中考英语(山东专用)复习语法专题突破课时教学课件(13份打包)

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名称 中考英语(山东专用)复习语法专题突破课时教学课件(13份打包)
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(共51张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题七 形容词和副词
形容词
1. 形容词的基本用法
句子成分 位置
作定语 一般位于名词或代词之前,复合不定代词、疑问代词之后
作表语 放在系动词之后
作宾语
补足语 放在宾语之后,常与find,keep,leave,make,think等词 连用,表示宾语的性质或状态等
作状语 放在句末,前面有逗号
  如:a cold morning一个寒冷的早晨(作定语)
something important一些重要的事情(作定语)
Silk feels soft.丝绸摸起来很柔软。(作表语)
He always makes us happy.他总是使我们高兴。(作宾语补足语)
He arrived home,hungry and tired.他回到家里,又饿又累。(作 状语)
(1)形容词名词化:“the+形容词”表示一类人或物。如:
the blind盲人 the deaf聋人
the young年轻人 the old老人
the rich富人 the poor穷人
the sick病人 the disabled残疾人
  (2)有些形容词通常不作定语,只作表语或宾语补足语。如:
afraid 害怕的 alive 活着;有生气的
alone独自;单独 ashamed羞愧
asleep睡着 awake醒着
ill有病;不舒服 well健康;情况良好
  如:He was afraid to open the door.(正)
The afraid man is my uncle.(误)
(3)表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之 后。如:
—How long is the river?这条河有多长?
—It’s about two thousand meters long.大约有2000米长。
(4)复合形容词指由几个词共同组成,并起形容词作用的词,主 要作定语。如:an eight-year-old boy一个八岁的男孩。
(5)许多形容词加-ly可以构成副词,但是有些以-ly结尾的单词 不是副词,而是形容词。如:friendly友好的,lonely孤独的,lovely可 爱的,lively生气勃勃的,daily日常的,likely可能的。
2. 形容词的转化
(1)形容词变反义词
①加前缀un-
believable→unbelievable,comfortable→uncomfortable, crowded→uncrowded,expected→unexpected,fair→unfair, friendly→unfriendly,happy→unhappy,healthy→unhealthy, lucky→unlucky,usual→unusual
②加前缀dis-
honest→dishonest
③加前缀im-
polite→impolite,possible→impossible
④否定后缀-less
meaningful→meaningless,careful→careless,useful→useless
(2)名词转化为形容词
①加-y或去e加-y或双写尾字母加-y
cloud→cloudy,health→healthy,luck→lucky,noise→noisy, sun→sunny
②加-ly
friend→friendly,love→lovely,month→monthly
【注意】day→daily
③加-ful或变y为i加-ful
care→careful,harm→harmful,peace→peaceful,success→successful,beauty→beautiful
④加-less
end→endless,home→homeless,hope→hopeless,use→useless
⑤加-al或去e加-al
education→educational,music→musical,nation→national, person→personal,tradition→traditional,culture→cultural,nature→natural
⑥加-ese/-(a)n/-ish
Japan→Japanese,Europe→European,America→American, Asia→Asian,Australia→Australian,India→Indian,Russia→Russian, fool→foolish
【注意】China→Chinese,Canada→Canadian,Britain→British, England→English
⑦加-ern
east→eastern,north→northern,south→southern,west→western
⑧加-en
gold→golden,wood→wooden,wool→woolen
⑨加-able或去e加-able
fashion→fashionable,value→valuable
⑩加-ous
danger→dangerous,humor→humorous
【注意】energy→energetic,science→scientific
(3)动词转化为形容词
①加前缀a-
live→alive,sleep→asleep,wake→awake
②加-able或去e加-able或双写尾字母加-able
enjoy→enjoyable,believe→believable,forget→forgettable
③加-(e)d或变y为i加-ed
amaze→amazed,excite→excited,embarrass→embarrassed, interest→interested,relax→relaxed,worry→worried
④加-ing或去e加-ing
interest→interesting,surprise→surprising,care→caring
⑤加-ful
forget→forgetful,regret→regretful
⑥加-ive或去e加-ive
act→active,create→creative
【注意】die→dead,break→broken
副 词
1. 副词的分类
(1)时间副词
时间副词有now,then,today,tomorrow,yesterday,before, soon,lately,already,just等。时间副词是确定句子时态的重要标志, 所以一定要牢固掌握不同时态的时间标志。
(2)地点副词
地点副词有outside,inside,upstairs,here,there,home,near, away,in,back,off,up,anywhere等。地点副词和动词连用时其前 不加介词。几个地点状语连用时,大地方放在最后。
(3)方式副词
方式副词有quickly,happily,loudly,suddenly,badly,easily, fast等。方式副词大多由“形容词+-ly”构成。
(4)程度副词
程度副词有very,quite,rather,(much) too,much,so,a little,even等。
(5)疑问副词
疑问副词有when,where,why,how,how long,how soon,how often,how far等。疑问副词常用来构成特殊疑问句。
(6)关系副词
关系副词有when,where,why。关系副词常用来引导定语从句。
(7)频度副词
频度副词有always,often,usually,never,sometimes,seldom, hardly ever等。
(8)连接副词
连接副词有therefore,besides,otherwise,however,moreover, still,thus,meanwhile等。连接副词主要是用来连接句子或从句。
  2.副词的基本用法
句子成分 位置
作状语 修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于所修饰词之前
修饰动词时,通常位于所修饰词之后
频度副词通常位于情态动词/助动词/be动词之后,实义动词之前
时间副词、地点副词、方式副词通常放在句末
位于句首,用来修饰整个句子
作表语 放在系动词之后,多用于表示位置或状态
作宾语补足语 放在宾语之后
  如:She parked the car very easily.她很容易就把车停好了。(作方 式状语)
She works hard.她努力工作。(作方式状语)
The boy is often late for class.这个男孩经常上课迟到。(作 频度状语)
Let them in.让他们进来。(作宾语补足语)
What’s on this evening?今晚演什么?(作表语)
3. 常用易混副词(短语)
(1)ago与before
易混词 意义及用法 例句
ago 表示以现在为基准的“以 前”,和表示时间概念的 短语搭配使用,常用于一 般过去时 The meeting began five minutes ago.会议5分钟前就开始了。
易混词 意义及用法 例句
before 表示以过去为基准的“以 前”,常用于过去完成时 He said he had been to the Great Wall three years before.他说他 三年前去过长城。
泛指以前,常用于现在完 成时 I have never been to Zhejiang before.我以前从未去过浙江。
  (2)too,either,also与as well
易混词
(短语) 意义及用法 例句
too “也”,一般用于肯定句, 常放在句末,前面常有逗号 He likes English,too.他也 喜欢英语。
either “也”,用于否定句,常放 在句末,前面常有逗号 I don’t know French,either. 我也不懂法语。
易混词(短语) 意义及用法 例句
also “也”,一般用于肯定句,常放 在be动词、情态动词或助动词之 后,实义动词之前 I can also swim.我 也会游泳。
as well “也”,一般用于肯定句,只放 在句末 I like you as well. 我也喜欢你。
  (3)already,yet与still
易混词 意义及用法
already 已经;早已 多用于完成时态的肯定句中
已经,都 用于疑问句句末,表示惊讶
yet 已经 多用于完成时态的疑问句中
还 多用于完成时态的否定句中
still 仍然;还 表示某事尚在进行中,可用于多种句型, 在否定句中需放在否定词not之前
(4)hard与hardly
【讲解见本书第7课时 P44 的考点6】
  4.副词的转化
副词一般由形容词变化而来。常见变化规则如下:
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加-ly quick→quickly
slow→slowly
以y结尾的双音节词 变y为i再加-ly happy→happily
heavy→heavily
以y结尾的单音节词 加-ly shy→shyly
情况 构成方法 例词
以 e
结 尾 开音节词 加-ly wide→widely
polite→politely
元音字母+e结尾 去e加-ly true→truly
以le结尾 去e加-y possible→possibly
【拓展】
good→well,two→twice
形容词、副词的比较等级
一、构成
1. 规则变化
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词
和部分
双音节词 一般在词尾加-er或- est high
tall higher
taller highest
tallest
以不发音的字母e结 尾的加-r或-st nice
late nicer
later nicest
latest
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节 词和部分双音
节词 以重读闭音节结尾, 且末尾只有一个辅音 字母时,双写该辅音 字母,再加-er或-est big
fat
hot bigger
fatter
hotter biggest
fattest
hottest
单音节 词和部分双音
节词 以辅音字母加-y结尾的 双音节词,变y为i,再 加-er或-est happy
easy
early happier
easier
earlier happiest
easiest
earliest
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
多音节词
和部分
双音节词 在词前加 more或 most important
careful
comfortably more important,
more careful,
more comfortably most important,
most careful,
most comfortably
  2.不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best
ill/bad/badly worse worst
many/much more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
old older/elder oldest/eldest
二、用法
1. 原级比较
常用结构 例句
肯定 as+原级+as Tom is as old as Kate.汤姆和凯特的年龄一样 大。
否定 not as/so+原级+ as Jim doesn’t run as/so fast as Mike.吉姆没有迈 克跑得快。
倍数
表达 倍数+as+原级 +as Cats sleep twice as much as people.猫的睡眠 时间是人的两倍。
  2.比较级
常用结构 意义
A…+比较级+than+B A比B更……
比较级+and+比较级 越来越……
the+比较级…,the+比较级… 越……,就越……
A…+倍数+比较级+than+B A比B……几倍
常用结构 意义
A…+the+比较级+of the two+可数名词复数 两者中A较/更……
A…+less+原级+than+B A不如B……/A没有B……
Which/Who…+比较级,A or B? 哪一个/谁更……?
  如:Jack is taller than Lily.杰克比莉莉高。
He is getting taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。
The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you’ll make.你越认 真,犯的错误就越少。
This room is three times bigger than that one.这个房间比那个房间大 三倍。
Tom is the taller of the two boys.汤姆是两个男孩中较高的那一个。
I think English is less difficult than physics.我认为英语没有 物理难。
Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?地球和月球哪一个更大?
  【注意】常见的修饰比较级的词(短语)
修饰词(短语) 意义
a little,a bit 稍微……;……一点
even,much,still,far,a lot ……得多;更……
  3.最高级
常用结构 意义
the+最高级+比较范围 ……中最……
one of+the+最高级+复数名词+比较范围 ……中最……之一
the+序数词+最高级+单数名词+比较范围 ……中第……最……
Which/Who…the+最高级,A,B or C? A,B,C中哪一个 (些)/谁最……?
  【注意】
(1)最高级常用于三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较,比较范围 常用in/of/among/从句来表示。
(2)比较级与最高级之间的转化
①最高级=比较级+than+any other+单数名词/the other+复数名 词。如:
Tom is the tallest student in his class.
=Tom is taller than any other student in his class.
=Tom is taller than the other students in his class.汤姆是班里最高的 学生。
②“否定词+比较级”也可表示最高级含义。如:
—This film is a wonderful film.I’ve never seen a better one before.这 部电影是一部精彩的电影,我从没看过比它更好的。
—I can’t agree more.It’s really great.我完全同意。它真是太棒了。
(3)形容词最高级前一般要加the,但有物主代词、指示代词、 名词所有格等修饰时,前面不加the。如:
Kate is my best friend.凯特是我最好的朋友。
一、选词填空
crazy high pride aloud much
1. (2025镇江改编)The elderly lady must be of her newly published book on music therapy.
2. (2025淮安改编)There are than ten clubs in our school.
You can choose one to join.
3. (2024德阳改编)Please read to improve your pronunciation while learning English.
proud 
more 
aloud 
4. (2025苏州改编)Lin is honest and hard-working,so everyone speaks very of him.
5. My sister has been about dancing since she was five years old.
highly 
crazy 
二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1. (2025福建改编)AI technology in China has developed (fast) than anyone expected.
2. It’s said that in the future there will be longer summers and (short) winters than before.
3. Teenagers will feel (comfortable) and even get angry if someone reads their diaries.
faster 
shorter 
uncomfortable 
4. It took around 120 hours to print this 3D house while it usually takes around one to two years to build a house in the (tradition) way.
5. Soft music can help us fall (sleep) faster and wake up less during the night.
6. The earlier you travel (wide),the better you can learn the lessons traveling can teach you.
traditional 
asleep 
widely 
7. Our four-week Earth Camp is a fun and (education) summer camp for children aged 6 to 15.Kids enjoy time outdoors while learning about the earth.
8. It’s (polite) to talk with your mouth full.
9. The headmaster will study the report (careful) before making a decision.
10. Recycling your rubbish is a great habit.However,it’s even better to turn your rubbish into something new and (use).
impolite 
carefully 
useful 
educational 
11. Why do we make mistakes more (easy) when we feel tired?This happens because parts of our brain actually fall asleep when we’re awake and tired.
12. I felt (relax) lying in the sun on the beach.
13. Our team lost the game because we played very (bad).
14. Have you ever cut your finger on the edge(边缘) of a book page? The small cut on your finger is so (pain).
badly 
painful 
easily 
relaxed 
三、(2023江西改编)短文填空
人与社会:晏子使楚
Many years ago,there were many states in China.The State of Qi used to be very strong,but it became less 1. (power).Yan Zi was a wise adviser,so the king of Qi sent him to ask Chu to support each other.
powerful 
The king of Chu knew Yan Zi was very short.He tried to make Yan Zi feel 2. (shyness) about his height.When Yan Zi arrived,the guard told him to enter through the small gate.Yan Zi didn’t get 3. . (angrily).“Only a state of dogs will greet visitors with a gate for dogs.
I’m visiting the State of Chu.This gate isn’t for me,”Yan Zi said.So the guard had to take him through the main gate.
shy 
angry 
The king of Chu was 4. (happy) at what Yan Zi did.
“Why did Qi send YOU?Don’t they have anyone 5. (good)? ”
the king tried another way.
“If Qi meets a great king,it’ll send the 6. (good) ambassador(使臣).I’m the 7. (bad).That’s why I’m here.”Yan Zi replied calmly(镇定地).At this time,the guards brought a thief(小偷) to the king.The thief was from Qi.“Ha!Yan Zi,is Qi a state of thieves?”asked the king 8. (politely).
unhappy 
better 
best 
worst 
impolitely 
Yan Zi replied,“The orange trees in the south of the Huai River produce big and delicious fruit,while the orange trees in the north of the Huai River produce small and sour fruit.The environment makes the fruit grow 9. (different).In Qi,people are good and honest, but here,they steal.What made that person a thief here?”10. . (final),the king looked at Yan Zi and laughed,“I was wrong about you and your state!”
differently 
Finally (共29张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题十一 非谓语动词
动词不定式
动词不定式的基本结构为“(to+)动词原形”,否定形式为 “not+(to+)动词原形”。
1. 作主语
(1)置于句首,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
To get up early is necessary.早起是必要的。
①It’s+adj.(+for/of sb.)+to do sth.;
②It’s+n.+to do sth.;
③It takes/took sb.+some time+to do sth.;
④It seems(-ed)/appears(-ed)+adj.+to do sth.等。
(2)为避免头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,而将动词不定式所表 示的真正的主语放在句末。其常用结构为:
2. 作宾语
(1)一些表命令、打算、希望、决心等的动词后常接不定式作宾 语。如:
They decide to buy a car.他们决定买一辆车。
(2)在find,make,think等后跟动词不定式作宾语时,常用it作 形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在句末。如:
He finds it easy to learn English well.他发现学好英语很容易。
常见的后接动词不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford买得起 agree同意 begin/start开始
choose选择 decide决定 expect预料;期待
fail未能(做到) forget忘记 help帮助
hope/wish希望 learn学习 manage完成(困难的事)
offer主动提出 plan计划 promise承诺
refuse拒绝 remember记得 want/would like想要
  3.作宾语补足语
(1)动词不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。 tell,ask,want,allow,get,would like,encourage后常跟动词不定式 作宾语补足语。如:
Lucy asked him to turn off the radio.露西让他关掉收音机。
常见的后接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:
advise建议 allow允许 ask要求
encourage鼓励 expect预料;期待 force强迫
help帮助 invite邀请 order命令
persuade说服 teach教 tell告诉
want/would like想要 wish希望 warn警告
  (2)一些使役动词和感官动词后常接不带to的动词不定式作宾语 补足语。这些动词有:一感(feel)、二听(hear,listen to)、三让 (let,make,have)、四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。如:
The boss made the workers have a good rest this weekend.那个老板 让工人们这周末好好休息一下。
  4.作定语
动词不定式作定语时,应放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。如:
There was no food to eat in the past.过去没有食物吃。
5. 作状语
(1)作目的状语。既可放句首,也可放句末。如:
To keep healthy,we should eat more vegetables.=We should eat more vegetables to keep healthy.为了保持健康,我们应该多吃蔬菜。
(2)作原因状语。如:
I’m sorry to hear that.听到那件事我很难过。
(3)作结果状语,常表示未预料到的、令人沮丧的结果。如:
A few years later,we came to our hometown to find that it had greatly changed.几年后我们回到家乡,发现家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化。
6. 作表语
构成“be to do”,表愿望、梦想、责任、义务等。如:
Their duty is to look after the animals.他们的职责是照看动物。
【注意】动词不定式的特殊用法
(1)“疑问词+动词不定式”
①“疑问词+动词不定式”可以作主语、宾语或表语等。如:
Where to live is a problem.住在哪是个问题。(作主语)
My question is how to find the answer quickly.我的问题是如何快速 找到答案。(作表语)
②“疑问词+动词不定式”可与宾语从句进行相互转换。如:
I don’t know what to do next.=I don’t know what I should do next. 我不知道下一步该怎么办。
(2)“prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.”宁愿做……而不愿 做……
(3)“too…to…”“not…enough to…”结构
【讲解见本书第9课时 P56 的考点6】
动名词
1. 作主语
动名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对你的健康有害。
2. 作宾语
动名词作宾语,既可作动词的宾语,又可作介词的宾语,表示经 常性的动作或长期的习惯。如:
I enjoy reading books.我喜欢读书。
Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是用来寄信的。
3. 作定语
动名词作定语,只表示它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等,放在 被修饰词之前。如:
She is in the reading room.她在阅览室里。
4. 作表语
动名词作表语,多数情况下可转化成主语。如:
His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamps is his hobby.他的 爱好是集邮。
常见的后接动名词的动词和短语有:
avoid避免 consider考虑 enjoy喜欢
finish完成 forget忘记 imagine想象
keep持续 like喜欢 mind介意
practice练习 remember记得 suggest建议
be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
be worth doing sth.值得做某事
be/become/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
can’t help doing sth.情不自禁做某事
feel like doing sth.想要做某事
give up doing sth.放弃做某事
have fun (in) doing sth.很开心做某事
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
look forward to doing sth.期待做某事
prefer doing sth.to doing sth.宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事
后接动词不定式与动名词的区别
分 词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由“动词+-ing”构 成,过去分词的基本形式是“动词+-ed”,但是也有不规则的形式。 现在分词有主动、进行之意,过去分词有被动、完成之意。
1. 作定语
如:Do you know the girl singing in the room?你认识房间里那个正 在唱歌的女孩吗?
Do you know a girl called Linda?你认识一个叫琳达的女孩吗?
2. 作状语
如:Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.听到这个消息,他 们都高兴得跳了起来。(时间状语)
Bitten by the neighbor’s dog,he dares not go there anymore.由于被 邻居的狗咬了,他再也不敢去那儿了。(原因状语)
3. 作表语
如:The opera is very moving.这出歌剧很感人。
The boy is too excited to say a word.这个男孩激动得说不出话来。
4. 作宾语补足语
如:Don’t keep us waiting for a long time.别让我们等太久。
He’ll have his car repaired tomorrow.他明天要找人修理他的汽车。
一、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1. (2025西藏) (remember) the sweet time of school life,students like taking photos with classmates.
2. (2025龙东地区改编)—How do you improve your English listening skills?
—I spend about twenty minutes (watch) English videos every day.
To remember 
watching 
3. (2025无锡)The government decided to take action (solve) this problem.
4. (2025白银)Students are asked (do) this task by themselves.
5. (2024河南改编)A young boy made a living by (sell) fried dough sticks(油条) in the market.
6. During the 16th century,Europe saw rich developments in science, medicine and the arts.People had to “invent” words (express) new ideas.
to solve 
to do 
selling 
to express 
7. Remember to use sunglasses to stop the sun from (shine) directly in your eyes.
8. Most of us enjoy (listen) to our mothers speak,because our brains greatly prefer the voices of our own mothers.
shining 
listening 
二、(2024湖南改编)短文填空
人与自我:阅读的魅力
to
learn 
to get 
At last,my mom got another idea.Every day,she made me 3. . (sit) at the desk and read for an hour.I hated 4. (read) and cried a lot.Then,my uncle,a school teacher,came to help.He led me to my desk and told me 5. (pick) one book.“Read just twenty pages.If you still feel bored after that,just 6. (put) it down and choose another one,”he said.
I started with The Emperor’s New Clothes.After I read twenty pages as my uncle suggested,I was
sit 
reading/to read
to pick 
put 
rolling(打滚) on the floor 7. (laugh).What a stupid emperor! Next,I read more books.As time went on,I was able to easily 8. (understand) the stories.So I started reading longer and more serious books.I fell in love with Journey to the West.My mom said I should spend more time 9. (play) outside.But I didn’t want to put down the book.
laughing 
understand 
playing 
To this day,I make time to read every day.If you haven’t yet 10. (experience) the fun of reading,take my uncle’s advice and find the “right” books.They’ll give you enjoyment,teach you something new,and even change your life.
experienced (共40张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题二 代 词
人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
一、人称代词
1. 人称代词的分类
人称代词是用来指代人或事物的词,有人称、数和格的变化。其 具体形式如下表:


人称 单数 复数
主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he him they them
she her
it it
  2.人称代词的用法
(1)人称代词的主格通常在句子中作主语,用于动词之前。如:
He is a teacher.他是一名老师。
(2)人称代词的宾格通常在句子中作宾语,用于动词或介词之 后。如:
I saw him.我看见他了。
What’s the matter with her?她怎么了?
【拓展】
it的常见用法
(1)指代前面提到的事或物。
(2)指代动物、不考虑性别的婴儿或不明身份的人。
(3)用来代替指示代词this或that。
(4)指代时间、距离、天气或环境等。
(5)it作形式宾语,代替不定式或从句,常用在find,make, think等词之后。如:
You may find it interesting to go for a run.你可能会发现去跑 步很有趣。
(6)构成特殊句型:
①It is+adj.(+for/of sb.)+to do sth.
②It takes sb.some time to do sth.
③It’s believed/reported/said+that从句.
3. 人称代词的排列顺序
几个人称代词作并列主语时,其排列顺序是:单数形式you, he/she and I,复数形式we,you and they。但承认错误或承担责任时, 总是第一人称在前。
人称代词的排列顺序
单数形式二三一,复数形式一二三。
若把错误责任担,第一人称总靠前。
二、物主代词
1. 物主代词的分类
表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词 和名词性物主代词,有人称和数的变化。其具体形式如下:
人称 数 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
第一人称 单数 my mine
复数 our ours
人称 数 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
第二人称 单数 your yours
复数 your yours
第三人称 单数 his his
her hers
its its
复数 their theirs
  2.物主代词的用法
(1)形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用,用于名词前作定语,一 般不单独使用。如:
My books are on the desk.我的书在桌子上。
(2)名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词,起名词的作 用,在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语,后不再加名词。如:
Look at the two pens.The red one is yours and the blue one is mine.看 那两支钢笔,那支红色的钢笔是你的,那支蓝色的钢笔是我的。
【注意】使用名词性物主代词是为了避免重复使用上文提到的名 词,在使用名词性物主代词时,必须有特定的语言环境,也就是要省 略的名词大家都已经知道,上文已经提起过。(如:例句中的yours= your pen,mine=my pen)
(3)his和its既可以作形容词性物主代词,又可以作名词性物主代 词。如:
My bike is old,but his is new.我的自行车是旧的,但他的是 新的。
(4)名词性物主代词常与介词of连用,构成名词所有格。如:
Adam is a friend of mine.亚当是我的一位朋友。
三、反身代词
反身代词,表示动作执行者本身。它还可以在句中起到强调的作 用,用以加强语气。反身代词可以在句中作宾语、表语或同位语。
人称 单数 复数
第一人称 myself ourselves
第二人称 yourself yourselves
第三人称 herself themselves
himself
itself
  反身代词常与其他词连用,构成固定搭配。如:
1. 位于介词之后
believe in oneself相信自己
by oneself亲自;独自
come to oneself苏醒;恢复
look after oneself照顾自己
keep…to oneself保守秘密
say to oneself自言自语
2. 位于动词之后
enjoy oneself玩得高兴
help oneself to自取;自用
hurt oneself伤着自己
lose oneself in 陶醉于
prove oneself证明自己
teach oneself(=learn by oneself)自学
不定代词
不定代词是不明确指代某个(些)人、某个(些)事物的代词, 它们起名词或形容词的作用。不定代词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾 语、定语等。常考的易混不定代词有以下几种:
1. 普通不定代词的用法
  (1)each与every
考点 用法
each 每个(强调个体) 作主语、宾语、定语、同位语 两者或两者以上 可与of搭配
every 每个(整体描述) 只作定语 三者或三者以上 不可与of搭配
  (2)either,neither,both,all与none
考点 意义及用法
either 意为“(两者中的)任何一个”,另作副词时,可以和or搭配
neither 意为“两者都不”,另作副词时,可以和nor搭配
both 意为“两个都”,可以和and搭配
all 意为“所有”,适用于三者或三者以上的人或物
none 意为“没有一个”,适用于三者或三者以上的人或物
  (3)few,a few,little与a little
可数 不可数
否定 few(几乎没有) little(几乎没有)
肯定 a few(一些) a little(一点儿)
  (4)one与ones
考点 用法
one 指代上文提到的同类人或事物中的一个,同类不同物,表单 数含义
ones 指代上文提到的同类人或事物中的多个,同类不同物,表复 数含义
  (5)some与any
考点 不同点 相同点
some 一般用于肯定句;在疑问句中, 表示说话人希望得到肯定回答 均表示“一些”,既 可以修饰可数名词, 也可以修饰不可数名 词
any 一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件 状语从句
  (6)other,the other,others,the others与another
【讲解见本书第4课时 P25的考点5】
(7)it与one
【易错点】it与one的用法区别:
考点 用法
it 特指上下文提到的对象是同一事物(同类同物)
one 泛指上文提到的同类人或物中的一个(同类不同物),其复 数形式是ones
I have an interesting book.I bought it yesterday.我有一本有趣的书, 我昨天买的。
  如:I lost my watch.I want to buy one.我的手表丢了,我想 去买一块。
  2.复合不定代词的用法
由some,any,no,every分别加上-body,-one,-thing构成的不定 代词叫复合不定代词。
初中阶段常用的复合不定代词:
-body somebody
某人 anybody
任何人 nobody
没有人 everybody
每人
-one someone
某人 anyone
任何人 no one
没有人 everyone
每人
-thing something
某事;某物 anything
任何东西;
任何事物 nothing
没有什么;
没有一件东西 everything
每件事;
所有事物
  【注意】
(1)当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词时,形容词或else必须放在 其后。如:
There is something interesting in the book.这本书里有一些有 趣的东西。
Everybody else was there except you.除你外其他每个人都在这里。
(2)复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语,不能作定语。作主 语时,谓语动词一般用单数。如:
Someone is saying in the empty house.有人在那个空房子里说话。
疑问代词
疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。其常见用 法如下:
1. 用来构成疑问句
考点 意义及用法 句子成分
what 意为“什么”,对具体内容进行提 问,作定语时,无范围限制 可作主语、宾语、表语、定语
which 意为“哪一个;哪一些”,对指定范围内的“哪个/哪些”人或物进行提问 可作主语、宾语、定语
考点 意义及用法 句子成分
who 意为“谁”,对人提问,多作主语 可作主语、宾语
whom 意为“谁”,对人提问,用作宾语 可作宾语
whose 意为“谁的”,询问所属关系 可作表语、定语
  如:What is that?那是什么?(作表语)
Which sport do you like better,swimming or running?游泳和跑 步,你更喜欢哪项运动?(作定语,有范围限制)
  
  【注意】
(1)who作主语时,即使被问者是复数,谓语动词一般也都用单 数形式。如:
—Who is going to Beijing with you this summer holiday?这个暑假 谁将和你一起去北京?
—My parents.我的父母。
(2)which对确定范围内的“哪一个”提问,what对不确定范围 内的“哪一个”提问。如:
Which color do you like better,red or yellow?你更喜欢哪一种颜 色,红色还是黄色?
What color do you like?你喜欢什么颜色?
2. 后接动词不定式
“疑问代词+动词不定式”可以作主语、宾语或表语等。如:
He read notes and thought about what to discuss with his team members.他读笔记并考虑与团队成员讨论什么。(what to discuss with his team members作宾语)
指示代词
单数 this that
复数 these those
  1. this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上离说话人较近的人或 物,that和those则指在时间或空间上离说话人较远的人或物。如:
This is a chair.这是一把椅子。
2. that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this和these则是指下面将要讲 到的事物。如:
I had a cold.That’s why I didn’t come.我感冒了,那就是我为什么 没来的原因。
3. 用于比较时,为了避免重复,常用that/those代替前面提到的名 词。如:
Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.北京制造的电视机和上海制造的一样好。
4. 打电话时用this介绍自己,用that询问对方。如:
Hello!This is Mary.Is that Jack speaking?你好!我是玛丽,请问 是杰克吗?
一、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1. (2025无锡改编)But I can’t promise you (something).
You’ll have to try it yourself.
2. (2025扬州)Some tourists fall in love with Yangzhou (it) rather than just its tourist attractions.
3. (2025连云港改编)A local charity organization teaches the disabled practical skills to find jobs on (they) own.
anything 
itself 
their 
4. (2025遂宁改编)—At Chengdu Research Base,the panda,Huahua,is very popular and people stand in a long line to see her.
—She is so lovely that (somebody) could say no to her.
5. (2024云南)Nie Er is a great musician in China.We all take pride in (he).
6. (2024龙东地区)We enjoyed (our) at Zhaolin Park last Sunday.
7. (2024临夏州)Tina had to look after (she)younger sister at home last weekend.
nobody 
him 
ourselves 
her 
8. Yesterday Alice tried paragliding and she enjoyed (her) very much.
herself 
9. After a busy morning at work,lunchtime gives (I) a chance to do many things,such as exercise,read and watch TV.
10. The little boy said,“I am old enough to take good care of .
(my).”
11. Tennis can exercise all of our muscles(肌肉).And it requires (we) to spend time with others.This is good for our health too.
me 
myself 
us 
二、(2023内江改编)短文填空
人与社会:捐赠器官
On Sunday morning,Hithendran,a young man,went to see his friends.He went there by bike.He had a good time with 1. (he) friends. At about five o’clock in the afternoon,he was coming back home on his bike.Unluckily,2. (anything) terrible happened.The young man met with an accident.He was hit by a coming car. The people on the road knew 3. (he).They phoned his parents at once.Seeing 4. (they) son badly hurt,his parents rushed him to Apollo hospital.
his 
something 
him 
their 
After examining him,the doctors said that his brain had lost his senses.His life couldn’t be brought back.His parents 5. (them) were doctors.Although they were very sad,they had to accept the fact.At that time,they made a hard decision:donate(捐献) his kidneys(肾),eyes and heart.
themselves 
His eyes were donated to Sankara Nethralaya.His kidneys were given to Apollo hospital for transplant(移植).6. (these) was not all.His parents gave his heart to a 6-year-old boy.The boy greatly needed it.“Without it,I’ll lose 7. (I) life in several months,”he said.
That meant it had to be sent to the hospital in another city as soon as possible.
At last it was successfully transplanted to the boy.A young life was saved.
This 
my 
8. is one of the most moving real-life stories.We should learn from it.Hats off to Hithendran’s parents!They made sure that Hithendran could continue to live through 9. (other).
It 
others (共33张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题十三 主从复合句
宾语从句
1. 引导词
引导词 作用 例句
that 引导宾语从句时,在句中 不充当任何成分,只起连 接作用,可省略 He said (that) Kate was good at swimming.他说凯特擅长游 泳。
if/whether 意为“是否”,不作句子 成分,但不能省略 He asked me if/whether Miss Wei was a teacher.他问我魏小 姐是否是一名教师。
引导词 作用 例句
连接代词what, which,who, whose,whom等 在从句中作一定的成 分,如:主语、宾 语、定语等 I don’t know what they are going to do.我不知道他们 打算干什么。
连接副词when, where,why, how等 在从句中作状语 Could you tell me where you are from?你能告诉我 你来自哪里吗?
  【注意】只用whether不用if的情况:
(1)与or (not)连用时;
(2)位于介词之后时。
2. 时态
宾语从句的时态一般遵循以下三个原则:
(1)需要性原则:当主句是一般现在时,从句的时态不作限制, 根据句子的需要使用任何一种时态。如:
He doesn’t know when they will come.他不知道他们什么时候 会来。
(2)呼应性原则:当主句是一般过去时,从句必须使用相应的过 去的某种时态。如:
She said she missed us very much.她说她非常想念我们。
(3)特殊性原则:当从句说明的是客观事实或真理时,不用受到 主句时态的限制,仍用一般现在时。如:
He said that the sun is bigger than the earth.他说太阳比地球大。
  3.语序
宾语从句要使用陈述语序,即“引导词+主语+谓语 (+其 他)”。如:
Can you tell me why you are late?你能告诉我你为什么迟到吗?
【注意】有些特殊疑问句本身是陈述语序,不用再进行语序的调 整。如:
I want to know what’s wrong/the matter/trouble (with…).
I want to know what happened to…
I want to know which is the way to…
I want to know who studies the hardest in your class.
4. 否定前移
在复合句中,若主句是一般现在时且主句的谓语动词为think, believe,expect,imagine,suppose等,从句表示否定意义时,形式上 应否定主句。如:
I don’t suppose he will come.我猜他不会来。
5. 简化
(1)当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是 hope,wish,decide,agree,choose,know,remember,forget,learn 等时,从句可简化为“(疑问词+)不定式”结构。如:
He hopes that he will be back soon.=He hopes to be back soon.他希 望尽快回来。
(2)当tell,ask,show,teach等动词后带双宾语,且从句主语和 间接宾语一致时,从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:
Can you tell me how I can get to the library?=Can you tell me how to get to the library?你能告诉我怎么去图书馆吗?
(3)宾语从句可以转化为名词或名词短语。如:
I don’t believe what Tom said.=I don’t believe Tom’s words.我不相 信汤姆所说的话。
【拓展】
(1)if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句的区别
if在ask,wonder,know等动词后,当“是否”讲,引导宾语从句 时,从句时态与语意相关;if当“如果”讲,引导条件状语从句时,主 从句时态遵循“主将从现”原则。如:
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow.我不知道明天他是否会来。 (宾语从句)
If he comes,I will tell you.如果他来,我将告诉你。(条件 状语从句)
(2)when引导的宾语从句和时间状语从句的区别
when引导宾语从句时,意为“何时”,从句时态与语意相关; when引导时间状语从句时,意为“当……时”,主从句时态遵循“主 将从现”原则。如:
I wonder when my father will arrive in Beijing.我想知道我爸爸什么 时候到北京。(宾语从句)
He will call me when he arrives.他到的时候会给我打电话。(时间 状语从句)
定语从句
一、定语从句的定义
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句 通常置于它修饰的名词或代词之后,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose和关 系副词when,where,why等。关系代词和关系副词既起连接作用,又 充当从句中的一个成分。如:
二、定语从句关系词的判断
1. 一看先行词
2. 二看在从句中作何成分
【注意】如果从句中缺少主干成分(主、宾、定语),补关系代 词;如果从句中不缺主干成分,补关系副词。
3. 三看是否属特殊
(1)只能用that的情况:
①当先行词被the only,the very,the last等词修饰时。如:
This is the only book that was written by him.这是他写的唯一 一本书。
②当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
The first thing that you should do is to turn off the light.你首先要做的 就是关灯。
③当先行词为all,much,little,few,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词时。如:
I’m going to buy everything that I need.我要去买我所需要的 一切东西。
④当先行词既有人又有物时。如:
They were talking about things and persons that they remembered.他 们正在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人或事。
⑤当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Which is the program that you like best?哪个是你最喜欢的节目?
(2)只能用which的情况:
①当关系代词放在介词之后且先行词指物时。如:
Those days in which you could travel without a passport have gone.那 些你不用带护照就可以旅行的日子一去不复返了。
②当that/those作主语时。如:
He admired that which looked beautiful.他欣赏那些看起来很 美的东西。
【注意】关系代词的省略问题:
一般情况下,关系代词that,which,whom在定语从句中作宾 语时可以省略,但“介词+which/whom”结构中的which,whom 不能省。如:
I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the army.我永远不会忘记 我参军的那一天。
状语从句
一、状语从句的分类
如果一个完整的句子修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等,充当 状语成分,该句子就叫作状语从句。状语从句由从属连词引导,中考 中对状语从句的考查往往与从属连词的辨析及应用相结合。【详见本 书第二部分专题六连词 P179—181的考点2】
初中阶段常见的状语从句的分类如下:
分类 从属连词
时间状语
从句 before(在……之前),when/while/as (当……时), after(在……之后),since(自……以来),until(直 到……为止),as soon as(一……就……)
原因状语
从句 because(因为),since(因为;既然),as(由于)
分类 从属连词
条件状语从句 if(如果),unless(除非;如果不),as long as(只要)
结果状语从句 so/such…that(如此……以至于……)
让步状语从句 though/although(虽然;尽管),even if/though(即使;虽然),whenever(无论何时),whatever(无论什么)
目的状语从句 so that(以便;为了),in order that(为了)
二、主、从句的时态问题
含时间状语从句或条件状语从句的复合句中,主句和从句的时态 问题一般分为下列三种情况:
1. 主祈/情从现:若主句是祈使句或主句中有情态动词,从句用一 般现在时。如:
Be careful when you cross the road.过马路时要小心。
You must stop when the lights turn red.当红灯亮时,你必须停 下来。
2. 主将从现:若主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。如:
If our government doesn’t pay attention to the food safety,our health will be in danger.如果我们的政府不关注食品安全,我们的健康将处于 危险中。
3. since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,主句一般用现在完成 时。如:
You’ve changed a lot since we last met.自从我们上次见面以来,你 变了很多。
一、选词填空
because work travel where when who which unless how what
1. (2025无锡改编)Thanks a million,Julie!If it ,you will be my angel!
2. (2025眉山改编)—What do you want to be you grow up?
—I want to be an astronaut.
3. (2025龙东地区改编)I often look through the weather report on the mobile phone.It shows the weather will be.
works 
when 
how 
4. (2025遂宁改编)—What kinds of after-school activities do you like?
—I like those activities are about P. E. and art.
5. (2024河北改编)To know the mountain top looks like,you need to reach it.
6. (2024龙东地区改编)The teacher told us that the earth around the sun.
7. (2024白银改编)Linda prefers musicians play different kinds of music.
which 
what 
travels 
who 
8. (2024广西改编)—Could you please tell me you usually spend your holiday?
—In my hometown.
where 
9. (2024无锡改编)I won’t let you go you tell me the truth.
10. (2024吉林改编)Bob watches the news every night he wonders what’s going on around the world.
unless 
because 
二、短文填空
A(2025乐山改编)
人与自我:成长与坚持
because help so that what when which
  Once,in a small village,Mark lived with his dad.Mark loved playing the guitar.But he felt sad 1. he wasn’t good at it.He asked his dad 2. he should do.His dad said,“Come with me tomorrow.We’ll climb a high hill.”
because 
what 
The next day,they walked a long way.Although the hill was difficult to climb,Mark didn’t give up and 3. his dad along the way.They climbed higher and higher.At last,they reached the top,4. made both of them happy.
Mark said,“5. I was small,I called this hill ‘Impossible Mountain’ because I couldn’t reach the top.”
helped 
which 
When 
Now,Mark was big and strong.He had climbed many other hills and even climbed “Impossible Mountain” too.His dad said,“By practicing on smaller hills,you became 6. good that this big hill wasn’t impossible anymore.” Mark smiled and nodded.He understood 7. . hard work and patience made things possible.
From then on,he kept practicing his guitar and believed that he could play it better in the future.
so 
that 
B(2024滨州改编)
人与社会:拾金不昧的男子
On April 8,in Hangzhou,a young man called Andy ordered and packed his breakfast at a local
noodle house and got much more 8. he expected.
Andy shared a video on the Internet about his experience at a noodle house in the morning.In the video,9. had over 2.3 million views,Andy was shocked by what he found in his to-go bag instead of breakfast.
than 
which 
“Why?There’s a couple of thousand yuan in my bag,”Andy said,“Why would they do this?Why would they give this to me?”Andy shared his shocking discovery on the Internet.He knew 10. he could just take the money,but finally,he said he knew what he 11. (need) to do.
“Now I have to return it 12. I’m a good person,I guess,”Andy said,putting the money back into the bag.
that 
needed 
because 
13. he walked into the noodle house,he gave the bag to a worker at the door.The worker realized he 14. (return) the money they had been looking for.With the grateful(感激的) smiles on their faces,one worker asked 15. they could give him a hug,which he accepted.
After 
was returning 
if/whether 
Back in the car,Andy reflected on what he 16. (do).
“The workers were just all hugging me and thanking me.I got such a great feeling of pride 17. I saw the look of joy on their faces,”he said.
“Honesty can lead me forward and make my future more colorful,”
he wrote in his diary.
had done 
when (共30张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题九 动词时态
一般现在时
1. 结构(以do/does为例)和标志词
结构 标志词
do/does always,usually,sometimes,once a month,three times a week等频度副词或短语
on Fridays,on Monday afternoons,every day/week/month/year等短语
  2.用法
用法 例句
表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常 与表示频度的副词和时间状语连 用 Tom usually goes to school by bike. 汤姆通常骑自行车去上学。
表示客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方 升起。
用法 例句
主将从现:在条件状语从句和时 间状语从句中,用一般现在时表 将来 If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.如果明天下雨,我们就待在 家里。
表示按规定或时间表预计要发生 的动作 Our plane takes off at 8:10.我们的 飞机在8:10起飞。
  3.第三人称单数的构成
构成 例词
一般在动词后加-s work→works
read→reads
以s,x,sh,ch以及字母o结尾的动词,在词 尾加-es guess→guesses
mix→mixes
go→goes
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-es fly→flies
study→studies
  【注意】
(1)个别动词的不规则变化,如:have→has。
(2)词尾-es的读音规则是:在s,x,sh,ch后的-es读作/Iz/,其 余的读作/z/。
一般过去时
  1. 结构(以did为例)和标志词
结构 标志词
did yesterday,last Sunday/year,时间段+ago等
just now,in the past,in 2013等
one day,the other day,long long ago,once upon a time等
  2.用法
用法 例句
表示过去某个时间(段)发 生的动作或存在的状态 I met him in the street yesterday.我昨天 在街上遇见了他。
表示过去经常或反复发生的 动作,常与表示频度的副词 连用 When I was young,I often dreamed of being an artist.当我年轻的时候,我经 常梦想着成为一名艺术家。
用法 例句
用于since引导的时间状语从 句中,主句多用现在完成 时,从句用一般过去时 Tom has lived here since he was five.汤 姆从五岁起就住在这里。
一般将来时
1. 结构和标志词
结构 标志词
will/shall(同I和we连用) do tomorrow,soon,later,next week(month,year…),
in+时间段,in the future,from now on,some day等
be going to do
  2.用法
用法 例句
表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作 He will be back in two days.他将在两天后回来。
“be going to do”结构:表示计划、打算做某事或有迹象表明要发生的事(如自然现象) Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看那些乌云,要下雨了。
用法 例句
“be doing”结构:go,come,leave, fly,start,meet,move等表示位置转 移的动词,可以用现在进行时表示按 计划或安排将要发生的事 We are leaving for London tomorrow.我们明天动身去伦 敦。
现在进行时
  1. 结构(以doing为例)和标志词
结构 标志词
am/is/are+ doing (right) now,at the moment,at this time,these days, this week等
look或listen等暗示词,常用于句首
when/while引导的表示现在的从句
  2.用法
用法 例句
表示现在正在进行的 动作或存在的状态 He is watching TV now.现在他正在看电视。
表示现阶段正在进行 或从事的活动 He is writing a new novel these days.这些天他 正在写一本新小说。
与always连用,有着 强烈的感彩,表 示不满或满意 That phone is always ringing.那个电话总是响 个不停。
  3.现在分词的构成
构成 例词
一般在动词后加-ing sleep→sleeping
wait→waiting
以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去掉 e,再加-ing smile→smiling
move→moving
构成 例词
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一 个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字 母,再加-ing sit→sitting
plan→planning
refer→referring
个别以字母ie结尾的动词,变ie为 y,再加-ing die→dying
lie→lying
tie→tying
过去进行时
  1. 结构(以doing为例)和标志词
结构 标志词
was/were +doing then,at that time,at this time yesterday,at ten last night等
when/while引导的表示过去的从句
  2.用法
用法 例句
表示过去某个时刻或某一 时间段内正在进行的动作 We were having dinner when the phone rang.我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。
表示过去的一个动作发生 时,另一个过去的动作正 在进行 I was reading when suddenly it began to rain.我正在读书,突然开始下雨了。
表示两个过去的动作同时 发生 I was watching TV while my mother was cooking.我在看电视,我妈妈在做饭。
现在完成时
  1. 结构(以done为例)和标志词
结构 标志词
have/has+ done already(肯定句),yet(否定句或疑问句),just, ever,never,before,recently,lately等
so far,in(during/over) the past/last few years等
for+时间段,since+过去的时间点,since+一般过去时 的从句
  2.用法
用法 例句
表示过去发生的动作对 现在造成的影响或结果 I have read this book many times.我已经读过 这本书很多遍了。
表示过去的动作或状态 持续到现在并且已经完 成或可能持续下去 He has taught in our school for 30 years.他在 我们学校教书已有30年了。
  【注意】在肯定句中,非延续性动词或短语不能与表示一段时间 的状语连用。当它需要与表示一段时间的状语连用时,通常要转化为 延续性动词或短语。
非延续性动词或短语 延续性动词或短语
arrive in/at,get to,reach be in/at
become be
begin/start be on
borrow keep
buy have
catch a cold have a cold
非延续性动词或短语 延续性动词或短语
close be closed
come back,return be back
come here be here
die be dead
fall asleep/ill be asleep/ill
finish be over
go there be there
非延续性动词或短语 延续性动词或短语
go out be out
join be in/be a member of
leave be away
marry/get married be married
open be open
put on wear
  如:我买这台电脑有两年了。
误:I have bought this computer for two years.
正:I have had this computer for two years.
一、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1. (2025西藏)We (talk) about saving water and electricity now.
2. (2025兰州)Lanzhou (receive) a large number of visitors every year.
3. (2025西藏)Zhaxi (cook) for his parents at this time yesterday.
are talking 
receives 
was cooking 
4. (2025淮安)Last week,we (watch) a fashion show in the school hall.
5. (2025无锡)Mr.Chen (live) there for over 50 years,
so we went to interview him.
6. (2025无锡)The environment is much better now,and it (get) even better in the future.
watched 
has lived 
will get 
二、(2023烟台改编)短文填空
人与自我:如何达到目标
Recently an old friend phoned me to ask about the success I had in my life and how I 1. (achieve) it.He 2. (have) similar goals as me:get in shape,get into music more seriously,and be good at Japanese.
I 3. (not reach) my long-term goals yet in any of these 3 things.He thinks that I have made some progress on my journey to achieving these goals and I can give him some advice.
achieved 
has 
haven’t reached 
We had a nice talk for an hour on the phone and he seemed pretty encouraged.A week 4. (go) by and he sent me photos of him learning Japanese and music.He also trained with the help of a personal fitness coach.He developed the habit of posting(发布) regularly online all of the progress he 5. (make) at that moment.He was doing great.Every weekend he would post his new progress and I really enjoyed reading it!
went 
was making 
Of course,I’ll have to let him know that making progress isn’t easy.
He’ll meet some difficulties on the road.However,I’m letting him enjoy the new achievements now and 6. (help) him out when that time comes.
I’m thankful to him for giving me the chance to serve him and give him advice,and I’m thankful to see that he 7. (spend) time and money to improve his life.He has even told me how thankful he is for all the recent changes in his life.
will help 
is spending 
Even if you haven’t reached your goals,it’s good to realize how far you 8. (go).Be proud of yourself and know how much you can help others achieve the same.
have gone (共81张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题八 动词及动词短语
实义动词
实义动词又称行为动词,有其实际意义,能独立作谓语。初中常 见的动词词义辨析如下:
两个
“接” receive 表示客观上“接到;收到”,不涉及是否“接受”
accept 表示主观上“接受”,指经过仔细考虑后同意接受
两个“提供” provie provide sb.with sth.=provide sth.for sb.给某人提供某物
offer offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.给某人提供某物(强调 主动提供)
两个
“找” look for 强调寻找的过程
find 强调找的结果
两个
“遗 忘” forget 指忘记一件具体的东西,不能与表示地点的状语连用
leave 通常与表示地点的状语连用
三个
“借” borrow 非延续性动词,表示主语“借入”,常用短语: borrow sth.from sb.从某人那儿借某物
lend 非延续性动词,表示主语“借出”,常用短语:lend sth.to sb.把某物借给某人
keep 延续性动词,意为“长时间地借”
三个
“穿” dress dress sb.给某人穿衣服;dress sb.up打扮某人
put on 意为“穿上;戴上”,表示动作
wear 意为“穿;戴”,表示状态
三个
“听” listen 不及物动词,与to构成固定搭配,强调听的动作
hear 强调听的结果
sound 系动词,后一般接形容词
三个
“到 达” get get to+地点名词
reach 及物动词,后面可直接跟地点名词
arrive arrive in+大地点(名词)
arrive at+小地点(名词)
三个
“参 加” join 一般指加入党派、组织、团体等,如:参军、入党 等;也可指与他人一起做某事
take part in 指参加聚会或集体性活动,且主语在其中发挥作用
attend 一般指出席会议、参加学术活动、听课等
四个
“看” see 意为“看见”,表示结果
look 意为“看”,表示动作,是不及物动词,后面需加介 词at才能跟宾语
watch 意为“观看(比赛、电视)”
read 意为“看(书、报)”,表示阅读
四个
“花 费” spend 人作主语,意为“花费时间或金钱”,后接on sth.或 (in) doing sth.
cost 物作主语,意为“某物花费多少钱”
take 可用于固定句型,其结构为:It+takes/took+一段时 间+to do sth.,意为“花费一段时间做某事”
pay 与介词for连用,常构成“pay(+钱)+for+物”结构
四个
“说” speak 作及物动词时,后接表示语言的名词;作不及物动词 时,指在会议上发言
say 常跟直接引语或间接引语,并且表示说的内容
talk 不及物动词,常用短语:talk to/with sb.同某人谈话/ 交谈,talk about sth.谈论某事
tell 意为“告诉;讲述”,常用短语:tell sb.(not) to do sth.告诉某人(不)做某事;tell sb.sth.告诉某人 某事;tell stories/jokes讲故事/笑话
四个
“拿” bring 意为“带来;拿来”,表示拿到靠近说话人的地方
take 意为“拿去;带走”,表示拿到远离说话人的地方
carry 意为“扛;搬;用力移动”,没有方向
get 意为“去取;去拿”,表示往返拿东西
四个
有关
“赢、
输”
的词 lose 意为“输给某人”,固定搭配为lose to sb.
fail 意为“失败;未做成某事”
beat 意为“打败”,后接sb.或某支队伍
win 意为“赢得”,后接sth.,如:赢得荣誉、地位、比 赛等
系动词和助动词
1. 系动词
系动词本身有词义,但不能独立作谓语,后必须接表语,构成 系表结构,说明主语的性质、状态、身份或特征。其常见分类及用 法如下:
分类 用法 例词
状态系动词 表示主语所处的状态 be
感官系动词 表示人体感官的系动词 taste,smell,sound,feel,look
表象系动词 表示看起来/似乎处于某种状态 appear,look,seem
变化系动词 表示主语由一种状态变换到 另一种状态 become,get,go, grow,turn
持续系动词 表示主语持续或保持一种状况 keep,stay
  2.助动词
本身无意义或意义不完整,不能独立作谓语,必须与别的动词连 用,帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句等。常用助动词有 be,have,has,do,does,did,will,shall等。
情态动词
情态动词 用法 例句
may 表示请求、许可,意 为“可以”。其一般 疑问句的肯定回答用 can,否定回答用 can’t/mustn’t —May I look at your new phone? 我可以看一下你的新电话吗?
—No,you mustn’t/can’t.不,你不 可以。
情态动词 用法 例句
may 表示推测,可能性较 小,意为“可能”, 常用于肯定句中 Your answer may be right.你的答案 可能是正确的。
用于祈使句,表示祝 福或愿望 May you succeed!祝你成功!
情态动词 用法 例句
might may的过去式 He asked her if she might go back. 他问她是否可以回去了。
表示请求、许可,比 may语气更委婉 Might I take your order?你要点菜 吗?
表示猜测,可能性比 may小 This guitar might belong to Alice.She plays the guitar.这把吉 他可能是爱丽丝的。她弹吉他。
情态动词 用法 例句
can 表示能力,意为“能; 会”,相当于be able to,其否定形式是can not =can’t I can play the guitar,but I can’t play the violin.我会弹吉他,但 不会拉小提琴。
表示请求、允许,意为 “可以”,较口语化 You can tell him about that now. 你现在可以告诉他那件事了。
情态动词 用法 例句
can 表示推测,意为“可 能”,常用于否定句和 疑问句中。can’t表示否 定推测,语气强烈,意 为“不可能”。can所在 的疑问句的肯定回答用 may或must —Where can it be?它会在哪 儿?
—It may/must be in your desk.它 可能/一定在你的书桌里。
Miss Gao can’t be at home.高老师 不可能在家。
情态动词 用法 例句
could can的过去式,表示过 去的能力 Lucy could swim at the age of five. 露西五岁就会游泳。
在疑问句中表示委婉的请求 Could you help me?你能帮我吗?
表示猜测,意为“可 能”,常用于肯定句 —Whose French book is this?这是 谁的法语书?
—It could be Alice’s.She studies French.可能是爱丽丝的。她学法语。
情态动词 用法 例句
need 意为“需要”,常 用于疑问句和否定 句中 He needn’t come here.他不需要来这 里。
其引导的一般疑问 句,肯定回答用 must,否定回答用 needn’t —Need I go there tomorrow?明天我需 要去那儿吗?
—Yes,you must./No,you needn’t.是 的,你必须去。/不,你不必去。
情态动词 用法 例句
must 表示说话人的主观 意愿,意为“必 须;一定” We must work hard at English.我们必 须努力学习英语。
其否定形式为 mustn’t,表示“禁 止;不允许” You mustn’t cross the road when the light is red.红灯时禁止过马路。
情态动词 用法 例句
must 表示非常有把握的 肯定推测,意为 “一定;肯定” They must be very tired after a long walk.他们走了很长一段路后肯定很 累。
其引导的一般疑问 句,肯定回答用 must,否定回答用 needn’t/don’t have to —Must I finish my work now?我必须 现在完成工作吗?
—No,you needn’t/don’t have to.不, 你不必。
情态动词 用法 例句
should 意为“应该”,表示要求和命令,也可以表示劝告或建议,强调责任和义务 You should go to see the doctor.你应该去看医生。
表示征得意见,常 用于疑问句中 When should we have a meeting?我们应该什么时候开会?
情态动词 用法 例句
have to 表示客观需要,意为“不 得不;必须”,有人称、 时态和数的变化,后跟动 词原形 He had to stay at home because of the heavy rain.因为下大雨他不 得不待在家里。
had
better 表示建议,意为“最 好……”,没有人称和数 的变化,后跟动词原形 You’d better go there by bus.你最 好乘公共汽车去那儿。
【拓展】
(1)need还可作实义动词,有人称和数的变化,后常跟不定式作 宾语,只用于肯定句中。如:
He needs to see a doctor.他需要看医生。
(2)must与have to的区别:must表示说话人的主观看法,have to 表示客观原因。如:
—Must I finish my homework first?我必须先完成作业吗?
  —No,you don’t have to/needn’t.不,你不必。
  We didn’t want to leave but we had to.我们并不想离开,但是不得 不离开。
动词短语
1. 常见的动词短语分类
be+形容词/过
去分词+介词 be afraid of害怕;be different from与……不同;be good at擅长;be filled with充满
动词+介词 run after追赶;feel like给……的感觉;感受到
动词+副词 cheer up(使)变得更高兴,(使)振奋起来;try out 参加……选拔;试用
动词+名词 have fun玩得开心;make faces做鬼脸;play sports做运 动
动词+名
词+介词 make friends with … 和……交朋友;take care of照顾
动词+副
词+介词 get out of离开;从……出来;get along with进展; 与……和睦相处;look down on/upon轻视;蔑视
  2.初中阶段常用动词短语
同一动词型
(1)be短语
be absent from缺席
be angry with对……生气
be afraid of害怕
be bad for对……有害
be born with天生具有
be busy with忙于
be connected with与……有联系
be covered by/with被……覆盖
be excited about对……感到兴奋
be different from与……不同
be famous for因……而闻名
be filled with充满
be fond of喜欢
be friendly to对……友好
be full of充满
be good at…擅长于……
be good for对……有益
be harmful to对……有害
be impolite to对……不礼貌
be interested in对……感兴趣
be lost in沉浸于
be made of由……制成
be patient with对……有耐心
be pleased with对……满意
be popular with受……欢迎
be proud of为……感到自豪
be ready for为……做好准备
be rude to对……无理/粗鲁
be similar in在……方面相似
be similar to与……相像的、类似的
be strict with sb.对某人要求严格
be sure about确信;对……有把握
be surprised at对……感到惊讶
be talented in在……方面有天赋
be thankful for对……感激
be thirsty for渴望;渴求
be tired of厌倦
be worried about担心
(2)come短语
come across(偶然)遇见,碰见
come by作短暂拜访
come from来自
come on快点儿;加油
come out开花;出版;发行
come over短暂造访
come true实现;成为现实
come up with想出;提出
(3)get短语
get along/on with和睦相处;关系良好
get into陷入;参与
get off下车
get on上车
get over解决;克服
get to到达
get up起床;站起
get used to习惯于
(4)give短语
give away赠送;捐赠
give in屈服;投降
give it a try试一试
give off发出(光、热等)
give out分发;散发
give sb.a hand帮某人一个忙
give sb. a ride让某人搭便车
give up放弃
(5)go短语
go back to回到,返回(某地)
go by (时间)逝去,过去
go off (闹钟)发出响声;(电)中断
go on继续;发生
go out外出(娱乐)
go over仔细检查
go through仔细察看;经历;遭受
(6)keep短语
keep an eye on照看;留神;注意
keep away from避免接近;远离
keep in touch with与……保持联系
keep…to oneself保守秘密
keep up with并驾齐驱;跟上
(7)look短语
look after照料;照顾
look at看
look back at回首(往事);回忆;回顾
look down on轻视;瞧不起
look for寻找;寻求
look forward to盼望;期待
look like看起来像
look over查看;检查
look through快速查看;浏览
look up 查阅;抬头看
look up to 钦佩;仰慕
(8)make短语
make a difference 影响;有作用
make a living 谋生
make a mess 弄得一团糟(一塌糊涂)
make a mistake/mistakes犯错
make an effort作出努力
make friends结交朋友
make money赚钱
make noise制造噪音
make progress取得进步
make up 编造(故事、谎言等)
make use of 利用;使用
(9)put短语
put away将……收起
put down写下;放下;镇压
put…into…把……放进……
put off推迟
put on穿上;上演;增加(体重);发胖
put out熄灭;扑灭
put up张贴;搭起;使升高;举起
(10)take短语
take action采取行动
take advantage of利用
take after(外貌或行为)像
take away拿走
take care of照顾;照料;处理
take off脱下(衣服);起飞
take on呈现
take out拿出;带出
take part in参加;加入
take place发生;出现
take pride in为……感到自豪
take sb.’s place代替;替换
take up(尤指为消遣)学着做,开始做
(11)turn短语
turn down把……调低;关小;拒绝
turn…into变成
turn off关掉
turn on打开
turn to 求助于;翻到;转向
turn up 开大,调高;出现
(12)三个(be)used to
be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
used to do sth.过去常常做某事
be used to do sth.被用来做某事
同一介词型
(1)含about
care about关心;在意
hear about听说
learn about学习;得知
know about了解
talk about谈论
think about思考;思索
worry about担心
(2)含at
arrive at到达(小地方)
knock at敲
laugh at嘲笑
point at指向
shout at…冲……大声叫嚷
smile at冲某人微笑
stare at盯着看
(3)含for
ask…for…请求;恳求(给予)
call for要求;需要
care for照顾;照料;非常喜欢
leave for动身去某地
long for渴望
pay for付费;付出代价
prepare for为……做准备
provide…for…为……提供……
search for寻找
send for派人去请
stand for代表;象征
wait for等待
(4)含from
break away from突然挣脱
die from死于
get away from离开;脱身
graduate from毕业于
hear from接到(某人的)信、电话等
keep/prevent/stop…from…阻止……
learn…from…向……学习……
separate from分离;隔开
(5)含in
arrive in到达(大地方)
believe in信任;信赖
break in破门而入
call in召来,叫来
do well in在某方面做得好
join in参加,加入
lie in位于
lose oneself in沉迷于……;专心致志于……
play a role in在……中发挥作用;有影响
succeed in在……方面成功
(6)含of
die of死于
dream of梦见;梦想
hear of听说
lose control of对……失控
make sure of确保
remind sb. of使某人想起
run out of用尽;耗尽
speak highly of称赞;高度评价
speak of提起
take control of控制;掌控
think of想起;想一想
warn sb. of警告某人
(7)含on
depend on取决于;依靠;信赖
feed on以……为食
focus on专心于
hold on抓紧;坚持住;等一下
live on以……为生
knock on敲
move on继续前进
pass on传递
try on试穿
work on从事;忙于
(8)含to
add…to…把……加到……里
add up to总计为
belong to属于
compare…to…把……比作……
do harm to伤害;损害
drink to为……干杯
lead to导致;通向
listen to听
pay attention to注意;关注
point to指向
refer to提到;涉及;指的是
reply to答复
shout to…对……大声喊叫
stick to坚持;固守
talk to…跟……说
walk up to走近
(9)含with
agree with同意;赞成
argue with和……争吵
begin/start with以……开始
catch up with赶上
communicate with和……交流
deal with处理;解决;对付
disagree with不同意
discuss with和……讨论
end (up) with以……结束
help (sb.) with sth.在某方面帮助(某人)
provide…with…为……提供……
share…with…与……分享……
talk with与……交谈
同一副词型
(1)含away
drive away驱车离开;使离去
move away搬走
pass away去世
put away将……收起
run away跑开
throw away扔掉;抛弃
wash away冲走
(2)含down
break down(机器或车辆)出故障;垮掉
calm down(使)平静,镇静
cut down削减;砍倒
fall down突然倒下;跌倒;倒塌
lie down躺下
put down写下;放下;镇压
sit down坐下
take down拆除;往下拽;记录
write down写下;记录下
(3)含off
cut off中断;切掉;切断
kick off踢开,踢掉
drive off驱车离去;驶去
set off出发
show off炫耀
shut off关闭;停止运转
(4)含out
break out爆发
carry out实施
check out察看,观察;结账离开
find out找出;查明
hand out分发
hang out闲逛;常去某处
help out帮助某人摆脱(困境)
look out小心,当心
point out指出
set out出发;启程
stand out显眼;突出
turn out结果是;证明是
work out成功地发展;解决
(5)含up
build up加大;增强
cheer up(使)变得更高兴;(使)振奋起来
clean up打扫(或清除)干净
come up升起
cut up切碎
dress up装扮;乔装打扮
end up最终成为;最后处于
grow up成长;长大
hurry up赶快,急忙(做某事)
pick up拾起;开车接人
reach up够得着
set up建立;建起;设立;创建
show up出现;露面
shut up闭嘴
stand up起立;站起来
stay up熬夜
wake up醒来
其他短语
change…into把……变成
consider…as把……当作
divide…into把……分成
fall asleep进入梦乡;睡着
fall behind落后
fall into掉进;落入
feel like给……的感觉;感觉到
fight against与……作斗争
hand in上交;提交
have advantage over比……有优势
have…in common有相同特征;(想法、兴趣等方面)相同
have trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
lose weight减肥
pass by路过;经过
pull together齐心协力;通力合作
regard…as把……当作/视为
set…free使……获得自由
talk back回嘴;顶嘴
treat…as把……当作
A. went by B. went out C. went off
A. can B. need C. must
C
A
A. put off B. get off C. turn off
A. need B. can’t C. must
A
C
A. costs B. spends C. takes
C
二、选词填空
avoid seem hide carry mark
1. (2025海南改编)The school hall smaller than ever before with so many students inside.
2. (2024自贡改编)The little girl wants to herself under the bed so that others can’t find her.
3. (2024南通)—How much do you know about the invention of protecting ears?
—It the beginning of Chester’s career in 1873.
seemed 
hide 
marked 
4. (2024南通)—You were not in the classroom during the break time.
—I books to the reading room with Judy.
5. (2024扬州改编)My father always clothes shopping,for he doesn’t care about his clothing.
carried 
avoids 
三、(2024北京改编)语言运用
人与自我:克服恐惧
A. stayed  B. control  C. filled with 
D. can’t wait to E. continue  F. trying
Every summer,Serena spent two weeks at Green Farm’s horseback riding camp.Last year,Serena and her favorite horse Piper finished second in the obstacle course(障碍赛赛道) race.
“I 1. ride Piper,” Serena told Rose,her coach.Rose smiled
and said,“Sorry,but we need to save Piper for our newer riders this year.
She’s one of the best-behaved horses.How about you 2. riding Harley?”
Serena felt disappointed and was a little scared at the sight of Harley, the tallest horse,but she 3. hopeful.As she was trying to ride Harley,
he went up on his back legs,throwing Serena off.She landed on the hard ground,her eyes 4. tears.
D 
F 
A 
C 
“I’m scared of Harley,and he’s too hard to 5. ,”Serena told Rose.
“Harley is in a new place with a new person on his back,”Rose explained.“I’m sure he’s pretty scared,too.But if you trust him,he will trust you.”
B 
A. get used to B. challenge C. make sure 
D. enjoy  E. climbed  F. grew
Serena decided that it was time for a fresh start.“I know you’re afraid of me.We’re still strangers,and it’s up to me to 6. that we become friends,”she talked to Harley softly.After a while,Harley calmed(平 静) down,and Serena realized that she was also feeling calmer.She then led Harley for a walk around the ring so that he could 7. being with her and following her directions.
C 
A 
Soon,Serena and Harley made progress together as their confidence in each other 8. .By the end of the first week,they had completed the obstacle course together.
On the final day of the camp was the big race.Serena confidently 9. onto Harley.Harley,ran through the course like a madman and easily won.The other horses were just no match for Harley.
F 
E 
Rose handed Serena the winner’s trophy with a wink(眨眼).Serena suddenly realized that Rose had wanted her to 10. herself to be a better rider,even though she would have had a nice time with Piper.
Serena gave Rose a hug and then took the trophy,and a carrot,over to Harley.
B (共15张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题十 动词语态
动词语态的重点
1. 被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成,助动词be 有人称、时态和数的变化。各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表 (以动词do为例):
类别 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done
一般过去时 did was/were+done
一般将来时 will/be going to+do will/be going to+be done
现在完成时 have/has+done have/has+been done
含情态动词 情态动词+do 情态动词+be done
  2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。如:
The watch is made in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。(不知是 谁制造的)
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如:
More trees must be planted every year.每年必须种更多的树。(没 必要指出树是由谁种的)
(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者。如:
Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来 越多的人说汉语。(强调汉语的使用广泛)
(4)用于特殊句型“It’s believed/reported/said/suggested+that…” 中,意为“据信/据报道/据说/据建议……”。如:
It’s believed that there is life in outer space.人们相信外太空存在着 生命。
3. 主动语态变被动语态
(1)主语+及物动词+宾语
主语和宾语交换位置,及物动词用被动形式。
(2)主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
①将间接宾语变为被动句的主语,保留直接宾语;②将直接宾语 变为被动句的主语,保留间接宾语,但是间接宾语前须加介词to或 for。若间接宾语作被动句中的主语,则无需加介词。如:
She gave me a book.→I was given a book by her.(间接宾语me为主 语)/A book was given to me by her.(直接宾语a book为主语)
(3)主语+动词短语+宾语
动词短语是一个不可分割的整体,由主动句变为被动句时不可漏 掉其中的介词或副词。如:
We should take care of the old.→The old should be taken care of by us.(of不可省略)
(4)不及物动词(短语)无被动语态。此类动词(短语)有 belong,arrive,begin,rise,happen,take place等。
【注意】主动语态中含有感官动词和使役动词时,后常跟不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态时,要加上to。如:
She made the man work for her.→The man was made to work for her.
【巧记口诀】
宾变主,主变宾,谓语动词变被动。
动词语态的难点
1. look,sound,taste,smell等系动词用主动形式表被动含 义。如:
The soup tastes delicious.这汤尝起来很美味。
2. 动词open,write,sell,wash,clean等作不及物动词,且它们 的主语为物时,可用主动形式表被动含义。如:
This dictionary sells well.这种字典很畅销。
3. be worth doing结构用主动形式表被动含义。如:
The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
4. “sth.want(s)/need(s)/require(s)+doing”结构,相当 于“sth.want(s)/need(s)/require(s)+to be done”,用主动形 式表被动含义。如:
That car needs repairing.=That car needs to be repaired.那辆车需要 修理。
一、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1. (2025兰州)The sweet memories in junior high school will be
(remember) forever.
2. (2024扬州)If salt is (spread) onto the ice,the freezing temperature will be lower than 0℃.
3. (2024无锡)This stone bridge (build) over 800 years ago.
remembered 
spread 
was built 
solved 
been
sold 
二、短文填空
人与社会:“我”所在的班集体
We are in a class which 1. (call) Class Nine.Recently,our class is more than a little fantastic.First of all,we all devote ourselves to our studies.That is to say,every minute that belongs to us 2. . (make) full use of already.That 3. (sound) impossible,but we can indeed do it.Last week,an English competition 4. (hold) in our school and full preparations were made,so we got the first place.
Besides,some problems are difficult,however,we always spare no effort to solve them successfully.
is called 
has been made 
sounds 
was held 
We’re a united class where we 5. (respect) each other.
Generally speaking,girls need 6. (look) after by the boys in our class,who are gentle and willing to help the girls.As a matter of fact,warmth 7. (pass) to girls by boys often.
In our opinion,every subject is worth 8. (study) hard.
We strongly believe that we can 9. admitted into our ideal university and we 10. (see) to become better and better.
respect 
to be looked 
is passed 
studying 
be 
will be seen (共34张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题一 名 词
名词的数
一、可数名词
1. 可数名词单数变复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 例词
一般名词 直接加-s girl→girls,book→books,bag→bags
以s,x, sh,ch结 尾的词 加-es bus→buses,box→boxes,brush→brushes, watch→watches
特例:stomach→stomachs
情况 构成方法 例词
以“辅音 字母+y” 结尾的词 变y为i再 加-es city→cities,family→families, factory→factories
以o结尾的 词 有生命的 加-es 英雄(hero)爱吃土豆(potato)和西红柿 (tomato)
无生命的 加-s 动物园(zoo)里有钢琴(piano),钢琴上有 收音机(radio)的照片(photo)
情况 构成方法 例词
部分以f或 fe结尾的 词 变f或fe为 v,再加-es 半数(half)树叶(leaf)自己(self)黄,妻 子(wife)拿刀(knife)去杀狼(wolf),架 (shelf)后小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙
  2.可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化
构成方法 例词
改变中间的元音字母 foot→feet,tooth→teeth,goose→geese, man→men,woman→women
单复数同形 deer,fish,sheep
其他特殊变化 mouse→mice,child→children
  【注意】名词woman/man作定语修饰另一名词,变复数时前后两 个名词都变复数;其他名词作定语修饰另一名词,变复数时只把后一 个名词变复数。
(1)字母或其他特殊变化:男女小孩脚和牙,鼠鹅公牛都不怕
man→men,woman→women,child→children,foot→feet, tooth→teeth,mouse→mice,goose→geese,ox→oxen
(2)单复数同形:鹿鱼羊
deer鹿,fish鱼(注:表示鱼的种类时其复数形式是fishes), sheep羊
(3)各国人变复数:中日不变英法变,其余-s加后面Chinese,Japanese单复数同形;
Englishman,Frenchman中man变为men;其余各国人,如 German,American,Indian等均在后面直接加-s。
二、不可数名词
1. 初中阶段常见的不可数名词
类别 例词
饮食 rice,meat,beef,bread,salt,soup,water,milk,tea, coffee,wine
自然 fire,grass,ice,light,rain,snow,weather,wind
材料 cotton,gold,paper,glass,silk
类别 例词
抽象
名词 advice,courage,failure,fear,friendship,fun,help, information,kindness,knowledge,luck,love,pleasure, power,progress,time,trust,truth
  【注意】有些名词有两个或两个以上不同的意思,分别表示可数 名词和不可数名词。如下表:
单词 可数 不可数
chicken 鸡 鸡肉
experience 经历 经验
fish 鱼 鱼肉
glass 玻璃杯;眼镜 玻璃
单词 可数 不可数
orange 橙子;橘子 橙汁;橘汁饮料
paper 报纸;文件;试卷 纸
room 房间 空间
time 次数;倍数 时间
work 作品 工作
  2.不可数名词“量”的表示
不可数名词没有复数形式,不能直接用a、an或数词修饰,其 “量”的表达如下:
分类 方法 示例
具体
的量 不定冠词/基数词+量词+of+不 可数名词 a piece of paper,
two cups of tea
大概
的量 可用much,(a) little,a lot of/lots of,some等词或短语修饰 much time,
some milk
【拓展】
常见的量词有:bag,bottle,bowl,box,cup,glass,pair, piece等。
名词所有格
名词所有格是名词的一种形式,用来表示名词之间的所属关系。 所有格分三种:’s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
1. ’s所有格
’s所有格多用于有生命的名词后。
构成方法 示例
单数
名词 一般在词尾加-’s Lily’s father莉莉的爸爸
my mother’s birthday我母亲的生日
构成方法 示例
复数
名词 以-s结尾的加-’ girls’ school女子学校
不以-s结尾的加-’s Children’s Day儿童节
多人共
同拥有 只在最后一个 名词后加-’s Lucy and Lily’s room露西和莉莉的房间
每个人各
自拥有 需在每个名词 后加-’s Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间
【拓展】
(1)表示某人的家、店铺、诊所等地点时,所有格后面的名词常 省略。如:at the barber’s在理发店,at the doctor’s在诊所。
(2)’s所有格也可用于表示时间、距离、国家等无生命的名词的 所属关系。如:two days’ holiday两天的假期。
  2.of所有格
表示无生命的名词的所属关系多用of所有格来表示。如:
a map of China一张中国地图
the foot of the hill山脚
the end of the term学期末
the leaves of the tree树叶
3. 双重所有格
双重所有格多用于表示整体中的一部分,有“of+可数名词’s格” 或“of+名词性物主代词”两种形式。如:
a photo of my father’s我父亲的一张照片
a friend of mine我的一位朋友
【拓展】
双重所有格与of所有格表达的含义不同。如:
a picture of mine我的一张照片(照片中的人可能是“我”,也可 能是别人)
a picture of me我的一张照片(照片中是“我”本人)
名词的转化
一、形容词转化为名词
1. 去t加-ce
different→difference,important→importance,independent→independence,patient→patience,silent→silence
2. 加-ness或去y加-iness
(1)fair→fairness,ill→illness,kind→kindness,sad→sadness, shy→shyness
(2)happy→happiness
3. 加-th或去e加-th
(1)warm→warmth
(2)true→truth
4. 加-y/-ty/-ity或去e加-ity
(1)difficult→difficulty,safe→safety,popular→popularity
(2)active→activity,creative→creativity
【其他】high→height,medical→medicine,proud→pride
二、动词转化为名词
1. 加-er或or/r
(1)design→designer,lead→leader,own→owner,report→reporter,sing→singer,teach→teacher,wait→waiter,work→worker
(2)act→actor,direct→director,invent→inventor,visit→visitor
(3)dance→dancer,drive→driver,manage→manager,write→writer
【其他】win→winner,run→runner,compete→competitor, translate→translator
  2. 加-ing
cross→crossing,build→building,end→ending,feel→feeling, mean→meaning,paint→painting,read→reading,say→saying, ski→skiing,train→training
【其他】begin→beginning,shop→shopping
3. 加-ment
achieve→achievement,agree→agreement,develop→development,excite→excitement
4. 加-ress
act→actress,wait→waitress
5. 加-ion或去e加-(t)ion或变e为a加-tion
(1)collect→collection,discuss→discussion,invent→invention, protect→protection,suggest→suggestion
(2)celebrate→celebration,communicate→communication, congratulate→congratulation,educate→education,pollute→pollution, introduce→introduction
(3)invite→invitation,prepare→preparation,examine→examination
【其他】advise→advice,choose→choice,decide→decision, die→death,discover→discovery,fail→failure,marry→marriage, please→pleasure,serve→service,succeed→success,think→thought, weigh→weight
三、名词转化为名词
1. 加-ist或去o加-ist
(1)art→artist,tour→tourist,violin→violinist
(2)piano→pianist
2. 加-n/-an/-ian或去a加-ian
(1)Asia→Asian,Russia→Russian,Europe→European, magic→magician,music→musician
(2)Canada→Canadian
【其他】science→scientist
一、选词填空
high hero role leaf director
1. (2025镇江)In the cinema,many people were deeply touched by the young new film.
2. (2025镇江)I was amazed that Nancy made me a gift with by hand during the 15-minute break.
director’s/directors’ 
leaves 
3. (2025无锡改编)Your favorite actor David plays two different
in it.
4. (2024徐州)My sister is two years younger than me,but we are of the same now.
5. (2024镇江)We will never forget those who have done a lot for our country.
roles 
height 
heroes 
二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1. My (grandmother) garden is very nice.
2. Three Chinese (woman) have been to space so far.They’re Liu Yang,Wang Yaping and Wang Haoze.
3. When Dave goes back home from school,his dog always greets him at the door with (excite).
4. Students across China buy 2,800 million new (textbook) every year.
grandmother’s 
women 
excitement 
textbooks 
5. In 1920,the (world) first three-color traffic light was put to use.
6. If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to the airport,I’ll arrive at about 11.So it’s about two (hour) drive from my house to the airport.
world’s 
hours’ 
三、短文填空
人与社会:跟着教科书去旅行
There are many humanistic monuments(人文古迹) and natural scenic spots(景点) in textbooks.Children are always interested in them,and they want to go there in person.That’s why the textbook tour has become popular these days.This kind of tour allows parents and children to deepen their 1. (understand) of the scenes (场景) mentioned in the textbooks.
understanding 
Many 2. (family) have taken part in the textbook tour.
They follow the stories in the textbooks and choose 3. (place) to travel.They can understand the cultural background and experience the historical period in the textbooks.For example,in Fuzhou,parents and children can watch lively shows and visit the museums to learn more about the famous 4. (write) Tang Xianzu in the Ming Dynasty.In addition,they can learn about the local 5. (custom).This further makes their journey colorful.
families 
places 
writer 
customs 
The textbook tour is a connection between “reading thousands of books” and “traveling thousands of miles”.Through the 6. (practice),children can have a deeper understanding of the textbooks.
Besides,the textbook tour further increases 7. (child)
pride in the motherland.It also helps them learn about the excellent traditional culture of China.
practice 
children’s 
The rise of the textbook tour is a great chance for the 8. . (connect) between culture and tourism.For example,the Wenchuan government holds some activities on the birthday of Dayu.Cultural
9. (work) teach “Dayu culture” to tourists in these activities.
This spreads local culture and provides an unforgettable experience for tourists.As the textbook tour becomes a new fashion,the government should offer warm 10. (serve) to achieve a win-win situation for both scenic spots and tourists.
connection 
workers 
services (共32张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题五 介词及介词短语
表示时间的介词
1. in,on与at
介词 用法
in 常与年、月、季节、泛指的“早上、下午、晚上”及一段时间 连用
on 常与具体日期、节日、星期几、具体的“早上、下午、晚上” 等连用
at 常与具体时刻、年龄或一天中的某段时间连用
2. after与in
介词 意义及用法
after after+时间点,表示“在……(时刻)之后”,常与将来时连用
after+时间段,表示“在……之后”,常与过去时连用
in in+时间段,“多久以后”,常与将来时连用,用how soon提问
  如:After an hour I went home.一个小时后我回家了。
I’ll go home in an hour.我一小时后回家。
3. for与since
介词 意义及用法
for for+时间段,表示“(动作持续)多久”,句子常用现在完成 时、过去完成时或一般过去时
since 表示“自从(过去某时)以来”,常见用法:
since+过去的时间点;
since+时间段+ago
  如:I have studied English for 10 years.我学英语已经十年了。
I have studied English since 10 years ago.我从十年前就开始 学英语了。
表示地点和方位的介词
1. at与in
介词 用法
at at+小地点(车站、电影院等)
in in+大地点(洲名、国家名、城市名等)
2.in,on与to
介词 用法 图示
in 表示“在……里”
on 表示两个不同的个体相邻或接 壤,意为“毗邻;接壤”
to 表示两个个体之间有一定距离
  【注意】in和on的区别
in the tree表示人或其他物体“在树上”
on the tree表示枝、叶、果实等“长在树上”
in the wall表示门、窗等“嵌在墙上”
on the wall表示东西粘贴或“挂在墙上”
  3.between与among
【讲解见本书第3课时 P19 的考点6】
4. in front of与in the front of
【讲解见本书第5课时 P32 的考点5】
5. above,over与on
【讲解见本书第28课时 P150 的考点1】
表示方式、手段或工具的介词
1. by,in与on表示交通方式
介词 用法
by by+交通工具(原形)
in in+限定词+小型交通工具
on on+限定词+大型交通工具,自行车除外
  2.by,in,on与with表示手段或工具
介词 意义及用法
by by+动名词,表示“通过……方式;以……方式、方法、手段”
in 表示“用……方式、语言、颜色”等,语言、材料前不加冠词
on 表示“通过;使用;借助于”,后跟电子通讯设备
with 表示“用;使用;以;借”,后常接具体的工具或身体的某个部位
  3.across,through与over
【讲解见本书第5课时 P31 的考点4】
其他常见介词
介词 意义 示例
about 关于;对于 a book about flowers
across 从一边到另一边;横过 go across
在……各处;遍及 across the country
after 在……后 after lunch,run after
反复不断或一个接一个 day after day
介词 意义 示例
against 反对;与……相反 fight against,play against
紧靠;倚;撞 The rain beat against the windows.
around 围绕;环绕 look around sth.
到处;向各处 around the world
as 像;如同 be dressed as clowns
作为;当作 regard…as,treat…as
介词 意义 示例
before 在……以前(表时间) before lunch
(次序或排列)在前面 Your name is before mine on the list.
behind 在……的后面 behind the door
落后于 fall behind
by 【讲解见本书第17课时 P100 的考点1】
during 在……期间 during the 1990s
介词 意义 示例
for 为了;给;对 fight for
支持;拥护 be for
因为;由于 be famous for
对……来说 It’s+adj.+for sb.to do sth.
介词 意义 示例
from 来自,源于 be/come from
由……(制成) be made from
从……开始;到 from A to B
与……(不同) be different from,tell A from B
(表示两地距离)离 10 meters from here
from (表示位置或观点)从 see the sea from the window
介词 意义 示例
like 像……一样 He ran like the wind.
例如;比方 Tom does many sports,like running and swimming.
off 从……落下;离开 fall off,get off
下班;休息 have three days off school
介词 意义 示例
over 到另一边;翻越 climb over the wall
多于 over a month
遍及 all over the world
past (时间)过;(年龄)超过 half past two
经过 walk past sb./sth.
介词 意义 示例
through 穿过;贯穿 go through the forest
自始至终;从头到尾 sit through a concert
以;凭借 through hard work
until
(till) 到……时;直
到……为止 until 9 o’clock
介词 意义 示例
with 和;同 talk with sb.
带有;具有 a girl with red hair
用;使用 Cut it with a knife.
with 关于;对于 be angry/pleased with
without 没有;不 without difficulty
介词短语
山东近9年中考英语真题中常见的介词短语如下:
  1. 介词+名词
介词 短语
at at birth出生时;at noon在中午;at present目前;at school在学 校;at times有时,间或
by by accident偶然;by bike骑自行车;by hand手工;by mistake错 误地,无意中;by the way顺便说一下
介词 短语
in in a hurry匆忙地;in a word简言之,总之;in danger处于危险之中;in English用英语;in fact事实上,实际上;in half分成两 半;in need处于困境中,需要帮助;in peace和平地;in person亲身,亲自;in public公开地,在别人(尤指生人)面前;in silence沉默,无声;in surprise惊讶地;in trouble有麻烦,处于困境
介词 短语
on on business 出差;on duty值日,值班;on foot步行;on sale出 售;on show展出;on time准时,按时;on (a) vacation度假
其 他 as a result因此;for example例如;to one’s surprise使……惊讶 的,出乎……意料;without doubt毫无疑问,的确
  2.介词+名词+介词
介词 短语
at at the age of在……岁时;at the beginning of在……的开始;at the bottom of在……底部;at the end of在……的尽头/末尾;at the top of在……顶端
by by the end of在(某时间点)以前
in in order to为了;in the face of面对(问题、困难等);in the front of在……前面(内部)
with with the help of在……的帮助下
3. be+形容词/过去分词+介词
介词 短语
about/at be excited about对……感到兴奋;be good at…擅长于……; be sure about确信;对……有把握;be worried about担心;be surprised at对……感到惊讶
for be bad/good for对……有害处/好处;be famous for因……而著 名;be ready for为……做准备;be thirsty for渴望;渴求
介词 短语
from be absent from缺席;be different from与……不同
in be interested in对……感兴趣;be talented in在……方面有天 赋;be similar in在……方面相似
of be afraid of害怕;be fond of喜欢;be full of充满;be made of 由……制成的;be proud of为……骄傲,感到自豪
介词 短语
to be friendly to对……友好;be harmful to对……有害;be impolite to对……不礼貌;be used to (doing) sth.习惯于 (做)某事;be thankful to…对……心存感激
with be angry with对……生气;be born with天生具有;be busy with忙于;be covered with被……覆盖;be filled with充满; be patient with对……有耐心;be popular with受……欢迎;be strict with sb.对某人要求严格
一、用适当的介词填空
1. (2025云南改编)Most students in our school go home bus on weekends.
2. (2025徐州改编)—I need my dictionary,but I lent it to Sandy.
—Why don’t you get it back her?
3. (2025北京改编)These Chinese astronauts will stay in the space station six months.
by 
from 
for 
4. (2025常州改编)This kind of spaceship is so large that it can carry three astronauts a time.
5. Sunday morning,I went hiking with my family.
at 
On 
二、(2025盐城改编)短文填空
人与自我:埃迪骑行逐梦
from after on with of by outside in for to
  Eddy was from Brussels.One day,his mother took him 1. . their small store and surprised him with a new bike.The four-year-old Eddy was excited to learn riding.2. his father’s help,he tried hard.He fell many times but didn’t give up.
outside 
With 
As Eddy grew older,he loved riding his bike everywhere.When he started school,his father bought a new bike 3. him.He rode it to deliver(递送) food and things 4. people’s houses.It helped him win high praise 5. the neighborhood.
Eddy became interested in bike races 6. seeing a champion rider.He really wanted to be a bike racer.He worked hard and saved money to buy a racing bike.
Eddy had a hard time 7. the beginning.But he never lost heart and he took an active part in different kinds of races.
for 
to 
from 
after 
in 
Two years later,Eddy entered a race.Most riders were taller or stronger.Some thought he’d fail.But Eddy kept pedaling(踩踏板) hard.8. the fourth lap(圈),some riders got tired,but Eddy didn’t stop.Finally,he won his first race!
By 
Eddy went 9. to have a great career in bike racing.He won many big races.He became one 10. the best bike racers in the world.His never-give-up spirit inspired a lot of people.
on 
of (共18张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题六 连 词
并列连词
从属连词
1. 表时间的从属连词
连词 意义 例句
when 当…… 的
时候 He was watching TV when his mother came in.当他妈 妈进来的时候,他正在看电视。
while While my wife was cooking,I was cleaning the room. 我妻子做饭时,我在打扫房间。
连词 意义 例句
as 当…… 时;随着 As I grew older,I understood the meaning of family.随着年龄的增长,我明白了家庭的含义。
as soon
as 一……
就…… I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to Linyi.我一到临沂 就给你打电话。
after 在……之 后 Mom showed me many beautiful photos after I got home.我到家后,妈妈让我看了许多漂亮的照片。
连词 意义 例句
before 在……之前 I will visit you before I leave Shanghai.在我离开上海之前,我会去拜访你。
till/until 直到…… He didn’t go to bed until he finished his work.他直到完成工作才去睡觉。
since 自……以来 I have been in Beijing since you left.自从你离开 后,我一直在北京。
  【注意】while引导的时间状语从句,谓语动词必须是延续性动 词,且常用进行时。
2. 表原因的从属连词
连词 意义 例句
because 因为 Because it was raining,we stayed at home.因为下 雨,所以我们待在了家里。
since 因为;既然 Since he says so,it must be true.既然他那么说, 那一定是真的。
as 由于 As all the seats were full,he had to stand there.由 于所有的座位都坐满了,他只好站在那里。
  【注意】三者中,because的语气最强,最适合回答why引导的疑 问句,不能与so连用;since次之;as最弱。
  3.表条件的从属连词
连词 意义 例句
if 如果 If it rains,I’ll go by car.如果下雨,我就乘小汽车去。
unless=
if…not 除非;
如果不 Unless you go at once,you will be late.如果你不马上走,你就会迟到。
as long as 只要 As long as you come,I am happy.只要你来,我就高兴。
  4.表结果的从属连词
连词 意义 例句
so…that… 如此…… 以至于…… He is so young that he can’t go to school.他太小 了,不能去上学。
such…that… She is such a lovely girl that we like her very much.她是一个如此可爱的女孩,我们都很喜 欢她。
  【注意】so…that…中so为副词,修饰形容词或副词;so还可与表 示数量的形容词many,much,little,few连用,形成固定搭配。 such…that…中such为形容词,修饰名词或名词短语。
5. 表让步的从属连词
连词 意义 例句
though/
although 虽然; 尽管 They are generous though/although they are poor.虽 然他们很穷,但他们很慷慨。
even if/
even though 即使; 虽然 Even if/though he’s 18 now,he’s still like a little child.尽管他现在18岁了,但他仍然像个小孩。
连词 意义 例句
whenever 无论何 时 Whenever I have time,I will go to the library.只要 我有时间,我就会去图书馆。
whatever 无论什 么 Whatever happened,he would not be afraid.不管发 生什么,他都不会害怕。
  【注意】引导让步状语从句时,though/although不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。
  6.表目的的从属连词
引导目的状语从句的连词有so that,in order that等,意为“以便; 为了”,谓语中常含有may,might,can,could,will,would等情态 动词。如:
He must get up early so that he can catch the first bus.他必须早起, 以便能赶上第一班公共汽车。
一、用适当的连词填空
1. (2025安徽改编)Come on!You’ll discover a new side of yourself
you get through all the difficulties.
2. (2025长春改编)My cousin can cook many dishes, . he is only 10 years old.
3. (2025吉林改编)Plant more flowers, we can make our city more beautiful.
when/after/if 
although/though 
and 
4. (2025扬州改编)Neither the whole of this article any part of it will be published unless the writer agrees.
5. (2024泸州改编)You will never truly understand your parents’ great love you grow up.
nor 
until 
二、(2025天津改编)短文填空
人与自我:误报窃贼引乌龙
as soon as after and or so if while because
  One day on my way home from school,I noticed a man climbing a ladder into a house through an open window.1. he was climbing,he kept looking around to see if anyone saw him.2. I saw this,I ran to the nearest public telephone and called the police.
While 
As soon as
A few minutes later,the police officers arrived 3. surrounded (包围) the house.One of them shouted to the burglar(入室窃贼) to get out of the house.The man looked out of the window in surprise.He came out of the house and asked the police whether he had done something wrong
4. something against the law.He then invited the police into the house.
and 
or 
5. the police questioned him and checked his ID card,they learned that the man himself lived in the house.He had to enter the house through the open window 6. his keys were lost.I felt very sorry,
7. I apologized(道歉) to him.However,the man and the police thanked me for calling the police.They thought 8. everyone cared about others like me,the community would be a better and safer place to live in.
After 
because 
so 
if (共23张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题三 冠 词
不定冠词
1. 不定冠词a,an的区别
(1)a用在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在读音以元音音 素开头的单词前。
(2)元/辅音字母≠元/辅音音素。常见的以元/辅音字母开头的单 词用a/an的情况如下表:
字母 示例
Aa an actor,an apple,an artist
Ee an egg,an eight-year-old boy,an exciting job
特例:a European country
Ii an idea,an interesting activity
Oo an old man,an orange dress
字母 示例
Uu an umbrella,an unusual day
特例:a UFO,a unit,a university,a useful book,a usual day
Hh a happy day,a hill
特例:an honest boy,an honor,an hour
特殊
情况 26个英文字母中,前面用an的有:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x(口诀:Mr.Li has one fox)。如:an “s” 等
  2.不定冠词a,an的用法
不定冠词a,an只用于单数可数名词前。其主要用法如下表:
用法 示例
用于第一次提及的人或物 的名称前 Anna has a cat.It’s white.安娜有一只猫, 它是白色的。
指人或事物的某一类别 A bird can fly.鸟会飞。
泛指某人或某物,但不具 体说明何人或何物 A woman called you just now.刚才有个女 士给你打电话了。
用法 示例
用于序数词前,表示“又一;再一” I want to have a third try.我 想再试一次。
用于可视为一个整体的两个名词前 a knife and fork一副刀叉
用于表明比率、速度、价格等,有“每 一”的意思,相当于every/per three times a week一周三次
用于某些固定搭配中 have a good time过得愉快
【拓展】
含有a的常见固定搭配
a bit/little一点儿 a few一些;少数几个
a lot (of)许多;大量 a piece of一片/块
as a result因此 in a word总之
catch a cold患感冒 go for a walk去散步
have a rest休息一下 make a mess弄得一团糟
for a while 一会儿 once upon a time从前
定冠词
1. 定冠词the的用法
定冠词表示特指,指特定的人或物。它与可数名词或不可数名词 都能连用。
用法 示例
特指某(些)人或事物 The girl in white is my sister.穿白 色衣服的女孩是我的姐姐。
用法 示例
用于世界上独一无二的事物名词 前 the earth地球;
the moon月亮
表示说话双方都知道的或上文提 到过的人或事物 Would you mind opening the door? 你介意打开门吗?
用于序数词或形容词的最高级 前,以及对两个人或事物进行比 较时起特指作用的比较级前 He is the tallest of all the students. 他是所有学生中最高的。
用法 示例
用于单数可数名词前或形容词和 分词前,表示某一类人或事物 the rich富人;
the wounded伤员;
The orange is orange.这个橘子是 橘黄色的。
用于姓氏复数前,表示“一家 人”或“夫妇二人” the Greens格林一家/夫妇
用法 示例
用于江河、湖海、山川、群岛等 专有名词前 the Yellow River黄河;
the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉
用于由普通名词构成的专有名词 前 the Great Wall长城;
the Summer Palace颐和园
用于乐器名称的名词前 play the violin拉小提琴
用于表示方位、地点、时间的名 词前 in the west在西方;
in the afternoon在下午
  2.用于某些固定搭配中
(1)“the+整十年份的复数”表示某年代。如:in the 1990s在20 世纪90年代。
(2)其他固定搭配
all the time频繁;反复
all the year round一年到头
at the same time 同时
by the way顺便问/说一句
in the end最后;终于
in the middle of在……的中间
in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上
in the sky在天空中
巧用定冠词the
特指双熟悉,上文已提及;
世上独无二,序数最高级;
普通专有名,习语及乐器。
零冠词
1. 下列情况用零冠词
用法 示例
名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、 不定代词或名词所有格等修饰 My pen is much more expensive than yours.我的钢笔比你的贵多 了。
物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名 等专有名词和不可数名词前 Peking University北京大学;Jack 杰克
用法 示例
三餐、与play连用的球类运动、棋 类游戏、学科、语言等名词前 have breakfast吃早餐;
play football踢足球;
speak English说英语
星期、月份、季节、节日等名词前 on Sunday在星期天;
in March在三月;
in spring在春天;
on National Day在国庆节
用法 示例
称呼语或表示头衔的名词前 Tom was made president of students’ union.汤姆被选为学生 会主席。
与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前 by train乘火车;
by air乘飞机
复数名词表示一类人或事物时 Apples are sweet.苹果很甜。
  2.有无定冠词的区别
(1)at the table在桌子旁
at table在吃饭
(2)at the school在学校里
at school在上学
  (3)by the sea在海边
by sea乘船
(4)go to the school到学校去
go to school去上学
(5)in the class在班里
in class在课堂上
(6)in the front of在……前面(范围内部)
in front of在……前面(范围外部)
  (7)in the hospital在医院里
in hospital(因病)住院
(8)in the prison在监狱里(不一定是犯人)
in prison在坐牢
一、用适当的冠词填空
1. (2025白银改编)Look at photo of my family! man in a white T-shirt is my father.
2. (2025天津改编)Mary usually rides bike to school.Sometimes she also goes by bus.
3. (2025绥化改编)There was one-meter-tall robot welcoming me when I went into the bank.
the 
The 
a 
/ 
a 
4. (2024临夏州改编)Linda often plays piano after school.
5. (2024达州改编)Mike is honest boy.We all trust him.
6. Everyone knows now that plastic pollution is huge problem for the environment.
7. Berlin is capital of Germany.
the 
an 
a 
the 
二、(2025常州改编)短文填空
人与自我:“我”跟书法的渊源
I first became interested in calligraphy(书法) when my mom took me to a museum.1. beautiful pieces of writing there were so shining that I was touched by them at once.I decided to try it.
So,I took part in 2. calligraphy class.At first,I found it quite challenging.Holding the soft brush correctly and controlling 3. ink (墨水) seemed difficult.However,with practice and patience,I got improved.
The 
a 
the 
As 4. treasure of traditional Chinese culture,calligraphy is now practiced by many people.It is not only a writing skill but also 5. art that can develop our mind and character.Now it is one of my hobbies that helps me relax.When I write,my mind starts to become peaceful,especially when I’m stressed.
a 
an 
I’m also proud to see my works get better and better.When 6. Spring Festival comes,my mother always enjoys sticking 7. “Fu” character I write onto the door.What 8. happy time calligraphy has brought us!
the 
the 
a (共37张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题十二 简单句
句子的分类
1. 句子的分类
英语句子按照用途可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句; 按其结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
2. 简单句的基本句型
  简单句主要是由主语(S)、谓语(V)、宾语(O)、表语 (P)、宾语补足语(OC)等成分组成的。按照这些成分的组合方 式,简单句可分为下列几种基本句型:
形式 例句
主语+不及物动词(S+V) Mike’s grandfather died.
主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P) She is beautiful.
主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O) I teach English.
形式 例句
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO) Maria sent me a present.
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+OC) The news made us happy.
There be 句型(存现句) There is a tree behind the house.
【拓展】
“主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”=“主语+及物动词 +直接宾语+介词to/for+间接宾语”。
(1)与to搭配的动词有give,send,pass,take,bring,show, lend,sell等。如:
She gave me a book.=She gave a book to me.她给了我一本书。
(2)与for搭配的动词有buy,make,build,mend,cook等。如:
My father bought me a bike.=My father bought a bike for me.我爸 爸给我买了一辆自行车。
疑问句
1. 疑问句的分类
句型 结构 回答
一般 疑
问句 Be+主语+其他? 用yes或no
情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他?
助动词+主语+动词原形+其他?
助动词+主语+过去分词+其他?
句型 结构 回答
特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句? 不能用yes或no,问 什么答什么
选择疑
问句 一般疑问句,…+or+另一备选对象? 不能用yes或no,要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式
特殊疑问句,…+or+另一备选对象?
反意 疑问句 陈述句/祈使句+附加问句 用yes或no
  2.特殊疑问词(组)
类别 疑问词 用法
疑问
代词 what 询问职业、日期、天气等
what size 询问尺寸
what time 询问时间
what color 询问颜色
which 询问特定的人或物
who 询问身份
whose 询问物主
类别 疑问词 用法



词 how 询问感受、方式、天气等
how old 询问年龄
how many 询问可数名词的数量
how much 询问价钱、不可数名词的数量
how long 询问物体的长度、时间段
how far 询问距离
类别 疑问词 用法



词 how soon 询问某个动作要多久发生或结束
how often 询问频率
when 询问时间
where 询问位置、地点
why 询问原因
祈使句
  祈使句一般用来表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等,通常省 略第二人称主语you。
  如:Have a good holiday!(祝你)假日愉快!
Be careful when you cross the road.当你过马路时请当心。
Let’s have a rest.让我们休息一会儿吧。
Don’t forget me!别忘了我!
No photos!禁止拍照!
Let them not play with fire.=Don’t let them play with fire.别让他们 玩火。
Never answer the phone while driving.开车时决不要接电话。
【拓展】
以Let开头的祈使句,常用于第一、三人称,表示建议、邀请和劝 说等。
感叹句
  感叹句是表示说话人喜怒哀乐、惊讶、赞美等强烈感情的句子。 感叹句可以是一个单词或短语构成的独立句,也可以是由what或how 引导的句子。读降调,句末多用感叹号。其常用结构有:
如:What a beautiful flower (it is)!(这是)一朵多么漂亮 的花啊!
What good news (it is)!(这是)多好的消息啊!
How clever a girl (she is)!(她是)多么聪明的一个女孩呀!
How fast Jim runs!吉姆跑得多么快啊!
How time flies!时间过得真快呀/时光飞逝!
【拓展】
用what还是how的判断方法
1. 形容词直接加名词的,多用what。
2. 只有形容词或副词的,多用how。
There be句型(存现句)和主谓一致
1. There be句型(存现句)
(1)There be句型的构成及用法
There be句型的构成形式一般为“There is/are+某物/某人+某地/ 某时”,表示“某地或某时有某物或某人”。其中be的单复数形式由 最靠近它的主语决定,即遵循“就近原则”。如:
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.房间里有一张书桌和两把 椅子。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.房间里有两把椅子和一 张书桌。
(2)There be句型的时态及其结构
时态 构成
一般现在时 There is/are…
一般过去时 There was/were…
一般将来时 There will be…/There is/are going to be…
现在完成时 There have/has been…
含情态动词 There+情态动词+be…
  (3)There be句型与have的区别
There be句型表示“存在”,强调“某地或某时有某物或某人”, 不表示所属关系。have表示所属关系,强调“某人或某物拥 有……”。如:
There is a pen on my desk.我的书桌上有一支钢笔。(钢笔在我书 桌上,但不一定是我的)
I have a pen.我有一支钢笔。(钢笔不管在哪儿,它都是我的)
2. 主谓一致
主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致。主谓一致 包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致原则。
(1)语法一致原则
语法一致原则即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语在语法上保持 一致。
①谓语动词用单数的情况:
如:He exercises every day.他每天锻炼。
To be a pilot is his dream.当一名飞行员是他的梦想。
Neither answer is correct.两个答案都不对。
Someone is waiting for you.有人在等你。
The number of the cups is ten.杯子的数量是10。
One of the boys is interested in the story.其中一个男孩子对这个故 事感兴趣。
②谓语动词用复数的情况:
如:They exercise every day.他们每天锻炼。
Jerry and his sister are students.杰瑞和他的姐姐都是学生。
The football is under the bed.足球在床下。
A number of birds are on the island.岛上有大量的鸟。
③特殊情况:
如:Three fifths of the forest was destroyed.五分之三的森林 被毁坏了。
70% of the students are natives.70%的学生是本地人。
A pair of shoes is under the bed.床下面有一双鞋。
Fifteen pairs of gloves are made by them each day.他们每天制作十五 双手套。
Susan with her family works on the farm.苏珊和她的家人在农场里 干活。
The boys who are playing basketball are students.打篮球的那些男孩 都是学生。
(2)意义一致原则
意义一致又叫概念一致,即谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式要 看主语所表达的概念。
①谓语动词用单数的情况:
如:The writer and singer was invited to the party.那位作家兼歌手 应邀参加派对。
Two years is a long time.两年是一段很长的时间。
  The United States is a developed country.美国是一个发达国家。
②谓语动词用复数的情况:
如:The police are running after a thief.警察们正在追赶一个小偷。
The Greens enjoy traveling around the world.格林夫妇喜欢环 游世界。
The old think the young are happier than them.老人们认为年轻人比 他们幸福。
We each have our own car.我们每个人都有自己的汽车。
③特殊情况:
如:His family is going to move.他家要搬走了。(强调整体)
My family all like watching TV. 我们全家都喜欢看电视。 (强调个体)
(3)就近一致原则
就近一致原则即谓语动词与离它最近的主语部分保持一致。遵循 就近一致原则的结构有:
如:There is a river and two big trees there.那边有一条河和 两棵大树。
Either you or he has to stay at home this afternoon.今天下午要么你 要么他得待在家里。
Not only you but also your mother is going there.不仅你,而且你妈 妈也要去那儿。
一、根据句意填单词(盲填)
1. (2025北京改编)—Steve, did you begin to learn how to play chess?
—About two years ago.
2. (2025龙东地区改编) is no yogurt and no tomatoes on the shopping list.We need to add them to the salad.
3. (2024白银改编) beautiful the dragon boats are!
when 
There 
How 
4. (2024牡丹江改编)Having good manners necessary when you visit a foreign country.
5. (2024宿迁改编)— fine weather!It’s a good match for going on a picnic.
—Exactly.I simply can’t wait!
is 
What 
二、短文填空
人与自我:有趣的化学实验
As an exchange student,I studied in France for two years.1. . I took a class in the chemistry lab for the first time,I found students were fully “armed”!2. surprised I was!There 3. (be) many students wearing glasses and gloves.Then I knew that safety 4. . (come) first for the science lab class.
When/As 
How 
were 
comes 
“5. (be) quiet and read my instructions carefully,” my chemistry teacher Mrs.Louise said.During the class,she divided us into groups of two to do the experiment.A moment later,Mrs.Louise changed everyone’s lab partner to make them work with different classmates.“
6. did our teacher do that?”I said to myself.
Be 
Why 
The class 7. (be) often filled with laughter.We once tried to burn the chemicals 8. watched the colors of the flames(火焰).
Then 9. happened?Many students in my class were surprised.
“Wow!10. beautiful colors they are!”they shouted.After finishing an experiment,we were always asked to write a lab report.And I learned a lot during the exchange school year.
was 
and 
what 
What (共22张PPT)
 语法专题突破
专题四 数 词
基数词
1. 基数词的构成
(1)1~12独立成词,有其各自的形式。如:
one two three four five six
seven eight nine ten eleven twelve
  (2)13~19的基数词以teen结尾。其中要注意thirteen,fifteen, eighteen的正确写法。如:
thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen
seventeen eighteen nineteen
  (3)20~90整十位的都以ty结尾。其中要特别注意twenty, thirty,forty,fifty,eighty的正确写法。如:
twenty thirty forty fifty
sixty seventy eighty ninety
  (4)几十几的写法:十位数加个位数,中间用连字符“-”连 接。如:twenty-six 26,fifty-seven 57。
(5)101~999的写法:百位数与十位数之间(若十位为零,则在 百位和个位之间)用and连接(也可不用and)。如:one hundred (and) twenty-three 123,five hundred (and) seven 507。
【注意】1,000以上的基数词的构成
从右向左每三个数字为一个节,用空格或分节号“,”分开,第 一个空格或分节号前用thousand,第二个空格或分节号前用million,第 三个空格或分节号前用billion。读数字的时候,空格或分节号不用读出 来。如:
1,234,567,890 one billion,two hundred and thirty-four million,five hundred and sixty-seven thousand,eight hundred and ninety
  2.基数词的用法
【注意】“There are three hundred doctors in the hospital and two hundred of them are male.” 中的of意为“……的”,与two hundred不 是一个整体,不要混淆。
【拓展】
  (1)“基数词+连字符+名词”构成复合形容词,作名词的定 语,名词用单数。如:a three-day holiday一个三天的假期。
  (2)基数词与表示时间、距离、重量、金钱、度量等词连用,作 主语时,常被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数。如:
30 dollars is enough.30美元足够了。
(3)another+基数词+复数名词=基数词+more+复数名词,意 为“另外几个;再……”。如:another three hours=three more hours另 外三小时。
序数词
1. 序数词的构成
(1)序数词大多是由“基数词+-th”构成。如:six→sixth, seven→seventh。
(2)以-y结尾的整十的数字,先将y变为ie,再加-th。如: fifty→fiftieth,seventy→seventieth。
(4)少数的序数词属于特殊情况,而且这类词也是常考点,要特 别注意。如:one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth, eight→eighth,twelve→twelfth。
【注意】fourteenth第十四,fortieth第四十,ninth第九,nineteenth 第十九,ninetieth第九十。
(3)21以上的非整十的数字,将末位数(即个位数)改为序数 词,其他数字仍用基数词。如:twenty-one→twenty-first,thirty-two→thirty-second,two hundred and ninety-eight→two hundred and ninety-eighth。
基数词变序数词
基变序,有规律,末尾加上-th;
一、二、三特殊记,结尾各是t(first),
d(second),d(third);
th四加起,八去t,九去e,f来把ve替;
整十变y为ie,后跟th莫忘记;
如果遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。
2. 序数词的用法
(1)序数词前若无其他修饰词,必须加定冠词the,后通常接单 数名词。如:
I’m the first one to arrive here.我是第一个到达这儿的。
(2)序数词前若有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格等限定词,则 不加the。如:
Today is my thirteenth birthday.今天是我的13岁生日。
(3)序数词前加不定冠词a或an,表示“又一;再一”,内含顺 序性。如:
She had a second child.她有了第二个孩子。
分 数
1. 分数的表达
分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子为1,分母用单数;分子大于 1,分母用复数。如:one fifth五分之一,three fifths五分之三。
【拓展】
一些习惯表达
(1)1/4也可表示为a quarter,3/4也可表示为three quarters,1/2也 可表示为a half。
(2)百分之几通常用“基数词+percent”表示,percent没有复数 形式。
2. 分数的用法
含分数的短语作句子的主语时,谓语动词的单复数与分数后的名 词保持一致。如:
Two fifths of the apple is eaten.这个苹果被吃了五分之二。
Two fifths of the apples are red.五分之二的苹果是红的。
分子基数词,分母序数词。
分子大于“1”,分母变复数。
带分数莫着急,前加整数就可以。
分母若是“2”和“4”,half、quarter可代替。
一、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1. (2025淮安)Mr.Wu is my new neighbor.He lives on the (six) floor.
2. (2025白银)This is Li Hua’s (three) time to be a volunteer.
3. (2025云南)Every year,people celebrate World First Aid Day on the
(two) Saturday in September.
sixth 
third 
second 
4. (2024呼和浩特改编)—Four (five) of the students in our class have passed the exam.
—Oh,that means 20% of them should work harder.
fifths 
5. The old man started to learn how to surf the Internet in his (eighty).
eighties 
二、短文填空
人与社会:旅行家徐霞客
Born into a wealthy family in Jiangyin,Xu Xiake(1587—1641) became interested in books about different places at an early age and wanted to travel.When he was 1. (eighteen),however,his father died,and so,it seemed,did his traveling dreams.At that time,his mother was already in her 2. (sixty).He was responsible for the family.
eighteen 
sixties 
But his mother had different ideas.Understanding her son’s love of travel,this modern-thinking woman refused to keep her son at home.She agreed that Xu could travel for 3. (three) months every year when there was less farm work.
three 
Two years had passed since his father died.So at the age of twenty and with his mother’s support,Xu set off for the 4. (one) time, leaving behind not only his mother but also his new wife.He would repeat this goodbye each year for most of the next 5. (thirty) years.
During this time,he carefully studied the lands he passed through and recorded his experiences and many discoveries in a diary.This diary,which once had over half 6. (million) words,would eventually become his famous travel book,Travel Diaries of Xu Xiake.
first 
thirty 
million 
Sadly,Xu became seriously ill during his last journey.He died in 1641,soon after returning to his hometown for the last time.