(共28张PPT)
How to Decode Problem-Solution Exposition
落实语篇意识 破解问题解决类说明文
讲师：
Learning objectives:
By the end of class,you will be able to:
1.quickly grasp the structure and main idea of a problem-solution pattern exposition;
2.explore the features of test questions in reading comprehension and attempt to design some questions by yourselves.
Passage 1
Passage 2
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Passage 3
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
content
structure
language
To be a structure master
01
STEP ONE
Q:What does the passage mainly talk about
It mainly talks about chemical and organic farming.
Passage1
③
①
②
④
⑤
The phenomenon of chemical farming
Problems of chemical farming
The definition of organic farming
The methods of organic farming
The summary/evaluation
Match key words with each paragraph.
Task:
1.Get the key words for each paragraph together.
2.Think about the purpose of paragraph 1.
①
phenomenon
however
problem
②
_______of
theproblem
causes
问题的成因
③
④
solution
methods
⑤
Q1:What is the author’s attitude towards chemical farming and organic farming
Q2:What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage
A.To show the problems of chemical farming.
B.To promote organic farming to readers.
C.To explore a suitable way of farming .
summary/evaluation
√
C.Objective（客观的）
A.Supportive
B.Opposed(反对的)
√
phenomenon
problem
causes
solution
methods
summary/evaluation
Para.1 Raise a problem
(phenomenon,issue)
Para.2 Analyze the problem
(causes,effects,etc)
Para.3-4 Offer the solution
Para.5 Evaluate/Summarize
③
①
②
④
⑤
Key1:Problem-Solution Pattern
【2023浙江1月卷】
solar panels
a solar farm
Passage 2
Practise and consolidate
grown
space
to be installed
given much thought
destroyers
“low-impact” solar
habitat
declining
habitat loss
laws
pollinator-friendliness guidelines
solar farms
transformed
a shelter
carbon reduction
a phenomenon
problems
causes of the problems
solutions
summary/evaluation
details of solutions
【2023浙江1月卷】
1.According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
2.Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
3.“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
4.Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
5.Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Part1 (para.1)
Raise a problem
Part3(para.3-4)
Offer the solution
Part4(para.5) Summarize/Evaluate
Part2(para.2)
Analyze the problem
a phenomenon
problem
causes of the problem
solution
details of solution
summary/evaluation
02
To be a question researcher
32. What do solar developers often ignore
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
Para.2
Causes of the problems
2.Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
Find the clues of each question.
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
3.“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Para 3.Solution
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To conserve pollinators.
B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy.
D. To ensure the supply of energy.
Para 4. Details of solution
4.Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D. Solar Farms: A New Development
5.Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
summary/evaluation
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
（Details细节理解题）
32. What do solar developers often ignore (Inference推理判断题)
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
（Details细节理解题）
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text （Main idea主旨要义题）
focused on key information 选取关键信息作为命题点，避免细枝末节
targeted at different content考点分布均衡，不重复考查
Key2：Features of test questions:
covering different types 涵盖不同问题类型
causes of problems
solution
solution
summary
Summarize the features of questions
03
To be a test designer
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
【2022新课标II卷C篇】
Passage 3
Apply and create
Task 1:Complete the sentences in the table.Then match the structure(A-F) below with the paragraphs.
Para-graph Main idea Structure
1 States and campaigns have tried different methods to _____________.
2 The problem of texting while driving is______________.
3 This is partly because_________________________.
4 People are turning to an old approach:________________.
5 A new device called_______________ is introduced.
6 Félix W. Ortiz’s ________________ about the new device.
E.Introduce a phenomenon
D.Raise a problem
B.Analyze the cause of the problem
C.Offer the solution
F.Explain the solution
A.Make an evaluation
ban texting by drivers
getting worse
people are driving more
to treat distracted driving like drunk driving
Textalyzer
opinion
structure masters
Imagine you are a test designer (出题人).You are going to design at least 3 questions for this passage with your group members.
Task 2:
Question Types(问题类型) Test items （测试点） Possible questions （设问方式） Your questions Your answers
细节理解题 + 推理判断题 phenomenon How does the writer introduce the topic （写作手法） Why does the writer introduce... （写作目的） Which of the following can best describe....
problem (causes,effects) What is the main reason for... What is the result of ...
solution (aim,methods) What is the aim of... What does...intend to do How does... help...
Evaluation (influence,attitude) What is sb’s attitude to... (观点态度) How does sb. think of...
主旨要义题 Main idea & Writing purpose What is the passage mainly about （文章大意） What does Para....mainly talk about （段落大意） What is the best title of the text （最佳标题） What is the purpose of the whole passage？(写作目的)
猜测词义题 Certain paragraph What does the underlined word/phrase refer to
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent(不一致的).D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
（para.1-2 Problem）
（para.5 Solution）
（para.6 Evaluation）
（Summary）
√
√
√
√
Compare your questions with the original questions in GaoKao.（真题再现）
Items Yes No
1. Can I quickly get the main idea and key information of the problem-solution exposition
2. Have I mastered the structure and pattern of this kind of exposition
3. Am I familiar with the features of test questions
4. Do I know how to raise questions about different test items（测试点)
Self-evaluation
Assessment Checklist
Finish three reading comprehension passages in your handouts and summarize their structure.
01
Locate answers in the passages and analyze the test items.
02
Homework
Thank youfor your listening!
讲师Apply and create
Task 2 假设你是一名高中英语试卷命题人（test designer）,正在出阅读理解题，你会对本篇文章(Passage3)设计什么问题呢？请小组合作提出3-4个问题,并给出正确答案。参考以下表格以及Tips。完成后，请每组选出一名成员上台展示问题和答案。
Question Types（问题类型） Test items (设题点) Possible questions （设问方式） Your questions （你的问题） Your answers （只需给出正确答案）
细节理解题 + 推理判断题 Phenomenon How does the writer introduce the topic (写作方法) Why does the writer introduce... （写作目的） Which of the following can best describe....
Problem (causes,effects) What is the main reason for... What is the result of ...
Solution (aim,methods) What is the aim of... What does...intend to do How does... help...
Evaluation (influence, attitude) What is sb’s attitude to... What does sb. think of...
主旨要义题 Main idea & Writing purpose What could be the best title of the passage （最佳标题）What is the passage mainly about （主旨大意） What does Para....mainly talk about (段落大意) What is the purpose of the passage (写作目的)
猜测词义题 The whole passage What does the underlined word/phrase.. refer to
Tips: 1.Design different types of questions. 涵盖不同类型问题。
2.Questions should be targeted at different aspects. 考点分布均衡，不重复考查。
3.Questions should be focused on key information. 考查关键信息点，避免细枝末节。
Self-evaluation
Assessment Checklist Yes No
I can quickly get the main idea and key information of the problem-solution exposition. 我能快速掌握文章大意和关键信息。
I have mastered the structure and pattern of this kind of exposition. 我已熟知问题解决类说明文的结构模式。
I have got familiar with the features of test questions. 我已了解此类说明文问题考察特点。
I have learned how to raise questions about different test items. 我学会了如何针对不同设题点进行设问。
同学们，请根据评价量表，评价自己本节课所掌握内容情况。在对应的空格里打√。落实语篇意识，破解问题解决类说明文 -课前预习学案
How to Decode Problem-Solution Exposition
亲爱的同学们，你们好！非常高兴能和大家一起探讨高考阅读理解中常考的文体--问题解决类说明文。以下Part1为相关理论学习，Part2为课堂预习学案，准备的语篇既有来自教材，也有高考真题。请同学们认真学习相关理论，并根据提示完成预习任务，期待大家课堂上精彩的表现！
Part 1理论学习
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁，它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释。说明文选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果(介绍最新科技、重大成就、新产品、新工艺等)；人们比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象；以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文常出现在高考阅读理解C﹑D篇和七选五中，是高考的重点考查对象。说明文常见的说明方法有:下定义﹑举例子﹑作比较﹑引用法﹑列数字﹑分类法等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清文章结构是解题的关键之一。
说明文常见的三大类型：话题类说明文﹑问题-解决类﹑研究发现型。本课例主要聚焦问题-解决类说明文。
问题-解决型说明文，通常以问题为切入点，通过分析问题来指向问题的解决，文章结构通常为“提出问题-分析问题-解决问题”。在提出问题部分，作者通常会通过介绍某一社会现象引出存在的问题，接着分析问题的起因﹑影响，然后给出具体的解决方法，并对解决方法进行评价。
有的文章侧重问题解决，有的文章侧重归因，还有的文章提出问题﹑分析问题和解决问题的篇幅占比相当。
Part 2 预习学案
Passage 1
生词：
versus:[ v s s] prep. (VS)与…相对；对抗 chemical pesticide:[ pest sa d] 化学农药
artificial fertiliser:[ ɑ t f l] ['f :t la z ] 人工肥料 organic：[ ɡ n k]adj.有机的
for instance:例如 digest:[da d estv.消化 prohibit:[pr h b t] v.禁止
nutrition：[nju tr n] n.营养 entirely[ n ta li]：adv.完全地
alternative：[ l t n t v]n. 可供选择的事物 adj. 备选的； sufficient:[s f nt] adj.足够的，充足的
Task 1 连线，请给每段匹配关键词。
Para.1 Summary/Evaluation
Para.2 Problems of chemical farming
Para.3 The methods of organic farming
Para.4 The definition of organic farming
Para.5 The phenomenon of chemical farming
Passage 2
【2023浙江1月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Task 1 仔细阅读Passage 2,完成以下思维导图。
Task 2 完成下题，并用下划线在文中标出这4个题目的出处和解题依据。
32. What do solar developers often ignore
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
A. Improve the productivity of local farms.
B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To conserve（保护） pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
Passage 3
【2022新课标II卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting（发短信） by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.
Task 1:阅读Passage 3，完成以下表格。
Paragraph Main idea
1 States and campaigns have tried different methods to_________________________.
2 The problem of texting while driving is_____________________.
3 This is partly because_________________________.
4 People are turning to an old approach:______________________________________.
5 A new device called_______________ is introduced.
6 Félix W. Ortiz’s ________________ about the new device.落实语篇意识，破解问题解决类说明文（教师版）
How to Decode Problem-Solution Exposition
理论学习
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁，它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释。说明文选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果(介绍最新科技、重大成就、新产品、新工艺等)；人们比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象；以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文常出现在高考阅读理解C﹑D篇和七选五中，是高考的重点考查对象。说明文常见的说明方法有:下定义﹑举例子﹑作比较﹑引用法﹑列数字﹑分类法等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清文章结构是解题的关键之一。
说明文常见的三大类型有：话题类说明文﹑问题解决类﹑研究发现型。本课例主要聚焦问题-解决类说明文。
问题-解决型说明文，通常以问题为切入点，通过分析问题来指向问题的解决，文章结构通常为“提出问题-分析问题-解决问题”。在提出问题部分，作者通常会通过介绍某一社会现象引出存在的问题，接着分析问题的起因﹑影响，然后给出具体的解决方法，并对解决方法进行评价。
有的文章侧重问题解决，有的文章侧重归因，还有的文章提出问题﹑分析问题和解决问题的篇幅占比相当。本节课教学目标之一是让学生熟悉此类说明文的结构模式（how），迅速把握文本大意(what)以及写作目的(why)。那么，在高考试题中此类说明文一般考查什么方面内容？
本人梳理了近几年问题-解决类说明文高考阅读理解的考查方向和内容，具体如下：
真题来源 考查题型 考点分布 考查内容
2024年新高考I卷D篇 （科学记录生物多样性） 32.细节 Para.1 phenomenon
33.细节 Para.2 problem
34.细节 Para.4 cause of problem
35.推理 Para.7 solution
2023浙江1月卷D篇 （太阳能农场） 32.推理 Para.2 cause of problem
33.细节 Para.3 solution
34.细节 Para.4 solution
35.主旨（最佳标题） Para.5 main idea
2022新课标II卷C篇 （软件应对司机分神） 28.推理 Para.2 problem
29.细节 Para.5 solution
30.词义猜测 Para.6 solution
31.主旨（最佳标题） 全文 main idea
2021新高考全国I 卷C（联邦鸭票保护水禽） 28.细节 Para.1 cause of problem
29.词义猜测 Para.1 cause of problem
30.推理 Para.3 evaluation
31.主旨（最佳标题） 全文 main idea
2020全国I卷D篇 （竞走运动利与弊） 32.细节 Para.2 problem
33.细节 Para.5 solution
34.细节 Para.5 solution
35.推断观点﹑态度 Para.1 evaluation
此外，从《高考命题改革背景下英语教学中的关键问题》一书中也提及到，发现问题-解决类说明文考查方向一般如下：01.段落结构特征或者说明方法；02.问题的起因﹑影响；03.针对问题的解决方法(具体过程﹑意义﹑评价等)；04.核心意义的概括，即文章主旨和最佳标题。
因此本节课第二个教学目标是引导学生了解问题-解决类说明文阅读理解的测试点，把握高考出题方向。
课前准备工作，要求学生仔细阅读三篇语篇，并完成相应练习，标注【课前】即为学生学案中的练习，需提前完成，未特别标注的为课堂练习。
Step1 To be a structure master
Passage 1
Task 1 Match key words with each paragraph. 【课前】
Para.1 Summary/Evaluation
Para.2 Problems of chemical farming
Para.3 The methods of organic farming
Para.4 The definition of organic farming
Para.5 The phenomenon of chemical farming
课堂问题链：1.What will the passage talk about based on the title and pictures
What is the purpose of para.1
What does para.2 focus on
What is the author’s attitude towards chemical and organic farming
What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage
Summarize the structure of the passage: Problem-Solution Pattern
Raise a problem--Analyze the problem--Offer the solution--Summarize/Evaluate
设计说明：学生课前预习并熟悉段落大意，课上老师通过问题链启发学生思考，了解what（文本大意），why(作者写作目的)，总结how(篇章结构)，引出本节课重点：问题解决类说明文模式。
Step 2 To be a question researcher
Passage 2
【2023浙江1月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels(太阳能面板) installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating（调查） practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines（下降） in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed（改变） the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
Task 1: Read passage 2 and finish the mind map below.【课前】
Task2 Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.【课前】
32. What do solar developers often ignore
A. The decline in the demand for solar energy. B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D. The most recent advances in solar technology.
33. What does InSPIRE aim to do
A. Improve the productivity of local farms. B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To conserve(保护) pollinators. B. To restrict（限制） solar development.
C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development
教师讲解试题时引导学生分析 :Where could we find the clues of these questions What content do the questions focus on 并总结试题的考查特点。
设计说明：学生课前完成思维导图，快速抓住文章主要内容和段落大意。课上根据Step 1学生能总结本篇文章也属于问题解决类说明文典型的模式：提出问题-分析问题-解决问题-评价总结。加深学生对此类行文模式的认识和理解。同时教师带着学生分析四个测试题，总结高考的考查方向,让学生了解出题者的意图。
Step 3 To be a test designer
Passage 3
【2022新课标II卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.
Task 1:Read the passage carefully and finish the chart below.【课前】
Paragraph Main idea
1 States and public campaigns have tried different methods to_________________.
2 The problem of texting while driving is______________.
3 This is partly because_________________________.
4 People are turning to an old approach:________________.
5 A new device called_______________ is introduced.
6 Félix W. Ortiz’s ________________ about the new device.
课堂任务：Match the structure(A-F) with each paragraph.
A.Make an evaluation B.Analyze the cause of the problem C.Offer the solution
D.Raise a problem E.Introduce a phenomenon F. Explain the solution
Apply and create
Task 2 假设你是一名高中英语试卷命题人（test designer）,正在出阅读理解题，你会对本篇文章设计什么问题呢？请小组合作提出至少三个问题。参考以下表格以及Tips。完成后，请每组选出一名成员上台展示问题和答案。
Question Types（问题类型） Test items (设题点) Possible questions（设问方式） Your questions Your answers(只需设置正确答案)
细节理解题 + 推理判断题 Phenomenon How does the writer introduce the topic (写作方法) Why does the writer introduce... （写作目的） Which of the following can best describe....
Problem (causes,effects) What is the main reason for... What is the result of ...
Solution (aim,methods) What is the aim of... What does...intend to do How does... help...
Evaluation (influence, attitude) What is sb’s attitude to... What does sb. think of...
主旨要义题 Main idea & Writing purpose What is the passage mainly about （主旨大意） What does Para....mainly talk about (段落大意) What could be the best title of the passage （最佳标题）What is the purpose of the passage (写作目的)
猜测词义题 The whole passage What does the underlined word/phrase...refer to
Tips: 1.Design different types of questions. 涵盖不同类型问题。
2.Questions should be targeted at different content. 考点分布均衡，不重复考查。
3.Questions should be focused on key information.考查关键信息点，避免细枝末节。
设计说明：在引导学生充分了解文章主旨大意和篇章结构模式后，让学生进行命题初体验。根据表格提示，小组合作设置至少三个问题并给出相应正确答案。本活动旨在让学生熟悉此类说明文的测试点和设问方式，有助于学生提高答题速度和正确率。学生展示后，教师带着其他学生根据Key2对学生所设题目进行评价，最后再与原题比较。
Self-evaluation
Assessment Checklist Yes No
Can I quickly get the main idea and key information of the problem-solution exposition
Have I mastered the structure and pattern of this kind of exposition
Am I familiar with the features of test questions
Do I know how to raise questions about different test items(测试点)
设计说明：学生根据评价量表自我评价本节课学习目标达成情况，同时也总结了本节课所学内容。
Homework:
Finish three reading comprehension passages in your handouts and outline their structure.
Locate answers in the passage and analyze the test items.
课后巩固习题
A
【2024年新高考I卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
B
【2020全国I卷】Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics. B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building. D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A. Getting experts’ opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
C
【2021年新高考全国I 卷】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
