练8 推理判断题——文章出处/读者对象/文章类型题
限时18分钟
外刊原味8 体裁:说明文 主题语境:自然环境保护与生态平衡 难度:★★★☆☆ @ The Economist
Decades of increasing maize (玉米) and soybean production have turned Brazil into an agricultural powerhouse, yet destroyed vast stretches of the Amazon rainforest. But an October study shows deforestation is hurting farmers too.
The report shows that the practice of clear-cutting (removing all trees from a given area) in the Brazilian Amazon reduced crop yields, resulting in economic losses of about $1bn between 2006 and 2019, and threatening global food security.
When ancient forests become plains, a delicate balance of water cycles is destroyed. As trees respire, they convert water into vapour, forming large, dense rain clouds that cool the region. This moisture-recycling process also influences atmospheric circulation, which plays a key role in temperature regulation (调节) in the Amazon basin.
The effects are clearest where more than 80% of the forest has been cleared. The rainy season has been delayed by 76 days since 1980. Between 1999 and 2019, rainfall fell by 40% in the soybean season and 23% at maize time. Maximum air temperatures rose by 2.5 ℃ over the same period. Less rain and hotter days mean smaller harvests and lower incomes.
Preventing further deforestation in Brazil’s southern Amazon could slow this. If clear-cutting continues, farmers may lose up to $1bn a year. Reforesting could even reverse (逆转) rainfall trends: if state of Pará were to reforest 55,000 km2, the rain could come on average five days earlier and up to 19 in some areas, adding 152mm annual rainfall.
For now, though, that seems like a tall order. Agricultural firms tend to treat such reports with scepticism. Despite the rising costs of adapting to drier conditions, farmers question the link between lower yields and climate change or deforestation.
Britaldo Soares-Filho, a researcher at UFMG and the report’s lead author, hopes that focusing on the financial impact of deforestation can bring critics round. Sustainable farming practices, he argues, are in the economic interests of agribusiness.
1.What can be inferred about the role of water cycles in paragraph 3
A. Increase regional temperatures. B. Accelerate air circulation.
C. Regulate climate systems. D. Sustain ecological balance.
2.How does the author present the severity of deforestation impacts
A. By quoting a researcher. B. By explaining a process.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
3.What do the underlined words “a tall order” refer to in paragraph 6
A. A challenging task. B. A long-term plan.
C. A practical solution. D. A questionable proposal.
4.What is the type of the text
A. A scientific report. B. A marketer’s journal.
C. An educational leaflet. D. An agricultural guide.
(2025·温州三模) 体裁:应用文 主题语境:教育创新与技术应用 难度:★★☆☆
Power of Public Speaking has partnered with ASI Innovation Labs to integrate artificial intelligence into the Pops Classroom platform for improving public speaking skills. The first project is the Pops Advisor which provides an automatic evaluation of students’ video presentations with visual feedback.
The Advisor offers on-demand comments to students practicing public speaking from anywhere. This flexibility benefits instructors, who can be as hands-on or hands-off during practice. While students can operate autonomously with the tool, instructors can also choose to keep track of students’ progress.
Criteria
Using machine learning models, the Pops Advisor analyzes the following criteria:
Delivery Introduction Body Conclusion
Vocal Style Vocal Quality Vocal Filler Eye Contact Body Language Credibility Attention Central Idea Preview Connective Support Language Connective Credibility Organization Signaling Ending Summary Memorable Ending Credibility
Feedback
The presenter receives feedback on the above four categories. And this feedback is given in the following formats:
Recommendations
To provide presenters with valuable feedback for the next practice, recommendations focus on specific aspects needing improvement. For instance, the recommendation can be “Your message is clear, but be sure you are grabbing your audience’s attention in your introduction to ensure they are listening.”
Speech Metrics (指标)
Useful speech metrics serve as quantitative descriptors on several aspects of the presentation including number of words, total presentation time, speaking rate and vocal fillers percentage.
Pops Advisor can be used in any classroom setting where students are presenting, particularly in the Basic Public Speaking Course. When you are considering what can be achieved by your students toward skill development in a single school semester, Advisor increases the overall development.
5.What is the Pops Advisor
A. A voice assistant. B. A video player. C. A time tracker. D. An evaluation tool.
6.Which of the following categories provides feedback on facial expressions
A. Delivery. B. Introduction. C. Body. D. Conclusion.
7.Who is the text intended for
A. Lab technicians. B. Public speech instructors.
C. Foreign language learners. D. Artificial Intelligence engineers.
(2025·重庆二模) 体裁:议论文 主题语境:文学、艺术与体育 难度:★★★☆☆
Last week, an hour before leaving for the airport, I was still packing. Though it was a short trip, I spent 10 minutes deciding which of the three books to take with me. I knew it was unlikely I’d have time to turn more than a few pages, but it never occurred to me to not take at least one book. When I stop to think about the value of reading, it strikes me that it’s a luxury we can’t afford to ignore, however busy we are.
I love Fran ois Boucher’s 1756 painting of Madame de Pompadour, which is housed in Munich. Gold curtains are pulled back as though to reveal Pompadour, lover of Louis ⅩⅤ, lying back on her couch. Her dress is almost like a character on its own, and it seems to take over the scene, but her figure isn’t any less impressive. Behind her, a fancy bookcase overflows with volumes, while a side table in the foreground holds an open drawer with a bottle of ink and a feather pen, suggesting her engagement with writing. At the very center of her graceful figure is an open book, which she holds elegantly in her hand.
Literacy grew in 18th-century Europe, but books remained expensive, and reading, even for well-to-do women, was considered a luxury pursuit. Although France tightly controlled reading materials, the painting places reading on a par with jewels or fine clothes. Pompadour’s thoughtful expression suggests she enjoys reading privately, regardless of royal restriction.
Reading has long been controlled because books reveal multiple worlds, showing how lives can be caged or free. They provide access to knowledge, broadening our ability to think and act independently. Once people feel empowered, almost anything seems possible. I’ve always recognized my access to books as a form of power, helping me learn new things and approach life thoughtfully.
8.What does the writer want to express when she mentions her packing experience
A. She always packs at the last minute. B. She values reading remarkably highly.
C. She never travels without a book. D. She often forgets some essential items.
9.What does the underlined phrase “on a par with” most probably mean
A. As important as. B. As expensive as. C. As rare as. D. As old as.
10.Why has reading long been controlled according to the author
A. Books are too expensive for people to afford.
B. Reading encourages people to reject authority.
C. Books expose worlds diversely and empower people.
D. Reading helps people observe the world subjectively.
11.Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An analysis of literacy trends. B. A review of historical paintings.
C. A personal reflection on culture. D. An essay on the worth of reading.
练8
本文围绕一项关于巴西亚马逊毁林对农业影响的研究展开,引用研究数据、专家观点,客观分析问题、影响及对策。
1.C 推理判断题。第三段明确指出,森林消失会破坏水循环,水循环会影响大气环流,而大气环流在亚马逊盆地的温度调节中起关键作用。由此可知,水循环通过影响大气环流参与温度调节,进而影响该区域的气候,故C项“调节气候系统”正确。
2.D 推理判断题。第四段通过具体数据呈现毁林影响的严重性,如“雨季推迟76天”“大豆季降雨减少40%”“最高气温上升2.5 ℃”等,属于“提供数据”的论证方式。
3.A 词句猜测题。第五段提出“阻止毁林、重新造林”的对策,第六段转折指出“For now, though, that seems like a tall order”,随后说明农业企业怀疑、农民质疑,可见that(指前文的对策)实施难度大。“a tall order”意为“艰巨的任务”,与选项A一致。
4.A 推断文章类型题。文章围绕一项关于“亚马逊毁林对农业影响”的研究展开,客观呈现研究结论(毁林导致减产、经济损失)、数据支撑(降雨减少、气温升高等具体数值)及研究者观点(Britaldo Soares-Filho的话),属于“科学报告(scientific report)”——即基于科学研究,向公众或相关领域传递研究发现的文本。
积累
重点词 ①practice n.通常的做法;惯例;常规 ②delicate adj.脆弱的
派生词 ①(circulate+-ion) circulation n.环流,循环 ②(sceptic+-ism) scepticism n.怀疑态度;怀疑主义 ③(re-+forest) reforest vt.重新造林
语块 ①threaten global food security威胁全球食品安全 ②convert ... into (使)转变,转换,转化 ③bring sb. round说服某人同意
本文主要介绍了一款可以自动评估学生的视频演示,并提供视觉反馈的工具Pops Advisor。
5.D 细节理解题。第一段第二句Pops Advisor可以自动评估学生的视频演示,并提供视觉反馈。第二段第三句补充描述其功能:学生可以使用该工具自主操作,教师也可以选择跟踪学生的进度。后续Criteria部分进一步描述其功能:使用机器学习模型分析演讲标准(如表达、开头、主体、结尾等),并生成“建议”和“演讲指标”,均属于评估工具的功能。由此可知,Pops Advisor是一款评估工具,故选D项。
6.A 细节理解题。根据题干关键信息feedback on facial expressions定位到文章Criteria部分的Delivery部分。Delivery类别下包含“Eye Contact”和“Body Language”,而面部表情(facial expressions)属于“Body Language”的组成部分,故选A项。
7.B 推断读者对象题。 文章多次强调该工具对教师的价值,如:第二段中的“This flexibility benefits instructors”(灵活性使教师受益)和“instructors can also choose to keep track of students’ progress”(教师可跟踪学生进度)。最后一段第一句指出其适用场景:“可用于任何学生演讲的课堂,尤其是基础公共演讲课程”。由此可推知本文目标读者是公共演讲讲师,故选B项。
微技巧:也可以定位目标群体关键词:instructors(教师)出现两次。classroom setting(课堂场景)和skill development in a single school semester(学期内技能发展)均与教学场景相关。
作者以旅行带书为例,结合画作及历史,阐述阅读是珍贵的奢侈,但因阅读揭示多元世界、赋能而曾被控制。
8.B 推理判断题。 首段描述作者在匆忙赶飞机前仍坚持花时间选书带走,强调“哪怕再忙,阅读都是不可忽视的奢侈(a luxury we can’t afford to ignore)”,且提到“从未想过不带至少一本书”。由此可知作者非常重视阅读。故选B项。
9.A 词句猜测题。根据第三段首句中的“但书籍仍然很昂贵,阅读,即使对于富裕的女性来说,也被认为是一种奢侈的追求”及第三段第二句“尽管法国严格控制阅读材料,但这幅画将阅读on a par with珠宝或精美服装”,结合首段提到阅读是奢侈的追求,可推测on a par with jewels or fine clothes意为“和珠宝或精美服装一样重要”,就像奢侈的追求一样,故A项“和…… 一样重要”符合句意。
10.C 推理判断题。 最后一段首句直接给出原因“书籍展示了生活可以是被束缚的,也可以是自由的”,并指出书籍“提升独立思考与行动力”,又强调“一旦人们感到被赋能,几乎任何事情都变得可能”。由此可知,书籍能多样地揭示世界,并且能赋予人们力量,因此阅读常被压制。故选C项。expose worlds diversely 和empower people分别是原文reveal multiple worlds和 people feel empowered的同义转述。
干扰项:A(书贵)是历史事实,但非管控原因;选项B(鼓励反抗权威)过度解读(原文只说empower “赋能”);选项D(主观观察世界)未提及。
11.D 文章出处题。首段通过作者自己旅行带书的经历引出对阅读价值的思考,接着通过一幅画讲述18世纪阅读的情况,最后阐述阅读被控制的原因及阅读对人的价值,整体围绕阅读的价值与意义展开。故本文最有可能来自一篇关于阅读价值的文章。故选D项。
积累
重点词 ①luxury n.奢侈品;奢侈的享受;奢华 adj.豪华的;昂贵的 ②empower v.授权;给(某人)……的权力
语块 ①can’t afford to do承担不起(后果) ②be housed in被收藏在 ③overflow with漫出;溢出(共38张PPT)
第一部分 阅读
练8 推理判断题——文章出处/读者对象/文章类型题
外刊原味8 体裁：说明文 主题语境：自然环境保护与生态平衡 难度：★★★☆☆ @ The Economist
Decades of increasing maize (玉米) and soybean production have turned Brazil into an agricultural powerhouse, yet destroyed vast stretches of the Amazon rainforest. But an October study shows deforestation is hurting farmers too.
The report shows that the practice of clear-cutting (removing all trees from a given area) in the Brazilian Amazon reduced crop yields, resulting in economic losses of about $1bn between 2006 and 2019, and threatening global food security.
When ancient forests become plains, a delicate balance of water cycles is destroyed. As trees respire, they convert water into vapour, forming large, dense rain clouds that cool the region. This moisture-recycling process also influences atmospheric circulation, which plays a key role in temperature regulation (调节) in the Amazon basin.
The effects are clearest where more than 80% of the forest has been cleared. The rainy season has been delayed by 76 days since 1980. Between 1999 and 2019, rainfall fell by 40% in the soybean season and 23% at maize time. Maximum air temperatures rose by 2.5 ℃ over the same period. Less rain and hotter days mean smaller harvests and lower incomes.
Preventing further deforestation in Brazil’s southern Amazon could slow this. If clear-cutting continues, farmers may lose up to $1bn a year. Reforesting could even reverse (逆转) rainfall trends： if state of Pará were to reforest 55，000 km2, the rain could come on average five days earlier and up to 19 in some areas, adding 152mm annual rainfall.
For now, though, that seems like a tall order. Agricultural firms tend to treat such reports with scepticism. Despite the rising costs of adapting to drier conditions, farmers question the link between lower yields and climate change or deforestation.
Britaldo Soares-Filho, a researcher at UFMG and the report’s lead author, hopes that focusing on the financial impact of deforestation can bring critics round. Sustainable farming practices, he argues, are in the economic interests of agribusiness.
本文围绕一项关于巴西亚马逊毁林对农业影响的研究展开，引用研究数据、专家观点，客观分析问题、影响及对策。
1.What can be inferred about the role of water cycles in paragraph 3
A. Increase regional temperatures.
B. Accelerate air circulation.
C. Regulate climate systems.
D. Sustain ecological balance.
推理判断题。第三段明确指出，森林消失会破坏水循环，水循环会影响大气环流，而大气环流在亚马逊盆地的温度调节中起关键作用。由此可知，水循环通过影响大气环流参与温度调节，进而影响该区域的气候，故C项“调节气候系统”正确。
解析
2.How does the author present the severity of deforestation impacts
A. By quoting a researcher. B. By explaining a process.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
推理判断题。第四段通过具体数据呈现毁林影响的严重性，如“雨季推迟76天”“大豆季降雨减少40%”“最高气温上升2.5 ℃”等，属于
“提供数据”的论证方式。
解析
3.What do the underlined words “a tall order” refer to in paragraph 6
A. A challenging task. B. A long-term plan.
C. A practical solution. D. A questionable proposal.
词句猜测题。第五段提出“阻止毁林、重新造林”的对策，第六段转折指出“For now, though, that seems like a tall order”，随后说明农业企业怀疑、农民质疑，可见that(指前文的对策)实施难度大。“a tall order”意为“艰巨的任务”，与选项A一致。
解析
4.What is the type of the text
A. A scientific report. B. A marketer’s journal.
C. An educational leaflet. D. An agricultural guide.
推断文章类型题。文章围绕一项关于“亚马逊毁林对农业影响”的研究展开，客观呈现研究结论(毁林导致减产、经济损失)、数据支撑
(降雨减少、气温升高等具体数值)及研究者观点(Britaldo Soares-Filho的话)，属于“科学报告(scientific report)”——即基于科学研究，向公众或相关领域传递研究发现的文本。
解析
积累
重点词 ①practice n.通常的做法；惯例；常规 ②delicate adj.脆弱的
派生词 ①(circulate+-ion) circulation n.环流，循环 ②(sceptic+-ism) scepticism n.怀疑态度；怀疑主义 ③(re-+forest) reforest vt.重新造林
语块 ①threaten global food security威胁全球食品安全 ②convert ... into (使)转变，转换，转化 ③bring sb. round说服某人同意
(2025·温州三模) 体裁：应用文 主题语境：教育创新与技术应用 难度：★★ ☆☆
Power of Public Speaking has partnered with ASI Innovation Labs to integrate artificial intelligence into the Pops Classroom platform for improving public speaking skills. The first project is the Pops Advisor which provides an automatic evaluation of students’ video presentations with visual feedback.
The Advisor offers on-demand comments to students practicing public speaking from anywhere. This flexibility benefits instructors, who can be as hands-on or hands-off during practice. While students can operate autonomously with the tool, instructors can also choose to keep track of students’ progress.
Criteria
Using machine learning models, the Pops Advisor analyzes the following criteria：
Delivery Introduction Body Conclusion
Vocal Style Vocal Quality Vocal Filler Eye Contact Body Language Credibility Attention Central Idea Preview Connective Support Language Connective Credibility Organization Signaling Ending
Summary
Memorable Ending
Credibility
Feedback
The presenter receives feedback on the above four categories. And this feedback is given in the following formats：
Recommendations
To provide presenters with valuable feedback for the next practice, recommendations focus on specific aspects needing improvement. For instance, the recommendation can be “Your message is clear, but be sure you are grabbing your audience’s attention in your introduction to ensure they are listening.”
Speech Metrics (指标)
Useful speech metrics serve as quantitative descriptors on several aspects of the presentation including number of words, total presentation time, speaking rate and vocal fillers percentage.
Pops Advisor can be used in any classroom setting where students are presenting, particularly in the Basic Public Speaking Course. When you are considering what can be achieved by your students toward skill development in a single school semester, Advisor increases the overall development.
本文主要介绍了一款可以自动评估学生的视频演示，并提供视觉反馈的工具Pops Advisor。
5.What is the Pops Advisor
A. A voice assistant. B. A video player.
C. A time tracker. D. An evaluation tool.
细节理解题。第一段第二句Pops Advisor可以自动评估学生的视频演示，并提供视觉反馈。第二段第三句补充描述其功能：学生可以使用该工具自主操作，教师也可以选择跟踪学生的进度。后续Criteria部分进一步描述其功能：使用机器学习模型分析演讲标准(如表达、开头、主体、结尾等)，并生成“建议”和“演讲指标”，均属于评估工具的功能。由此可知，Pops Advisor是一款评估工具，故选D项。
解析
6.Which of the following categories provides feedback on facial expressions
A. Delivery. B. Introduction.
C. Body. D. Conclusion.
细节理解题。根据题干关键信息feedback on facial expressions定位到文章Criteria部分的Delivery部分。Delivery类别下包含“Eye Contact”和“Body Language”，而面部表情(facial expressions)属于“Body Language”的组成部分，故选A项。
解析
7.Who is the text intended for
A. Lab technicians.
B. Public speech instructors.
C. Foreign language learners.
D. Artificial Intelligence engineers.
推断读者对象题。 文章多次强调该工具对教师的价值，如：第二段中的“This flexibility benefits instructors”(灵活性使教师受益)和“instructors can also choose to keep track of students’ progress”(教师可跟踪学生进度)。最后一段第一句指出其适用场景：“可用于任何学生演讲的课堂，尤其是基础公共演讲课程”。由此可推知本文目标读者是公共演讲讲师，故选B项。
解析
微技巧：也可以定位目标群体关键词：instructors(教师)出现两次。classroom setting(课堂场景)和skill development in a single school semester(学期内技能发展)均与教学场景相关。
解析
(2025·重庆二模) 体裁：议论文 主题语境：文学、艺术与体育 难度：★★★☆☆
Last week, an hour before leaving for the airport, I was still packing. Though it was a short trip, I spent 10 minutes deciding which of the three books to take with me. I knew it was unlikely I’d have time to turn more than a few pages, but it never occurred to me to not take at least one book. When I stop to think about the value of reading, it strikes me that it’s a luxury we can’t afford to ignore, however busy we are.
I love Fran ois Boucher’s 1756 painting of Madame de Pompadour, which is housed in Munich. Gold curtains are pulled back as though to reveal Pompadour, lover of Louis ⅩⅤ, lying back on her couch. Her dress is almost like a character on its own, and it seems to take over the scene, but her figure isn’t any less impressive. Behind her, a fancy bookcase overflows with volumes, while a side table in the foreground holds an open drawer with a bottle of ink and a feather pen, suggesting her engagement with writing. At the very center of her graceful figure is an open book, which she holds elegantly in her hand.
Literacy grew in 18th-century Europe, but books remained expensive, and reading, even for well-to-do women, was considered a luxury pursuit. Although France tightly controlled reading materials, the painting places reading on a par with jewels or fine clothes. Pompadour’s thoughtful expression suggests she enjoys reading privately, regardless of royal restriction.
Reading has long been controlled because books reveal multiple worlds, showing how lives can be caged or free. They provide access to knowledge, broadening our ability to think and act independently. Once people feel empowered, almost anything seems possible. I’ve always recognized my access to books as a form of power, helping me learn new things and approach life thoughtfully.
作者以旅行带书为例，结合画作及历史，阐述阅读是珍贵的奢侈，但因阅读揭示多元世界、赋能而曾被控制。
8.What does the writer want to express when she mentions her packing experience
A. She always packs at the last minute.
B. She values reading remarkably highly.
C. She never travels without a book.
D. She often forgets some essential items.
推理判断题。 首段描述作者在匆忙赶飞机前仍坚持花时间选书带走，强调“哪怕再忙，阅读都是不可忽视的奢侈(a luxury we can’t afford to ignore)”，且提到“从未想过不带至少一本书”。由此可知作者非常重视阅读。故选B项。
解析
9.What does the underlined phrase “on a par with” most probably mean
A. As important as. B. As expensive as.
C. As rare as. D. As old as.
词句猜测题。根据第三段首句中的“但书籍仍然很昂贵，阅读，即使对于富裕的女性来说，也被认为是一种奢侈的追求”及第三段第二句“尽管法国严格控制阅读材料，但这幅画将阅读on a par with珠宝或精美服装”，结合首段提到阅读是奢侈的追求，可推测on a par with jewels or fine clothes意为“和珠宝或精美服装一样重要”，就像奢侈的追求一样，故A项“和…… 一样重要”符合句意。
解析
10.Why has reading long been controlled according to the author
A. Books are too expensive for people to afford.
B. Reading encourages people to reject authority.
C. Books expose worlds diversely and empower people.
D. Reading helps people observe the world subjectively.
推理判断题。 最后一段首句直接给出原因“书籍展示了生活可以是被束缚的，也可以是自由的”，并指出书籍“提升独立思考与行动力”，又强调“一旦人们感到被赋能，几乎任何事情都变得可能”。由此可知，书籍能多样地揭示世界，并且能赋予人们力量，因此阅读常被压制。故选C项。expose worlds diversely 和empower people分别是原文reveal multiple worlds和 people feel empowered的同义转述。
解析
干扰项：A(书贵)是历史事实，但非管控原因；选项B(鼓励反抗权威)过度解读(原文只说empower “赋能”)；选项D(主观观察世界)未提及。
解析
11.Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An analysis of literacy trends.
B. A review of historical paintings.
C. A personal reflection on culture.
D. An essay on the worth of reading.
文章出处题。首段通过作者自己旅行带书的经历引出对阅读价值的思考，接着通过一幅画讲述18世纪阅读的情况，最后阐述阅读被控制的原因及阅读对人的价值，整体围绕阅读的价值与意义展开。故本文最有可能来自一篇关于阅读价值的文章。故选D项。
解析
积累
重点词 ①luxury n.奢侈品；奢侈的享受；奢华 adj.豪华的；昂贵的 ②empower v.授权；给(某人)……的权力
语块 ①can’t afford to do承担不起(后果) ②be housed in被收藏在 ③overflow with漫出；溢出
