练12 主旨大意题——标题归纳题
限时18分钟
外刊原味12 体裁:说明文 主题语境:最新科学研究 难度:★★★☆☆ @ The Daily Telegraph
Struggling to give up meat and move to a vegetarian diet Your genes could be to blame, scientists suspect. A study suggests that genetics plays a role in whether people can stick to a strict vegetarian diet. While deciding to quit meat may be a personal lifestyle choice, based on religious and moral considerations, genetics can make it harder or easier for some people.
“Are all humans capable of existing long term on a strict vegetarian diet This is a question not seriously studied. There is something hard-wired people may be missing.” said study author Dr Nabeel Yaseen. “One area where plant products differ from meat is complex lipids (fats). There may be lipid components in meat that some people need. And maybe people whose genetics favour vegetarianism are able to synthesise (合成) these components.”
Experts compared UK Biobank genetic data from 5,324 strict vegetarians who avoided fish, poultry and red meat, to 329,455 people who were omnivorous (杂食的). They found three genes significantly associated with vegetarianism and another 31 genes potentially associated. Several of these genes, including two of the top three, were involved in lipid metabolism (新陈代谢) and brain function. It has led experts to believe that people who find a vegetarian diet easy to follow may be able to synthesise these important fats from elsewhere. According to the Vegetarian Society, 4.5 per cent of the British population follow a vegetarian or vegan diet.
Scientists say that often the driving force behind why people choose certain foods is not just taste but how well the body metabolises products. Dr Yaseen believes there may be something in meat that most people struggle to do without. “Perhaps you have a certain component—maybe a lipid component—that makes you need and long for it,” he added.
The experts believe the findings open the door to creating better meat substitutes as well as tailoring dietary recommendations to personal genetics.
1.What does Dr Yaseen imply in paragraph 2
A. There exist no relevant studies. B. Vegetarians can synthesise lipids.
C. Something might be overlooked. D. People can live on a vegetarian diet.
2.What role do the identified genes play according to paragraph 3
A. Control taste preferences. B. Affect lipid and brain function.
C. Determine religious beliefs. D. Reduce an appetite for meat.
3.What is the attitude of the experts towards the findings
A. Approving. B. Conservative. C. Ambiguous. D. Neutral.
4.What is the best title for the text
A. Which Diet Find What Determines B. Plants or Meat That Is a Question
C. Can’t Resist Meat Blame Your Genes D. Vegetarians or Vegans Ask Your Genes
(2025·海南三模) 体裁:说明文 主题语境:科学研究 难度:★★☆☆
Do you prefer listening to your favorite band while working on a presentation or writing an autobiography While it’s often thought that having background music on boosts creativity, a new study finds that it actually can do just the opposite.
Researchers from the United Kingdom and Sweden cooperated to examine how people did in a verbal creativity test with various types of music played in the background, compared to how the participants performed while library sounds were being played, as well as in silence.
Thirty young adults—15 men and 15 women from the University of Lancashire—were observed for the experiments. The participants were shown a series of three words at a time and then asked to add a word to each to create a new word or phrase. For example, someone could be shown the words “point” “stick” and “maker”. A correct answer in this case could be the word “match” for the group.
Meanwhile, the participants would take on the challenge either while in a quiet environment, or while listening to either music with foreign lyrics (歌词), music with familiar lyrics, or instrumental music. The individuals also completed the task with library sounds in the background. In all three cases of the background music, the study found, the participants’ performance in the task was significantly damaged, which wasn’t seen in a quiet setting.
Co-author Dr. Neil McLatchie said there was strong evidence of damaged performance with background music compared to quiet conditions. Even when the familiar song improved the participants’ mood or they were used to studying with music, creativity was still worsened.
As for why music was so problematic, the authors believe that music disturbs verbal memory. Library sounds in a “steady state” caused far less disturbance than the music, though they did have some influence.
“To conclude, the findings challenge the popular view that music enhances creativity. Instead, they show that music, whether with familiar lyrics or unfamiliar lyrics, consistently disturbs creative performance in insight problem solving,” the authors write.
5.What is the main purpose of the new study
A. To prove background music boosts creativity.
B. To find out how music affects mood.
C. To explore the impact of background music on creativity.
D. To match proper music types with different work environments.
6.How is the study carried out
A. By observing participants’ performance in various sound conditions.
B. By comparing participants’ speed of creating a new word.
C. By analyzing participants’ preference for different music.
D. By judging participants’ reaction to different lyrics.
7.What can we infer from the findings of the study
A. People should work in a quiet environment. B. Library sounds are better for creative work.
C. Background music can lift people’s spirits. D. Familiar music can improve people’s creativity.
8.What can be the best title for the text
A. Music: a Double-Edged Sword in Creativity
B. Does Background Music Really Boost Creativity
C. How Does Music Affect Our Mood and Performance
D. Library Noise: the Role of Enhancing Creativity
(2025·南昌二模) 体裁:议论文 主题语境:积极的人生态度 难度:★★★☆
What if everything happens for a reason It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.
We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.
In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience.
While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.
9.What may be a case of the burnt toast theory
A. Gaining rewards after paying efforts.
B. Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm.
C. Meeting a future employer after missing a flight.
D. Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings.
10.What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3
A. Better judgement on fears. B. Richer experience from failures.
C. The removal of daily inconveniences. D. The harvest of a positive mindset.
11.Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on
A. Would-be projects. B. Real-world applications.
C. Potential weaknesses. D. Practical advantages.
12.What is probably the best title for the text
A. Less is More B. Make a Lemon Lemonade
C. Once Bitten, Twice Shy D. Better Late than Never
练12
最新研究发现,人们是否能坚持严格的素食饮食,基因起着很重要的作用。
1.C 隐含推断题。由第二段中的“There is something hard-wired people may be missing.”可知, 人们可能忽略了一些与生俱来的东西。故C项正确。
2.B 细节理解题。第三段明确提到,研究者比较素食者和杂食者的基因数据,发现34个关联基因, 部分涉及脂质代谢和脑功能,由此说明已识别的基因与脂质代谢和大脑功能相关。
3.A 观点态度题。由最后一段“专家们认为,这些发现为创造更好的肉类替代品及根据个人基因定制饮食建议打开了大门。” 可知,专家们对研究结果持赞同态度,故选A。
4.C 标题归纳题。文章第一段引入科学家的猜测: “Struggling to give up meat and move to a vegetarian diet Your genes could be to blame”,接着论述了相关的研究结果,说明基因不管是在人们食肉还是食素方面起着一定的作用,故C项作为文章标题合适。
积累
合成词 hard-wired adj.固有的
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于背景音乐对创造力影响的研究结果。
5.C 细节理解题。首段用设问句引出普遍认知:音乐提升创造力。随即用让步状语从句转折提出新研究结论:音乐反而损害创造力(do just the opposite)。第二段说明实验设计目的:研究不同背景音乐对参与者在语言创造力测试中表现的影响。由此可知,新研究的主要目的是探讨背景音乐对创造力的影响。故选C项。
6.A 推理判断题。 第二段介绍研究目的:观察人们在播放各种类型背景音乐的情况下,进行一项言语创造力测试时的表现如何;该表现将与参与者在播放图书馆环境声音时以及处于安静环境时的表现进行比较;第三段明确说明观察对象(30名大学生)及语言联想测试;第四段详细介绍受试者完成测试的5种声音环境:安静环境、三种背景音乐:陌生歌词/熟悉歌词/纯音乐和图书馆背景音。 由此推出,研究是通过观察参与者在不同声音条件下的表现进行的。故选A项。
7.A 推理判断题。第四段尾句提到研究结论:所有三种背景音乐下,参与者的任务表现均显著受损——而在安静环境中却没有这种情况。又由第五段可知,背景音乐显著削弱创造力(creativity was still worsened);第六段提到图书馆噪音虽干扰较小,但仍有负面影响。由此可知应该在安静环境中工作。
8.B 标题归纳题。本文核心是对“music enhances creativity (音乐提升创造力)”的传统观点提出质疑,并通过实验证明研究结论(music disturbs creative performance)。末段直接点题:findings challenge the popular view。B项“背景音乐真的能提高创造力吗 ”以疑问句形式引发思考,直接呼应研究结论,既吸引读者又精准概括主题。
积累
派生词 (problem+-atic) problematic adj.造成困难的;存在问题的
语块 ①at a time一次 ②a double-edged sword双刃剑
本文主要介绍的是“烤焦的面包理论”,即通过积极视角看待生活中的不便,将其视为有意义的转折点,同时也探讨了该理论的潜在局限性。
9.C 推理判断题。首段引入烤焦面包理论的概念:我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小的不便都出于更大的原因; 第二段最后两句用“面包烤焦导致迟到,却避免了一场车祸或避开了一个不想见的人”的假设案例,解释该理论的“多米诺效应”。 由此可知,选项C(错过航班却遇雇主)是符合该理论的事件,体现“表面不幸实为转机”。
10.D 细节理解题。第三段首句点明:烤焦面包理论转换思维模式(shift thinking pattern),接着强调“思维模式转变”带来的心理收益,如“用更积极的态度看世界”,并具体说明其效果——减少焦虑、减少过度思考、提升适应性,均属于积极心态的收获。由此可知,应用该理论的结果是收获积极心态。故选D项。
11.C 推理判断题。末段首句直接指出理论“并非无缺点(not without its drawbacks)”,后文批评“强迫专注于积极的想法可能剥夺自己正确面对挑战或困难情绪的机会、导致虚假乐观”。 由此可知,最后一段聚焦于该理论的潜在弱点。故选C项。weakness是原文drawback的同义转述。
12.B 标题归纳题。 全文围绕“烤焦的面包理论”展开,强调通过积极视角看待生活中的负面事件,将挑战转化为机遇(如面包烤焦→避免事故),同时指出其潜在的局限性。选项B“化酸柠檬为甜柠檬汁”化用英文谚语 “When life gives you lemons, make lemonade”,完美呼应主题“将不便转化为机遇”。
干扰项:A项(少即是多)强调简约;C项(一朝被蛇咬)侧重风险规避;D项(迟做总比不做好)仅呼应“迟到避免车祸”案例,未覆盖全文主旨。
积累
重点词 ①drawback n.缺点;不利条件 ②perspective n.态度;观点;思考方法(viewpoint)
派生词 ①(adapt+-ive) adj. adaptive适应的;有适应能力的 ②(re-+shape) reshape vt.改变……的形状(或结构);重塑;改组
语块 ①push back推迟;延迟 ②bump into碰见;偶然遇见(come across) ③in a more positive light从更积极的角度
熟词 生僻义 take熟义:v.携带;拿走;取走;运走 生僻义:n.看法;意见(共40张PPT)
第一部分 阅读
练12 主旨大意题——标题归纳题
外刊原味12 体裁：说明文 主题语境：最新科学研究
难度：★★★☆☆ @ The Daily Telegraph
Struggling to give up meat and move to a vegetarian diet Your genes could be to blame, scientists suspect. A study suggests that genetics plays a role in whether people can stick to a strict vegetarian diet. While deciding to quit meat may be a personal lifestyle choice, based on religious and moral considerations, genetics can make it harder or easier for some people.
“Are all humans capable of existing long term on a strict vegetarian diet This is a question not seriously studied. There is something hard-wired people may be missing.” said study author Dr Nabeel Yaseen. “One area where plant products differ from meat is complex lipids (fats). There may be lipid components in meat that some people need. And maybe people whose genetics favour vegetarianism are able to synthesise (合成) these components.”
Experts compared UK Biobank genetic data from 5，324 strict vegetarians who avoided fish, poultry and red meat, to 329，455 people who were omnivorous (杂食的). They found three genes significantly associated with vegetarianism and another 31 genes potentially associated. Several of these genes, including two of the top three, were involved in lipid metabolism (新陈代谢) and brain function. It has led experts to believe that people who find a vegetarian diet easy to follow may be able to synthesise these important fats from elsewhere. According to the Vegetarian Society, 4.5 per cent of the British population follow a vegetarian or vegan diet.
Scientists say that often the driving force behind why people choose certain foods is not just taste but how well the body metabolises products. Dr Yaseen believes there may be something in meat that most people struggle to do without. “Perhaps you have a certain component—maybe a lipid component—that makes you need and long for it，” he added.
The experts believe the findings open the door to creating better meat substitutes as well as tailoring dietary recommendations to personal genetics.
最新研究发现，人们是否能坚持严格的素食饮食，基因起着很重要的作用。
1.What does Dr Yaseen imply in paragraph 2
A. There exist no relevant studies.
B. Vegetarians can synthesise lipids.
C. Something might be overlooked.
D. People can live on a vegetarian diet.
隐含推断题。由第二段中的“There is something hard-wired people may be missing.”可知, 人们可能忽略了一些与生俱来的东西。故C项正确。
解析
2.What role do the identified genes play according to paragraph 3
A. Control taste preferences.
B. Affect lipid and brain function.
C. Determine religious beliefs.
D. Reduce an appetite for meat.
细节理解题。第三段明确提到，研究者比较素食者和杂食者的基因数据，发现34个关联基因, 部分涉及脂质代谢和脑功能，由此说明已识别的基因与脂质代谢和大脑功能相关。
解析
3.What is the attitude of the experts towards the findings
A. Approving. B. Conservative.
C. Ambiguous. D. Neutral.
观点态度题。由最后一段“专家们认为，这些发现为创造更好的肉类替代品及根据个人基因定制饮食建议打开了大门。” 可知，专家们对研究结果持赞同态度，故选A。
解析
4.What is the best title for the text
A. Which Diet Find What Determines
B. Plants or Meat That Is a Question
C. Can’t Resist Meat Blame Your Genes
D. Vegetarians or Vegans Ask Your Genes
标题归纳题。文章第一段引入科学家的猜测： “Struggling to give up meat and move to a vegetarian diet Your genes could be to blame”,接着论述了相关的研究结果，说明基因不管是在人们食肉还是食素方面起着一定的作用，故C项作为文章标题合适。
解析
积累
合成词 hard-wired adj.固有的
(2025·海南三模) 体裁：说明文 主题语境：科学研究
难度：★★ ☆☆
Do you prefer listening to your favorite band while working on a presentation or writing an autobiography While it’s often thought that having background music on boosts creativity, a new study finds that it actually can do just the opposite.
Researchers from the United Kingdom and Sweden cooperated to examine how people did in a verbal creativity test with various types of music played in the background, compared to how the participants performed while library sounds were being played, as well as in silence.
Thirty young adults—15 men and 15 women from the University of Lancashire—were observed for the experiments. The participants were shown a series of three words at a time and then asked to add a word to each to create a new word or phrase. For example, someone could be shown the words “point” “stick” and “maker”. A correct answer in this case could be the word “match” for the group.
Meanwhile, the participants would take on the challenge either while in a quiet environment, or while listening to either music with foreign lyrics (歌词), music with familiar lyrics, or instrumental music. The individuals also completed the task with library sounds in the background. In all three cases of the background music, the study found, the participants’ performance in the task was significantly damaged, which wasn’t seen in a quiet setting.
Co-author Dr. Neil McLatchie said there was strong evidence of damaged performance with background music compared to quiet conditions. Even when the familiar song improved the participants’ mood or they were used to studying with music, creativity was still worsened.
As for why music was so problematic, the authors believe that music disturbs verbal memory. Library sounds in a “steady state” caused far less disturbance than the music, though they did have some influence.
“To conclude, the findings challenge the popular view that music enhances creativity. Instead, they show that music, whether with familiar lyrics or unfamiliar lyrics, consistently disturbs creative performance in insight problem solving，” the authors write.
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于背景音乐对创造力影响的研究结果。
5.What is the main purpose of the new study
A. To prove background music boosts creativity.
B. To find out how music affects mood.
C. To explore the impact of background music on creativity.
D. To match proper music types with different work environments.
细节理解题。首段用设问句引出普遍认知：音乐提升创造力。随即用让步状语从句转折提出新研究结论：音乐反而损害创造力(do just the opposite)。第二段说明实验设计目的：研究不同背景音乐对参与者在语言创造力测试中表现的影响。由此可知，新研究的主要目的是探讨背景音乐对创造力的影响。故选C项。
解析
6.How is the study carried out
A. By observing participants’ performance in various sound conditions.
B. By comparing participants’ speed of creating a new word.
C. By analyzing participants’ preference for different music.
D. By judging participants’ reaction to different lyrics.
推理判断题。 第二段介绍研究目的：观察人们在播放各种类型背景音乐的情况下，进行一项言语创造力测试时的表现如何；该表现将与参与者在播放图书馆环境声音时以及处于安静环境时的表现进行比较；第三段明确说明观察对象(30名大学生)及语言联想测试；第四段详细介绍受试者完成测试的5种声音环境：安静环境、三种背景音乐：陌生歌词/熟悉歌词/纯音乐和图书馆背景音。 由此推出，研究是通过观察参与者在不同声音条件下的表现进行的。故选A项。
解析
7.What can we infer from the findings of the study
A. People should work in a quiet environment.
B. Library sounds are better for creative work.
C. Background music can lift people’s spirits.
D. Familiar music can improve people’s creativity.
推理判断题。第四段尾句提到研究结论：所有三种背景音乐下，参与者的任务表现均显著受损——而在安静环境中却没有这种情况。又由第五段可知，背景音乐显著削弱创造力(creativity was still worsened)；第六段提到图书馆噪音虽干扰较小，但仍有负面影响。由此可知应该在安静环境中工作。
解析
8.What can be the best title for the text
A. Music： a Double-Edged Sword in Creativity
B. Does Background Music Really Boost Creativity
C. How Does Music Affect Our Mood and Performance
D. Library Noise： the Role of Enhancing Creativity
标题归纳题。本文核心是对“music enhances creativity (音乐提升创造力)”的传统观点提出质疑，并通过实验证明研究结论(music disturbs creative performance)。末段直接点题：findings challenge the popular view。B项“背景音乐真的能提高创造力吗 ”以疑问句形式引发思考，直接呼应研究结论，既吸引读者又精准概括主题。
解析
积累
派生词 (problem+-atic) problematic adj.造成困难的；存在问题的
语块 ①at a time一次 ②a double-edged sword双刃剑
(2025·南昌二模) 体裁：议论文 主题语境：积极的人生态度 难度：★★★ ☆
What if everything happens for a reason It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.
We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.
In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience.
While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.
本文主要介绍的是“烤焦的面包理论”，即通过积极视角看待生活中的不便，将其视为有意义的转折点，同时也探讨了该理论的潜在局限性。
9.What may be a case of the burnt toast theory
A. Gaining rewards after paying efforts.
B. Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm.
C. Meeting a future employer after missing a flight.
D. Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings.
推理判断题。首段引入烤焦面包理论的概念：我们在日常生活中经历的每一个小的不便都出于更大的原因； 第二段最后两句用
“面包烤焦导致迟到，却避免了一场车祸或避开了一个不想见的人”的假设案例，解释该理论的“多米诺效应”。 由此可知，选项C(错过航班却遇雇主)是符合该理论的事件，体现“表面不幸实为转机”。
解析
10.What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3
A. Better judgement on fears.
B. Richer experience from failures.
C. The removal of daily inconveniences.
D. The harvest of a positive mindset.
细节理解题。第三段首句点明：烤焦面包理论转换思维模式(shift thinking pattern)，接着强调“思维模式转变”带来的心理收益，如“用更积极的态度看世界”，并具体说明其效果——减少焦虑、减少过度思考、提升适应性，均属于积极心态的收获。由此可知，应用该理论的结果是收获积极心态。故选D项。
解析
11.Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on
A. Would-be projects.
B. Real-world applications.
C. Potential weaknesses.
D. Practical advantages.
推理判断题。末段首句直接指出理论“并非无缺点(not without its drawbacks)”，后文批评“强迫专注于积极的想法可能剥夺自己正确面对挑战或困难情绪的机会、导致虚假乐观”。 由此可知，最后一段聚焦于该理论的潜在弱点。故选C项。weakness是原文drawback的同义转述。
解析
12.What is probably the best title for the text
A. Less is More
B. Make a Lemon Lemonade
C. Once Bitten, Twice Shy
D. Better Late than Never
标题归纳题。 全文围绕“烤焦的面包理论”展开，强调通过积极视角看待生活中的负面事件，将挑战转化为机遇(如面包烤焦→避免事故)，同时指出其潜在的局限性。选项B“化酸柠檬为甜柠檬汁”化用英文谚语 “When life gives you lemons, make lemonade”，完美呼应主题“将不便转化为机遇”。
干扰项：A项(少即是多)强调简约；C项(一朝被蛇咬)侧重风险规避；D项(迟做总比不做好)仅呼应“迟到避免车祸”案例，未覆盖全文主旨。
解析
积累
重点词 ①drawback n.缺点；不利条件 ②perspective n.态度；观点；思考方法(viewpoint)
派生词 ①(adapt+-ive) adj. adaptive适应的；有适应能力的 ②(re-+shape) reshape vt.改变……的形状(或结构)；重塑；改组
语块 ①push back推迟；延迟 ②bump into碰见；偶然遇见(come across) ③in a more positive light从更积极的角度
熟词 生僻义 take熟义：v.携带；拿走；取走；运走 生僻义：n.看法；意见
