britain：
In the last 20 years, the number of⑨ cars on the roads has gone up by⑩ 25%. There are now 32 million cars.
Over the last decade ， an average of 2，500 people have died every year in vehicle accidents.
Traffic is one of the major causes of global warming and climate change, as car engines produce various types of greenhouse gases .
Almost 30，000 deaths per year are caused by air pollution.
Some types of cancer are related to traffic pollution.
Part 2
We know that cars are bad for us. But we all make excuses ：“The buses are terrible”； “The trains are always late”；“I haven't got time to walk”. I'm talking about myself, too. To be frank ， I'm addicted to my car. When I asked a friend working for a green-living organisation for advice about how to give up, she told me five things：【1】
【1】when引导时间状语从句，working for a green-living organisation现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a friend，she told me five things，主句。
Use your legs. In 2014, over 55% of car journeys were under eight kilometres. Instead of taking short car journeys, we could easily walk or cycle. Leg power can save your money, keep you fit and help you live longer. Regular exercise also cuts the risk of heart disease by 50%!
Use public transport. Up to 90 people can travel in one bus, while the same number will need at least 18 cars. Sometimes it can take a little bit longer, but so what ？ You can relax, read a book, talk to someone—who knows
Think before you go. Do you really have to go to that shopping centre on the other side of town What about the shops around the corner ？ Before you get into your car, think about whether you really need to make that journey.【2】
【2】Before引导时间状语从句，动词原形开头的祈使句，whether引导宾语从句，表示“是否”。
Share cars. If you really have to use a car, share journeys with someone else. It is much cheaper and kinder to the environment.
Take action ！ We often think there is nothing we can do about the noise, pollution and danger of traffic.There is. If your street is full of heavy traffic, talk to your neighbours about it. Write to the papers. Go to the city government. Ask for a speed limit . Do whichever of these things that suit you.【3】 Don't just sit around and complain ！
【3】Do开头的祈使句，that引导定语从句。
All quite simple, isn't it Five easy ways to improve our environment. Well, I'm sorry I have to finish this article, but I've got to pick up my daughter from school at 4 pm.Then I've got to drive to the supermarket to do the shopping. After that, I have to take my son to a party. The traffic is going to be horrible ， but what can I do？
[汉语译文]
第1部分
“今天早上，我花了40分钟去市中心。A10公路上的很多地方在施工(roadworks道路施工)！”
“真的吗？我花了一个多小时。M11公路上发生了一起事故。”
你每隔多久会听到这样的谈话？有多少次我们碰到交通堵塞(traffic jam)而动弹不得 (stuck 卡住的，无法移动的)？又有多少次，我们抵达工作地点或学校时感到心力交瘁(stressed out)、心烦气躁？对很多人来说，答案是每天。但是和真正的社会损失相比，个人的愤怒(anger)和焦虑根本不值一提。以下是一些关于英国的数据：
·在过去的20年里，道路上的汽车数量增加了25%。现在有3 200万辆汽车。
·在过去十年(decade)中，每年平均有2 500人死于交通事故。
·交通是全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车发动机会产生各类温室气体(gas)。
·每年有近3万人死于空气污染。
·多种癌症(cancer)与交通污染有关(be related to)。
第2部分
我们知道汽车会带来危害。但总能找到借口：“公共汽车很糟糕”；“火车总是晚点”；“我没有时间走路”。我说的也包括我自己。坦率地说，我离不开车。当我问一位在绿色生活组织工作的朋友关于如何放弃汽车时，她给了五条建议：
·走路。2014年，超过55%的汽车行程不到8千米。可以轻易地用走路或骑行来代替短途的开车出行。利用脚力行走可以省钱，保持健康并帮助延长寿命。经常(regular)锻炼也能降低50%患心脏病的风险！
·使用公共交通工具。一辆公共汽车最多可以乘坐90人，而乘坐小轿车这些人至少需要18辆车。有时坐公共汽车可能需要更长的时间，但那又怎样？你可以放松一下、读一本书、和别人交谈——谁知道呢？
·出发之前先想想。你真的要去镇上另一边的那个购物中心吗？拐角处的商店怎么样？在上车之前，想想你是否真的需要开车去那个地方。
·共享汽车。如果不得不用车，与其他人共用一辆车。这样更便宜，也更环保。
·采取行动！我们经常觉得面对噪音、污染和交通危险，自己无能为力。其实可以有所为。如果你所在的那条街交通繁忙，去和邻居们谈谈。向媒体反映。去市政府。申请设置限速。做你方便(suit适合)做的任何事情。别光坐在那里抱怨！
这些都很简单，不是吗？五种简单方法就可以改善环境。好吧，很抱歉我要结束这篇文章了，因为下午4点我得去学校接女儿。然后我得开车去超市购物，之后还得带儿子去参加一个派对。交通将会非常糟，但我能怎么办呢？
[词汇注释]
①go downtown到市中心去
②roadworks/'r dw ks/ n．道路施工
③stuck/st k/adj.卡住的，无法移动的
get stuck in 陷入；困于
④traffic jam交通堵塞
jam/d m/n.拥挤，堵塞；果酱
⑤stressed out 焦虑的
⑥anger/' ɡ /n.愤怒；怒气
in anger气愤地
be filled with anger满腔怒火
⑦compared to/with 与……相比
be nothing compared to
与……相比微不足道
⑧figure n．数据，数字
⑨the number of……的数量
a number of大量的……
⑩go up by上升了……，增加了……
decade/'deke d/n.十年，十年期
in/over the past decade 在过去的十年里
an average of... 平均……
on average平均来看
gas/g s/n.气，气体
greenhouse gases温室气体
per year每年
cancer/'k ns /n.癌症
be related to
与……有关联
relate/r 'le t/vi.相联系，有关联
be bad for对……有害
make excuses找借口
to be frank说实话，老实说，坦率地说(常用作插入语)
be addicted to对……上瘾；沉迷于……
ask sb. for advice向某人征求意见
instead of代替，而不是
keep sb. fit使某人保持健康
regular/'reɡj l /adj.
定期的，有规律的
(反：irregular adj.不规律的
regular exercise
经常锻炼
cut the risk of降低……的风险
a little bit有点儿，些许
so what那又怎样
around the corner
在拐角处
share journeys with sb.和某人同行(此处指共用一辆车)
much cheaper便宜得多
much修饰形容词比较级，表示程度。
take action (to do sth.)
采取行动(做某事)
be full of充满，满是
ask for请求，要求
speed limit限速
suit/sju t/vt.适合 n．套装
sit around 无所事事(＝sit about)
complain v．抱怨
pick up (开车) 接……
pick up还有其他含义：捡起；改善，好转；(偶然)学会；接电话等。
horrible adj.极坏的，十分讨厌的
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．stuck adj.卡住的，无法移动的 stick n．棍、手杖 v．坚持；伸出；粘贴；卡住，陷住
(教材原句)How do you feel when you get stuck in traffic jams？当你遇到交通堵塞时，你是什么感觉？
get/be stuck in 陷入……中，困在……中
get/be stuck with 被……缠住，无法摆脱……
be stuck on sb. 非常喜欢某人
be stuck on sth. 被……卡住/难住
stick to 坚持(to为介词)
stick with 继续做；跟着……
stick out 坚持到底；伸出；突出；显眼
stick it out 坚持下去
stick to the point 紧扣主题
stick in sb.'s mind 铭记于心
stick by each other 互相支持，不离不弃
stick to the rules 遵守规则
The car got stuck in the mud and had to rely on horses to get rid of it.
那辆小汽车陷在了泥浆之中，不得不依靠马匹来脱离困境。
We should never have hired Jean, but now it looks like we are stuck with her.
我们真不该雇用琼，不过现在看起来我们好像摆脱不了她了。
The man was stuck on his new girlfriend but he was stuck on her greedy demands for money.
这位男士很喜欢他新交的女朋友，但是她对金钱的贪婪需求把他给难住了。
He is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.他因为看到沙尘暴、疾病以及困在数英里外海上的渔船而感到难过。
I had a student today who got his finger stuck inside a test tube in chemical class.
今天的化学课上，我的一个学生的手指卡在试管里了。
I managed to stick to the diet and keep off sweet foods.
我设法坚持节食，不吃甜食。
If you're in a job that keeps you busy, stick with it.
如果有份让你忙忙碌碌的工作，你就要坚持做下去。
[拓展]
be/get trapped in＝be stuck in被困在……
be/get caught in突然遭遇(风暴等)
[教师提示]
(1)过去分词短语stuck in、trapped in、caught in 常用作状语或定语。
(2)keep sticking 老卡住
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick ________ it.
②I could see one end of the letter sticking ________ of John's pocket.
③We were ________ (stick) in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.
④You're stuck ________ your own way of thinking.
⑤This drawer keeps ________ (stick).
写出句中stick的词性及含义
⑥Stick to your principles and tell him you won't do it.________________
⑦The boy disturbed the surface of the pond with a stick.________________
⑧Doran stuck his head out of the window to acknowledge the cheering.________________
2．annoyed adj.感到烦恼的，生气的，感到恼怒的 annoy vt.使恼怒；使烦恼 annoyance n．恼怒；烦恼；使人烦恼的事 annoying adj.恼人的；令人讨厌的
get annoyed with sb. 烦某人
be annoyed (with sb.) at/about sth.
因某事而(对某人)生气
be annoyed to do... 因做……而生气
be annoyed that... 因……而生气
It annoyed me that... 使我生气的是……
to one's annoyance 使某人恼怒的是
find sth. an annoyance 觉得某事让人心烦
naughty and annoying 淘气又惹人厌
[易错警示] 含有“使”“让”之意的动词其-ed形式通常与人有关，其-ing形式通常与事物有关。
He was beginning to get very annoyed with me about my carelessness.因为我粗心大意，他已开始对我非常恼火了。
My mother was annoyed with me for telling lies to her about my grades.(可用于有关亲子关系的记叙文写作中)
妈妈对我在成绩上对她说谎很生气。
Bess was annoyed to find that coffee was not ready.
贝丝因为发现咖啡还没有准备好而恼怒。
The boy is annoyed that he has been kept at home all day.
那个男孩因在家里被关了一整天，感到很厌烦。
What annoys me is that he won't even listen to other people's suggestions.
令我恼怒的是，他对别人的建议连听都不愿听。
The annoying thing about the plan is that it's confusing.
这项计划令人生气的地方是它令人困惑。
To my annoyance, the pupil was late for school again.
令人恼怒的是，此生又上学迟到了。
[语境记忆] I was annoyed at those annoying things because my mind was full of annoyances and those things were annoying me all the time.我因那些令人烦恼的事而生气，因为我的脑子里都是烦恼之事，那些事情一直在困扰我。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He got annoyed ________ his son because the homework was in a mess.
②Her most ________ (annoy) habit was eating with her mouth open.
③Much to our ________ (annoy), they decided not to come after all.
④If you ever get the impression that your dog can “tell” whether you look content or ________ (annoy), you may be onto something.
⑤My brother turned his back on me because he was annoyed ________ my greed.
⑥She was annoyed ________ (learn) that she had failed in the make-up examination.
⑦It really ________ (annoy) me when people expect me to tip as well as paying a service charge in a restaurant.
3．stress n．压力 vt.强调；压、按压
(教材原句)to feel stressed out感到焦虑
stressed out 焦虑的；紧张的；有压力的
be stressed out 焦虑的
look stressed out 看起来焦虑
get stressed out 变得焦虑
get stressed about 对……感到焦虑
cause/reduce stress 造成/减轻压力
deal with stress 应对压力
put/lay/place stress on 强调……
stress the importance of 强调……的重要性
suffer from stress 承受压力
(be)under stress 承受压力
The less we're all stressed out, the better we'll sleep.
我们压力越小，睡眠就越好。
Those who are stressed out are often nervous, upset or ill.
那些焦虑的人经常会紧张、生气或生病。
Brandon is looking pretty stressed out.布兰登看起来很焦虑。
People under stress tend to express their full range of potential.处于压力下的人容易发挥自己全部的潜力。
It is necessary to lay stress on the packing as well as the quality.
将重点放在包装和质量上是必要的。
Stress should be put on the prevention of diseases.
疾病应以预防为主。
[学法点拨]
feel stressed感到紧张(人感到有压力的)
a stressful job一份有压力的工作(事物本身的特点)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Things can easily go wrong when people are ________ stress.
②The teacher laid particular stress ________ honesty.
③I'm under a lot of pressure lately and I'm almost stressed ________．
④It was a ________ job, so he felt very ________ and finally resigned. (stress)完成句子
⑤Those who____________________ (有压力的) are often nervous, angry or ill.
4．anger n．愤怒；怒气 vt.激怒
(教材原句)But personal anger and stress are nothing compared to the real costs socially.但是和真正的社会损失相比，个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一提。
in anger 生气地，气愤地
show anger 显示愤怒；生气
contain/control one's anger 强压怒火
hold back one's anger 控制某人的怒火
be filled with anger＝be full of anger 充满怒气
to one's anger 使某人生气的是
anger sb. 激怒某人
It angers sb. that... 使某人生气的是……
We sometimes do things in anger that we are sorry for afterwards.我们发怒时，有时会做出过后后悔的事来。
He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.
他因遭受如此待遇而满腔怒火。
His bad behaviour was such as to anger everyone.
他的坏行为竟至如此，激怒了每一个人。
It angered me that they had not kept their promise.
他们没有履行诺言，我非常生气。
[拓展] angry adj.生气的；愤怒的(angrier, angriest)
be angry with/at sb.生某人的气
be angry at/about sth.因为某事而生气
be angry about因……生气
be angry to do sth.生气地做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It was more in sorrow than ________ anger that he criticised his former colleague.
②I was very angry ________ him, but now I feel I've got it out of my system.
③He always regrets the things he says and does in a moment of ________ (angry).
④Jack laughed, which made me even ________ (angry).
完成句子
⑤He ________________ (充满了愤怒) at the way his mother had been punished.
⑥The mother ______________________ (因……感到生气) that her son was staying away from school.
5．relate v．相联系，有关联 relation n．关系；联系 relative adj.相对的；关于……的 relatively adv.相比较而言，相对地
(教材原句)Some types of cancer are related to traffic pollution.多种癌症与交通污染有关。
relate to sb./sth. 与某人/某事相关
relate...to... 把……和……联系起来
be related to 与……有关联
(be)closely/strongly related to 与……有密切关系
(be)directly related to 与……有直接关系
in relation to 关于……；与……相比；关于
maintain friendly relations 保持友好的关系
make a relative study 作比较研究
the problems relative to environmental protection
与环保有关的问题
The professor told his students to relate theory to practice.
教授让学生们理论联系实际。
His remarks didn't relate to the topic under discussion.
他说的话与讨论的话题无关。
Word came that our school was going to hold a class meeting whose topic was related to traditional Chinese customs.
有消息说，我们学校将举行主题与中国传统习俗有关的班会活动。
Relatively speaking, land prices are still pretty low here.
相对来说，这里的土地价格还很低。
In relation to the complaint you have made our reply is we can do nothing to improve the quality of these goods.
关于您所提出的意见，我们的答复是：我们无法再提高这些商品的质量。
We should do what we can to maintain our friendly relations.
我们应该尽我们的所能来保持我们之间的友好关系。
At the meeting we discussed the problems relative to environmental protection.
会上，我们讨论了与环境保护有关的问题。
[链接] 同义词组—表示“与……有关联”的其他短语：be linked with/to、be connected with、have something to do with
[语境助记] Word came that our school was going to hold a class meeting whose topic was related to traditional Chinese customs.(that引导同位语从句)
有消息说，我们学校将举行主题与中国传统习俗有关的班会活动。
[易错警示] related to...和connected with...常在句中作后置定语，相当于which/that引导的定语从句。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We must relate these principles ________our everyday work.
②The scientist couldn't relate the phenomenon ________ any theory he knew.
③The satellite remains in one spot ________ (relate) to the earth's surface.
④The police are looking for people ________ (relate) to the accident which happened last night.
⑤Lack of exercise is also a risk factor for heart disease but it's ________ (relative) small when compared with the others.
6．regular adj.定期的，有规律的；经常的；正规的；规则的；惯常的
(教材原句)Regular exercise also cuts the risk of heart disease by 50%！经常锻炼也能降低50%患心脏病的风险！
regular exercise/training 定期锻炼/训练
the regular opening hours 正常营业时间
as regular as clockwork 极有规律
regular meetings 例行会议
on a regular basis 定期地
a regular shape 规则的形状
a regular income 固定收入
pay regular visits to 定期访问
a regular job 固定的工作
There is a regular bus service to the airport.
有公共汽车定时发往机场。
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes, with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks.
许多小学支持走校车路线去上学，定期举行这样的步行活动，由家长陪同。
We're going to be meeting there on a regular basis.
我们将定期在那里见面。
The designer arrives every day at eight, as regular as clockwork.这位设计师每天八点钟到，极有规律。
[拓展]
irregular adj.无规律的；不规则的
an irregular verb不规则动词
irregular meals不定时的进食
regularly adv.定期地；有规律地
take/do exercise regularly经常锻炼
run regularly定期跑步
meet regularly定期会面
breathe regularly呼吸均匀
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①This dictionary has several appendices, including one on ________ (regular) verbs.
②According to medical research, doing exercise ________ a regular basis can release pressure.
完成句子
③The equipment is checked ________________ (定期地).
④We ________________ (开例会) every Monday.
⑤Although ________ (经常锻炼) is very important, it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
7．suit vt.适合；相配；(衣服、款式、颜色等)合身 n．西服；套装
(教材原句)Do whichever of these things that suit you.
做你方便做的任何事情。
(1)suit...to... 使……适合……
be suited to/for 适合……；适宜……
It suits sb. to do sth. 某人适合做某事。
sth.suit(s) sb. 某物适合某人
style or colour suits sb. 款式或颜色适合某人
suit one's needs 满足某人的需求
suit one's taste 满足某人的品味
(2)a smart suit and tie 帅气的西装和领带
a business suit 公务装
a diving suit 潜水服
a suit of armour 一副盔甲
a swimming suit 一套泳装
a suit of uniform 一套制服
I don't think it suits you to have your hair cut short.
我认为你把头发剪短不合适。
The architecture of the house should suit the landscape around.这所房子的建筑风格应与周围的风景相匹配。
This diet is suited to anyone who wants to lose weight fast.
这一食谱适合每一个想要迅速减肥的人。
If you look at all sides of the situation, you'll find probably a solution that suits everyone.
如果你从各个方面看此情况，你就可能会找到适合每个人的解决办法。
[拓展] suitable adj.适宜的，合适的
be suitable for...适合……
The high-intensity workouts are not suitable for people just starting out.
高强度的训练不适合刚开始训练的人。
[语境助记] … you'll find much to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House &...
……在巴克斯顿歌剧院和……你会发现很多以美术、音乐、歌剧和表演艺术来满足各种(人的)品味的东西。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It is the convention for men to wear ________ (suit) on formal occasions.
②The price is too high, and moreover, the house isn't in a ________ (suit) position.
③Employers usually decide within five minutes whether someone is suitable ________ the job.
完成句子
④The girl standing there __________________________ (适合) the job.
⑤If you want to go by bus, __________________________ (那对我也适合).
第二版块|重要短语
1．around the corner在拐角处；在附近；即将来临
(教材原句)What about the shops around the corner
拐角处的商店怎么样？
There is a bank around the corner, but I'm afraid it has already passed its business hours.
在附近有一家银行，但恐怕现在已经过了营业时间了。
have sb. in a corner/get sb. into a corner
使某人陷入困境
cut off a corner (不拐弯而)抄近路
force/drive sb. into a corner 逼得某人走投无路
in the corner 在角落里
at the corner 在拐角处
on the corner 在拐角上
turn the corner 拐过街角；摆脱困境；转危为安
As they turned the corner all the bags slid to one side.
他拐过街角时所有的包都滑到了一边。
They had her in a corner and there was nothing she could do about it.他们已经把她逼得走投无路，她再也无能为力了。
The lawn is damaged here because people cut off the corner.
由于人们不绕角儿走而抄近路，这里的草坪已踩坏了。
[提示] 表示“即将来临”的同义短语：draw near, be approaching
[语境助记]
With the Spring Festival just around the corner, you should start your festive cooking now.
春节快到了，你现在该着手烹饪过节的食物了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①When he is driven ________ a corner, he inevitably loses his temper.
②If we can just turn ________ corner on these technical parts, we'll have it made.
完成句子
③There's a little gift shop ________________________ (在拐角处).
2．sit around无所事事；闲坐
(教材原句)Don't just sit around and complain!
别光坐在那里抱怨！
They seemed to spend most of their time sitting around in bars.
他们似乎花了大部分时间在酒吧里闲坐。
Eve isn't the type to sit around doing nothing.
伊芙不是那种坐在那里无所事事的人。
sit by 坐视不管，无动于衷；坐在……旁边看护
sit in 列席，旁听；参加；代理
sit out 坐在户外；袖手旁观；耐着性子看完或听完
sit up 熬夜；端坐
sit sb. in... 让某人坐在……里
Mother sat by her sick baby all night.
母亲通宵守护着她生病的婴儿。
We're having a meeting and we'd like you to sit in.
我们在召开一个会议，我们想让你参加。
Most people joined in the dance, only a few sat out.
多数人参加了跳舞，只有几个人没参加。
Don't sit up for me—I'll be home very late.
不必坐着等我，我很晚才会到家。
[语境助记]
Don't only sit by! Come and give me your hands!
不要只是袖手旁观，过来帮帮忙！
They sat me in the chair and started asking questions.
他们让我坐在椅子上，开始向我提问。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She set the table and the two of them sat ________ the stove to enjoy a good hot meal together.
完成句子
②We don't allow the children to ______________________ (熬夜).
③Most people in this office______________________________ (只是闲坐) with nothing to do.
第三版块|典型句式
1．in/over/during＋the last/past＋一段时间(常与现在完成时连用)
(教材原句)In the last 20 years, the number of cars on the roads has gone up by 25%.
在过去的20年里，道路上的汽车数量增加了25%。
The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们在过去的三个月里已经举行了10场表演。
[知识拓展] 常与现在完成时连用的结构：
①ever since自从；自……以后
ever since可作介词、连词或副词。可单独使用，也可接名词、短语或从句，其中从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
②It/This/That is the first/second time(that)...第一/二次……，从句应用现在完成时。
③by＋时间(点)，意为“到……时为止”，句子常用完成时。若句中by后接表示过去的时间，句子用过去完成时；若其后接表示现在的时间，句子用现在完成时；若其后接表示将来的时间，句子用将来完成时。
[归纳总结] 现在完成时的标志性时间状语和副词：just(刚刚)、already(已经)、never(从来没有)、ever(曾经)、before(以前)、yet(已经)、once(一次)、twice(两次)、many times(很多次)、how many times(多少次)、so far(迄今为止)、up to now(直到现在)、in/over/during the past/last＋一段时间(在过去的……时间里)，recently/lately(近来)。例如：
I took notes during the meeting, but I haven't had a chance to write them into a report so far.会议期间我做了笔记，但到目前为止我还没有机会把它们写进报告里。
By now, he has answered nine questions.
到目前为止，他已经回答了九个问题。
I've been there already and don't want to go again.
我曾到过那儿，不想再去了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It is the second time I ________ (see) the famous player, but I still feel excited.
②Progress ________ (be) so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
③I ________ (hear) nothing about him up to now.
④It seems to me that I ________ (meet) this man somewhere before.
⑤I have travelled to most of the cities in China ________ five years ago.
⑥Where ________ you ________ (be) this morning We were all anxious about you.
⑦It's weeks ________ I fell ill.
⑧I ________ (be) a member of the committee for 5 years. I ________ (join) it 5 years ago.
⑨We ________ (be) friends ________ we came to the school 3 years ago.
2．as引导原因状语从句
(教材原句)Traffic is one of the major causes of global warming and climate change, as car engines produce various types of greenhouse gases.交通是全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车发动机会产生各类温室气体。
[句式分析] 此句是as引导的原因状语从句，意为“因为……”。
as引导从句的情况小结：
①因为→引导原因状语从句
I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch.
整个会议期间，我一直在看时间，因为我要赶火车。
②随着，当……时→引导时间状语从句
The guide told us his adventures in the Arctic as we went along.
我们走着的时候，这个导游给我们讲了他在北极的历险经历。
③虽然；即使→引导让步状语从句(需要将as后面的表语、状语或谓语提到前面，构成倒装句)
Tired as he was, the general stayed up late.
这位将军虽疲倦，但仍很晚才睡。
④按照……的方式→引导方式状语从句
I have changed it as you suggested.我已按你的建议把它改了。
⑤正如，如同→引导非限制性定语从句
Mr.Smith is chosen to represent the company at the conference, as is often the case.
史密斯先生被选出来在会议上代表公司，这是经常的事。
[即学即练] 指出下面句子中as是引导什么从句，并将句子译成汉语。
①As you were out, I left a message for you.
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②As she grew older, she gained in confidence.
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③Try as he might(＝However hard he tried), he couldn't open the door.
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④They did as I had asked.
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⑤As you know, Julia is leaving soon.
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课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The medicine is effective against ________ (癌症).
2．It is difficult to ________ (联系) these results with any recognised cause.
3．They have set a ________ (定期的，有规律的) time for vocational study to prevent distraction.
4．He was an outgoing man in his forties, smartly dressed in a ________ (套装) and tie.
5．________ (道路施工) are causing traffic jams in the city centre.
6．He was unable to hold back his ________ (怒火) and contributed to a fight.
7．The storm left a mass of ________ (毁坏) behind.
8．He said that his car had got ________ (陷入) in a traffic jam.
9．She sat there, silently annoyed at the traffic ________ (阻塞).
10．I'm ________ (恼火) by his bad manners.
11．The historical article described the major events of the ________ (十年).
12．Capital construction is under way at a couple of ________ (汽油) fields.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be annoyed at, be compared to, go up by, be addicted to, instead of, make excuses, get stuck in, traffic jam, stressed out, be related to
1．Our tense work can ____________ a battle.
2．Sometimes we choose to ____________ TV series or games to consume time.
3．____________ applying herself to her lessons, Mary spends her time building a castle in the air.
4．To find methods for success but not ____________ for failure.
5．The cab drivers who knew about the ____________ switched to another road.
6．They can sometimes ____________ unusual disease or infection.
7．Your lover may ____________ your behaviour.
8．Production ____________ 25% this month.
9．That means vehicles fitted with them will not ____________ the valley.
10．If you are ____________， strive to lessen your burden.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．You should remain modest when ________ (approach) perfection.
2．He had tried to coax (哄) the dog to him but, ________ (frighten), it had run off.
3．A man should learn ________ (suit) ways to deal with life.
4．Naomi managed to figure ________ 16 of Steve's favourite, and most personal, songs.
5．Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, ________ (compare) to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
6．You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related ________ your commitment.
7．Jack is leaving early to avoid getting ________ (stick) in traffic.
8．Who hasn't received an email so ________ (annoy) that it ruined an entire day
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．Hardly could I ________________ (抑制我的愤怒) when I heard that you broke your promise.
2．With the final exam ________________ (即将来临), I am very nervous and in low spirits because I am afraid of letting my parents down.
3．The group meets ________________ (定期), usually weekly or biweekly.
4．We can't ________________(坐视不理) and watch our planet destroyed.
5．The school should create an environment that __________________________ (适合学生学习).
Section D Lesson 3 The Road to Destruction
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．decade 2.stuck 3.jam 4.cancer 5.suit 6.traffic
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．stick; stick; stuck 2.annoy; annoyed; annoying; annoyance
3．anger; anger; angry 4.relate; relation; relative; relatively
5．regular; regularly 6.suit; suit; suitable 7.destroy; destruction; destructive 8.organisation; organ 9.pollute; pollution 10.predict; prediction
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．go downtown 2.get stuck in traffic jams 3.compared to/with... 4.go up by 5.make excuses 6.to be frank 7.be addicted to 8.ask sb. for advice 9.give up 10.a little bit 11.so what 12.on the other side of... 13.around the corner
1．在过去的十年中 2.平均…… 3.温室气体 4.多种癌症 5．与……有关联 6.代替，而不是 7.使某人保持健康 8.定期锻炼，经常锻炼 9.降低……的风险 10.采取行动(做某事) 11.无所事事 12.改善我们的环境 13.(开车)接某人
课文研析·语篇理解
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．A 2.A 3.B 4.C
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
1．compared 2.easily 3.by 4.the 5.longer 6.whether
7．to make 8.journeys 9.pollution 10.filled
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①to ②out ③stuck ④in ⑤sticking ⑥动词，坚持 ⑦名词，棍 ⑧动词，伸出
2．①with ②annoying ③annoyance ④annoyed ⑤at/about ⑥to learn ⑦annoys
3．①under ②on ③out ④stressful; stressed ⑤are stressed out
4．①in ②with ③anger ④angrier ⑤was filled with anger
⑥was angry
5．①to ②to ③relative ④related ⑤relatively
6．①irregular ②on ③on a regular basis ④hold/have regular meetings ⑤taking regular exercise
7．①suits ②suitable ③for ④is suitable for ⑤that suits me fine, too
第二版块|重要短语
1．①into ②the ③around the corner
2．①by ②sit up ③just sit around
第三版块|典型句式
1．①have seen ②has been ③have heard ④have met
⑤since ⑥have; been ⑦since ⑧have been; joined
⑨have been; every since
2．①因为你不在，所以我给你留言了。(原因状语从句)
②随着年龄的增长，她的信心增强了。(时间状语从句)
③他想尽了办法也没能打开门。(让步状语从句)
④他们是按照我的要求做的。(方式状语从句)
⑤你是知道的，朱莉娅马上要离开了。(定语从句)
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．cancer 2.relate 3.regular 4.suit 5.Roadworks
6．anger 7.destruction 8.stuck 9.jam 10.annoyed
11．decade 12.gas
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．be compared to 2.be addicted to 3.Instead of 4.make excuses 5.traffic jam 6.be related to 7.be annoyed at 8.goes up by 9.get stuck in 10.stressed out
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．答案与解析：approaching 时间状语从句中省略了you are。句意：当你趋近完美时，你应该保持谦虚。
2．答案与解析：frightened 形容词作原因状语。句意：他曾试图哄那只狗到他跟前，但它由于害怕跑掉了。
3．答案与解析：suitable 形容词作定语。句意：一个人应该学会应付生活的适当方法。
4．答案与解析：out figure out想出；弄清楚。句意：娜奥米设法想出了16首史蒂夫最喜欢、最个人化的歌曲。
5．答案与解析：compared compared to与……相比。句意：在健康状况良好的女性中，5%的人患上了失智症，而在健康状况中等的女性中，这一比例为25%，在健康状况不佳的女性中，这一比例为32%。
6．答案与解析：to be related to与……有关联。句意：你还需要判断你的动机的质量和深度。这很重要，因为它直接关系到你的承诺。
7．答案与解析：stuck get stuck in陷入……中。句意：杰克要提早出发以避免遇上堵车。
8．答案与解析：annoying 修饰名词email要用-ing形式的形容词。句意：谁没有收到过令人如此生气以至于毁了一整天的电子邮件呢？
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．hold back my anger 2.around the corner
3．on a regular basis 4.sit by
5．is suitable for students to study inSection G 单元主题写作——环境保护
1．写作任务
假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Jim对保护大熊猫很关心，请你给他写一封邮件，介绍相关信息，内容包括：
1．保护措施；
2．取得的成就。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim，
How is everything going？
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Yours，
Li Hua
2．写作思路
(1)一审：体裁、结构和主题
体裁：应用文——信息介绍
结构：三段
主题：大熊猫保护
(2)二定：时态与人称
时态：一般现在时为主
人称：第三人称为主
(3)三明确：写作要点
①提出写作目的
②保护措施：建立保护区、制定法律、救助大熊猫
③取得成就：数量增加、由“濒危”到“易危”
3．素材整理
(1)关键词语
①be concerned about关注
②related information相关信息
③close to being extinct濒临灭绝
④dozens of数十个
⑤conservation areas保护区
⑥apart from除……之外
⑦ban hunting pandas illegally禁止非法猎杀大熊猫
⑧rescue pandas in danger拯救处于危险中的大熊猫
⑨thanks to constant efforts由于不懈的努力
⑩the number of pandas大熊猫的数量
be classified from “endangered” to “vulnerable”被从“濒危”分类到“易危”
(2)完成句子
①我很高兴你如此关注大熊猫，让我来跟你分享一下相关信息。
________ that you're so ________________ pandas, let me ________ related information with you.
②你知道，大熊猫一直都是濒危动物，曾经濒临灭绝。
________ you know, pandas have long been an ________ animal and once _______________________________．
③为了保护大熊猫，数十个保护区被建立，这样它们的栖息地就不会被破坏了。
In order to protect pandas, ________________________ are set up ________________ their habitats won't be ________．
④不仅制定了法律禁止非法猎杀大熊猫，而且还努力救助处于危险中的大熊猫。
Not only ________________________ to ban hunting pandas illegally, ________ great efforts are made to ________ pandas in danger.
⑤已经有数百只大熊猫被救助了。
Hundreds of pandas ________________________ ever since.
⑥多亏了不断的努力，大熊猫的数量已经变得如此多，以至于它们已经被从“濒危”分类到“易危”了。
________________ constant efforts, ________________ of pandas has become so big ________ pandas have been classified ________ “endangered” ________ “vulnerable”．
4．整理成文
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5．写作练习
假设你是李华，为了保护环境，中国许多城市正在推行垃圾分类，请你向你校英文报纸投稿，介绍你们社区垃圾分类中的小故事，内容包括：
1．人们的看法；
2．人们的做法；
3．你的感想。
注意：词数80左右。
Waste Sorting
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Section G 单元主题写作——环境保护
3．素材整理
(2)①Glad; concerned about; share
②As; endangered; close to being extinct
③dozens of conservation areas; so that; destroyed
④are laws made; but; rescue/save
⑤have been saved/rescued
⑥Thanks to; the number; that; from; to
4．整理成文
(注：黑体部分为本单元的重点词汇)
Dear Jim，
How is everything going Glad that you're so concerned about pandas, let me share related information with you.
As you know, pandas have long been an endangered animal and once close to being extinct. In order to protect them, dozens of conservation areas are set up so that their habitats won't be destroyed. Apart from that, not only have laws been passed to ban hunting pandas illegally but great efforts are made to rescue pandas in danger. Hundreds of pandas have been saved ever since.
Thanks to constant efforts, the number of pandas has become so big that pandas have been classified from “endangered” to “vulnerable”．
Yours，
Li Hua
5．写作练习
参考范文：
(注：黑体部分为本单元的重点词汇)
Waste Sorting
Waste sorting has become a fashion in some cities. Having realized it's mankind that is to blame for the destruction of the environment, people are all in favor of it. People in my community all take an active part. For instance, some people volunteer to act as instructors, introducing ways of sorting rubbish. Others are involved in activities spreading knowledge of waste sorting.
I consider it a worthwhile project. In no case shall I avoid doing my own part．Section B Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 物种，种
2．____________ adj. 大量的
3．____________ vt. 责怪，指责
4．____________ vi. & vt. (使)孵化
5．____________ adj. 太阳光(能)的
6．____________ n. 小行星
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ adj.异常的；不平常的→________ adj.通常的；平常的→________ adv.通常地；平常地→________ adv.异常地；不平常地
2．________ v．变化；不同→________ adj.各种各样的，形形色色的→________ adj.各种各样的→________ n．种类；多样化
3．________ vt.影响→________ n．喜爱；钟爱→________ adj.感情的→________ adj.感人的→________ n．影响；效果
4．________ v．危害；使遭受危险→________ adj.濒危的
5．________ vt.(使)恢复→________ n．恢复；归还
6．________ vt. & vi.减少→________ vt. & vi.增加
7．species n．种，物种→________ adj.具体的→________ adj.专门的，特别的
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 彻底毁灭
2．________________ 并不罕见
3．________________ 事实上
4．________________ 第三次大灭绝
5．________________ 各种各样的原因
6．________________ ……的下降
7．________________ (对某事)负有责任
8．________________ 依靠，依赖
9．________________ 处境危险，受到威胁
10．________________ 动植物之间的自然平衡
11．________________ 没有空气可以呼吸
12．________________ 采取行动
13．________________ 采取措施做某事
14．________________ 拯救濒危物种
15．________________ 建立
16．________________ 太阳能
将英文短语译成汉语
1．global warming ________________
2．due to ________________
3．that is ________________
4．than normal ________________
5．be dying out ________________
6．be destroyed ________________
7．up to ________________
8．wind energy ________________
9．reduce pollution ________________
10．in short ________________
课文研析.语篇理解
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．What can we know from the first paragraph
A．Extinctions are unusual in our Earth's history.
B．Dinosaurs died out in the third extinction.
C．Human activity may cause the sixth extinction.
D．Global warming leads to the extinctions.
2．Why does the author mention the 2015 study by scientists
A．To show the fame of the two universities.
B．To show humans speed up the extinction of species.
C．To prove the importance of the natural balance.
D．To show the side effects of the study.
3．What should we do to avoid the sixth extinction according to the text
A．We should change the way of our life completely.
B．We should protect the planet that we live on.
C．We should reduce the usage of water, air and land.
D．We should stop water, air and land pollution.
4．What is the author's attitude towards the mass extinction in this text
A．Uninterested. B．Concerned.
C．Skeptical. D．Supportive.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Extinctions, where entire species 1.________ (wipe) out, are not unusual in our Earth's history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. The reasons for extinctions are 2.________ (vary). Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be 3.________ (blame). A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times 4.________ (fast) than normal. 5.________ is clear that human activity has 6.________ (negative) affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants. If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists 7.________ have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be at risk of 8.________ (die) out. Experts say that if we take action now, a sixth mass extinction can be avoided. This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. 9.________ short, if we want to survive, we need to stop 10.________ (destroy) the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
教材助读·开放课堂
[教材原文]
Extinctions, where entire species① are wiped out② , are not unusual③in our Earth's history. In fact, over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct. In the last 500 million years④， there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended. These include the third mass⑤ extinction, known as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% to 96% of all species 【1】. And the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs. The reasons for extinctions are varied⑥. According to scientists, they include volcanic eruptions, asteroids⑦ hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease⑧ of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction. This time, human activity will be to blame⑨.
【1】画线部分中“known as the ‘Great Dying’”为过去分词短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰the third mass extinction。
Although it is not unusual for species to die out⑩ naturally, the rate at which this is now happening 【2】 is cause for concern . A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is ， the “background extinction rate”. They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal .There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out 【3】： air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
【2】画线部分为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰the rate。介词at的选用是考虑到与rate搭配。
【3】画线部分为why引导的定语从句，修饰reasons, why在从句中作状语。
If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out 【4】. Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out. Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants. Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive 【5】．
【5】该句为含蓄条件句。介词短语Without forests和without clean water相当于条件，“we would have no air to breathe”和“we would be unable to survive”表示与现在事实相反的假设。
Can a sixth extinction be avoided Experts say that it is not yet too late, if we take action now. This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live. For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy, such as wind and solar energy. We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water, air and land pollution. In short ， if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
Case Study
The Black Robin
Black robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction. In 1980, there were only five black robins left in the world. They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand. Only one of those birds, a female called Old Blue, was able to lay eggs .Wildlife workers began a programme for raising black robin chicks. They protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch ， and took care of the chicks. Thanks to their efforts, there are now more than 250 black robins, and the population is spreading. To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them, such as mice and cats from the islands where they live.
[汉语译文]
物种灭绝，即整个物种(species)的完全消失(wipe out)，在地球的历史上并不罕见(unusual)。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次大(mass)灭绝，在那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6 600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因各不相同(varied)。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星(asteroid)从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降(decrease)和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这一次，应归咎于[be to blame(对某事)负有责任]人类活动。
虽然物种的自然灭绝(die out)并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。2015年美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响(affect)，包括动物和植物。
研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也有可能濒临(be at risk)灭绝。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变生活方式。例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的(endangered)物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行方式，例如风能和太阳(solar)能。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简而言之，如果想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。
案例研究
黑知更鸟
黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上。其中只有一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护老蓝的蛋，帮助它们孵化(hatch)，并照顾幼鸟。由于他们的努力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存下去，人们正在恢复(restore)黑知更鸟的栖息地并移除捕杀它们的小动物，例如岛上的老鼠和猫。
[词汇注释]
①species/'spi i z/
n．物种，种
②wipe out彻底毁灭
wipe/wa p/vt.擦；拭
③unusual/ n'ju u l/
adj.异常的；不平常的
④in/over/during the last/past 500 million years
在过去的五亿年里(常与现在完成时连用)
⑤mass/m s/adj.大量的
the third mass extinction
第三次大灭绝
⑥varied/'ve rid/adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
varied reasons各种各样的原因(＝various reasons)
⑦asteroid/' st r d/
n．小行星
⑧decrease/d 'kri s/
n．减少；减少的量 vi. & vt.减少
the decrease of
……的下降
decrease by减少/下降了……
decrease to减少/下降到……
⑨be to blame (对某事)负有责任
blame/ble m/vt.责怪，指责
⑩die out消失；绝迹，灭绝
at the rate (of)
以(……的)速度
(a) cause for concern引起……的重视/担忧
due to由于
that is即，也就是说，换言之
that is为插入语，等同于that is to say, namely等。
cause...to do sth.
使……做某事，
导致……做某事
than normal比正常情况
negatively adv.消极地；否定地
negative adj.消极的；否定的
affect/ 'fekt/vt.影响
up to多达；由……决定；从事
It's up to you.
由你决定。
What are you up to lately
你最近忙些什么？
depend on依靠，依赖；取决于
同义短语：rely on
be at risk处境危险，受到威胁
take action采取行动
take steps/measures
采取措施
take steps to do sth.采取措施做某事
endangered/ n'de nd d/adj.濒危的
set up建立；建起
solar/'s l /adj.
太阳光(能)的
solar energy太阳能
in short简而言之
同义：in a word/in brief
off the coast
海岸附近
lay eggs下蛋，产卵
raise v．(熟词生义)饲养，培育
hatch/h t /vi. & vt.(使)孵化
thanks to由于，幸亏
restore/r 'st /
vt.(使)恢复
habitat n．(动植物的)生活环境，栖息地
wildlife habitat野生动植物栖息地
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．unusual adj.异常的；不平常的；独特的，与众不同的 usual adj.平常的；通常的；惯常的 ,usually adv.通常，平常
This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
这次我们待在一起，以防有什么不寻常的其他事情发生。
an unusual method 不寻常的方法
an unusual feature 不寻常的特点
unusual circumstances 异常状况
an unusual ability 非凡的才能
as usual 像往常一样
than usual 比平时……
It is usual (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是常有的事。
It's unusual (for sb.) to do sth. (某人)做某事是不寻常的。
It was not unusual for him to work very late every night.
每天工作到深夜对他来说是很平常的事。
As usual the festival is marked by gifts known as mooncakes, representing the full moon on that day.
在这个节日里照常以送月饼作为礼物，代表中秋的满月。
[构词法知识] un-＋adj.→反义词：unable不能的；unhappy不开心的；unlucky不幸的；unknown不出名的；unwilling不愿意的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The next morning, everyone in the family came to know about the ________ (usual) guest.
②____________ usual, the generous gentleman gave a lot of new books to this school.
③It is usual for him ________ (go) to the office on foot.
完成句子
④The participants waited outside the cafe ________________ (像往常一样).
2．mass adj.大量的，大规模的；民众的 n．团，块，堆；大量，许多；群众
(教材原句)These include the third mass extinction...
这其中包括第三次大灭绝……
(1)on a mass scale 大规模地
mass production 大批量生产
the mass market 大众市场
the mass media 大众传媒
weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器
a mass protest 大规模抗议
(2)a mass of/masses of 大量的
the mass of... ……中的大多数
the masses 群众
These instruments have already gone into mass production.
这些仪器已经大规模投入生产。
Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale．[“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，由于宾语较长，将宾补(possible)移到了宾语(machines that...)之前]最近的发展使能够大规模打印、烹饪和供应食物的机器成为可能。
The cold air masses are moving from Siberia towards Inner Mongolia.冷气团正由西伯利亚向内蒙古移动。
A mass of flowers appeared in my vision and the air was filled with pleasing sweetness.
大片鲜花映入眼帘，空气中弥漫着迷人的甜味。
[误区警示] “a mass of/masses of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于of后面的名词。
A mass of books were sent to Project Hope.
大量的书籍被送往希望工程。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Masses of evidence ________ (show) that the major cause of the accident is his carelessness, and a mass of citizens ________ (be) in favour of this idea.
②Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and ____________ (大量的) color.
写出句中mass的词性及含义
③We can hardly do without the help of the masses.________
④Large masses of cloud was moving towards here.________
⑤The advertising agency intended the advertisement to target a mass audience.________
3．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的；多变的 vary v．变化，不同，相异 various adj.各种各样的,variety n．种类；多样化
(教材原句)The reasons for extinctions are varied.
灭绝的原因各不相同。
(1)varied opinions 各种不同的意见
a wide and varied selection of cheeses
种类繁多的可供选择的奶酪
a full and varied life 丰富多彩的生活
(2)vary between... and... 在两种情况之间变化；在
两种事物之间存在差异
vary from... to... 从……到……不等/变化
vary in colour 颜色各异
vary with the season 随季节而变迁
opinions vary 众说纷纭
(3)for various reasons 由于多种原因
(4)varieties of 各种各样的
a great/wide variety of 多种多样的
People in modern times are trying to have a varied and balanced diet to improve their living quality.
现代人正在努力尝试多样化、均衡的饮食，以提高生活质量。
It's essential that your diet is varied and balanced.
关键是你的饮食要多样化，并保持均衡。
Her feelings varied between joy and fear as she watched him fight.她在观看他打拳击的时候，时而喜悦，时而担心。
Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.
从绿色到蓝色，海洋的颜色不尽相同，这取决于浮游植物的类型和浓度。
He decided to leave school for various reasons.
由于各种各样的原因，他决定离开学校。
[拓展] vary in在……方面不同
vary with随……而变化
vary according to...根据……而变化
vary from place to place因地而异
vary from person to person因人而异
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The theme park features ________ (vary) entertainment, attracting ________ (variety) of tourists.
②These cars vary ________ size, price, colour and so on.
③The importance of being an Olympian will vary ________ athlete to athlete.
④The meaning of silence ________ (vary) among cultural groups.
一句多译
他在他的花园里种植了各种各样的花。
⑤________________________________________________________________________
⑥________________________________________________________________________
⑦________________________________________________________________________
4．decrease n．减少；减少的量 vi & vt.减少 同义词：reduce， fall 反义词：increase， rise
(教材原句)… the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.
……海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。
(1)a decrease in... ……的减少
on the decrease 在减少
a decrease of 40 percent 40%的降幅
(2)decrease (from...) to... (从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)
decrease by... 减少了……(表示减少的量)
decrease in... 在……方面减少
a decreasing population 逐渐减少的人口
decrease the amount of fat 减少脂肪的摄入量
A local newspaper remarked that crime was on the decrease.
一家地方报纸评论说犯罪活动在减少。
There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors.
来访者数量持续减少。
The oil price has a decrease of 35 percent.
油价出现了35%的降幅。
Negative self-talk damages self-confidence and decreases self-respect.消极的自我对话会损害自信心，降低自尊心。
The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.今年新生人数从210减少到160。
Car sales have decreased by 20 percent this year.
今年的汽车销量下降了20%。
In order to keep healthy, we should decrease the amount of fat and increase the amount of exercise.
为了保持健康，我们应该减少脂肪的摄入量，增加锻炼量。
[易错警示]
decrease
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The number of people commenting on the matter is ________ the decrease.
②Fatal road accidents ____________ (decrease) in frequency over recent years.
③The number of the audience who took part in the activity decreased ________ 20% ________ over 1，000.
汉译英
④这种鸟的数量在逐年减少。
________________________________________________________________________
5．blame vt.责怪，指责；把……归咎于 n．责备；过失
(教材原句)This time, human activity will be to blame.
这一次，应归咎于人类活动。
(1)blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
blame sb. for... 因……而指责某人；
把……归咎于某人
be to blame (for sth.)＝accept/take/bear the blame for...
应(为……)承担责任；该(为……)受责备(主动形式表示被动意义)
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for 对……负责；承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.
把某事归咎于某人
If you lose your job, you'll only have yourself to blame.
如果你丢掉工作，你只能责怪你自己。
The scientists believe that rising sea surface temperatures are to blame for the damage to the marine ecosystem.
科学家们认为不断上升的海面温度是海洋生态系统破坏的罪魁祸首。
Many times it's our parents who take the blame for what should have been taken by ourselves.(it is...who强调句式；should have done表示本该做的事情)
很多时候父母承担了本该由我们自己来承担的责任。
He tried to put/lay the blame on someone else.
他试图把责任推到别人头上。
[归纳拓展]
与blame sb. for...结构类似的搭配还有：
thank sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而感谢某人
admire sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而赞赏某人
praise sb. for (doing) sth.
因(做)某事而表扬某人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①You can't blame the rise in prices ________ the government.
②There is a sense in which we are all to blame ________ the tragedy.
完成句子
③I'm not going to sit around and ________________________ (为……承担责任) a mistake he made.
④If I mess up, I must accept that and not try to __________________________ (把责任推到……身上) others.
一句两译
被污染的水是这种疾病传播的罪魁祸首。
⑤________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________(blame v．)
⑥________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________(blame n．)
6．affect vt.影响；(感情上)深深打动，使悲伤(或怜悯等)；(疾病)侵袭，使感染
(教材原句)It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
affect sb. greatly 对某人影响很大
affect one's decision 影响某人的决定
be affected by 被……感动/影响
be greatly/deeply affected 很/深受感动
be affected by heat/cold 中暑/着凉
affected areas 疫区；受影响地区
An unhappy home environment can affect children's behaviour.不幸的家庭环境可能对孩子的行为造成影响。
Looking at family photos and possessions that affected him, he actively recalled the best and worst moments he shared with his family.(现在分词短语作伴随状语，表达的动作伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生)
看着让他感动的家庭照片和物品，他主动回忆起和家人在一起的最美好和最糟糕的时刻。
This disease affects millions of people in the world every year.这种病每年都使世界上数百万人受到感染。
[拓展]
affection n．喜爱，钟爱；(pl.)爱情
have/show/develop (an) affection for
深爱着……/表达/培养对……的好感
Every mother has an affection for her children.每个母亲都爱她的孩子。
influence sb./sth.影响某人/某事
have a bad influence on对……有负面影响
have an effect/impact on对……有影响
[即学即练] 写出句中affect的含义
①She was affected to tears by their performance.____________
②These viruses affect children and are highly infectious.____________
③More than seven million people have been affected by drought.____________
单句语法填空
④People of different ages and genders show ________ (affect) in different ways.
⑤Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing ________ (affect) performance.
7．endangered adj.濒危的 endanger vt.危害；危及；使处于险境
(教材原句)For example, we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。
(1)endangered animals/plants 濒危动/植物
an endangered species 濒危物种
the endangered languages 濒临灭绝的语言
a reserve for endangered species 一个濒危物种保护区
preserve endangered species from extinction 保护濒危物种不灭绝
(2)endanger one's life 危及某人生命
endanger one's health 危害健康
endanger the species 危及物种
endanger one's future 危及某人的未来
This rare bird has become an endangered species.
这种稀有鸟类已成为濒临灭绝的物种。
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their reproduction.
克里斯和蒂姆在一家动物园工作，帮助濒危的鹤繁衍后代。
Pollution endangers our health.污染危害我们的健康。
Development of the area would endanger wildlife.
这一地区的发展将会危及野生动物。
That one mistake seriously endangered the future of the company.那一个失误严重危及了公司的未来。
[拓展] danger n．危险
be in danger处于危险中
out of danger脱离危险
in danger of extinction有灭绝的危险
The plant is now in danger of extinction because of the loss of its habitat.
由于栖息地的丧失，这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①As is known to all, the panda is ________ danger of becoming extinct.
②Levels of waste from the factory may be ________ danger to public health.
③The society was set up to preserve ________ (endanger) species from extinction.
完成句子
④Poisonous gas blows off and ______________________________ (危及生命) of hundreds of people.
⑤Nature reserves have protected ________________________ (许多濒危动物) from decreasing in number.
8．restore vt.(使)恢复；修复，复原；归还
(教材原句)To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them...
为了帮助它们生存下去，人们正在恢复黑知更鸟的栖息地并移除捕杀它们的小动物……
restore order 恢复秩序
restore harmony 恢复和谐
restore the old town square 整修古镇广场
restore documents 恢复文件
restore production 恢复生产
restore buildings 修复建筑物
restore belief/faith in 恢复对……的信任
restore one's vision/confidence 恢复视力/信心
restore one's sight 恢复某人的视力
The old painting was damaged in the flood and had to be painstakingly restored.
那幅古画在洪水中遭到毁坏，必须精心修复。
Her friend's kindness has restored her faith in human nature.她朋友的善意使她恢复了对人性的信心。
We will restore her to health but it may take time.
我们会让她恢复健康，但这或许需要时间。
[拓展]
restore sth. to sth.
使某物恢复到某种状态
restore to life苏醒过来
restore to恢复到
be restored to health恢复健康
restore her to health使她康复
be restored to被还原/恢复到……
be restored to sb.被归还给某人
restoration n．恢复；归还
await restoration等待修复
carry out/undertake restoration进行修复
under restoration修复中
in need of restoration需要修复
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①His recent success has helped to restore his faith ________ his own ability.
②The ________ (restore) to the castle took a year and cost a lot of money.
完成句子
③In a few minutes Tom ______________________ (慢慢苏醒过来).
④We all sincerely hope that the patient will soon __________________________ (恢复健康).
第二版块|重要短语
1．die out消失；绝迹，灭绝
(教材原句)How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out
到现在为止，地球上有多少次生物几乎灭绝？
die away (声音、风或光)逐渐消失；逐渐减弱
die down (火、兴奋程度等)逐渐变弱；逐渐平息；逐渐暗淡
die off 相继死去，先后死去
die from/of 因……而死
be dying for/to do sth. 极想要某物/渴望做某事
His shine will not die out even though several decades have passed by.即使时光流转几十载，他的光芒也未消失。
This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。
[易混比较]
①die out(物种等)灭绝；(风俗等)消失→侧重“消失，消亡”
②die away(声音、光线、风等)逐渐减弱
The wind died_away at dusk.黄昏时风逐渐减弱了。
③die down(火、掌声等)逐渐变弱；逐渐平息
The fire had died_down and the cabin was getting cold.
火已经熄了，小屋渐渐变冷了。
The noise has died_down．喧闹声逐渐消失了。
④die off(家庭、种族等)相继死去→有个递减的次序
Many trees are dying_off for lack of water.
由于缺水，许多树相继枯死。
[语境助记]
The deer in the forest are all dying off from disease.森林中的鹿一个接一个地病死了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Their food ran out and they eventually died ________ hunger.
②The trees have been dying ________ during the severe winter, and there are few left.
③Now that the cheers had died ________， the circus tent seemed oddly quiet.
④Traditional grocers' shops are fast dying ________ now that there are so many supermarkets.
2．wipe out消灭；彻底摧毁；擦掉，擦净；抹去；去除
(教材原句)Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
He tried to wipe out the memory of his unhappy childhood.
他试图抹去对不幸童年的回忆。
In order to find ways to wipe out flies, the biologist has spent 33 years watching their behaviour.为了找到消灭苍蝇的方法，这位生物学家花了33年时间观察苍蝇的习性。
wipe away 擦去；除去(眼泪等)
wipe...off... 把……从……擦掉
wipe the sweat from her face 擦去她脸上的汗水
wipe sth. with sth. 用……擦……
wipe sth. from one's mind/memory 把某事从某人心里/记忆中抹去
wipe the floor with sb. (在比赛或辩论中)把某人打得一败涂地；痛骂某人
She stood up to wipe the sweat off her face.
她站起来擦掉脸上的汗水。
—Do you really think we will win the football match on Saturday
—Yes, we'll wipe the floor with them!
——你真的认为我们星期六将赢得这场足球赛吗？
——是的，我们将彻底战胜他们！
[拓展]
(1)wipe还可以在其宾语后接dry, clean等形容词充当补足语来构成复合宾语。
wipe sth. clean/dry把某物擦干净/擦干
Please wipe your hands dry.
请把你的手擦干。
(2)wipe用作名词，表示“擦、拭、揩、抹”等动作，既可用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。
[即学即练] 写出句中wipe out的含义
①Make sure the inside of the pot is thoroughly wiped out.____________
②We are ready to wipe out anyone who dares to invade us.____________
③The campaign to wipe out waste launched out.____________
④Running could help wipe out the tired feelings.____________
3．be at risk处境危险，受到威胁
(教材原句)Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our survival, we would also be at risk of dying out.当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。
at the risk of 冒着……的风险
put sb. at risk 使某人处于危险中
run/take the risk of doing sth. 冒险做某事
at all risks 无论冒什么危险
take/run a risk/risks 冒险
increase/reduce the risk of doing sth. 增加/减少做某事的风险
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
risk one's life to do sth. 冒生命危险做某事
Falling victim to passive smoking, women and children are more at risk.
沦为吸二手烟的受害者，妇女和儿童受到香烟的危害更严重。
Father has a big family to support, so he can't risk losing his job to pursue his dream.父亲有一个大家庭要养活，所以他不能冒着失去工作的风险去追梦。
[语境助记]
By no means should the students take the risk of being punished to cheat in the exam.(带有否定意义的短语置于句首，句子应该用部分倒装)学生绝不应该冒着被处罚的风险在考试中作弊。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Young people may risk ________ (go) deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.
②For every farm job that is lost, two or three other jobs in the area ________ (put) at risk.
完成句子
③Are you prepared to ______________ (冒险旅行) without an armed guard
④You will ________________ (冒险) by investing all your money in one field.
第三版块|典型句式
1．the reason＋why引导的定语从句
(教材原句)There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing. 这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。
That is the reason why he raised the question.
那就是他提出这个问题的原因。
We don't know the reason why they have broken up with each other.我们不知道他们的关系为何破裂。
[说明] 以上两个句子，why在从句中作状语，可用for which替换。
[归纳拓展]
The reason why he was late for school was that he got up late.
他上学迟到的原因是他起床晚了。
He was late for school. This was because he got up late.
他上学迟到了。这是因为他起床晚了。
He got up late. This was why he was late for school.
他起床晚了。这是他上学迟到的原因。
[误区警示] (1)在reason作先行词的定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作状语，一般用why引导定语从句，或用for which替换；若引导词在从句中作主语或宾语，应用that/which，作宾语时可省略。
This is the reason why I have come so far to look for you.
这就是我远道而来找你的原因。
I think it's the reason which made me have that character.
我想这就是让我拥有那种性格的原因。
(2)当reason作主语且被定语从句修饰时，其后的表语从句通常用that不用because。(如例 )
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He fell asleep during the lecture. This was ________ he got bored with it.
②The reason ________ he missed the bus was ________ he got up late.
③He failed the exam again. The reason was ________ he was too careless.
同义句转换
④He was too nervous and embarrassed. That is why he failed in the interview.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤You're so late and I'd like to know the reason.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑥I got up late, and that was the reason why I missed the bus.→
____________________________________________________________________________
2．现在分词短语作后置定语
We are going to reduce the number of trees being cut down.
我们要减少被砍伐树木的数量。
I'm not interested in the question being discussed.
我对正在讨论的问题不感兴趣。
[学法点拨] 现在分词的被动形式being done作定语只能置于被修饰的名词后，表示一个正在进行的被动动作，相当于一个谓语动词是现在进行时或过去进行时被动式的定语从句。
Did you see that boy being questioned by the police
＝Did you see that boy who was being questioned by the police
你看见那个受警察盘问的男孩了吗？
The meeting being held now is very important.
＝The meeting which is being held now is very important.
现在正在召开的会议很重要。
[误区警示] 现在分词的被动式、过去分词与动词不定式的被动式作定语的区别：
①现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语表示被动动作正在发生。
The stadium being built now will be the biggest one in our city.
现在正在建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
②过去分词(done)作定语，表示被动动作已完成。
The stadium built last year is the biggest one in our city.
去年建造的体育场是我们市最大的一个。
③动词不定式的被动式(to be done)作定语表示被动动作将要发生。
The stadium to be built next year will be the biggest one in our city.明年将要建造的体育场将是我们市最大的一个。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The man ________ (follow) by security guards is our chairman.
②We are invited to a party ______ (hold) in our club next Friday.
③The play _________ (produce) now aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
用非谓语动词进行同义句转换
④This was one of the experiments which were being carried out in the country.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑤The man who is sitting at the back is Mr Smith.
→________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
⑥The room is empty except for a bookshelf which stands in the corner.
→__________________________________________________________________________
3．含蓄条件句
(教材原句)Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
Without your help, we wouldn't have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助，我们不会取得这么大的成就。
But for his help, we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们现在还在工作。
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码；否则我们就会给他打电话了。
[说明] (1)虚拟语气句中，有时虚拟条件不是直接通过条件句来表示，而是通过某些词和短语引出或只暗含在上下文中，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句表示的虚拟条件都可以用if从句替换。
①含蓄条件可通过介词或介词短语without、with、but for(要不是)等体现。
With her help(＝If I had her help), I would do the experiment well.假如有她的帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。
②含蓄条件可通过连接词or或副词otherwise体现。
I was busy that day. Otherwise (＝If I had not been busy that day) I would have come to help you.我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。
It is just as well that we didn't leave any later or we'd have missed the feast.
幸好我们没有晚些离开，要不然我们就错过这场盛宴了。
③含蓄条件暗含在上下文中。
Don't bother to read all the papers; it would take too long.
别费事去读所有这些文件了；那会太耗时间的。(暗含If you read all the papers)
(2)含蓄条件句中注意其主句谓语动词的形式：
·与现在或将来事实相反：would/could/might/should＋do
·与过去事实相反：would/could/might/should＋have done
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①But ________ my teacher's help, I couldn't have been a professional painter and owned my gallery.
②________ your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.
③We lost our way in that small village; otherwise we ______ (visit) more places of interest yesterday.
完成句子
④I forget where I read the article, or I ________________________ (会给你看看它的).
⑤Any person who had behaved in that way ______________________ (会被开除).
汉译英
⑥假如没有空气，地球上将没有生命。
________________________________________________________________________
4．There be...句型的变式There have been...
(教材原句)In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.
在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。
[说明] (1)there be 句型表示存在，它有各种时态，如：
①一般现在时：there is/are
②一般过去时：there was/were
③一般将来时：there will be
④过去将来时：there would be
⑤现在完成时：there has/have been
⑥过去完成时：there had been
(2)there be 句型的其他情况
①There be/lie/stand/appear/remain...结构。
There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.山顶上有座庙。
②There be＋主语＋doing/done/to do...
[特别提示]
在这个结构中，主语与作定语的分词若构成主动关系，则用doing；若构成被动关系，则用done; to do表将来。
There are many experts evaluating this system.
有许多专家正在评估这一体系。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①As long as there have been codes, people have tried ________ (break) them.
②There is a castle ________ (build) in the 11th century as part of the defensive line against enemies.
③Soon there ________ (will) be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
④There ________ (be) a few things we need to discuss.
⑤There ________ (exist) a close relationship between families and their milkmen.
⑥There are a lot of things ________ (do) before the ship makes its first voyage.
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．How could the blood flow ________ (影响) brain's regular activity
2．The Chinese government wants to conserve these ________(濒危的) birds.
3．He was an ________ (不同寻常的) man with outstanding business talents.
4．It has ________ (大量) of flowers normally each year.
5．The forms of art are countless and ________ (多种多样的).
6．His extraordinary success has helped to ________ (使恢复) his faith in his own ability.
7．It is recognised that the ________ (太阳的) system is made up of a star and eight planets.
8．Old people don't like to________ (改变) their annoying habits.
9．That could ________ (降低) costs and increase production of wheat.
10．Don't cast the ________ (指责) on others rudely.
Ⅱ.短语填空
vary from...to..., decrease...to, be known as, die out, wipe out, be to blame, be at risk, a mass of
1．Florida ________________ an energy and green industry outstanding leader throughout the world.
2．Cherries ________ in color ________ almost black ________ yellow constantly.
3．Neither the players nor the coach ________________ for the loss of the championship.
4．We are ready at all times to ________________ any enemy persistently who dares to come.
5．On the desk of my niece is________________ books and papers.
6．The number of independent agricultural firms ________________ from 198 ________ 96.
7．The disease is difficult to handle, and all children under five ________________．
8．Those species inadaptable to switching conditions may ________________．
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old ________ risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
2．The workers were not better organised, otherwise they ________ (accomplish) the task in half the time.
3．The captain of the ship was advised to turn back due ________ a sudden heavy storm.
4．As a businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers. But like anyone for whom you feel ________ (affect), customers can also drive you mad.
5．That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones ________ (assist) the crews' efforts.
6．Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source of plastic ________ (pollute).
7．Who is ________ (blame) for the problem of robocalls
8．After a serious flu outbreak wipes ________ 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.
9．The prey species they directly attack will die ________．
10．Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up ________ 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．Many people think the hot weather ________________________________ (是缺水的部分原因).
2．It is necessary to adjust our mood before exams because
____________________________ (我们可能无法像往常一样做得好) under stress.
3．These opinions will change with time, and __________________________________ (根据地域不同而改变).
4．Their love for motherland was so deep and ______________________________ (无法抹去).
5．His speech was so impressive that it was several minutes before the applause __________________ (平息下来).
Section B Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．species 2.mass 3.blame 4.hatch 5.solar 6.asteroid
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．unusual; usual; usually; unusually 2.vary; varied; various; variety 3.affect; affection; affective; affecting; effect 4.endanger; endangered 5.restore; restoration
6．decrease; increase 7.specific; special
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．wipe out 2.not unusual 3.in fact 4.the third mass extinction 5.varied reasons 6.the decrease of 7.be to blame 8.depend on 9.be at risk 10.the balance in nature between animals and plants 11.have no air to breathe 12.take action 13.take steps to do sth. 14.save endangered species 15.set up 16.solar energy
1．全球变暖 2.因为，由于 3.也就是说；即；换言之 4.比正常情况 5.正在灭亡 6.被毁 7.多达；由……决定；从事 8．风能 9.减少污染 10.简而言之
课文研析·语篇理解
Ⅰ.课文思维导图
1．reasons 2.decrease 3.effect 4.dying out 5.destroying
Ⅱ.课文阅读理解
1．C 2.B 3.B 4.B
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
1．are wiped 2.varied 3.to blame 4.faster 5.It
6．negatively 7.who/that 8.dying 9.In 10.destroying
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①unusual ②As ③to go ④as usual
2．①shows; are ②masses of/a mass of ③名词，群众 ④名词，团，堆 ⑤形容词，大量的
3．①varied/various; varieties ②in ③from ④varies ⑤The flowers he grows in his garden vary. ⑥He grows various flowers in his garden.⑦He grows a variety of/varieties of flowers in his garden.
4．①on ②have decreased ③by; to ④This species of bird is decreasing in number every year./The number of this species of bird is on the decrease every year.
5．①on ②for ③take the blame for ④put the blame on ⑤The polluted water was to blame for the spread of the disease. ⑥The polluted water took the blame for the spread of the disease.
6．①感动 ②使感染 ③影响 ④affection ⑤affects
7．①in ②a ③endangered ④endangers the lives ⑤many endangered animals
8．①in ②restoration ③slowly restored to life ④be restored to health
第二版块|重要短语
1．①of/from ②off ③away ④out
2．①擦净 ②消灭 ③扫除 ④去除
3．①going ②are put ③risk travelling ④take a risk
第三版块|典型句式
1．①because ②why; that ③that ④The reason why he failed in the interview is that he was too nervous and embarrassed. ⑤I'd like to know the reason why you're so late. ⑥The reason why I missed the bus was that I got up late.
2．①(being) followed ②to be held ③being produced ④This was one of the experiments being carried out in the country.
⑤The man sitting at the back is Mr Smith. ⑥The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing in the corner.
3．①for ②Without ③would/could/should/might have visited ④would show it to you ⑤would have been dismissed
⑥Without air, there would be no life on the earth.
4．①to break ②built ③would ④are ⑤existed/exists ⑥to do
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．affect 2.endangered 3.unusual 4.masses 5.varied 6.restore 7.solar 8.vary 9.decrease 10.blame
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．is known as 2.vary; from; to 3.is to blame 4.wipe out 5.a mass of 6.decreases; to 7.are at risk 8.die out
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．答案与解析：at at risk of有……的风险。句意：在年轻人无法负担离开家的费用和老年人有孤独的风险的情况下，更多的家庭选择住在一起。
2．答案与解析：would have accomplished 表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would have done表示“本来能够做某事”。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。
3．答案与解析：to due to由于。句意：由于一场突然的强暴风雨，船长被建议返航。
4．答案与解析：affection feel (an) affection喜欢。句意：作为一个女商人，我非常关心我的顾客。但就像任何一个你喜欢的人一样，顾客也可以让你发疯。
5．答案与解析：assisting 此处是“with＋宾语＋宾补”构成的with复合结构。宾语drones与宾补assist之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式。句意：那可能是危险的工作，可以通过无人机协助工作人员的工作来避免。
6．答案与解析：pollution plastic pollution塑料污染。句意：塑料吸管绝不是塑料污染的最大来源。
7．答案与解析：to blame be to blame (for sth.)(对某事)负有责任。句意：骚扰电话的问题由谁承担责任？
8．答案与解析：out wipe out彻底毁灭。句意：在一场严重的流感暴发导致99.4%的世界人口消失之后，一场正义与邪恶之间的战争在那些留下的人当中展开。
9．答案与解析：out die out“灭绝，消失”。句意：它们直接攻击的猎物种类将会灭绝。
10．答案与解析：to up to“高达，多达”。句意：有些乐曲可以持续40分钟，需要翻多达50页，包括重复段落的回旋。
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．is partly to blame for the water shortage 2.we may not do well as usual 3.vary from place to place 4.impossible to wipe out 5.died downSection E Writing Workshop, Viewing Workshop & Reading Clubs 1～2
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．____________ n. 论说文；散文
2．____________ n. 机构；研究院 vt. 制定；创立
3．____________ n. 药物，药材；毒品 v. 用药麻醉
4．____________ n. 委员会
5．____________ n. 谷，山谷
6．____________ n. 家禽肉，家禽
7．____________ n. 庙宇，寺院
8．____________ 孔子
9．____________ n. 反对者；对手，敌手
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．________ n．器官→________ adj.不使用化肥的，有机的，绿色的
2．________ vt.包含，需要→________ adj.有关联的；涉及的→________ n．参与；加入
3．________ n．化学品→________ adj.化学的→________ n．化学→________ n．化学家
4．________ n．情景；场面；现场；景色→________ adj.景色优美的→________ n．风景；景色
5．________ n．历史，历史学→________ adj.古老的；历史上重要的→________ adj.和历史有关的
6．________ n．农业→________ adj.农业的
7．memory n．记忆，记忆力；回忆→________ adj.纪念的，追悼的 n．纪念物；纪念馆；纪念碑→________ adj.难忘的，值得回忆的→________ vt.记住，熟记
Ⅲ.重点短语(英汉互译)
将汉语译成相应的英文短语
1．________________ 另一方面
2．________________ 对……有消极/负面影响
3．________________ 使用很多化学品/药物
4．________________ 概括，总结
________________ 总之，总而言之，概括地说
5．________________ 对……无害
6．________________ 是……的家园/原产地
7．________________ 农业地区
8．________________ 世界森林的破坏
9．________________ 受……的威胁，存在……隐患
将英文短语译成汉语
1．be cruel to ________________
2．for instance ________________
3．claim that... ________________
4．in addition to ________________
5．be located in ________________
6．(be) surrounded by ________________
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．involve vt.包含，需要；牵涉；影响；使卷入；参与 involvement n．卷入，插手 involved adj.参与；作为一部分；有关联；关系密切；复杂难解的
(教材原句)Factory farming involves keeping farm animals inside buildings to increase the production of meat or eggs.
工厂化农业包括在建筑物内饲养农场动物以增加肉或蛋的产量。
involve doing sth. 包括/需要做某事
involve sb. in (doing) sth. 使某人参与(做)某事
involve oneself in sth. 参与某事
involve (sb.) doing sth. 需要(某人)做某事
be/get/become involved
involvement in... 参与……
accuse sb. of involvement in sth. 指控某人参与某事
suspect sb. of involvement in sth. 怀疑某人参与某事
deny involvement in sth. 否认参与某事
involvement from... 来自……的参与
involvement of sb. in sth. 某人对某事的参与
This book involves 5 units, including a revision unit.
这本书共有5个单元，其中包括一个复习单元。
The operation involves putting a small tube into the patient's heart.该手术包括将一根小管子放入病人的心脏。
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning.我更喜欢让学生积极参与学习的教学方法。
Shall I tell you about some of the activities that volunteers get involved in？我可以告诉你一些志愿者参与的活动吗？
All who participated have gained a practical outcome from getting involved.
所有的参与者都从这次参加的活动中获得了一种实际效果。
She first became involved with the organization in 1998.
她于1998年首次参与该组织的活动。
The project needs full involvement from all members of the group.这一项目需要小组全体成员全力参与。
The involvement of parents in their children's education greatly promote their children's progress in study.
父母对儿女教育的参与极大地促进了孩子们在学习上的进步。
[误区警示]
形容词involved作定语，位置不同，词义不同。
作前置定语：an involved story
一个复杂的故事
作后置定语：the people involved
所涉及的人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They are very seriously concerned about the problems ________ (involve).
②The job involves ________ (travel) abroad for three months each year.
③Students should involve themselves ________ a variety of community activities.
④Patients should be aware of the risks involved ________ this treatment.
完成句子
⑤How many vehicles ________________ (涉及) the crash
2．cruel adj.残忍的，残酷的
(教材原句)On the other hand, opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals.
另一方面，工厂化农业的反对者说这对动物来说很残忍。
be cruel to 对……残酷
It is cruel to do sth. 做某事是残忍的。
a cruel
I can't stand people who are cruel to animals.
我无法容忍虐待动物的人。
It's extremely cruel to perform an experiment on live animals.对活体动物进行实验是一件极其残忍的事情。
People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause extraordinary pain.人们经常认为搬弄是非者无伤大雅，但是残忍的谎言能够引起异常的痛苦。
[拓展] cruelly adv.残酷地
cruelty n．残酷；残忍；残暴；残暴的行为
She couldn't bear to see animals treated cruelly．(残忍对待)她不忍见动物受虐待。
He catches birds only to let them go when he realises the cruelty involved.(only to do表示意想不到的结果)
他抓住了鸟儿，当意识到其中的残忍时，他却又放它们走。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Don't you think it's cruel ________ (cage) a creature up
②The boy's stepmother ________ (cruel) treated him and sold him to a landlord.
③It was the most extreme example of ________ (cruel) to animals I had ever seen.
完成句子
④A mother who ____________________ (对……残忍) her child is unnatural.
3claim v．声称；断言；主张；索取；夺去(生命) n．声称；主张；断言；索赔
(教材原句)People who fight for animal rights claim that these animals suffer terrible stress.
为动物权利而战的人声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。
claim that... 声称……
claim to
claim sth. back 要回某物
claim to be... 声明是……
claim a major breakthrough 宣布一项重大突破
claim on 向……索赔
claim sb.'s life 要某人的命，夺去某人的生命
It is/was claimed that... 有人声称……，据说……
make a claim 提出索赔
make a claim (on...) for sth. 因某事(向……)提出索赔
He claims to have met the president, but I don't believe him.他声称见过总统，但我不相信他的话。
They claim to have discovered a cure for the disease.
他们声称已经发现了治疗此病的一种药物。
Heart disease is the biggest killer, claiming about 180，000 lives a year.心脏病是头号杀手，每年夺去约18万条生命。
It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week.据说有些医生每周工作80小时。
The publisher doesn't claim to be an expert.
那位出版商不敢自称为专家。
Scientists are claiming a major break-through in the fight against cancer.科学家们宣称攻克癌症已有重大的突破。
After her house was destroyed in the storm, she made a claim on her insurance company.
她的房子在暴风雨中被毁后，她向保险公司提出索赔。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Since the criminal sets fire to your goods, you can make a claim ________ damage.
②If the shop won't give me a replacement TV, I'll claim my money ________.
③It is claimed ________ they have found mysterious creatures with sharp teeth in the cave.
完成句子
④If any of the articles is damaged during moving, you may ___________________________ (索赔补偿金) on our department.
⑤________________________________ (据称) the company is responsible for the pollution in the river.
4．sum vt.概括，总结 n．金额，款项；总数
(教材原句)To sum up, despite producing cheap food, factory farming is bad for the planet and for the animals themselves.总之，尽管能生产廉价的食品，工厂化农业对地球和动物本身都是有害的。
sum up 概括，总结
to sum up 总之
a sum of 一笔(款项)；许多，大量
the sum of... ……的数目；……的总和
in sum＝in short, in brief, in a word总之
a large sum of money 一大笔钱
the sum of $200 200美元的金额
You have only 100 words in which to sum up his speech.
你只能用100词来概括他的讲话。
To sum up, it is an amazing film which is suitable for both children and adults.(to sum up在句中作状语，相当于短语in sum、in summary)
总而言之，这是一部既适合儿童又适合成人的精彩电影。
She left a large sum of money in her will to found a charity.她在遗嘱中留下一大笔钱以建一家慈善机构。
[语境助记]
They noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol.他们注意到与单个的符号相比较，那些猴子往往低估了一个总和。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The court allowed each child ________ sum of money for clothing.
②We can sum ________ the main point of the lesson in three sentences.
完成句子
③__________________ (总之), in a world of constant change, one should never cease to learn.
④He has been anxious because he was fined ____________________ (一笔) money for breaking the traffic rules and __________________________ (……的数目) money comes to $1，000.
5．carve v．雕，刻；切割；奋斗取得
(教材原句)There are narrow alleys, pretty streams, small stone bridges and houses with carved doors and painted windows.有狭窄的小巷、美丽的小溪、小石桥以及有雕花门和彩绘窗的房子。
carve sth. on... 在……上刻上某物
carve... from... 用……雕刻……
carve out a career 闯出一片天地
carve sth. out of... 用……雕刻成某物
carve out 开辟(道路)；获得(名誉、地位等)
carve up ①瓜分；分割；②分赃
carve... in sth.(＝carve sth. into...) 把某物雕刻成……
The statue was carved out of a single piece of stone.
这座雕像是用整块石料雕成的。
The figure of the dog is carved from a piece of wood.
这只狗的形象是用一块木头雕刻成的。
He carved the figure of a man in the stone.
＝He carved the stone into the figure of a man.
他把那块石头雕成人形。
Mother carved the meat into slices.母亲将肉切成薄片。
Work hard, and you are sure to carve out a career.
努力吧，你一定会闯出一片天地的。
The dark days when the imperialists could carve up Africa at will are gone.
帝国主义可以任意瓜分非洲那暗无天日的时代过去了。
[词语积累]
carving n．雕刻品；雕刻；雕刻术
wood/root/stone carvings木/根/石雕
carved in stone铁定的，铁板钉钉的
[语境助记] Some tourists carved their names on the stones of the Great Wall, which was great damage to the cultural heritage．(非限制性定语从句，补充说明主句产生的影响，可用于社会类话题的议论文中)有些游客在长城的石头上刻自己的名字，这是对这一文化遗迹的巨大破坏。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He carved the wood ________ the shape of a bird.
②He carved ________ a place for himself in the engineering business.
完成句子
③Man's earliest tools ________________ (用……雕刻) stone and bones.
④She ____________________ (开创了成功的事业) in the business industry.
6．scenic adj.景色优美的 scene n．情景；场面；现场；景色 scenery n．风景；景色
(教材原句)Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area 九寨沟风景名胜区
a scenic spot 名胜
a scenic area 风景区
scenic beauty 美丽的风景
a scenic resort 旅游胜地
on the scene 在现场；当场
at the scene (of...) 在(……)现场
battle scenes 战斗场面
scenes of joy 一派欢乐的场面
the scene of the accident/crime 事故/犯罪现场
It is such a beautiful place that definitely deserves its rank among China's top scenic spots.(that引导结果状语从句)
它真是一个非常美丽的地方，绝对值得列入中国顶级风景名胜区行列。
The night scene in West Lake was quite fantastic.
西湖的夜景绝佳。
Nowadays the priority for travelling has shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
现在旅游的重点已经从购物转向了美食和风景。
[比较] scene n．(普通名词)展现于眼前的风景，不限于自然的风景，也可指施工的场面，或事故的现场。
scenery n．(集体名词)不是特别的或具体的风景，而是该地区整体的风景。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The ________ (scene) spot is on northwestern outskirts of Beijing.
②She was being chatted up by a youth when I arrived ________ the scene.
完成句子
③Stone Forest is a famous national ________________ (名胜).
④Investigators are now ______________________ (在现场), searching for clues.
7．historic adj.古老的；历史上重要的；历史上著名的，历史上的，有历史意义的 historical adj.和历史有关的；历史上出现过的；有关历史的 history n．历史，历史学
a historic building/monument/event
有历史意义的建筑/纪念碑/大事
a historic occasion/decision/visit/victory
历史性的时刻/决定/访问/胜利
historical documents/records/research
史学文献/记载/研究
a historical novel/film/site 历史小说/影片/遗迹
a historical play 一部历史剧
a historical figure 一个历史人物
We should take more care of our historic buildings.
我们应该更加爱护有历史意义的建筑。
China's recovery of Hong Kong was a historic event.
香港回归中国是一件具有历史意义的大事。
Chinese Dragon Boat Festival has a history of over 2，000 years.中国的端午节有两千多年的历史。
[比较] historic/historical
historic指历史上有名的、具有历史意义的或者可成为史料的；
a historic novel一部有历史意义的小说
historical指历史上的或历史的，侧重在历史上出现过或与历史有关的。
a historical novel一部历史小说
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①You must place these events in their ________ (history) context.
②The article claims that not all ________(history) events are ________ (history).
完成句子
③The paper analysed ______________ (历史背景) to the war.
④It is a great pleasure and privilege to welcome you here today to ______________________ (这个具有历史意义的时刻).
8．memorial n．纪念馆；纪念碑；纪念物 adj.(对逝者)纪念的，追悼的 memory n．记忆力；记忆；纪念
a war memorial 阵亡将士纪念碑
a memorial to victims 遇难者的纪念碑
a lasting memorial to a remarkable woman
对一位杰出女性的永久纪念
a memorial ceremony 纪念仪式
a memorial service 追悼会
loss of memory 失忆
recite sth. from memory 凭记忆把……背出来
impress sth./oneself on one's memory
使某人把……铭记在心
in memory of... 为了纪念……
have a good/bad memory 记忆力好/差
have a good memory for... 善于记……
The statue is a lasting memorial to those who died in the war.这座雕像是对那些在战争中死去的人们的永久纪念。
This statue was erected in memory of Mr. Shao Yifu.
竖这个铜像是为了纪念邵逸夫先生。
He impressed its importance on my memory.
他让我深深记住了它的重要性。
[词语积累]
war memorial 战争纪念碑
national memorial 国家纪念碑
public memorial 公共纪念碑
The memorial stands where the two roads meet. 纪念碑矗立在两条路的交会处。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①A ________ (memory) to the dead soldiers was set up.
②The president today unveiled (为……揭幕) a memorial ________ those who died in the war against Japan.
③Most people start ________ (loss) their memory as they get older.
④I have a good memory ________ faces.
⑤We held a memorial ceremony ________ memory of the dead in the war against USA.
9．agricultural adj.农业的 agriculture n．农业
agricultural land 农田
traditional agricultural societies 传统的农业社会
agricultural production 农业生产
agricultural pollution 农业污染
modern agriculture 现代农业
ecological agriculture 生态农业
organic agriculture 有机农业
develop agriculture 发展农业
the development of agriculture 农业的发展
work in agriculture 从事农业
depend on agriculture 依靠农业
Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides.有机农场不使用像杀虫剂之类的农药。
Even if this method of time-keeping is novel in its particulars , early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena.即使这种计时方法在其细节上是新颖的，但早期农业社会也将时间与自然现象联系起来。
50% of the country's population depends on agriculture.
该国50%的人口以农业为主。
[语境助记] The loss of glaciers due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture.(a threat to...对……的威胁)
由全球变暖导致的冰川消失对农业构成了巨大的威胁。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①Only 30% of the country's population ________________ (从事) agriculture; others work in the cities.
②The family don't depend only on conventional agriculture. They are dependent on ______________________ (有机农业).
③Because of ______________________ (农业污染), many farmers' grains can't be sold on the market.
单句语法填空
④Many farmers take actions to protect their agricultural land ________ pollution.
第二版块|重要短语
1．for instance 例如，比如 instance n．例子，实例；情况
(教材原句)For instance, many farm animals are kept in small spaces where they can hardly move.例如，许多农场动物被饲养在狭小的空间里，在那里它们几乎不能移动。
Some birds, penguins, for instance, can not fly at all.
有的鸟，比如企鹅，根本不能飞。
For instance, the moon is the earth's satellite.
举个例子说，月亮是地球的卫星。
The report is incomplete; it does not include sales in France, for instance.这份报告不完整；例如在法国的销售情况就没包括进去。(＝for example)
in most instances 在大多数情况下
at the instance of 应……之请，经……提议
in this instance 在此情况下
in the first instance 首先；第一
This problem seemed to be complex in the first instance, but it could be easily solved.
这个问题乍一看似乎很复杂，但其实很容易解决。
It is not always helpful to draw analogies, but in this instance it is useful.
进行类比并非总能有助益，但在这种情况下还是有用的。
At the instance of local authorities, we attend the meeting about economy.应当局之邀，我们出席了这次经济会议。
The method you taught me is very useful in work in most instances.你教给我的方法大多数情况下在工作中是很有用处的。
[注意]
for instance与for example同义，在举例说明某人论点或情况时，二者通用，但take... for example是固定用法，不能用for instance。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Offices can easily become more environmentally friendly by, ________ instance, using recycled paper.
②There are many ________ (instance) of good people and good deeds in our factory.
③________ this instance, the best solution is to send a quick apology to explain your awkwardness.
完成句子
④________________________________ (应北京大学之请) we'll attend the conference tomorrow.
⑤If you wish to join the club, you should apply to the secretary ________________ (首先).
2．get rid of摆脱；除去
(教材原句)It's not likely for humans to get rid of roads, power or pipelines now.
现在人类不太可能摆脱道路、电力或输送管线。
get rid of 摆脱……(表动作)
be rid of 摆脱……(表状态)
What does the author suggest people do to get rid of boredom？作者建议人们做什么来摆脱无聊？
She was glad to be rid of him.她很高兴摆脱了他。(状态)
He is rid of the bad habit.他克服了那个坏习惯。(状态)
How to get rid of these things is a big problem.
如何清除这些东西是个大问题。(动作)
英语中v.＋sb.＋of＋sth.结构短语小结
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
cure sb. of sth.治好某人某病
remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事
suspect sb. of sth.怀疑某人某事
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
convince sb. of sth.使某人相信某事
accuse sb. of sth.指控某人某事
rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某事物
break sb. of sth.使某人改掉某事物
clear sb. of sth.消除/清除某人的……
cheat sb. of sth.骗取某人某物
[拓展]
rid (rid, ridded, rid; ridding) vt.使摆脱；使……解除，从……中消除(坏的或有害的东西)
rid... of...使……摆脱或除去……
rid oneself of使自己摆脱……
We should take measures to rid the town of mice.我们应该采取措施消灭城里的老鼠。
He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret.他想把秘密说出来让自己得到解脱。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The owner needs to get rid ________ the car for financial reasons.
②Why couldn't he ever rid ________ (he) of those thoughts, those worries
完成句子
③They are trying to ________________ (摆脱) the air pollution problems.
3．turn on突然攻击；打开，发动；取决于；使兴奋
(教材原句)So why is nature beginning to turn on us
那么，为什么大自然开始攻击我们呢？
turn around 转身；好转
turn in 上交；交还
turn off 关掉；关闭
turn to 转向；求助于
turn down 关小，调低；拒绝
turn into 变成
turn out 证明是，结果是
His normally gentle dog turned on him and bit him in the leg.他那只平日很温顺的狗这次突然发作并咬了他的腿。
Please turn on the light for me; it's getting dark.
请帮我把灯打开；天要黑了。
The success of a picnic usually turns on the weather.
野餐是否尽兴通常取决于天气。
[语境助记] It takes a really special kind of teacher to turn on these disappointed students.需要一位确实具有特殊才干的教师来使这些感到失望的学生振作起来。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The tap won't turn ________， and there is water all over the floor.
②You should read the manual before you turn ________ the new machine.
③He said he was a doctor; but later he turned ________ to be a cheat.
④Why was I turned ________ for the job Is it because I'm a woman
⑤ Is it possible for such a person to turn himself ________ a good writer
第三版块|典型句式
1．现在完成进行时
(教材原句)Storms have been getting worse everywhere too, with more hurricanes hitting the US and Central America.
各地的暴风雨也越来越严重，更多的飓风袭击了美国和中美洲。
We have been studying here for two years.
我们在这儿已经学习两年了。
Tom's hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.汤姆的手很脏，他一直在修汽车。
[说明] (1)定义：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，到现在有可能已经结束，也有可能还要继续下去。
(2)现在完成进行时的构成：has/have＋been＋动词的现在分词。
(3)现在完成进行时常表示以下几个方面的含义：
①未完结性
She has been working on painting for six years.
她画画已经6年了。
②刚完结性
Why are your clothes so dirty What have you been doing
你的衣服怎么这么脏？你干什么了？
③连续性或重复性
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
这个月我一直在参观中国的一些城市。(重复性)
④表示感彩
I have been wanting to see you for a long time.
和你见面是我盼望已久的事情。
(4)这种时态多用持续性动词，如live、learn、stay、sit、wait、stand、study等，常与all this time、this month、all night、all the morning、recently等状语以及以since和for表示的时间段连用。,[即学即练] 单句语法填空
① Chinese people ________ (come) here for more than a hundred years.
②—Where is Peter I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and ________ (write) his essay there ever since.
完成句子
③—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for
—The new Star Wars. We ______________________ (一直在这里等待) for more than two hours.
④I ______________________________ (一直在学英语) since three years ago.
2．with复合结构
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a tree.
由于很累，吉姆背靠着一棵树睡得很熟。
It is bad manners to talk with your mouth full.
嘴里塞满东西说话是不礼貌的。
[学法点拨] with复合结构构成：with＋宾语＋宾补。该结构常在句中作状语，表示原因、方式、时间、条件或伴随等，也可在句中作定语。其具体形式主要有：
with＋宾语＋
With the window open and the light on, my daughter fell asleep on the sofa.开着窗，亮着灯，我女儿在沙发上睡着了。
The boy stood there with his head down.
这个男孩低头站在那儿。
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.
在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到王宫。
With his work finished, he went home earlier than usual.
工作结束后，他比平常早回家了。
With lots of work to do, I don't know if I will have time to go out.有很多工作要做，我不知道我是否有时间出去。
With the children at school, we can't take our vacation when we want to.
由于孩子们在上学，所以当想度假时我们也不能去度假。
He died with his daughter a schoolgirl.
他在他女儿是个学生的时候去世了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes ________ (fix) on the ceiling.
②With a lot of problems ________ (settle), I can't go skating with you.
③How I wish every family had a large house with a garden with beautiful flowers ________ (grow) in it!
④A young lady came up to me ________ some literature books in her hand.
用with复合结构完成句子
⑤__________________________________________ (有很多事情需要处理), I can't go on holiday.
⑥Do you know the lady ____________________________ (怀里抱着一个婴儿)？
3．that引导表语从句
(教材原句)The main argument for factory farming is that, apart from being a lot cheaper than traditional or organic farming, it provides more food for a world population that has already reached seven billion, according to the United Nations.据联合国统计，支持工厂化农业的主要论点是除了比传统或有机农业便宜很多之外，它为已经达到70亿的世界人口提供了更多的食物。
[句子分析] 本句是一个“主＋系＋表”结构的复合句。The main argument for factory farming为整句的主语，is为系动词，其后面是由that引导的一个表语从句。
[归纳总结] 表语从句是名词性从句的一种，表语从句位于系动词之后，可分为两类：“系动词(以be为例)＋that型从句”和“系动词(以be为例)＋疑问词型从句”。
①系动词(以be为例)＋that型从句
The fact is that we have no idea how to solve this problem.事实就是我们不知道如何解决这个问题。
The reality is that the party must be cancelled because of the storm.现实就是因为暴风雨这个聚会必须得取消了。
②系动词(以be为例)＋疑问词型或whether从句
The question is whether they will help us.
问题是他们会不会帮我们。
The problem is why she didn't go back home directly.
问题是为什么她没直接回家。
[说明] what引导表语从句时有一定的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分；that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不作句子成分，也无任何意义。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The amazing thing about the spring is ________ the colder the temperature gets, the hotter the spring!
②That can be annoying—that's ________ some people feel sick.
③Robinson suggested that may be ________ parents themselves struggle to understand the tasks.
④What I'm hoping to accomplish is ________ my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.
4．although引导让步状语从句
(教材原句)In my opinion, we should try to reduce this kind of farming, although we would have to pay more for our eggs and meat.在我看来，我们应该尽量减少这种农业，尽管我们将不得不为我们的蛋类和肉类花更多的钱。
[句子分析] 句中although意为“尽管，虽然，即使”，引导让步状语从句。此时，通常可与though互换。
Although/Though Mary loved flowers, neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
虽然玛丽喜欢花，但她和她的丈夫都不是因为是园丁而出名。
[比较] although引导让步状语从句时，从句用正常语序。
though引导让步状语从句时，从句可以倒装也可以不倒装。用倒装语序时，作表语的形容词或名词提至句首。
as引导让步状语从句时，从句要用倒装语序，把表语、状语或谓语动词中的实义动词提至句首。作表语的单数可数名词放在句首时，要省略冠词。
Young though she is, she has travelled to many countries to put on shows.她尽管年轻，但已到过很多国家进行演出。
Pop star as/though she is, she still needs to improve.
尽管她是个流行歌手，她仍需要提高。
Fail as/though I did, I would never give up.
尽管我失败了，但我仍不放弃。
Try as you may, you will never succeed.
你尽管试，但决不会成功。
[归纳拓展] 引导让步状语的连词(词组)主要有：though、although、while、as、even if、even though、whether...or...、no matter＋疑问词，疑问词-ever、regardless of＋名词/名词短语/名词性从句、in spite of、despite。
[误区警示] although/though/as均可引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可与yet，still等连用。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Hard ________ she tried to make the kids concentrate, the thunder won the battle for their attention.
②________ she works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress.
③Much ________ she thanks him from her deep heart, she doesn't like the man to become her boyfriend.
完成句子
④虽然他还是个孩子，但他知道如何帮助他人。
____________________________， he knew how to help others.
句子转换
⑤Although he is only a child, yet he knows a lot.
→________________________， yet he knows a lot.
→________________________，yet he knows a lot.
→________________________，yet he knows a lot.
5．现在分词短语作结果状语
(教材原句)In April 2017, the city of Mocoa in Colombia was hit by a landslide, leaving many dead and injured.
2017年4月，哥伦比亚莫科阿市发生山体滑坡，造成多人死伤。
[句子分析] 本句主语是the city of Mocoa，谓语是被动语态形式was hit by a landslide; leaving...是现在分词短语表示结果。
现在分词短语作结果状语的用法总结
(1)语法意义：表示意料之中或自然而然的结果。现在分词短语前面有时候可以用thus以示强调。
(2)逻辑主语：句子的主语或现在分词前的整个句子。当现在分词短语的逻辑主语为前面的整个句子时，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
(3)时态特征：现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，因此作结果状语的现在分词只用一般式。
(4)位置：多置于句末，且其前多用逗号隔开。
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
[误区警示] 现在分词放在句末表示结果与only＋不定式放在句末表示结果状语的区别是：
(1)动词不定式短语作结果状语时多描述意料之外的或者是不愿意看到的结果，其前多用only修饰。
He hurried to school, only to be told “it was Sunday”．
他急急忙忙赶往学校，结果被告知是星期天。(出乎意料)
(2)现在分词短语放在句末往往表示自然而然或意料之中的结果。如：
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.八十多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种流行的运动。(意料之中)
[语境助记] The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary．(句子主语the cooling wind与make之间是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作结果状语)
凉爽的风通过我们卧室的窗户吹进来，没有必要吹空调了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
②Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only ________ (find) it didn't fit.
③She worked from the early morning until midnight, ________ (make) her feel exhausted all over herself.
句子转换(用上现在分词作状语)
④I got up late today, which made me late for class again.
→I got up late today, ______________________________．
⑤The teacher sent the sick child to hospital, which left us waiting in the classroom for her.
→The teacher sent the sick child to hospital, ____________________．
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I will recommend some ________ (风景优美的) spots to see here regularly.
2．Chemical products were used liberally over ________ (农业的) land.
3．This ________ (委员会) selected the plan that seemed most practical.
4．After the fire, nothing remained of the magnificent buildings of the historic ________ (寺院).
5．Countless people took part in the ________ (悼念的) service.
6．The unusual statue was ________ (雕刻) out of a single piece of stone.
7．I watched the climbers come down into the scenic ________ (山谷).
8．He was devoted to many activities, for ________ (例子), swimming, dancing and painting.
9．The founder has ________ (声称) responsibility for the bomb explosion.
10．The whole food chain is affected by the overuse of ________ (化学品) in agriculture.
11．This ________ (药品) will be useful to thousands of affected people.
12．You have only 100 words in which to ________ (概括) up his motivating speech.
13．The ________ (有机的) fertiliser can keep the soil from being destroyed.
14．Giving informative advice at the right time has to ________ (需要) a great deal of intelligence.
15．Our ________ (学院) has recycled a great many instruments.
16．He was committed and concentrating on judging how to defeat his ________ (对手).
17．A mother who is ________ (残忍的) to her child is unusual.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be cruel to, have an impact on, be isolated from, be located in, a memorial to, be home to, on a grand scale , result in, for instance, to sum up, involve spending, according to, suffer from, in addition to, on the other hand
1．The building opened in 1971 is ____________ John Kennedy, the thirty-fifth determined president.
2．The new institute ____________ a beautiful seaside city.
3．Such a war could ____________ the use of chemical and biological weapons.
4．Africa ____________ as many as half the world's rhinos.
5．We should apply ourselves to popularising science ____________．
6．____________the assessor's statement, the fire damage was not enormous.
7．____________ my weekly wage, I got a lot of innovative tips.
8．____________， many women are anxious to go out to work.
9．The leadership was not so bad that he could not ____________ the slaves.
10．This will ____________ how the millionaire divides his money among different countries and stocks.
11．Well, ____________， what is the message that you are striving to get across
12．There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, ____________， training annoyed lions.
13．To sum up, the virus may ____________ the blood during the first few days of infection.
14．Nicky's job as a public relations director ____________ extremely a lot of time with other people.
15．Refugees settling in Britain ____________ a number of unusual problems.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．Everyone can play a part in ________ (reduce) waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat.
2．The dancer's incredible performance had the audience on its feet ________ (clap) for 10 minutes at the end of the show.
3．In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the ________ (history) environment that is created for them.
4．Even though we live in a high-tech age, it's still impossible ________ (predict) the weather accurately.
5．From now on, you're going to have to stay ________ from salty food.
6．All who participated have gained a positive outcome from getting ________ (involve).
7．________ addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.
8．The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 am to 5：00 pm and ________ (locate) at Roma Street station.
9．Many companies are suffering ________ a lack of skilled staff.
10．The institute will be located ________ the old city.
11．The memorial ________ those who had died in the war was influential.
12．Scientists are aware that evolution applies ________ a grand scale to all life.
13．These exercises will result ________ your being able to hit the ball quite incredibly.
14．Soil consists of varied ________ (chemistry) substances.
15．The tourist area is dotted with historic and ________ (scene) attractions.
16．The drought has severely affected ________ (agriculture) production.
17．The test will involve ________ (answer) questions about consumers.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。
My advice is ________________________ to him.
2．虽然我的小汽车很旧，但我不想买一辆新的。
__________________________， I don't want to buy a new one.
3．我认为他在拿我开玩笑，就越发跑得快了，到达校园时已经上气不接下气。
I thought he was making fun of me and ran faster than ever, __________________________ quite out of breath.
4．Students should ____________________________ (参与社区活动) where they can gain experience for growth.
5．______________________ (在这种情况下), the best solution is to send a quick apology.
6．The question that makes them puzzled is how they can __________________________ (消除这个地区的空气污染).
7．It was not long before a helicopter ______________________________ (到达现场) to save the survivors of the plane crash.
8．The Great Wall built over two thousand years ago ________________________________ (具有重要的历史研究价值).
Section E Writing Workshop, Viewing Workshop & Reading Clubs 1～2
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.基础词汇
1．essay 2.institute 3.drug 4.committee 5.valley
6．poultry 7.temple 8.Confucius 9.opponent
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
1．organ; organic 2.involve; involved; involvement
3．chemical; chemical; chemistry; chemist 4.scene; scenic; scenery 5.history; historic; historical 6.agriculture; agricultural 7.memorial; memorable; memorize
Ⅲ.重点短语
1．on the other hand 2.have a negative impact on 3.use a lot of chemicals/drugs 4.sum up; to sum up 5.do no harm to
6．be home to 7.agricultural areas 8.the destruction of the world's forests 9.at risk from
1．对……残忍 2.例如 3.声称…… 4.除……之外(还有) 5．位于，坐落于 6.被……环绕/包围
核心探究·讲练互动
第一版块|核心单词
1．①involved ②travelling ③in ④with ⑤were involved in
2．①to cage ②cruelly ③cruelty ④is cruel to
3．①for ②back ③that ④make a claim for compensation ⑤It is claimed that
4．①a ②up ③To sum up/In sum/In summary ④a sum of; the sum of
5．①into ②out ③were carved from ④carved out a successful career
6．①scenic ②on ③scenic spot ④at the scene
7．①historical ②historical; historic ③the historical background ④this historic occasion
8．①memorial ②to ③to lose ④for ⑤in
9．①work in ②organic agriculture ③agricultural pollution
④from
第二版块|重要短语
1．①for ②instances ③In ④At the instance of Beijing University ⑤in the first instance
2．①of ②himself ③get rid of
3．①off ②on ③out ④down ⑤into
第三版块|典型句式
1．①have been coming ②has been writing ③have been waiting here ④have been learning English
2．①fixed ②to settle ③growing ④with ⑤With many things to deal with ⑥with a baby in her arms
3．①that ②why ③because ④that
4．①though/as ②Although/Though ③though/as ④Child as/though he was ⑤Though he is only a child; Child though he is only; Child as he is only
5．①allowing ②to find ③making ④making me late for class again ⑤leaving us waiting in the classroom for her
课时达标·随堂自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．scenic 2.agricultural 3.committee 4.temple 5.memorial
6．carved 7.valley 8.instance 9.claimed 10.chemicals 11.drug 12.sum 13.organic 14.involve 15.institute 16.opponent 17.cruel
Ⅱ.短语填空
1．a memorial to 2.is located in 3.result in 4.is home to 5.on a grand scale 6.According to 7.In addition to 8.On the other hand 9.be cruel to 10.have an impact on 11.to sum up 12.for instance 13.be isolated from 14.involves spending 15.suffered from
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．reducing 2.clapping 3.historical 4.to predict 5.away
6．involved 7.In 8.is located 9.from 10.in 11.to
12．on 13.in 14.chemical 15.scenic 16.agricultural
17．answering
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．that you should go to apologise
2．Although my car is very old
3．reaching the schoolyard
4．involve themselves in community activities
5．In this instance
6．get rid of the air pollution in the area
7．arrived on the scene
8．is of historical importanceSection F 单元语法专项——限制性和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的密切程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。非限制性定语从句是一种比较特殊的定语从句，有其自身的特征。
一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与主句的关系非常密切，不用逗号和主句隔开。它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况；如果去掉，就会影响句子意思的完整性。
·A doctor is a person who looks after people's health．医生就是负责人们健康的人。
【学法点拨】
如果去掉who looks after people's health，就成了“A doctor is a person.(医生是人)”，完全失去了原句的意义
·This is the school where Tom studied.
这就是汤姆就读过的学校。
·I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。
·This is the diamond ring (that/which) she referred to.这就是她提到过的那枚钻石戒指。
二、非限制性定语从句
1．非限制性定语从句的基本特征
非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句那样紧密，只是对先行词作附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚完整。它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时常常不译作定语，而是译成与主句并列的句子，或者状语从句。
·Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，是关于第二次世界大战的。
·Milla, who is a distant relative of mine, studies at Yale University now.米拉是我的一位远房亲戚，她现在在耶鲁大学学习。
2．非限制性定语从句的使用情况
(1)当关系代词指代整个主句的内容时，用非限制性定语从句(用which或as引导)。
·The heavy rain lasted for half a month, which caused the flood.大雨持续了半个月，引发了水灾。
·The film is very instructive, as most audience say.正如大多数观众所说，这部电影很有教育意义。
(2)当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时，用非限制性定语从句。
·The moon, which is about 384，400 kilometres away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.月球离地球大约384 400千米远，它创造了很多美好的故事。
·We all honour and respect Albert Einstein, who is one of the greatest physicists in the world.
我们都尊重阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，他是世界上最伟大的物理学家之一。
(3)当先行词指某人的亲属(例如son、daughter、father、mother、wife等)时，具有唯一性和确定性，用非限制性定语从句。
·My father, who is an excellent violinist, is leaving for Canada for performances.我爸爸是一名出色的小提琴手。他正准备去加拿大演出。
(4)当关系代词前有some/many/few/a few/little/a little/none/much/most/half of等时，多用非限制性定语从句。
·I know three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.
我认识三名外籍老师，其中两名来自加拿大。
·There is too much information on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.
因特网上信息太多，其中一些不可靠。
[即学即练1]
①They will fly to Washington，________ they plan to stay for two or three days.
②The air quality in the city, ________ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
③He may win the competition, in ________ case he is likely to get into the national team.
④In our class there are 46 students, half of ________ wear glasses.
⑤By nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, above ________ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
⑥My friend showed me round the town, ________ was very kind of him.
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式 不同 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开
I still remember the teacher who taught us English．我仍记得教我们英语的那位老师。 I still remember the English teacher, who taught us a lot．我仍记得那位英语老师，他/她教了我们很多东西。
作用 不同 修饰限制(只可修饰先行词) 补充说明(对先行词或主句进行补充说明)
It is the tree I planted three years ago．这是我三年前栽种的那棵树。(不是其他的树) It is a tree, which I planted three years ago．这是一棵树，我三年前栽种的它。(补充说明树栽种的时间)
意义 不同 是先行词不可缺少的定语，省略后，句子意义不完整 只是对先行词或整个主句的附加说明，省略后，主句意义仍完整、明确
This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.他昨天丢的那本书已经找到了。
关系 词不同 作宾语时可省略，可用that, why 作宾语时不可省略，不可用that，用for which代替why
Everything (that) you do or say is reflective of your personality.你的一言一行都体现你的个性。 (that在从句中作宾语，可省略) That evening, which I will tell you more about it later, I ended up working very late.结果那天晚上我工作到很晚，稍后我会告诉你更多关于那晚的事。(which在从句中作宾语，不可省略)
译法 不同 通常译成先行词的定语 通常译成与主句并列的句子，或者状语从句
He is the man who lives next to me．他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。 He is a generous man, who lives next to me．他是一个慷慨的人，住在我隔壁。
四、which和as引导的非限制性定语从句
which和as引导非限制性定语从句的情况特别常见，需要总体把握和区分。
1．which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词可以是整个主句或主句的一部分，它引导的句子不可以位于句首
(1)The man was unable to earn enough money, which allowed him to support his family.那个人无法赚到足够让他得以养活家人的钱。(which指代enough money，不是money，更不是整个主句)
(2)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。(which指代形容词短语completely trusted)
(3)She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很有耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。(which指代形容词短语patient towards the children)
(4)He changed his mind again, which made us all angry.他又改变了主意，这使得我们大家都很生气。(which指代整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语)
2．as引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句
as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词就是整个主句，它在定语从句中作主语、宾语。它引导的从句可以位于主句前，也可以位于主句后，还可以位于主句中间。
·As everybody knows, Shakespeare was a great English writer.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位伟大的英国作家。(从句在主句之前，as作从句的宾语)
·Tom is a brave boy, as is described in the report.汤姆是一个勇敢的男孩，这正如在报道中描述的那样。(从句在主句之后，as作从句的主语)
·The project, as we had expected, got along well.正如我们所预料的那样，工程进展顺利。(从句在主句中间，as作从句的宾语)
as引导非限制性定语从句时，常见的固定表达：
as we all know众所周知
as I can remember正如我所记得的
as often happens这经常发生
as we expect正如我们预料的那样
as you see如你所见
as has been said before如前所述
as is well known众所周知
as is expected正如预料的那样
as can be seen看得出来
as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
as has been said above如上所述
as we all can see正如我们都能看到的那样
as is often the case这是常有的事
[即学即练2]
①________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
②There is no simple answer, ________ is often the case in science.
③A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
④He was educated at the local high school, after ________ he went to Peking University.
⑤Rome can be pricey for travellers, ________ is why many choose to stay in a hostel.
⑥He also asked for unwanted bikes, ________ he would repair again for free.
五、非限制性定语从句的理解和翻译
前面指出，非限制性定语从句可以按照并列句理解和翻译，还可以按照状语从句理解和翻译。为了理解方便，我们称之为“定语从句的形式，状语从句的意义”。这样的表达在英语中是很常见的。
1．非限制性定语从句，按照条件状语从句理解和翻译
The same thing, which happened twenty years ago, would lead to disaster.
＝The same thing would lead to disaster if it happened twenty years ago.
同样一件事情，如果发生在20年前，将会导致灾难。
2．非限制性定语从句，按照原因状语从句理解和翻译
He is a kind man, who is always ready to help others.
＝He is a kind man because he is always ready to help others.
他是一个好人，因为他总是乐于助人。
3．非限制性定语从句，按照让步状语从句理解和翻译
Mr Smith insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
＝Mr Smith insisted on building another house though he had no use for it.
史密斯先生坚持再盖一幢房子，尽管他不需要。
4．非限制性定语从句，按照目的状语从句理解和翻译
He wishes to write an article, which will attract public attention to the matter.
＝He wishes to write an article so that it will attract public attention to the matter.
他想写篇文章，以便引起公众对此事的关注。
5．非限制性定语从句，按照结果状语从句理解和翻译
My car broke down halfway, which caused me to come late.
＝My car broke down halfway so that it caused me to come late.
我的车在半路上出了故障，结果我来晚了。
6．非限制性定语从句，按照时间状语从句理解和翻译
I saw Mr Smith, who was wandering on the street.
＝I saw Mr Smith when he was wandering on the street.
史密斯先生在街上闲逛的时候，我看到了他。
六、关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的正确选择
语法规定，没有连词而用逗号连接两个句子被视为错误，这里涉及非限制性定语从句的正确使用。我们经常会见到这样的句子：
1．He has two daughters, both of them are doctors.(误)
他有两个女儿，都是医生。
2．I picked up the apples, some of them were rotten.(误)
我捡起苹果，有些是烂的。
3．He was seriously ill, this made us very worried.(误)
他病得很重，这使我们很担心。
以上句子都用了逗号，使用了缺少连词的并列句，这就是我们常说的“逗号句”。改正如下：
(一)使用非限制性定语从句，变成复合句：
1．He has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples, some of which were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill, which made us very worried.
(二)在原句基础上加并列连词，变成并列句：
1．He has two daughters, and both of them are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples, but some of them were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill, and this made us very worried.
(三)变成两个简单句：
1．He has two daughters. Both of them are doctors.
2．I picked up the apples. Some of them were rotten.
3．He was seriously ill. This made us very worried.
[即学即练3]
①She brought three friends with her, none of ________ I had ever met before.
②The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of ________ were made of small diamonds.
③For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, of ________ New York is an example.
④The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of ________ are beyond our control.
⑤It is reported that two schools, both of ________ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
⑥We shouldn't spend our money testing so many people, most of ________ are healthy.
⑦The settlement is home to nearly 1，000 people, many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city.
⑧Last week, only two people came to look at the house, and neither of ________ wanted to buy it.
语法专项训练
Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1．The Animal Protection Committee claims that those ________ are cruel to animals will be condemned and punished.
2．A drug is a chemical ________ is given to people in order to treat or prevent an illness or disease.
3．A memorial is a structure ________ is built in order to remind people of a famous person or event.
4．Afterwards he moved to a historic temple, ________ was located in a quiet, scenic valley.
5．A thunderstorm is a storm ________ is accompanied by thunder and lightning and a lot of heavy rain.
6．Regular exercise strengthens the heart, ________ reduces the risk of heart attacks.
7．When you are affected by something ________ doesn't suit you, you will resist it.
8．An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject ________ is written by a student or writer.
9．I told him about many activities in ________ I was involved.
10．For instance, organic farming is simply farming ________ no chemicals and pesticides are used.
11．________ is often the case, a person ________ becomes annoyed is full of anger.
12．A decade is a period of ten years, especially the period ________ begins with a year ending in 0.
13．________ we know, gas is a substance like air ________ is neither liquid nor solid.
14．Cancer is a serious disease ________ cells in a person's body increase rapidly in an abnormal way.
15．The man is hard of hearing, ________ is related to his disability.
16．Action ________ is wasteful uses too much of something valuable such as time, money, or energy.
17．Things ________ are innovative will surely be new and original.
18．A collection of things is a group of similar things ________ you have deliberately acquired, usually over a period of time.
19．People ________ are anxious may be nervous or worried about something.
20．A traffic jam is a jam ________ a long line of vehicles are stuck because there is too much traffic.
1．Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe (探测器), China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
2．Dr. Rowan, ________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.
3．Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
4．Time flying quickly, the activity was over. But it was a meaningful day, ________ we learn a lot from it.
5．In the spring, a season ________ we are learning new rhythms of life, many of us find comfort in the natural world.
6．Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realise how cheap it can be to eat out.
7．Kate，________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
8．I was in the middle of the Amazon with my wife, ________ was there as a medical researcher.
9．Thank you for your letter, ________ really made me happy.
10．She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit.
11．I decided that if I learned of a company ________ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
12．In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
13．On the 1，100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
14．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
15．That summer, ________ the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practised passing and kicking the football.
Ⅱ.语法填空
Sustainable tourism, 1.________ is becoming increasingly popular nowadays, is not just about seeing the sights. It is also about connecting with people and their cultures, 2.________ makes a positive impact on the places 3.________ we visit and enhances opportunities for the future. So, how can we be sustainable tourists
It is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner. Getting to a tourist destination by airplane, 4.________ greatly increases our carbon footprint, has a huge impact on the global environment. While avoiding flying is not always practical, we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport to the place 5.________ is not faraway. When at the hotel, we can reduce our impact by cutting back on water consumption 6.________ is not necessary. We also need to protect the local culture 7.________ has been passed down for thousands of years. When visiting temples or churches, 8.________ a strict dress code may be required, we should dress appropriately. While travelling, we should respect the right to privacy, 9.________ should be protected. We must ask for permission before taking pictures of the local people, 10.________ may make a living by selling handmade items.
In summary, being a sustainable tourist comes down to respect—for nature, culture and people.
Section F 单元语法专项——限制性和非限制性定语从句
[即学即练1]
①where ②as ③which ④whom ⑤which
⑥which
[即学即练2]
①As ②as ③as ④which ⑤which ⑥which
[即学即练3]
①whom ②which ③which ④which ⑤which ⑥whom
⑦whom ⑧them
语法专项训练
Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1．who 2.which/that 3.which/that 4.which 5.which/that 6.which 7.that 8.which/that 9.which 10.where
11．As; who/that 12.which/that 13.As; which/that
14．where 15.which 16.that/which 17.which/that
18．which/that 19.who/that 20.where
1．where 2.whose 3.which 4.when 5.when 6.that/who 7.whose 8.who 9.which 10.which 11.that/which 12.whose 13.who 14.that 15.when
Ⅱ.语法填空
1．which 2.which 3.that/which 4.which 5.which/that
6．which/that 7.which/that 8.where 9.which 10.who
