(共62张PPT)
Unit 1 Back to school
Part 2 Grammar and usage
01
要点精讲·核心突破
1.focus n.焦点,重点 vt.&vi.集中 (focused adj.注意力集中的;目标明确的)
(教材原句)Setting goals gives you a focus in life.
设定目标会让你的生活有重点。
(应用文之建议信)You should focus all your attention on your study.你应该把全部注意力放在学习上。
【精要必记】
(1)the focus of ……的焦点
(2)focus on/upon... 注意力集中于……
focus one’s attention on sb./sth. 把某人的注意力集中于……
【知识深一度】
表示“集中(某人的)(注意力、精力等)于……”的短语还有:
pay attention to sth.;put one’s heart into sth.;fix one’s attention on sth.;concentrate
one’s attention on sth.等。
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①When students are _______ (focus)on their studies, which is important for their
success, they are more likely to understand the knowledge that teachers present in
class.
②I had only focused ________ the fact that it was another school project and one I
wanted to get a good grade on.
focused
on/upon
【写作·提升】 完成句子
①不管这个消息多么令人惊奇,我都必须把它放在一边,集中精力工作。
However amazing the news is, I have to put it away and ___________________
my work.
②如今,食品安全已成为政府和社会关注的焦点。
Nowadays, food safety has become ___________ the government as well as the
society.
focus my attention on
the focus of
2.as a result of由于
(教材原句)As a result of your action, your dream will come true and hopefully you will live a happy life.由于你的行动,你的梦想将会实现,充满希望的是,你将会过上幸福的生活。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.
当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时,它们会相互抵消,从而产生更准确的估计。
【精要必记】
(1)as a result 结果
without result 毫无结果地
(2)result in 导致;造成
result from 由……引起
【知识深一度】
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①He had his English improved as a result ___ his hard work.
②(2024·北京高考)As __ result, the first four years of my postgraduate career
were defined by a series of failures.
③Believe it or not, many hair problems result _____ what you eat.
④They expect the changes to result ___ a definite improvement.
of
a
from
in
【写作·提升】 句型转换
He was lazy, so he failed in the final exam.
→He was lazy.__________, he failed in the final exam.
→He failed in the final exam ____________ his laziness.
→His laziness __________ his failure in the final exam.
→His failure in the final exam _____________ his laziness.
As a result
as a result of
resulted in
resulted from
3.base vt.以……为基础(依据) n.根据;基础;基底;总部,大本营 (basic adj.基本的;基础的basically adv.基本上)
(教材原句)Instead, you should set goals based on your abilities and skills.
反而,你应该基于你的能力和技能来设定目标。
His decision was based on the information he received from reliable sources.
他的决定基于他从可靠来源那里得到的信息。
【精要必记】
(1)base...on... 把……建立在……之上
be based on 基于;以……为基础
(2)as a base for 作为……基础/基地
at the base of 在……的底部;在……的基础上
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①My suggestion is to group students based ___ their language abilities or to let
students choose their own partners.
②The conditions in the local school were fairly primitive (落后的), with no
electricity and no _____ (base) teaching facilities available.
【写作·提升】 完成句子
(应用文之活动介绍) 我们在山脚下集合,然后一起开始爬山。
We gathered ____________ the mountain and began to climb the mountain
together.
on
basic
at the base of
4.remind vt.提醒,使想起 (reminder n.引起回忆的事物;提醒人的事物)
(教材原句)This will remind you of what you are working for and keep you focused.
这会提醒你为了什么而努力并且让你精力集中。
(2024·北京高考)That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments.
那个梦提醒我,那些恐惧和欲望可以鼓励我去冒险,去做实验。
【精要必记】
remind...of... 使……想起……;
提醒……
remind sb. that... 提醒某人……
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
【知识深一度】
v.+sb.+of sth.短语集合
cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的病
accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事
cheat sb. of sth. 骗取某人某物
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
remind sb. of sth 提醒某人某事
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)Those tomatoes had a taste that reminded me ___ the ones
my uncle used to grow when I was a child.
②My mother often reminds me _______(keep) a positive attitude towards life.
③(应用文之感谢信)I chose it as a gift to show my appreciation and as a
_________ (remind) of my unforgettable time here with you.
④I’m sure I will be able to convince the students ___ the importance of wide
reading and encourage them to read books every day.
of
to keep
reminder
of
【写作·提升】 一句多译
(应用文之建议信)这张海报提醒我们必须立即采取措施保护濒临灭绝的动
物。
→The poster ____________________________________ to protect
endangered creatures.(remind sb.to do sth.)
→The poster ______________________________________________ to protect
endangered creatures.(remind sb.that...)
reminds us to take measures immediately
reminds us that we must take measures immediately
5.stick to坚持;固守,维持
(教材原句)After you set a goal, it is important to stick to it and work hard towards it.
在你设定目标后,重要的是要坚持它并为之努力。
【精要必记】
(1)stick to one’s dream 坚持梦想
stick to one’s promise/word 履行诺言
stick out 醒目;伸出
(2)be/get stuck in 陷入……中,
困在……中
【知识深一度】
辨析 stick to/insist on
易混词组 用法
stick to 多用于表示坚持诺言、原则、计划、决定等,后面常接名词
insist on 多用于表示坚持要求、意见、看法、主张等,后面常接
v.-ing或名词
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①In order to pass the examination, you should stick____counting on your
study.
②They wrote the notice in big red letters so that it would stick ____.
③I regretted insisting on ______(do) it that way, and as a result of this, it
brought me a lot of trouble.
to
out
doing
【写作·提升】 完成句子
①不管发生什么事,我们都应该遵守诺言。
No matter what happens, we should _______________________.
②(应用文之建议信)不管遇到什么困难,你都应该坚持你的梦想,不要轻易
放弃。
No matter what difficulties you may come across, you should ____________
_______ and never give up easily.
stick to our promise/word
stick to your
dream
【要点拾遗】
1.detail n.细节;具体情况 (detailed adj.详细的;细致的)
(教材原句)To realize your goals, you need to have a good plan, manage your time well and pay attention to details.
要实现你的目标,你需要有一个好的计划,管理好你的时间,并注意细节。
【精要必记】
in detail 详细地
go into details 详细叙述;逐一说明
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
Then came more than 500 enquiries for ________ (detail) information.
【写作·提升】 完成句子
①设计师不想详细说明与新建筑有关的设计。
The designer didn’t want to _____________ about the design related to the new
building.
②政治老师给我们详细介绍了一些社会问题。
The politics teacher introduced some social issues to us ________.
detailed
go into details
in detail
2.动词-ing形式作主语
(教材原句)Setting goals also helps you develop good habits.
设定目标也有助于你养成好习惯。
[句型解构]
(1)Setting goals为动词-ing形式,在句中作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
(2)
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①So ______(be) interesting at a dinner party isn’t that hard.
②Planning so far in advance _______(make) no sense—so many things will
have changed by next year.
③It’s no use ______ (cry) over spilt milk.
④______________(take) a walk after supper is what I want to do today.
【写作·提升】 句型转换
Talking to him is no use—he won’t listen to you.
→________________ to him—he won’t listen to you.
being
makes
crying
To take/Taking
It’s no use talking
02
语法精研·学思悟透
句子成分和句子结构(Sentence elements and sentence structures)
【教材自主探究】
观察以下课文原句并判断下列句子属于哪个基本句型
1.The tips below may help you.( )
2.When you do so,they will seem easier to reach.( )
3.This will also give you the encouragement to achieve your long-term goal.( )
4.You can place the list on your bedside table.( )
5.You may find achieving goals difficult.( )
6.But you should not give up.( )
7.You will succeed in the end.( )
C
B
D
G
E
A
F
A.SV 主语+谓语
B.SVP 主语+连系动词+表语
C.SVO 主语+谓语+宾语
D.SVOO 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
E.SVOC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
F.SVA 主语+谓语+状语
G.SVOA 主语+谓语+宾语+状语
【语法精要点拨】
句子表达一个完整的意思,是由单词按一定的语法规则组合而成的。句子一般可以分成几个部分,每个部分在句中具有一定的功能,称为句子成分。不同的句子成分由一定的词类或词组充当。
一、句子基本成分
1.主语(subject)
主语是句子所谈论的主体,表明句子说的是谁或是什么。它一般放在谓语之前,通常由名词(名词短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式(短语)以及名词性从句等担任。
*The 2024 Olympic Games in Paris was a great success.
2024年巴黎奥运会取得了巨大成功。(名词短语)
*(2024·全国甲卷)Eating alone, specially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating.
一个人吃饭,尤其是在电视或电脑前,经常会导致无意识的暴饮暴食。(动词-ing形式短语)
*Three plus two equals five.
3加2等于5。(数词)
*To see is to believe.眼见为实。(动词不定式)
2.谓语(verb)
谓语是对主语的有关问题加以说明的部分。谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语位于主语之后,由动词担任。凡是由一个动词或动词词组构成的谓语,无论处在什么时态、语态、语气下,都被称为谓语。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.18岁以下的志愿者必须在家长/监护人同意部分签字。(简单谓语)
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) A large amount of research confirms this finding.
大量的研究证实了这一发现。(简单谓语)
*I’m sure my efforts will finally pay off.
我相信我的努力终将获得回报。(复合谓语)
3.表语(predicative)
表语是说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的句子成分。它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当。
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) She was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.
她能让它多活五个月。(形容词)
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.
MacBike成立近30年,是阿姆斯特丹最大的自行车租赁公司。(副词)
*(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)The best way to ease pressure on over-touristed destinations is to go somewhere else.
缓解游客过多的目的地压力的最好方法是去其他地方。(不定式短语)
4.宾语(object)
宾语是及物动词所表示的动作的对象,或是介词所表示的某种联系的对象。宾语放在及物动词的后面。宾语一般由名词(短语)、代词、数词、非谓语动词及短语或名词性从句等充当。
*(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)You’ll compete with fewer tourists.你将与更少的游客竞争。(名词短语)
*(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet.
我意识到我钱包里一分钱也没有。(宾语从句)
*I’m looking forward to seeing my mother as soon as possible.
我期待着尽快见到妈妈。(动词-ing形式短语)
5.宾语补足语(object complement)
有些及物动词带了宾语后意义仍不够完整,还需要加上宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、身份或特征等。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后,一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当。
*(2024·北京高考)I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass.
我觉得很难,但仍希望能通过。(形容词)
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)There you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup.
在那里,你会发现它们的制作方式不同——皮更厚,汤更少。(过去分词)
*(2024·全国甲卷)Many cats will find random objects outside.
许多猫会在外面找到随机的东西。(副词)
*Our teachers encourage us to study hard to acquire new knowledge and skills.
我们的老师鼓励我们努力学习,以获得新知识和技能。(动词不定式短语)
6.定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动词-ing形式、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。
*(2024·北京高考改编) Touching on China’s cultural influence would provide a unique perspective of the country’s development.
触及中国的文化影响将提供一个独特的视角来看待这个国家的发展。(形容词)
*(2023·全国乙卷)Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships with doctors.那个时候的中国妇女不能给医生当学徒。(介词短语)
*(2024·全国甲卷) She did not have a chance to go to school.
她没有机会上学。(动词不定式)
*The man speaking to the manager is responsible for the project.
正在和经理说话的那个人负责这个项目。(动词-ing形式短语)
7.状语(adverbial)
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)I asked him for his telephone number and promised sincerely to him that I would pay him as soon as I returned.
我向他要了电话号码,并真诚地向他保证,我一回来就给他钱。(副词)
*(2024·全国甲卷)Besides,with its amazing speed and high efficiency, the high-speed train has shortened the distance between cities and regions, promoting economic exchanges and cooperation. 此外,高铁以其惊人的速度和高效率缩短了城市和地区之间的距离,促进了经济交流与合作。 (介词短语)
*(2024·全国甲卷) First of all, the shared bicycle has brought great convenience to our short-distance travel,making it more flexible and environmentally friendly.
首先,共享单车给我们的短途出行带来了极大的便利,使其更加灵活和环保。(动词-ing形式短语)
【知识深一度】
形容词作状语一般位于句首或者句末,用来表示主语或宾语的特征或状态。
The tourists came back,safe and sound.
游客们安然无恙地回来了。
8.同位语(appositive)
若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且语法功能也一样,那么后一项称为前一项的同位语。
同位语一般由名词(短语)或从句充当。
*(应用文之人物介绍)Li Hua, chairman of the Students’ Union, is a helpful and strong-willed boy.李华,学生会主席,是一个助人为乐、意志坚强的男孩。(名词)
*(2024·北京高考)Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation—a concept that some scientists actually take seriously.
搜索“模拟假说”,会返回许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的结果——一些科学家实际上很重视这个概念。(从句)
【即学活用】
指出下列句子黑体部分的成分/完成句子
①The manager asked the college student to come in.( )
②The child could dress himself at the age of three.( )
③The programme is something to do with the environment.( )
④In the morning we often hear the birds singing merrily.( )
⑤The old man gave the child some nice books.( )
⑥Fortunately, the children were found near the village.( )
主语
谓语
定语
宾语补足语
宾语
状语
⑦众所周知,早起对健康有好处。
As everybody knows, _______________ is good for health.
⑧在回家的路上,她发现戒指不见了。
On the way home, she _____________________________.
⑨他的梦想是成为一名科学家。
His dream is ___________________.
⑩我们的新老师史密斯对我们很好。
Mr Smith,_______________,is very kind to us.
getting up early
found her ring gone/lost/missing
to become a scientist
our new teacher
二、七种基本句型
1.SV句式:主语+谓语(不及物动词)
SV句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,这类动词叫不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
*His attitude towards the matter changed.
他对这件事的态度改变了。
*Everyone breathes, drinks and eats.
每个人都呼吸、喝水、吃饭。
2.SVA句式:主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of
Amsterdam.
你也可以沿着阿姆斯特丹郊外美丽的风景骑车。
3.SVO句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
SVO句式的句型特点为:谓语动词均为实义动词,都是主语发出的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、不定式等来充当),即动作的承受者,才能表达完整的意思。
*(2024·全国甲卷)They didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome.
它们没有传统意义上的积极结果。
*You should build up your confidence.
你应该树立信心。
【知识深一度】
SVO句式的谓语动词要用及物动词。如果是不及物动词,后面一定要跟介词构成及物动词词组。
*We should often take part in sports and outdoor activities.
我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。
4.SVOA句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+状语
*She looked after her sister patiently while she was ill.
妹妹生病时,她耐心照料。
*You should balance study and exercise properly.
你应该适当平衡学习和锻炼。
5.SVOO句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语
SVOO句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语;一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面,直接宾语在后面。
*I offered him a second opportunity.
我又给了他一次机会。
*The boss promised them equal pay.
老板承诺给他们同等的报酬。
【知识宽一度】
常见接双宾语的及物动词
(1)give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。
*She gave me advice.
=She gave advice to me.她给了我建议。
(2)buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语。
*Her father bought her a computer.
=Her father bought a computer for her.
她的爸爸给她买了一台电脑。
(3)ask, answer, take, cost等无法改变结构形式。
*This car cost me 2,000 yuan for the repair.这次修车花了我两千元。
6.SVOC句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语
SVOC句式中的动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的,直接跟在宾语之后。
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)You could ask a friend or family member to help add to your list.
你可以让朋友或家人帮你添加到你的列表中。
*I want to make myself a well-rounded person.
我想使自己成为一个全面发展的人。
7.SVP句式:主语+连系动词+表语
SVP句式就是我们常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样,谓语动词需用连系动词(主要是be动词),表语多为形容词,也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式及分词等。
*(2024·全国甲卷) I was heartbroken.
我心碎了。
*My goal is to win the first prize in the coming English speech competition.
我的目标是在即将到来的英语演讲比赛中获得第一名。
【即学活用】指出下列句子的类型/翻译句子
①The early bird catches the worm.( )
②To persuade her to change her mind is really very hard.( )
③My mother bought me a new coat.( )
④Then a full moon rose. ( )
⑤I get up very early every morning.( )
⑥He looked at the picture amazingly.( )
SVO
SVP
SVOO
SV
SVA
SVOA
⑦我认为学好英语很重要。
_____________________________________
⑧今天早上我妈妈给了我一个温暖的拥抱。
_________________________________________
⑨今天下午我想和你谈谈。
__________________________________
⑩六个月的时间很快过去了。
________________________
I think it important to learn English well.
My mother gave me a warm hug this morning.
I want to talk with you this afternoon.
Six months passed quickly.
【语法要点微练】
Ⅰ.指出下列句子黑体部分的成分
1.The teacher told the students to keep quiet.( )
2.The little girl can write her name now.( )
3.The book on the desk is about history.( )
4.We saw the dog running happily in the yard.( )
5.My mother sent me a beautiful scarf.( )
6.Unluckily, the car broke down on the way.( )
主语
谓语
定语
宾语补足语
直接宾语
状语
Ⅱ.指出下列句子的类型
1.The dog chased the cat.( )
2.Her dream is to travel around the world.( )
3.Tom sent his friend a postcard.( )
4.The sun shines.( )
5.She stays at home on weekends.( )
6.They watched the movie excitedly. ( )
SVO
SVP
SVOO
SV
SVA
SVOA
Ⅲ.完成句子/翻译句子
1.在上学途中,他意识到自己忘带作业了。
On the way to school, he _____________________________________
__________.
2.我们的班长李华非常负责。
Li Hua, ___________, is very responsible.
3.他觉得每天锻炼很有必要。
_______________________________________
realized that he had forgotten to bring his
homework
our monitor
He thinks it necessary to exercise every day.
4.上个星期老师给我们布置了很多作业。
_______________________________________________
5.明天上午我打算去购物。
________________________________________
The teacher assigned us a lot of homework last week.
I’m going to go shopping tomorrow morning.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1.(2024·全国甲卷·应用文写作)Today I’d like to ___________________
_____________, which include shared bicycles,high-speed trains and new
energy vehicles.
今天我想重点谈谈一些重大发展,包括共享单车、高铁和新能源汽车。
2.(2024·全国甲卷·应用文写作)Therefore, we __________________________
_______________ the further development of transport.
因此,我们需要努力学习,为交通运输的进一步发展做出贡献。
focus on some major
developments
need to study hard and make
a contribution to
3.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷· 应用文写作)_____________________________,
I determined to create a watercolor painting of the pond in the park.
受到这美妙景色的启发,我决定创作一幅公园池塘的水彩画。
4.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷· 读后续写) I _________________ the moment I saw him.
我一见到他就给了他一个大大的拥抱。
Inspired by the fantastic scenery
gave him a big hugUnit 1 Back to school
Part 2 Grammar and usage
要点精讲·核心突破
1.focus n.焦点,重点 vt.&vi.集中 (focused adj.注意力集中的;目标明确的)
(教材原句)Setting goals gives you a focus in life.
设定目标会让你的生活有重点。
(应用文之建议信)You should focus all your attention on your study.你应该把全部注意力放在学习上。
【精要必记】
(1)the focus of ……的焦点
(2)focus on/upon... 注意力集中于……
focus one’s attention on sb./sth.
把某人的注意力集中于……
【知识深一度】
表示“集中(某人的)(注意力、精力等)于……”的短语还有:
pay attention to sth.;put one’s heart into sth.;fix one’s attention on sth.;concentrate one’s attention on sth.等。
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①When students are focused (focus)on their studies, which is important for their success, they are more likely to understand the knowledge that teachers present in class.
②I had only focused on/upon the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on.
【写作·提升】 完成句子
①不管这个消息多么令人惊奇,我都必须把它放在一边,集中精力工作。
However amazing the news is, I have to put it away and focus my attention on my work.
②如今,食品安全已成为政府和社会关注的焦点。
Nowadays, food safety has become the focus of the government as well as the society.
2.as a result of由于
(教材原句)As a result of your action, your dream will come true and hopefully you will live a happy life.由于你的行动,你的梦想将会实现,充满希望的是,你将会过上幸福的生活。
(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.
当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时,它们会相互抵消,从而产生更准确的估计。
【精要必记】
(1)as a result 结果
without result 毫无结果地
(2)result in 导致;造成
result from 由……引起
【知识深一度】
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①He had his English improved as a result of his hard work.
②(2024·北京高考)As a result, the first four years of my postgraduate career were defined by a series of failures.
③Believe it or not, many hair problems result from what you eat.
④They expect the changes to result in a definite improvement.
【写作·提升】 句型转换
He was lazy, so he failed in the final exam.
→He was lazy.As a result, he failed in the final exam.
→He failed in the final exam as a result of his laziness.
→His laziness resulted in his failure in the final exam.
→His failure in the final exam resulted from his laziness.
3.base vt.以……为基础(依据) n.根据;基础;基底;总部,大本营 (basic adj.基本的;基础的basically adv.基本上)
(教材原句)Instead, you should set goals based on your abilities and skills.
反而,你应该基于你的能力和技能来设定目标。
His decision was based on the information he received from reliable sources.
他的决定基于他从可靠来源那里得到的信息。
【精要必记】
(1)base...on... 把……建立在……之上
be based on 基于;以……为基础
(2)as a base for 作为……基础/基地
at the base of 在……的底部;在……的基础上
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①My suggestion is to group students based on their language abilities or to let students choose their own partners.
②The conditions in the local school were fairly primitive (落后的), with no electricity and no basic (base) teaching facilities available.
【写作·提升】 完成句子
(应用文之活动介绍) 我们在山脚下集合,然后一起开始爬山。
We gathered at the base of the mountain and began to climb the mountain together.
4.remind vt.提醒,使想起 (reminder n.引起回忆的事物;提醒人的事物)
(教材原句)This will remind you of what you are working for and keep you focused.
这会提醒你为了什么而努力并且让你精力集中。
(2024·北京高考)That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments.
那个梦提醒我,那些恐惧和欲望可以鼓励我去冒险,去做实验。
【精要必记】
remind...of... 使……想起……;
提醒……
remind sb. that... 提醒某人……
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
【知识深一度】
v.+sb.+of sth.短语集合
cure sb. of sth. 治好某人的病
accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事
cheat sb. of sth. 骗取某人某物
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
remind sb. of sth 提醒某人某事
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)Those tomatoes had a taste that reminded me of the ones my uncle used to grow when I was a child.
②My mother often reminds me to keep(keep) a positive attitude towards life.
③(应用文之感谢信)I chose it as a gift to show my appreciation and as a reminder (remind) of my unforgettable time here with you.
④I’m sure I will be able to convince the students of the importance of wide reading and encourage them to read books every day.
【写作·提升】 一句多译
(应用文之建议信)这张海报提醒我们必须立即采取措施保护濒临灭绝的动物。
→The poster reminds us to take measures immediately to protect endangered creatures.(remind sb.to do sth.)
→The poster reminds us that we must take measures immediately to protect endangered creatures.(remind sb.that...)
5.stick to坚持;固守,维持
(教材原句)After you set a goal, it is important to stick to it and work hard towards it.
在你设定目标后,重要的是要坚持它并为之努力。
【精要必记】
(1)stick to one’s dream 坚持梦想
stick to one’s promise/word 履行诺言
stick out 醒目;伸出
(2)be/get stuck in 陷入……中,
困在……中
【知识深一度】
辨析 stick to/insist on
易混词组 用法
stick to 多用于表示坚持诺言、原则、计划、决定等,后面常接名词
insist on 多用于表示坚持要求、意见、看法、主张等,后面常接v.-ing或名词
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①In order to pass the examination, you should stick to counting on your study.
②They wrote the notice in big red letters so that it would stick out.
③I regretted insisting on doing(do) it that way, and as a result of this, it brought me a lot of trouble.
【写作·提升】 完成句子
①不管发生什么事,我们都应该遵守诺言。
No matter what happens, we should stick to our promise/word.
②(应用文之建议信)不管遇到什么困难,你都应该坚持你的梦想,不要轻易放弃。
No matter what difficulties you may come across, you should stick to your dream and never give up easily.
【要点拾遗】
1.detail n.细节;具体情况 (detailed adj.详细的;细致的)
(教材原句)To realize your goals, you need to have a good plan, manage your time well and pay attention to details.
要实现你的目标,你需要有一个好的计划,管理好你的时间,并注意细节。
【精要必记】
in detail 详细地
go into details 详细叙述;逐一说明
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
Then came more than 500 enquiries for detailed (detail) information.
【写作·提升】 完成句子
①设计师不想详细说明与新建筑有关的设计。
The designer didn’t want to go into details about the design related to the new building.
②政治老师给我们详细介绍了一些社会问题。
The politics teacher introduced some social issues to us in detail.
2.动词-ing形式作主语
(教材原句)Setting goals also helps you develop good habits.
设定目标也有助于你养成好习惯。
[句型解构]
(1)Setting goals为动词-ing形式,在句中作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。
(2)
【基础·练透】 单句语法填空
①So being(be) interesting at a dinner party isn’t that hard.
②Planning so far in advance makes(make) no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.
③It’s no use crying (cry) over spilt milk.
④To take/Taking(take) a walk after supper is what I want to do today.
【写作·提升】 句型转换
Talking to him is no use—he won’t listen to you.
→It’s no use talking to him—he won’t listen to you.
语法精研·学思悟透
句子成分和句子结构(Sentence elements and sentence structures)
【教材自主探究】
观察以下课文原句并判断下列句子属于哪个基本句型
1.The tips below may help you. ( C )
2.When you do so,they will seem easier to reach. ( B )
3.This will also give you the encouragement to achieve your long-term goal. ( D )
4.You can place the list on your bedside table. ( G )
5.You may find achieving goals difficult. ( E )
6.But you should not give up. ( A )
7.You will succeed in the end. ( F )
A.SV 主语+谓语
B.SVP 主语+连系动词+表语
C.SVO 主语+谓语+宾语
D.SVOO主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
E.SVOC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
F.SVA 主语+谓语+状语
G.SVOA主语+谓语+宾语+状语
【语法精要点拨】
句子表达一个完整的意思,是由单词按一定的语法规则组合而成的。句子一般可以分成几个部分,每个部分在句中具有一定的功能,称为句子成分。不同的句子成分由一定的词类或词组充当。
一、句子基本成分
1.主语(subject)
主语是句子所谈论的主体,表明句子说的是谁或是什么。它一般放在谓语之前,通常由名词(名词短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词-ing形式(短语)以及名词性从句等担任。
*The 2024 Olympic Games in Paris was a great success.
2024年巴黎奥运会取得了巨大成功。(名词短语)
*(2024·全国甲卷)Eating alone, specially in front of the TV or computer, often leads to mindless overeating.
一个人吃饭,尤其是在电视或电脑前,经常会导致无意识的暴饮暴食。(动词-ing形式短语)
*Three plus two equals five.
3加2等于5。(数词)
*To see is to believe.眼见为实。(动词不定式)
2.谓语(verb)
谓语是对主语的有关问题加以说明的部分。谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语位于主语之后,由动词担任。凡是由一个动词或动词词组构成的谓语,无论处在什么时态、语态、语气下,都被称为谓语。谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语。
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.18岁以下的志愿者必须在家长/监护人同意部分签字。(简单谓语)
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) A large amount of research confirms this finding.
大量的研究证实了这一发现。(简单谓语)
*I’m sure my efforts will finally pay off.
我相信我的努力终将获得回报。(复合谓语)
3.表语(predicative)
表语是说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的句子成分。它由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式及短语、副词、介词短语等充当。
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷) She was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.
她能让它多活五个月。(形容词)
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.
MacBike成立近30年,是阿姆斯特丹最大的自行车租赁公司。(副词)
*(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)The best way to ease pressure on over-touristed destinations is to go somewhere else.
缓解游客过多的目的地压力的最好方法是去其他地方。(不定式短语)
4.宾语(object)
宾语是及物动词所表示的动作的对象,或是介词所表示的某种联系的对象。宾语放在及物动词的后面。宾语一般由名词(短语)、代词、数词、非谓语动词及短语或名词性从句等充当。
*(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)You’ll compete with fewer tourists.你将与更少的游客竞争。(名词短语)
*(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet.
我意识到我钱包里一分钱也没有。(宾语从句)
*I’m looking forward to seeing my mother as soon as possible.
我期待着尽快见到妈妈。(动词-ing形式短语)
5.宾语补足语(object complement)
有些及物动词带了宾语后意义仍不够完整,还需要加上宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、身份或特征等。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后,一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词及短语等充当。
*(2024·北京高考)I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass.
我觉得很难,但仍希望能通过。(形容词)
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)There you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup.
在那里,你会发现它们的制作方式不同——皮更厚,汤更少。(过去分词)
*(2024·全国甲卷)Many cats will find random objects outside.
许多猫会在外面找到随机的东西。(副词)
*Our teachers encourage us to study hard to acquire new knowledge and skills.
我们的老师鼓励我们努力学习,以获得新知识和技能。(动词不定式短语)
6.定语(attributive)
定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动词-ing形式、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。
*(2024·北京高考改编) Touching on China’s cultural influence would provide a unique perspective of the country’s development.
触及中国的文化影响将提供一个独特的视角来看待这个国家的发展。(形容词)
*(2023·全国乙卷)Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships with doctors.那个时候的中国妇女不能给医生当学徒。(介词短语)
*(2024·全国甲卷) She did not have a chance to go to school.
她没有机会上学。(动词不定式)
*The man speaking to the manager is responsible for the project.
正在和经理说话的那个人负责这个项目。(动词-ing形式短语)
7.状语(adverbial)
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。
*(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)I asked him for his telephone number and promised sincerely to him that I would pay him as soon as I returned.
我向他要了电话号码,并真诚地向他保证,我一回来就给他钱。(副词)
*(2024·全国甲卷)Besides,with its amazing speed and high efficiency, the high-speed train has shortened the distance between cities and regions, promoting economic exchanges and cooperation. 此外,高铁以其惊人的速度和高效率缩短了城市和地区之间的距离,促进了经济交流与合作。 (介词短语)
*(2024·全国甲卷) First of all, the shared bicycle has brought great convenience to our short-distance travel,making it more flexible and environmentally friendly.
首先,共享单车给我们的短途出行带来了极大的便利,使其更加灵活和环保。(动词-ing形式短语)
【知识深一度】
形容词作状语一般位于句首或者句末,用来表示主语或宾语的特征或状态。
The tourists came back,safe and sound.
游客们安然无恙地回来了。
8.同位语(appositive)
若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且语法功能也一样,那么后一项称为前一项的同位语。
同位语一般由名词(短语)或从句充当。
*(应用文之人物介绍)Li Hua, chairman of the Students’ Union, is a helpful and strong-willed boy.李华,学生会主席,是一个助人为乐、意志坚强的男孩。(名词)
*(2024·北京高考)Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation—a concept that some scientists actually take seriously.
搜索“模拟假说”,会返回许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的结果——一些科学家实际上很重视这个概念。(从句)
【即学活用】
指出下列句子黑体部分的成分/完成句子
①The manager asked the college student to come in. (主语)
②The child could dress himself at the age of three. (谓语)
③The programme is something to do with the environment. (定语)
④In the morning we often hear the birds singing merrily. (宾语补足语)
⑤The old man gave the child some nice books. (宾语)
⑥Fortunately, the children were found near the village. (状语)
⑦众所周知,早起对健康有好处。
As everybody knows, getting up early is good for health.
⑧在回家的路上,她发现戒指不见了。
On the way home, she found her ring gone/lost/missing.
⑨他的梦想是成为一名科学家。
His dream is to become a scientist.
⑩我们的新老师史密斯对我们很好。
Mr Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.
二、七种基本句型
1.SV句式:主语+谓语(不及物动词)
SV句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,这类动词叫不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
*His attitude towards the matter changed.
他对这件事的态度改变了。
*Everyone breathes, drinks and eats.
每个人都呼吸、喝水、吃饭。
2.SVA句式:主语+谓语(不及物动词)+状语
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
你也可以沿着阿姆斯特丹郊外美丽的风景骑车。
3.SVO句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
SVO句式的句型特点为:谓语动词均为实义动词,都是主语发出的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动词-ing形式、不定式等来充当),即动作的承受者,才能表达完整的意思。
*(2024·全国甲卷)They didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome.
它们没有传统意义上的积极结果。
*You should build up your confidence.
你应该树立信心。
【知识深一度】
SVO句式的谓语动词要用及物动词。如果是不及物动词,后面一定要跟介词构成及物动词词组。
*We should often take part in sports and outdoor activities.
我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。
4.SVOA句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+状语
*She looked after her sister patiently while she was ill.
妹妹生病时,她耐心照料。
*You should balance study and exercise properly.
你应该适当平衡学习和锻炼。
5.SVOO句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语
SVOO句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语;一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面,直接宾语在后面。
*I offered him a second opportunity.
我又给了他一次机会。
*The boss promised them equal pay.
老板承诺给他们同等的报酬。
【知识宽一度】
常见接双宾语的及物动词
(1)give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。
*She gave me advice.
=She gave advice to me.她给了我建议。
(2)buy, do, get, fetch, save, make, sing, choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语。
*Her father bought her a computer.
=Her father bought a computer for her.
她的爸爸给她买了一台电脑。
(3)ask, answer, take, cost等无法改变结构形式。
*This car cost me 2,000 yuan for the repair.这次修车花了我两千元。
6.SVOC句式:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语
SVOC句式中的动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的,直接跟在宾语之后。
*(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)You could ask a friend or family member to help add to your list.
你可以让朋友或家人帮你添加到你的列表中。
*I want to make myself a well-rounded person.
我想使自己成为一个全面发展的人。
7.SVP句式:主语+连系动词+表语
SVP句式就是我们常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样,谓语动词需用连系动词(主要是be动词),表语多为形容词,也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式及分词等。
*(2024·全国甲卷) I was heartbroken.
我心碎了。
*My goal is to win the first prize in the coming English speech competition.
我的目标是在即将到来的英语演讲比赛中获得第一名。
【即学活用】指出下列句子的类型/翻译句子
①The early bird catches the worm. (SVO)
②To persuade her to change her mind is really very hard. (SVP)
③My mother bought me a new coat. (SVOO)
④Then a full moon rose. (SV)
⑤I get up very early every morning. (SVA)
⑥He looked at the picture amazingly. (SVOA)
⑦我认为学好英语很重要。
I think it important to learn English well.
⑧今天早上我妈妈给了我一个温暖的拥抱。
My mother gave me a warm hug this morning.
⑨今天下午我想和你谈谈。
I want to talk with you this afternoon.
⑩六个月的时间很快过去了。
Six months passed quickly.
【语法要点微练】
Ⅰ.指出下列句子黑体部分的成分
1.The teacher told the students to keep quiet. (主语)
2.The little girl can write her name now. (谓语)
3.The book on the desk is about history. (定语)
4.We saw the dog running happily in the yard. (宾语补足语)
5.My mother sent me a beautiful scarf. (直接宾语)
6.Unluckily, the car broke down on the way. (状语)
Ⅱ.指出下列句子的类型
1.The dog chased the cat. (SVO)
2.Her dream is to travel around the world. (SVP)
3.Tom sent his friend a postcard. (SVOO)
4.The sun shines. (SV)
5.She stays at home on weekends. (SVA)
6.They watched the movie excitedly. (SVOA)
Ⅲ.完成句子/翻译句子
1.在上学途中,他意识到自己忘带作业了。
On the way to school, he realized that he had forgotten to bring his homework.
2.我们的班长李华非常负责。
Li Hua, our monitor, is very responsible.
3.他觉得每天锻炼很有必要。
He thinks it necessary to exercise every day.
4.上个星期老师给我们布置了很多作业。
The teacher assigned us a lot of homework last week.
5.明天上午我打算去购物。
I’m going to go shopping tomorrow morning.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1.(2024·全国甲卷·应用文写作)Today I’d like to focus on some major developments, which include shared bicycles,high-speed trains and new energy vehicles.
今天我想重点谈谈一些重大发展,包括共享单车、高铁和新能源汽车。
2.(2024·全国甲卷·应用文写作)Therefore, we need to study hard and make a contribution to the further development of transport.
因此,我们需要努力学习,为交通运输的进一步发展做出贡献。
3.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷· 应用文写作)Inspired by the fantastic scenery, I determined to create a watercolor painting of the pond in the park.
受到这美妙景色的启发,我决定创作一幅公园池塘的水彩画。
4.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷· 读后续写) I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him.
我一见到他就给了他一个大大的拥抱。
