专题二
揣摩隐含,推断有据 准确推理判断题
推理判断题 推理判断类主要有:隐含推断、文章出处、写作意图、观点态度、归纳特征、分析写作手法、确定作者身份或读者对象、预测文章内容等。
阅读C、D篇 阅读C或D篇常以社科类和科普类为主,如科学研究类设题常涉及以前的研究(previous study)的局限性(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇32题),最新研究(follow-up study)的目的、研究的重点、方法、过程和结果等,专家的观点态度和建议(如2025全国一卷D篇35题)等。
试练真题·品考向
2025·全国一卷·D 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与自然——环境污染
主题句
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. 主题句+支撑句,支撑句通过数据、例子或细节解释或证明主题句
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling
其后+研究结果,即主旨句或问题的solution
tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Additionally后引入研究的局限性(limitation),也是设题点
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. 举例作为支撑句,是为了证明主题句,转换为主题句即是答案
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
4.What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings.
研究发现类说明文结构
引出最新研究发现:介绍背景或问题、引出解决办法或研究成果或用强转折词 however、 but、 actually引出最新成果(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷D篇)→主旨题。
说明研究发现:实验研究的重点(focus)(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷C篇30题,2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇33题)、目的(aim、 purpose)、基本原理(principle)、研究方法(method)、过程(process)[列数据、作比较、例证(举例的内容通常被修改设置为干扰项)、引用专家的话]、潜在应用(potential application)、意义→细节题、推断题。
尾段总结或评论:存在的问题、专家的建议、专家评论、发展前景或潜在应用等→观点态度题(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷C篇31题)。
出题顺序与行文一致,不用读懂每句话。
4类标志解研究发现类说明文
热点考法·巧图解
高考热考法1 隐含推断题——定、析、比,推言外意
1.2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与自然——科学研究 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,”said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”提出疑问:这些观察数据可用吗 Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 研究方法 “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. 分析已有的数据的偏差原因 What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity “Quite a lot,”Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” ①What does Daru’s study focus on A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. ②What has led to the biases according to the study A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. ③What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 设题特点 推断隐含意义是依据文章信息(某个或某些句子、段落或全文信息)进行合理、适度的推断,推出作者没直接说明的内容。 常见设问方式 ①以what提问,题干中常含infer、indicate、imply、suggest、conclude、assume、learn、know等动词。 ②What can we learn/infer from ... ③What does the author indicate/want to say by ... ④也有以why等较为灵活的方式针对文章信息设问,如2024新课标Ⅰ卷的第25题。 图解技巧4 定、析、比,推言外意
高考热考法2 观点态度题——寻褒贬词,察言观色定态度
2.2025·浙江高考1月·B第2~5段 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与自我——教育 According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more.“There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,”she says.“It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.” Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume—even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots. Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions.“When your child says,‘My stomach hurts,’you can say,‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’”says Markey.“Let them feel like they have some control over it.” I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions.“Feeding is a long game,”says Markey.“The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.” What does the author think of the strategies she has been following A. Costly. B. Complex. C. Workable. D. Contradictory. 设题特点 ①推断作者或文中人物对某个人或事物所持的态度、看法。 ②先明确谁对谁或对什么的态度,再锁定体现人物观点态度的感彩鲜明的褒贬词 (形、副等)、句或事例或描写人物动作、表情或语气的词句推断态度。 常见设问方式 ①What does the author think of/feel about ... ②What is the researcher’s attitude towards ... 题干中常出现的词或短语有: attitude、opinion、think of、 feel about等。 图解技巧5 寻褒贬词,察言观色定态度
高考热考法3 写作意图题——依主旨,辨文体,推意图
3.2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与社会——文学 Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of“narrow-AI”to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a“tipping point”in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 暗示写作目的 What is the author’s purpose in writing the text A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 设题特点 ①就某一细节(例子等)或某个段落的写作意图提问(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷B篇第27题) ②就整篇文章的写作意图提问 常见设问方式 ①就细节: (新设问) What does ... try to illustrate/explain/show by mentioning ... What is the author’s purpose in mentioning ... Why does the author list/mention ...in paragraph ... ②就段落: What is the function of the first paragraph ③就文章: What is the purpose of the text 图解技巧6 依主旨,辨文体,推意图
高考热考法4 文章出处和类型题——巧借细节判出处
4.2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·C第1~2段 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与社会——文学与艺术 Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object— the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this“book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Where is the text most probably taken from A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings. 5.新高考Ⅱ卷·C 体裁:议论文 主题语境:人与社会——工程与技术 In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800,000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway (晃动). The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided. The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design:Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean (赞歌) to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles (航天飞机) Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic. Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well that it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore. Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them. “Success is success but that is all that it is,”Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement. What is the text A. A news report. B. A short story. C. A book review. D. A research article. 设题特点 ①根据文章体裁和题材判断文章的出处和类型。 ②根据文章细节内容、措辞和语言特征及信息句中代词的指代对象确定读者对象。 常见设问方式 ①出处:Where is the text probably taken from ②类型:What is the text ③读者对象:What may the text be intended for 图解技巧7 巧借细节判出处
高考热考法5 推断人物/事物特征类——抓关键点定特征
6.2025·浙江高考1月·C第3段 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与自然——人与植物 Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking. C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected. 7.新高考Ⅱ卷·B第6段 体裁:记叙文 主题语境:人与社会——社会生活 Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique. Like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. What does the author think of himself A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive. C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent. 设题特点 基于文章内容,归纳文中人物的性格、品德、成就、贡献等内容或某事物的性质、品质、作用或功能等。 常见设问方式 Which of the following best describes ... Which words can best describe ... What kind of person is ... 图解技巧8 抓关键点定特征
高考热考法6 预测文章内容——锁定尾句巧预测
8.2023·全国乙卷·C第3段 体裁:说明文 主题语境:人与社会——社会生活 According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool”for boys to like cooking. What might the author continue talking about A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 设题特点 依据文章猜测下文可能涉及的内容或预测事件可能出现的结局。 常见设问方式 ①What might be talked about next ②What will the following paragraph most probably talk about 图解技巧9 锁定尾句巧预测
抢分必备·三赢练
猜测阅读障碍词的能力 (2025全国一卷D篇+6个技巧对应语篇/片段)
重点词 consume vt. ①_________ document vt. ②_________
apply vt. ③_________ contradictory adj. ④_________
派生词/ 合成词 out+number→outnumber vt. ⑤_________ taste+-ful→tasteful adj. ⑥_________
severe+-ity→severity n. ⑦_________ odd+looking→odd-looking adj. ⑧_________
熟词 生僻义 serve 熟义:vt. ⑨_________ 生僻义: vt. ⑩__________ click 熟义:vi.&vt. 11_________ 生僻义:vi. 12__________
语块 play with 13_________ settle in 14_________
分析长难句的能力
In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
试分析:该句主干为:①_____________________________________________________________________; 两个破折号之间的then filtering it after it cools 为插入语,补充说明步骤。published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters是过去分词短语作定语,修饰名词study。
试翻译:②_________________________________________________,来自中国的研究人员发现,将自来水煮沸5分钟然后冷却过滤, ③________________________________________。
文本再开发
语法填空
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, ①________________ (add) artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving ②________________ needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you ③________________ (enjoy) the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind ④________________ the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
仿写 (仿效加黑体部分写句)这样一来,学生可以边玩边复习,将学习与娱乐相结合。
This way, students could revise ⑤ .
专题二
试练真题·品考向
本文介绍了微塑料污染的普遍性及其对人类健康的潜在威胁,并提出了一种简单且经济的方法——煮沸并过滤自来水来减少饮用水中的微塑料含量。研究还指出,水的硬度(碳酸钙含量)是影响该方法效果的关键因素。文章强调微塑料污染问题的严峻性,并呼吁进一步升级饮用水处理厂,以应对微塑料污染问题。
1.C 推断写作手法题。首段第一句为主题句:微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源(Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth),破折号后为支撑句,列举微塑料存在于“深海、喜马拉雅山、火山岩、海鸟胃部、南极雪、人体”等具体地点和载体,以实例论证微塑料污染问题的普遍性。举例是论证观点或说明问题。
2.A 细节理解题。第二段提出研究结果:煮沸过滤法可去除其中至少80%的微塑料。第三段首句为该段主题句,明确说明这一过程依赖水中足够的碳酸钙含量(the water containing enough calcium carbonate)。第二句和第三句为支撑句,列举研究数据进行对比:硬水(300mg钙)去除率几乎为90% ,而低钙水(<60mg)仅25%。 由此可知,水的硬度(即钙含量)是决定去除微塑料有效性的因素。故A项正确。
3.B 写作意图题。第四段首句是主题句,指出减少微塑料摄入虽有新方法,但难度不断增大。第二句为支撑句,指出“瓶装水微塑料含量比预期高10~1 000倍”,旨在用例子证明主旨,强调微塑料污染问题的严峻性。故B项正确。
4.D 隐含推断题。最后一段提到专家Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay说, “应升级饮用水处理厂以去除微塑料 (upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics)”,明确建议将煮沸过滤法的原理应用于水厂设施升级,属于研究成果的潜在应用方向,故D项正确。B项为易错选项,further study是研究层面,而对饮用水处理厂进行升级是一种落地的举措,故B项错误。
积累
重点词 ①stick vi.卡住,陷入 ②remove vt.去除,排除;使消失 ③cool vi.&vt. (使)变凉,冷却 ④still adv.虽然如此
熟词 生僻义 trap熟义:vt.设陷阱捕捉;使落入险境 n.陷阱 生僻义:vt.收集;吸收
派生词 ①(micro-+plastic)microplastic n.微塑料 ②(significant+-ly)significantly adv.显著地 ③(crucial+-ly)crucially adv.关键地,至关重要地 ④(previous+-ly) previously adv.以前;先前 ⑤(expose+-ure) exposure n.面临,遭受;接触;体验 ⑥(severe+-ity) severity n.严重性 ⑦(hard+-ness) hardness n.硬度
语块 ①settle in在……安顿下来 ②rely on依靠 ③lead to导致,造成 ④raise concerns引发担忧 ⑤look into调查,研究 ⑥hard water硬水 ⑦pure water纯净水 ⑧bottled water瓶装水
热点考法·巧图解
斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,数字生物多样性记录存在偏差,本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因并提出了弥补方案。
1.①C 隐含推断题。第二段第二句提出人们越来越多地使用观测数据研究物种如何应对全球变化,并提出疑问:这些观察数据可用吗 又由第三段中的“tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns (测试这些数据在多大程度上代表实际的全球生物多样性模式)”,可知, Daru 的研究重点是“观察性数据”。故选 C。
②C 隐含推断题。本题需概括第四段和第五段的内容,第四段提到Daru 的研究团队在探索网民们取样方面的偏差,比如网民们会因为花比草更加显眼而拍花,而不是拍草。第五段的内容进一步拓展说明该要点,第五段第二句说明这些数据偏向于某些区域、时段和物种, 最后一句说明这些采集的数据会更加偏向引人注目的某些物种。由此可知, 民间科学家的采样可能不合适,从而导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。
③D 隐含推断题。根据最后一段可知,Daru 认为 biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种,鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此,Daru 建议 biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。have an expert confirm和give guidance to citizen scientists属于同义转述。
积累
①reveal [r vi l] vt.揭示;显示 ②document [ d kj m nt] vt.记录;记载 ③encounter [ n ka nt (r)] n.遭遇;偶遇v.遭遇;偶遇 ④increasingly [ n kri s li] adv.越来越多地 ⑤investigate [ n vest ɡe t] vt.调查;研究 ⑥detect [d tekt] vt.发现;检测 ⑦shift [ ft] v.转变;移动n.转变;轮班 ⑧dataset [ de t set] n.数据集 ⑨uploaded adj.已上传的 ⑩review v.回顾,反思
①likely adj.可能的→likelihood n.可能性 ②identify vt.识别→identification n.识别,鉴定 ③observation n.观察→observational adj.观察的,观测的 ④cover vt.覆盖→coverage n. 覆盖范围,新闻报道 ⑤sample vt.抽样检验;取样;采样→sampling n.抽样;取样 ⑥well-sampled adj.充分采样的 ⑦oversampled adj.过度采样的(over-+sample+-ed) ⑧biodiversity n.生物多样性(bio-+diversity) ⑨use→usable adj.可用的,适用的 ⑩flower→flowering adj. 开花的,有花的 number→outnumber [ a t n mb (r)] vt.在数量上超过,比……多 eye-catching [ a k ] adj.引人注目的(eye+catching)
①sample vt.抽样检验;取样;采样 ②favor n.帮助;赞同;支持;特别照顾,偏袒,偏爱 v.偏爱,偏袒,较喜欢;有助于,有利于
采样相关:①biodiversity生物多样性 ②observational data观测数据 ③physical specimens实物标本 ④data bias数据偏差 其他:①with the rise of随着……的兴起 ②with the aid of借助于…… ③in the form of以……的形式 ④citizen scientist民间科学家 ⑤in the race to在争夺……的竞争中 ⑥lead author第一作者 ⑦assistant professor助理教授
2.C 观点态度题。题干中的“the strategies”直接指代文中Markey教授提出的方法:(第二段)避免过度讨论食物(saying less is more)、(第三段)“责任分工”原则(父母提供健康食物,孩子自主决定食量/种类,允许偶尔不健康选择)、(第四段)引导孩子体会饮食选择与身体感受的关联(如腹痛时联系糖分摄入)、持续提供健康食物、等待孩子自发“顿悟”。第五段中提到作者一直在尝试这些策略,并发现当自己限制少一些时,孩子们确实能做出更好的决定,说明作者认为这些策略是可行的。
积累
重点词 ①consume vt.消费;吃,喝,饮 ②apply vt.使用;应用 ③contradictory adj.相互矛盾的 ④concept n.概念
派生词 ①(in-+security) insecurity n.不安全感 ②nutrition n.营养(学) ③division n.分工 ④consequence n.结果,后果 ⑤(sugar+-y) sugary adj.含糖的 ⑥(restrict+-ive) restrictive adj限制性的;约束的 ⑦(work+-able) workable adj.可行的,有效的 ⑧(cost+-ly) costly adj.花钱多的;昂贵的;价钱高的
熟词 生僻义 click熟义:vi.& vt.点击;单击 生僻义:vi.被突然明白;豁然开朗
语块 ①a variety of各种各样的 ②expose sb. to sth.使面临 ③try out试用,检验 ④make a huge difference有很大作用
3.A 写作意图题。通读全文可知,第一段介绍了新书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》;第二段介绍了本书作者的背景;第三到四段概述了书中的主要论点和观点,及其意义;第五段进行总结,再次强烈推荐这本书。由此可知,作者写这篇文章是为了推荐一本有关 AI的书。
积累
重点词 ①given [ ɡ vn] prep.鉴于;考虑到 adj.特定的;假设的 ②forthcoming [ f θ k m ] adj.即将到来的;愿意提供信息的 ③heady [ hedi] adj.使兴奋的;使有信心的 文中义:难懂的 ④sideline [ sa dla n] v.使退出比赛;使靠边 n.副业;边线
派生词/ 合成词 ①absorb vt.吸引→absorbing [ b z b ] adj.引人入胜的;吸引人的 ②understand vt.理解→understandable [ nd st nd bl] adj.可理解的 ③inform v.告知→informative [ n f m t v] adj.提供信息的;见闻广博的 ④academic adj.学术的→unacademic [ n k dem k] adj.非学术的 ⑤roadmap n.路线图(road+map) ⑥extinction-level adj.灭绝级别的(extinction+level) ⑦downfall n.衰落(down+fall) ⑧structure→structured adj.有条理的
熟词 生僻义 ①power vt.驱动 ②process v.处理 ③honor v.表彰 ④academic n.学者 ⑤point n.观点
语块 动短:①make for促成 ②pose/address the challenges带来/应对挑战 ③keep control of控制 ④pan out成功;结果;以一定方式发展 ⑤give a brief account of简要介绍…… ⑥translate ... into ...将……翻译为……;将……转化为…… 名短:tipping point n.转折点 习语:①from a ... angle从……的角度 ②by the close结束时 ③on the same page意见一致 ④in the wrong hands落入不当之人手中
4.A 文章出处题。由第一段第一句“Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration ... three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”可知,《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品,又由第二段第一句中的“In this ‘book of books’”可知,本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可推知,本文最有可能摘自书的序言。故选A。
5.C 推断文章类型题。通读全文可知,文章先以金门大桥的事故为例,引出To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure这本书;接着介绍了作者在该书中表述地对工程事故背后的原因的看法及读者从这本书中能获取的内容。文章第二段首句为全文的主题句,是对这本书的评价。由此可知,本文属于书评。故选C。
6.C 归纳事物特征类。该段通过 “艺术性(artistic flavors:巧妙运用色彩和形态,四季皆美)+生态性(serving wildlife)+细节美学(smallest detail:将自然元素升华为艺术)”三方面介绍Piet Oudolf 的花园特点,而tasteful是唯一能涵盖这三者的选项——既指视觉品位,也包含生态智慧的“雅致”,也体现设计者将自然转化为高雅审美体验的能力。
积累
重点词 ①artistic adj.有艺术性的,精美的 ②interest n.吸引力,趣味 ③flavor n.特点;特色
熟词 生僻义 serve熟义:vt. (给某人)提供;端上;服务 生僻义:vt.对……有用;能满足……的需要
派生词/ 合成词 ①(taste+-ful) tasteful adj.高雅的;雅致的;优美的 ②(odd+looking)odd-looking adj.外形奇特的 ③(popular+-ize) popularize vt.宣扬,推广
语块 play with巧妙地利用,新奇运用
7.D 推断人物特征类。根据本段中的“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged ... even built websites.”可知,作者认为自己虽然老了,但从数字角度来说,自己还没有遭遇令人绝望的挑战。从作者列举的自己编辑视频、制作音频、使用手机支付,甚至建立了网站等事情可知,作者认为自己在数码科技方面还是很有能力的。故选D。
8.B 预测文章内容题。根据该段最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking.”可知,随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上,男孩喜欢烹饪不再是“不酷”的事了。由此可推断,接下来作者可能会介绍一些电视节目中的男厨师。故选B。
抢分必备·三赢练
猜测阅读障碍词的能力
①消费;吃,喝,饮 ②记录;记载 ③使用;应用 ④相互矛盾的 ⑤在数量上超过,比……多 ⑥高雅的;雅致的;优美的 ⑦严重性 ⑧外形奇特的 ⑨(给某人)提供;端上;服务 ⑩对……有用;能满足……的需要 点击;单击 被突然明白;豁然开朗 巧妙地利用,新奇运用 在……安顿下来
分析长难句的能力
①Researchers found that boiling tap water could remove microplastics ②在周三发表于《环境科学与技术快报》的一项研究中 ③可去除其中至少80%的微塑料
文本再开发
①adding ②the ③to enjoy ④to ⑤while having fun, combining learning with entertainment(共87张PPT)
专题二
揣摩隐含，推断有据
准确推理判断题
推理 判断题 推理判断类主要有：隐含推断、文章出处、写作意图、观点态度、归纳特征、分析写作手法、确定作者身份或读者对象、预测文章内容等。
阅读C、D篇 阅读C或D篇常以社科类和科普类为主，如科学研究类设题常涉及以前的研究(previous study)的局限性(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇32题)，最新研究(follow-up study)的目的、研究的重点、方法、过程和结果等，专家的观点态度和建议(如2025全国一卷D篇35题)等。
2025·全国一卷·D 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——环境污染
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
主题句+支撑句，支撑句通过数据、例子或细节解释或证明主题句
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头)： boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it
cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Additionally后引入研究的局限性(limitation)，也是设题点
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1，000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
举例作为支撑句，是为了证明主题句，转换为主题句即是答案
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process
was nice，” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
本文介绍了微塑料污染的普遍性及其对人类健康的潜在威胁，并提出了一种简单且经济的方法——煮沸并过滤自来水来减少饮用水中的微塑料含量。研究还指出，水的硬度(碳酸钙含量)是影响该方法效果的关键因素。文章强调微塑料污染问题的严峻性，并呼吁进一步升级饮用水处理厂，以应对微塑料污染问题。
1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert.
B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples.
D. By providing statistics.
推断写作手法题。首段第一句为主题句：微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源(Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth)，破折号后为支撑句，列举微塑料存在于“深海、喜马拉雅山、火山岩、海鸟胃部、南极雪、人体”等具体地点和载体，以实例论证微塑料污染问题的普遍性。举例是论证观点或说明问题。
解析
2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water.
B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering.
D. The type of plastic in water.
细节理解题。第二段提出研究结果：煮沸过滤法可去除其中至少80%的微塑料。第三段首句为该段主题句，明确说明这一过程依赖水中足够的碳酸钙含量(the water containing enough calcium carbonate)。第二句和第三句为支撑句，列举研究数据进行对比：硬水(300mg钙)去除率几乎为90% ，而低钙水(<60mg)仅25%。 由此可知，水的硬度(即钙含量)是决定去除微塑料有效性的因素。故A项正确。
解析
3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A. The importance of plastic recycling.
B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water.
D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
写作意图题。第四段首句是主题句，指出减少微塑料摄入虽有新方法，但难度不断增大。第二句为支撑句，指出“瓶装水微塑料含量比预期高10~1 000倍”，旨在用例子证明主旨，强调微塑料污染问题的严峻性。故B项正确。
解析
4.What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
Choice of new research methods.
B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers.
D. Potential application of the findings.
隐含推断题。最后一段提到专家Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay说, “应升级饮用水处理厂以去除微塑料 (upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics)”，明确建议将煮沸 过滤法的原理应用于水厂设施升级，属于研究成果的潜在应用方向，故D项正确。B项为易错选项，further study是研究层面，而对饮用水处理厂进行升级是一种落地的举措，故B项错误。
解析
积累
重点词 ①stick vi.卡住，陷入 ②remove vt.去除，排除；使消失 ③cool vi.&vt. (使)变凉，冷却 ④still adv.虽然如此
熟词 生僻义 trap熟义：vt.设陷阱捕捉；使落入险境 n.陷阱
生僻义：vt.收集；吸收
派生词 ①(micro-+plastic)microplastic n.微塑料 ②(significant+-ly) significantly adv.显著地 ③(crucial+-ly)crucially adv.关键地，至关重要地 ④(previous+-ly) previously adv.以前；先前
⑤(expose +-ure) exposure n.面临，遭受；接触；体验
⑥(severe+-ity) severity n.严重性 ⑦(hard+-ness) hardness n.硬度
语块 ①settle in在……安顿下来 ②rely on依靠 ③lead to导致，造成 ④raise concerns引发担忧 ⑤look into调查，研究 ⑥hard water硬水 ⑦pure water纯净水 ⑧bottled water瓶装水
研究发现类说明文结构
引出最新研究发现：介绍背景或问题、引出解决办法或研究成果或用强转折词 however、 but、 actually引出最新成果(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷D篇)→主旨题。
说明研究发现：实验研究的重点(focus)(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷C篇30
题，2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇33题)、目的(aim、 purpose)、基本原理(principle)、研究方法(method)、过程(process)[列数据、作比较、例证(举例的内容通常被修改设置为干扰项)、引用专家的话]、潜在应用(potential application)、意义→细节题、推断题。
尾段总结或评论：存在的问题、专家的建议、专家评论、发展前景或潜在应用等→观点态度题(如2023新课标Ⅰ卷C篇31题)。
出题顺序与行文一致，不用读懂每句话。
高考热考法1
1.2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——科学研究
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
隐含推断题——定、析、比，推言外意
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，”said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know： Are they usable ”
提出疑问：这些观察数据可用吗
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 研究方法
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，”said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. 分析已有的数据的偏差原因
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot，”Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏差，本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因并提出了弥补方案。
①What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
隐含推断题。第二段第二句提出人们越来越多地使用观测数据研究物种如何应对全球变化，并提出疑问：这些观察数据可用吗 又由第三段中的“tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns (测试这些数据在多大程度上代表实际的全球生物多样性模式)”,可知, Daru 的研究重点是“观察性数据”。故选 C。
解析
②What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
隐含推断题。本题需概括第四段和第五段的内容，第四段提到Daru 的研究团队在探索网民们取样方面的偏差，比如网民们会因为花比草更加显眼而拍花，而不是拍草。第五段的内容进一步拓展说明该要点，第五段第二句说明这些数据偏向于某些区域、时段和物种, 最后一句说明这些采集的数据会更加偏向引人注目的某些物种。由此可知, 民间科学家的采样可能不合适，从而导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。
解析
③What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
隐含推断题。根据最后一段可知，Daru 认为 biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此，Daru 建议 biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。have an expert confirm和give guidance to citizen scientists属于同义转述。
解析
积累
重点词 ①reveal [r vi l] vt.揭示；显示 ②document [ d kj m nt] vt.记录；记载 ③encounter [ n ka nt (r)] n.遭遇；偶遇v.遭遇；偶遇 ④increasingly [ n kri s li] adv.越来越多地 ⑤investigate [ n vest ɡe t] vt.调查；研究 ⑥detect [d tekt] vt.发现；检测 ⑦shift [ ft] v.转变；移动n.转变；轮班 ⑧dataset [ de t set] n.数据集 ⑨uploaded adj.已上传的 ⑩review v.回顾，反思
派生词/ 合成词 ①likely adj.可能的→likelihood n.可能性 ②identify vt.识别→identification n.识别，鉴定 ③observation n.观察→observational adj.观察的，观测的 ④cover vt.覆盖→coverage n. 覆盖范围，新闻报道 ⑤sample vt.抽样检验；取样；采样→sampling n.抽样；取样 ⑥well-sampled adj.充分采样的 ⑦oversampled adj.过度采样的(over-+sample+-ed) ⑧biodiversity n.生物多样性(bio-+diversity)
⑨use→usable adj.可用的，适用的 ⑩flower→flowering adj. 开花的，有花的 number→outnumber [ a t n mb (r)] vt.在数量上超过，比……多 eye-catching [ a k ] adj.引人注目的(eye+catching)
熟词 生僻义 ①sample vt.抽样检验；取样；采样 ②favor n.帮助；赞同；支持；特别照顾，偏袒，偏爱 v.偏爱，偏袒，较喜欢；有助于，有利于
语块 采样相关：①biodiversity生物多样性 ②observational data观测数据 ③physical specimens实物标本 ④data bias数据偏差
其他：①with the rise of随着……的兴起 ②with the aid of借助于…… ③in the form of以……的形式 ④citizen scientist民间科学家 ⑤in the race to在争夺……的竞争中
⑥lead author第一作者 ⑦assistant professor助理教授
设题特点
推断隐含意义是依据文章信息(某个或某些句子、段落或全文信息)进行合理、适度的推断，推出作者没直接说明的内容。
常见设问方式
①以what提问，题干中常含infer、indicate、imply、suggest、conclude、assume、learn、know等动词。
②What can we learn/infer from ...
③What does the author indicate/want to say by ...
④也有以why等较为灵活的方式针对文章信息设问，如2024新课标Ⅰ卷的第25题。
图解技巧4 定、析、比，推言外意
高考热考法2
2.2025·浙江高考1月·B第2~5段 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与自我——教育
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more.“There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them，”she says.“It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.”
观点态度题——寻褒贬词，察言观色定态度
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility，” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume—even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions.“When your child says，‘My stomach hurts，’you can say，‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices，’”says Markey.“Let them feel like they have some control over it.”
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions.“Feeding is a long game，”says Markey.“The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A. Costly. B. Complex.
C. Workable. D. Contradictory.
观点态度题。题干中的“the strategies”直接指代文中Markey教授提出的方法：(第二段)避免过度讨论食物(saying less is more)、(第三段)“责任分工”原则(父母提供健康食物，孩子自主决定食量/种 类，允许偶尔不健康选择)、(第四段)引导孩子体会饮食选择与身体感受的关联(如腹痛时联系糖分摄入)、持续提供健康食物、等待孩子自发“顿悟”。第五段中提到作者一直在尝试这些策略，并发现当自己限制少一些时，孩子们确实能做出更好的决定，说明作者认为这些策略是可行的。
解析
积累
重点词 ①consume vt.消费；吃，喝，饮 ②apply vt.使用；应用
③contradictory adj.相互矛盾的 ④concept n.概念
派生词 ①(in-+security) insecurity n.不安全感 ②nutrition n.营养(学) ③division n.分工 ④consequence n.结果，后果
⑤(sugar+-y) sugary adj.含糖的 ⑥(restrict+-ive) restrictive
adj限制性的；约束的 ⑦(work+-able) workable adj.可行的，有效的 ⑧(cost+-ly) costly adj.花钱多的；昂贵的；价钱高的
熟词 生僻义 click熟义：vi.& vt.点击；单击 生僻义：vi.被突然明白；豁然开朗
语块 ①a variety of各种各样的 ②expose sb. to sth.使面临 ③try out试用，检验 ④make a huge difference有很大作用
设题特点
①推断作者或文中人物对某个人或事物所持的态度、看法。
②先明确谁对谁或对什么的态度，再锁定体现人物观点态度的感彩鲜明的褒贬词 (形、副等)、句或事例或描写人物动作、表情或语气的词句推断态度。
常见设问方式
①What does the author think of/feel about ...
②What is the researcher’s attitude towards ...
题干中常出现的词或短语有： attitude、opinion、think of、 feel about等。
图解技巧5 寻褒贬词，察言观色定态度
高考热考法3
3.2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与社会——文学
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design： A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
写作意图题——依主旨，辨文体，推意图
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of“narrow-AI”to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a“tipping point”in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 暗示写作目的
What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book on AI.
B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI.
D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
写作意图题。通读全文可知，第一段介绍了新书《人工智能设 计：与人工智能共生的计划》；第二段介绍了本书作者的背景；第三到四段概述了书中的主要论点和观点，及其意义；第五段进行总结，再次强烈推荐这本书。由此可知，作者写这篇文章是为了推荐一本有关 AI的书。
解析
积累
重 点 词 ①given [ ɡ vn] prep.鉴于；考虑到 adj.特定的；假设的
②forthcoming [ f θ k m ] adj.即将到来的；愿意提供信息的 ③heady [ hedi] adj.使兴奋的；使有信心的 文中义：难懂的 ④sideline [ sa dla n] v.使退出比赛；使靠边 n.副业；边线
派生词/ 合成词 ①absorb vt.吸引→absorbing [ b z b ] adj.引人入胜的；吸引人的 ②understand vt.理解→understandable [ nd st nd bl] adj.可理解的 ③inform v.告知→informative [ n f m t v] adj.提供信息的；见闻广博的 ④academic adj.学术的→unacademic [ n k dem k] adj.非学术的 ⑤roadmap n.路线图(road+map) ⑥extinction-level adj.灭绝级别的(extinction+level) ⑦downfall n.衰落(down+fall) ⑧structure→structured adj.有条理的
熟词 生僻义 ①power vt.驱动 ②process v.处理 ③honor v.表彰
④academic n.学者 ⑤point n.观点
语 块 动短：①make for促成 ②pose/address the challenges带来/应对挑战 ③keep control of控制 ④pan out成功；结果；以一定方式发展 ⑤give a brief account of简要介绍……
⑥translate ... into ...将……翻译为……；将……转化为……
名短：tipping point n.转折点
习语：①from a ... angle从……的角度 ②by the close结束时 ③on the same page意见一致 ④in the wrong hands落入不当之人手中
设题特点
①就某一细节(例子等)或某个段落的写作意图提问(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷B篇第27题)
②就整篇文章的写作意图提问
常见设问方式
①就细节： (新设问) What does ... try to illustrate/explain/show by mentioning ... What is the author’s purpose in mentioning ... Why does the author list/mention ...in paragraph ...
②就段落： What is the function of the first paragraph
③就文章： What is the purpose of the text
图解技巧6 依主旨，辨文体，推意图
高考热考法4
4.2023·新课标Ⅱ卷·C第1~2段 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与社会——文学与艺术
Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object— the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
文章出处和类型题——巧借细节判出处
In this“book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
文章出处题。由第一段第一句“Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers is a celebration ... three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”可知，《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，又由第二段第一句中的“In this ‘book of books’”可知，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可推知，本文最有可能摘自书的序言。故选A。
解析
5.新高考Ⅱ卷·C 体裁：议论文 主题语境：人与社会——工程与技术
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50，000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800，000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250，000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible： the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway (晃动). The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean (赞歌) to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles (航天飞机) Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in
which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well that it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
“Success is success but that is all that it is，”Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
What is the text
A. A news report. B. A short story.
C. A book review. D. A research article.
推断文章类型题。通读全文可知，文章先以金门大桥的事故为 例，引出To Forgive Design： Understanding Failure这本书；接着介绍了作者在该书中表述地对工程事故背后的原因的看法及读者从这本书中能获取的内容。文章第二段首句为全文的主题句，是对这本书的评价。由此可知，本文属于书评。故选C。
解析
设题特点
①根据文章体裁和题材判断文章的出处和类型。
②根据文章细节内容、措辞和语言特征及信息句中代词的指代对象确定读者对象。
常见设问方式
①出处：Where is the text probably taken from
②类型：What is the text
③读者对象：What may the text be intended for
图解技巧7 巧借细节判出处
高考热考法5
6.2025·浙江高考1月·C第3段 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与自然——人与植物
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
推断人物/事物特征类——抓关键点定特征
Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
归纳事物特征类。该段通过 “艺术性(artistic flavors：巧妙运用色彩和形态，四季皆美)+生态性(serving wildlife)+细节美学(smallest detail：将自然元素升华为艺术)”三方面介绍Piet Oudolf 的花园特 点，而tasteful是唯一能涵盖这三者的选项——既指视觉品位，也包含生态智慧的“雅致”，也体现设计者将自然转化为高雅审美体验的能力。
解析
积累
重点词 ①artistic adj.有艺术性的，精美的 ②interest n.吸引力，趣味 ③flavor n.特点；特色
熟词生僻义 serve熟义：vt. (给某人)提供；端上；服务 生僻义：vt.对……有用；能满足……的需要
派生词/ 合成词 ①(taste+-ful) tasteful adj.高雅的；雅致的；优美的
②(odd+looking)odd-looking adj.外形奇特的
③(popular+-ize) popularize vt.宣扬，推广
语块 play with巧妙地利用，新奇运用
7.新高考Ⅱ卷·B第6段 体裁：记叙文 主题语境：人与社会——社会生活
Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique. Like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.
What does the author think of himself
A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent.
推断人物特征类。根据本段中的“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged ... even built websites.”可知，作者认为自己虽然老了，但从数字角度来说，自己还没有遭遇令人绝望的挑战。从作者列举的自己编辑视频、制作音频、使用手机支付，甚至建立了网站等事情可知，作者认为自己在数码科技方面还是很有能力的。故选D。
解析
设题特点
基于文章内容，归纳文中人物的性格、品德、成就、贡献等内容或某事物的性质、品质、作用或功能等。
常见设问方式
①Which of the following best describes ...
②Which words can best describe ...
③What kind of person is ...
图解技巧8 抓关键点定特征
高考热考法6
8.2023·全国乙卷·C第3段 体裁：说明文 主题语境：人与社会——社会生活
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their
预测文章内容——锁定尾句巧预测
cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool”for boys to like cooking.
What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
预测文章内容题。根据该段最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking.”可知，随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上，男孩喜欢烹饪不再是“不酷”的事了。由此可推断，接下来作者可能会介绍一些电视节目中的男厨师。故选B。
解析
设题特点
依据文章猜测下文可能涉及的内容或预测事件可能出现的结局。
常见设问方式
①What might be talked about next
②What will the following paragraph most probably talk about
图解技巧9
锁定尾句巧预测
猜测阅读障碍词的能力 (2025全国一卷D篇+6个技巧对应语篇/片段)
重点词 consume vt. ①__________ _______________ document vt. ②__________
apply vt. ③__________ contradictory adj. ④__________
派生词/ 合成词 out+number →outnumber vt. ⑤__________ _______________ taste+-ful→tasteful adj. ⑥__________
_______________
severe+-ity → severity n. ⑦__________ odd+looking→odd-ooking adj. ⑧__________
消费；吃，
喝，饮
记录；记载
使用；应用
相互矛盾的
在数量上超
过，比……多
高雅的；
雅致的；优美的
严重性
外形奇特的
熟词 生僻义 serve 熟义：vt. ⑨___________ __________________________ 生僻义： vt. ⑩___________ ______________________ click 熟义：vi.&vt. ___________ 生僻义：vi.
___________
______________
语块 play with __________ _____________ settle in ___________
_________
(给某人)提
供；端上；服
务
对……有用；
能满足……的
需要
点击；单击
被突然明白；
豁然开朗
巧妙地利
用，新奇运用
在……安顿
下来
分析长难句的能力
In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
试分析：该句主干为：①_____________________________________ _________________________________; 两个破折号之间的then filtering it after it cools 为插入语，补充说明步骤。published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters是过去分词短语作定语，修饰名词study。
Researchers found that boiling tap water could remove microplastics
试翻译：②_______________________________________________，来自中国的研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸5分钟然后冷却过滤,
③_______________________________。
在周三发表于《环境科学与技术快报》的一项研究中
可去除其中至少80%的微塑料
文本再开发
语法填空
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, ①_________ (add) artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving ②______ needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you ③__________ (enjoy) the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind ④______ the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
adding
the
to enjoy
to
仿写 (仿效加黑体部分写句)这样一来，学生可以边玩边复习，将学习与娱乐相结合。
This way, students could revise ⑤________________________________
____________________________________________________.
while having fun, combining learning with entertainment
