人与自然—环境保护“报道类”记叙文（教师版）
“报道类”记叙文基本结构: 导语 (背景/开头) → 事件发展 (经过) → 结果 (结局) → 评论/启示 (意义)
语篇分析
试题来源 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
2023年新高考一卷B篇 环境保护“报道类” 记叙文 推理判断题 Para. 1.2 reason
2. 细节理解题 Para. 3.4 reason
3. 观点态度题 Para. 5 evaluation
4. 主旨要义题 Para. 1-5 reason
语篇意义
文章介绍了生态设计师John Todd如何从自然中汲取灵感，发明了“生态机器”，利用动植物和微生物构建生态系统，来高效、环保地处理污水和污泥。 灵感来源（第①段）： John Todd童年的自然观察（如植物和岩石中的生物能净化溪水）是他发明的基础。 他思考是否能利用自然的过程来修复人为造成的污染。 知识与探索（第②段） 他学习了农业、医学和渔业知识。 通过研究哪些植物能捕获细菌、哪些鱼能吃掉化学物质，他设想可以组合动植物来模仿自然净化废物。 由此提出了“生态机器（eco-machine）”的概念。 原理与实验（第③④段）： 方法： 他建造了一系列相连的纤维玻璃缸，从本地引入动植物，形成一个初步的生态系统，待其稳定后加入污泥。 结果： 系统中的生物将污泥作为食物进行消化，最终将其转化为纯净的水。实验大获成功。 应用与成就（第⑤段）： 他的技术被大规模应用，例如： 为 South Burlington 的1600户家庭处理污水。 在中国福州用于净化运河河水。 设计理念（第⑥段）： 他将自己的工作称为“生态设计（Ecological design）”。 核心哲学： 将生物体置于新的组合关系中，观察并引导它们发展出自我修复的方式。他将地球上的生命看作一个“备用零件箱”。
2021年八省联考B篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
环境保护“报道类” 记叙文 1. 主旨大意题 Para. 1 Gist
2. 细节理解题 Para. 3 Scanning
3. 推理判断题 Para. 4 Making inferences
4. 词义猜测题 Para. 4 Understanding meaning in context
语篇意义
作者探讨了一个环保生活中的具体问题：是购买新的环保产品，还是购买传统的二手产品更能减少碳足迹？ 通过分析碳足迹的构成（主要足迹和次要足迹），作者得出结论：应分情况讨论，对于某些产品（如衣物、家具）应购买二手货，而对于另一些（如汽车、电器）则应购买新的节能型号。 一．提出问题（第①段）： 背景：作者致力于减少个人碳足迹（Carbon footprint），即个人活动对气候变化产生的温室气体影响。 核心问题：是买新的环保产品，还是买传统的二手货更环保？ 二．给出答案（第②段）： 作者的研究结论：视情况而定。有些东西买新的好，有些东西买旧的好。 三．理论分析（第③段）： 碳足迹的构成： 主要足迹 (Primary footprint): 直接排放的二氧化碳（如家庭能源消耗、交通燃油）。 次要足迹 (Secondary footprint): 产品整个生命周期中间接排放的二氧化碳（与产品的生产和分解相关）。 四．应用结论（第④段）： 购买二手货（适用于“次要足迹”产品）： 对于餐具、衣服、家具等，其碳足迹主要来自生产过程。因此，“少即是多”，购买二手货可以避免新增生产带来的碳排放。 购买节能新品（适用于“主要足迹”产品）： 对于汽车、电器等，其90%的碳足迹是在离开工厂后的使用阶段产生的。因此，购买新的节能型号，虽然制造过程会产生碳足迹，但其在长期使用中节省的能源足以抵消这部分新增的碳足迹。决策关键在于衡量制造过程的额外碳排放是否值得该产品后续带来的节能效果。
2025年广东一模B篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
环境保护“报道类” 记叙文 1. 细节理解题 Para. 1 Scanning
2. 细节理解题 Para. 2 Scanning
3. 推理判断题 Para. 4 Making inferences
4. 观点态度题 Para. 5 Perspective Attitude
语篇意义
文章的主旨在于阐述一种平衡的智慧：一方面，我们必须毫无犹豫地拥抱技术，以解决迫在眉睫的生存危机；另一方面，我们必须始终保持清醒，不忘技术的工具属性，坚守人类在实践中的主体地位和与自然直接接触的根本价值。 一．提出问题（第①段）： 背景： 护林员马丁·罗斯（Martin Roth）在1980年代开始职业生涯时，其工作核心是养护森林，确保其长期延续（ensure continuity）。 核心问题： 如今，气候变化（climate change）使其工作性质发生了根本转变，从“长期养护”变为为“不确定的未来”做规划，即灾难管理（disaster management）。 二．展示解决方案（第②③④段）： 总方案： 利用高科技手段进行林业管理，罗斯因此被称为“数字护林员（digital forest ranger）”。 具体应用： （第②段）无人机（Drones）应对紧急灾害： 用于风暴后快速勘察（survey）大面积森林，定位受损树木，以抢在树皮甲虫（bark beetles）爆发前采取行动。 （第③段）AI身体摄像头（AI Body Cam）优化资源管理： 通过人工智能实时识别树种、估算木材产量和质量，解决传统伐木中的信息盲区（no idea）。 （第④段）数字系统（Digital System）规划长远适应： 因气候变化导致许多树种不适，需实验新品种并用小群体种植（planting in small groups），并用数字系统追踪记录，以应对人手不足、信息易丢失的挑战。 三．提出核心观点与警告（第⑤段）： 观点： 罗斯的技术专长（expertise）备受推崇，证明了技术是现代林业的关键工具。 核心警告： 技术永远不能取代（can never replace）在森林中的实地漫步（a wander through the forest）。数字孪生（digital twin）并非现实，必须时刻进行现实核查（reality check）。
Passage one【2023年新高考一卷B篇】
①Q24When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
②After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
③The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥).First he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
④Q25He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
⑤Q26Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水)from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
⑥“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Q27Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The main idea of the passage is:
Inspired by nature, John Todd invented “eco-machines” that use plants and animals to clean polluted water and sewage, showing how ecological design can solve environmental problems.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Paragraph 1 – Childhood inspiration
John Todd loved exploring nature as a child.
He observed how natural systems, like streams, cleaned themselves.
This inspired his later ideas.
Paragraph 2 – Education and idea
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries, John returned to nature for answers.
He asked scientific questions about how plants and animals deal with harmful substances.
He came up with the idea of building an “eco-machine.”
Paragraph 3 – Experiment process
John built fiberglass tanks.
He collected plants and animals and created an artificial ecosystem.
After the system stabilized, he added sludge.
Paragraph 4 – Results of the experiment
The plants and animals digested the sludge.
The outcome was pure water.
Paragraph 5 – Applications
John expanded his eco-machines to larger projects.
Examples: sewage treatment in South Burlington; canal cleaning in Fuzhou, China.
Paragraph 6 – Concept and philosophy
John calls his approach “ecological design.”
He explains it as combining organisms in new relationships to create self-repairing systems.
Part 1 (Paras. 1–2): Origin of the idea
John’s childhood observation of nature
His later studies and the idea of using natural systems to clean waste
Part 2 (Paras. 3–4): Experiment and results
Building the eco-machine with tanks, plants, and animals
Successful purification of sludge into pure water
Part 3 (Paras. 5–6): Applications and philosophy
Real-world projects (sewage treatment, canal cleaning)
John’s concept of “ecological design” and his explanation of it
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. 简化合并 D. He longed to be a doctor.
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine. 原词复现
26. What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John's research plans. B. To show an application of John's idea.简化合并
C. To compare John's different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John's invention.
27. What is the basis for John's work
A. Nature can repair itself.原词复现 B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups
【答案】CDBA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge. 烂泥
(2) Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem.
生态系统
(3) Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. 分解
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. (para1, the first sentence)
分析: 本句是一个主从复合句。When引导时间状语从句，主句是 he loved to explore the woods…；observing… 是现在分词短语，作伴随状语，表示“同时观察”。
翻译: 当约翰·托德还是个孩子时，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，同时观察大自然是如何解决问题的。
(2) Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem.” (para3, the fourth sentence)
分析: 本句是并列句。these different kinds of life是主语，got used to one another 和 formed their own ecosystem 是两个并列谓语，之间用 and 连接。Little by little作方式状语，表示“逐渐地”。
翻译: 这些不同种类的生命逐渐地彼此适应，并形成了自己的生态系统。
Passage two【2021年八省联考B篇】
① In my everyday life,Q24I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately:Q25 is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods
②After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain.
③A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions(排放)of carbon dioxide(CO2)from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation.Q26The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use-those related to their production and breakdown.
④Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint.Q27Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances(设备)that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. Q27The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The measures to reduce carbon footprint.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Background : pose a question:paragraph 1
The carbon footprint us calculated by the amount of 1. greenhouse gas we produce.
Is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or use traditionally produced goods
Background : pose a question:paragraph 2&3
A carbon footprint is made up of 2. primary footprint and 3. secondary.
Solutions Paragraph.4
For dishes,clothes and furniture ,we can focus on 4. used goods to avoid the added production.
For the car and the other appliance that we need we can go with 5. new.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What is the text mainly about
A. What appliances to buy to save energy.
B. What a carbon footprint means in our life.
C. How to identify different carbon footprints.
D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.简化合并
25. What do we know about the secondary carbon footprint
A. It is related to our consumption of fuels.
B. It is made when we are buying the products.
C. It is less harmful than the primary carbon footprint.
D. It is counted as ours though not directly made by us.简化合并
26. Which of the following helps reduce our carbon footprint according to the author
A. Using second-hand textbook. 原词复现 B. Using old and expensive cars.
C. Buying new but cheap clothes. D. Buying new wooden furniture.
27. "The footprint" underlined in the last sentence refers to the CO2 produced in _________.
A. using the product同义替换 B. recycling the product
C. making the product D. transporting the product
【答案】DDAA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Passage three【2025年广东一模B篇】
①Q24When Martin Roth started as a forest ranger in the 1980s, his job was to care for the forest to ensure continuity for decades, even centuries. Now, with climate change, it’s more about planning for an uncertain future. “It’s disaster management,” says Roth, for whom the 3,000 acres of forest serve as testing ground for high - tech solutions, earning him the nickname “digital forest ranger.”
②After a severe storm, the clock starts ticking: Damaged trees should be removed before the arrival of bark beetles, which grow in dead trees and can destroy entire forests. While it once took Roth about 2.5 hours to cover an acre on foot, Q25drones (无人机) now let him survey the entire 3,000 acres in several days, so he can quickly locate damaged trees, inform owners of affected plots, and send updates to workers.
③Roth’s exploration goes beyond drones. His recent project is combining body camera with AI. “Usually you mark the trees, they’re cut down, and you have no idea how much wood you’ll get, what quality, and which species,” he explains. AI now “sees” through his body cam, recognizes tree species, estimates wood production, and sends real - time information to his phone.
④Since up to half of European tree species are unsuited to rising temperatures and extended dry periods, Roth has also begun experimenting with new species, planting them in small groups and keeping track of them in his system. As forest areas expand, interventions are needed, but there aren’t enough employees to keep it all straight. Q26“Either I know it, or the computer knows it, or no one knows it and it’s lost,” he says.
⑤Roth’s expertise in tackling the challenges of modern forestry with technology is increasingly sought after — colleagues reach out for advice, and he lectures on the topic at universities. Q27But he warns that technology can never replace a wander through the forest: “I should never believe that the digital twin is reality. I always have to do a reality check.”
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
While the core mission of forestry remains, climate change has fundamentally transformed it, forcing rangers like Martin Roth to adopt advanced technology (like drones and AI) for rapid disaster management and planning for an uncertain future; however, he emphasizes that technology must complement, not replace, traditional on-the-ground knowledge and observation.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What was Roth’s job when he started his career
A. Sustaining forest health.同义替换 B. Predicting the forest’s future.
C. Managing disasters. D. Seeking high - tech solutions.
25. What does Roth use drones to do
A. Identify dead tree species. B. Remove harmful insects.
C. Collect data of forest damage.原词复现 D. Inform owners of their loss.
26. What point is Roth trying to make with his words in paragraph 4
A. Forests are a cure for climate change.
B. Experienced workers are in great need.
C. Forest expansion is successfully controlled.
D. Technology is key to tracking forest information.简化合并
27. Why does Roth warn about the use of technology in forestry
A. It may replace human workers.
B. It may need too much checking.
C. It may provide false information.同义替换
D. It may deny chances of forest walks.
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ① 同义替换 ② 原词复现 ③ 词类转换 ④ 简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) As forest areas expand, interventions are needed, but there aren't enough employees to keep it all straigh
干预
(2) Roth’s expertise in tackling the challenges of modern forestry with technology is increasingly sought after... 专业知识
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) After a severe storm, the clock starts ticking: Damaged trees should be removed before the arrival of bark beetles, which grow in dead trees and can destroy entire forests. (Para. 2, the third sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句，主体结构是“After... the clock starts ticking:”。After a severe storm: 时间状语从句，说明主句动作发生的时间背景。主句：the clock starts ticking: 这是主句，使用了“钟开始滴答作响”的比喻，形象地说明“时间开始变得紧迫”。which grow in dead trees and can destroy entire forests: 这是一个非限制性定语从句，由which引导，修饰其先行词bark beetles，补充说明了树皮甲虫的习性（在枯木中繁殖）和其巨大的危害性（能摧毁整片森林）。
翻译：一场严重的风暴过后，时间就开始变得紧迫了：必须在树皮甲虫到来之前将受损的树木清理掉，这种甲虫在枯树中繁殖，能摧毁整片森林。
(2) “Either I know it, or the computer knows it, or no one knows it and it’s lost,” he says. (Para. 4, the last sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句，其核心是“he says”加上它引导的宾语从句。主句：he says。 这是一个简单的陈述。宾语从句: “Either I know it, or the computer knows it, or no one knows it and it’s lost”。 整个引语部分作为says的宾语，是一个复杂的并列句，包含了三种递进的可能性，由选择连词either... or... or...连接。
翻译：他说：“要么我知道（这些信息），要么电脑知道，要么就没人知道，然后这个信息就永远丢失了。”
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
试题 子话题词汇
生物多样性保护 可持续资源管理与技术 环境污染与解决方案
物种保护实践 保护挑战与 风险 技术设备与 应用 技术功能与操作 污染问题与 影响 环境挑战与压力 创新解决方案
2023年新高考一卷B篇 introducing native species 引入本地物种 building an ecosystem 构建生态系统 biodiversity 生物多样性 eco-machine 生态机器 fiberglass tanks 纤维玻璃缸 greenhouse-like facility 温室设施 treat sewage 处理污水 clean water 净化水体 digest sludge 消化污泥 self-repair 自我修复 sludge污泥 sewage污水 harmful substances 有害物质 cancer-causing chemicals 致癌化学物 ecological design 生态设计 bionics 仿生学 sustainable technology 可持续技术 new relationships 自然关系
2021年八省联考B篇 direct emissions 直接排放 indirect emissions 间接排放 primary footprint 主要足迹 secondary footprint 次要足迹 appliances 家用电器 electronics 电子设备 energy-saving cars 节能汽车 carbon footprint 碳足迹 greenhouse gas 温室气体 CO2 emissions 二氧化碳排放 climate change 气候变化 household energy consumption 能源消耗 lifecycle of products 消费品生命周期 eco-friendly choices 环保选择 energy-saving models 节能型号 used goods 二手商品 less is more 减少消费
2025年广东一模B篇 experiment with new species 试验新树种 planting 种植 adaptive management 适应性管理 climate change 气候变化 uncertain future 不确定的未来 disaster management 灾害管理 storm damage 风暴损害 bark beetles 树皮甲虫 dry periods 干旱期 drones无人机 body camera 身体摄像头 digital system 人工智能AI 数字系统 digital twin 数字孪生 survey调查 locate damaged trees 定位受损树木 real-time information 实时信息 recognizes tree species 识别树种 estimates wood production 估算木材产量 keep track of 跟踪 rising temperatures
温度上升 forest areas expand 森林面积扩大 not enough employees 劳动力短缺 high-tech solutions 高科技解决方案 digital forest ranger 数字护林员 modern forestry 现代林业
人教版教材相关话题词汇梳理
教材 单元 子话题词汇
生物多样性保护 可持续资源管理与技术 环境污染与解决方案
物种保护实践 保护挑战与风险 技术设备与应用 技术功能与操作 污染问题与影响 环境挑战与压力 创新解决方案
必修二 Unit 2 Wildlife protection Tibetan antelopes 藏羚羊）
Changtang National Nature Reserve羌塘国家级自然保护区
watch over antelopes day and night 日夜守护羚羊
exist in harmony with nature 与自然和谐共处 illegally hunted for fur因皮毛被非法捕猎
population drop种群数量下降shrinking habitats 栖息地萎缩
threats to endangered species 濒危物种面临的威胁 bridges & gates 桥梁与闸门 keep them safe from attacks
保护其免受攻击
let the antelopes move easily
让藏羚羊自由移动
keep them safe from cars and trains
使其免受车辆和火车威胁 national protection programme国家保护计划
bridges and gates for safe movement保障安全移动的桥梁和通道
选择性必修三 Unit 3 Environmental protection polar bears 北极熊
seals海豹
Earth's ecology地球生态 starvation of polar bears 北极熊饥饿死亡
impact on ecology 对生态的影响 fossil fuels 化石燃料 reduce greenhouse gas emissions减少温室气体排放
restrict carbon dioxide production限制二氧化碳产生
greenhouse gases 温室气体
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
methane 甲烷 climate change 气候变化
global warming 全球变暖
melting ice 冰川融化
rising sea levels 海平面上升
extreme weather 极端天气
heatwaves 热浪
extreme rainstorms 特大暴雨 government policies 政府政策
reduce carbon footprint 减少碳足迹
educate on global warming 普及全球变暖知识
Writing（2022年全国甲卷作文）
你校将以6月8日世界海洋日为主题，举办英文征文比赛，请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包含：
1. 海洋的重要性;
2. 保护海洋的倡议。
注意：
1. 词数100左右
2. 短文的题目和首句已为你写好。
Sample 1
The Ocean’s Call
The ocean, covering over 70% of our planet, (现在分词作状语) is vital to life. It provides oxygen, regulates climate, and supports countless species. It is a source of food, medicine, and inspiration for humanity. (背景+引出话题)
However, the ocean faces severe threats like pollution, overfishing, and climate change. We must act now to protect it. Reduce plastic use, support sustainable seafood, and participate in beach clean-ups. Every small action counts. (提出问题)
Let’s unite to safeguard our blue planet for future generations. Together, we can ensure the ocean remains vibrant and full of life. (措施与方法)
Join the movement—protect our ocean today. (发出倡议)
(99 words)
Sample 2
Guardians of the Blue
The ocean, which covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface, (非限制性定语从句) is essential to all life. It produces over half of the world’s oxygen, regulates our climate, and supports a vast range of biodiversity. Millions of people depend on it for food, livelihoods, and well-being. (背景+现状介绍)
Yet, human activities such as plastic pollution, overfishing, and carbon emissions are severely damaging marine ecosystems. Coral reefs are bleaching, and marine species are disappearing at an alarming rate. (提出问题)
We must take urgent action. Say no to single-use plastics, choose sustainably sourced seafood, and reduce your carbon footprint. Support marine protected areas and participate in local conservation efforts. (解决方法)
Let’s become guardians of the blue. Our collective efforts can preserve the ocean’s beauty and richness for generations to come. (发出倡议)
(130 words)人与自然—环境保护“报道类”记叙文（学生版）
“报道类”记叙文基本结构: 导语（背景/开头）→事件发展（经过）→结果（结局）→评论/启示（意义）
Passage one【2023年新高考一卷B篇】
①When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
②After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
③The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥).First he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
④He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
⑤Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
⑥“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The main idea of the passage is:
Inspired by ___________, John Todd invented “eco-machines” that use plants and animals to clean polluted water and sewage, showing how ecological design can solve __________________.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Topic: _______________________________
Paragraph 1 – __________________
John Todd loved exploring nature as a child.
He observed how natural systems, like streams, cleaned themselves.
This inspired his later ideas.
Paragraph 2 – __________________
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries, John returned to nature for answers.
He asked scientific questions about how plants and animals deal with harmful substances.
He came up with the idea of building an “eco-machine.”
Paragraph 3 – __________________
John built fiberglass tanks.
He collected plants and animals and created an artificial ecosystem.
After the system stabilized, he added sludge.
Paragraph 4 – __________________
The plants and animals digested the sludge.
The outcome was pure water.
Paragraph 5 – __________________
John expanded his eco-machines to larger projects.
Examples: sewage treatment in South Burlington; canal cleaning in Fuzhou, China.
Paragraph 6 – __________________
John calls his approach “ecological design.”
He explains it as combining organisms in new relationships to create self-repairing systems.
Part 1: Paras. __________________: Origin of the idea
John’s childhood observation of nature
His later studies and the idea of using natural systems to clean waste
Part 2 : Paras. __________________: Experiment and results
Building the eco-machine with tanks, plants, and animals
Successful purification of sludge into pure water
Part 3 : Paras. __________________: Applications and philosophy
Real-world projects (sewage treatment, canal cleaning)
John’s concept of “ecological design” and his explanation of it
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
26. What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John's research plans. B. To show an application of John's idea.
C. To compare John's different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John's invention.
27. What is the basis for John's work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge. ____________
(2) Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem.
____________
(3) Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. ____________
(4) He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage from 1,600 homes in South Burlington.
____________
(5) “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. ____________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. (para1, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。__________________引导时间状语从句，主句是 he loved to explore the woods...；observing... 是__________________短语，作__________________，表示“同时观察”。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. (para3, the fourth sentence)
分析：本句是并列句。__________________是主语，got used to one another 和 formed their own ecosystem 是两个并列谓语，之间用 and 连接。Little by little 作__________________，表示“逐渐地”。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Passage two【2021年八省联考B篇】
①In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods
②After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to explain.
③A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions (排放) of carbon dioxide(CO2) from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use-those related to their production and breakdown.
④Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances (设备) that we need we can go with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The measures to reduce _____________________.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Background : pose a question:paragraph 1
The carbon footprint us calculated by the amount of 1. ______________ gas we produce.
Is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or use traditionally produced goods
Background : pose a question:paragraph 2&3
A carbon footprint is made up of 2. ______________ footprint and 3. ______________.
Solutions Paragraph.4
For dishes, clothes and furniture ,we can focus on 4. ______________ goods to avoid the added production.
For the car and the other appliance that we need we can go with 5. ______________.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What is the text mainly about
A. What appliances to buy to save energy.
B. What a carbon footprint means in our life.
C. How to identify different carbon footprints.
D. How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
25. What do we know about the secondary carbon footprint
A. It is related to our consumption of fuels.
B. It is made when we are buying the products.
C. It is less harmful than the primary carbon footprint.
D. It is counted as ours though not directly made by us.
26. Which of the following helps reduce our carbon footprint according to the author
A. Using second-hand textbook. B. Using old and expensive cars.
C. Buying new but cheap clothes. D. Buying new wooden furniture.
27. "The footprint" underlined in the last sentence refers to the CO2 produced in _________.
A. using the product B. recycling the product
C. making the product D. transporting the product
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
(1) The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions (排放) of carbon dioxide(CO2) from the burning of fuels, including household energy consumption and transportation. (para3, the third sentence)
分析：主体句式:_________________________________________________________________________.
from..., including... 为_________________。 结构：主语_________________________，谓语is, 表语___________________________________.
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) The main concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you. (Para. 4, the last sentence)
分析：主体句式:The main concern here is ... and ...，结构分析：主语_________________________,谓语is，后接两个表语，表语一为__________________________, that引导的定语从句修饰 energy，whether or not ...从句做表语二，_______________________定语从句修饰_______________________________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Passage three【2025年广东一模B篇】
①When Martin Roth started as a forest ranger in the 1980s, his job was to care for the forest to ensure continuity for decades, even centuries. Now, with climate change, it’s more about planning for an uncertain future. “It’s disaster management,” says Roth, for whom the 3,000 acres of forest serve as testing ground for high - tech solutions, earning him the nickname “digital forest ranger.”
②After a severe storm, the clock starts ticking: Damaged trees should be removed before the arrival of bark beetles, which grow in dead trees and can destroy entire forests. While it once took Roth about 2.5 hours to cover an acre on foot, drones (无人机) now let him survey the entire 3,000 acres in several days, so he can quickly locate damaged trees, inform owners of affected plots, and send updates to workers.
③Roth’s exploration goes beyond drones. His recent project is combining body camera with AI. “Usually you mark the trees, they’re cut down, and you have no idea how much wood you’ll get, what quality, and which species,” he explains. AI now “sees” through his body cam, recognizes tree species, estimates wood production, and sends real - time information to his phone.
④Since up to half of European tree species are unsuited to rising temperatures and extended dry periods, Roth has also begun experimenting with new species, planting them in small groups and keeping track of them in his system. As forest areas expand, interventions are needed, but there aren’t enough employees to keep it all straight. “Either I know it, or the computer knows it, or no one knows it and it’s lost,” he says.
⑤Roth’s expertise in tackling the challenges of modern forestry with technology is increasingly sought after — colleagues reach out for advice, and he lectures on the topic at universities. But he warns that technology can never replace a wander through the forest: “I should never believe that the digital twin is reality. I always have to do a reality check.”
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
While the core mission of forestry remains, has fundamentally transformed it, forcing rangers like Martin Roth to (like drones and AI) for rapid disaster management and planning for an future; however, he emphasizes that technology must complement, not replace, traditional on-the-ground knowledge and observation.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What was Roth’s job when he started his career
A. Sustaining forest health. B. Predicting the forest’s future.
C. Managing disasters. D. Seeking high - tech solutions.
25. What does Roth use drones to do
A. Identify dead tree species. B. Remove harmful insects.
C. Collect data of forest damage. D. Inform owners of their loss.
26. What point is Roth trying to make with his words in paragraph 4
A. Forests are a cure for climate change.
B. Experienced workers are in great need.
C. Forest expansion is successfully controlled.
D. Technology is key to tracking forest information.
27. Why does Roth warn about the use of technology in forestry
A. It may replace human workers. B. It may need too much checking.
C. It may provide false information. D. It may deny chances of forest walks.
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ① 同义替换 ② 原词复现 ③ 词类转换 ④ 简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) As forest areas expand, interventions are needed, but there aren't enough employees to keep it all straight.
(2) Roth’s expertise in tackling the challenges of modern forestry with technology is increasingly sought after...
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) After a severe storm, the clock starts ticking: Damaged trees should be removed before the arrival of bark beetles, which grow in dead trees and can destroy entire forests. (Para. 2, the third sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句，主体结构是 。After a severe storm: ，说明主句动作发生的时间背景。主句：the clock starts ticking: 这是主句，使用了“钟开始滴答作响”的比喻，形象地说明“时间开始变得紧迫”。which grow in dead trees and can destroy entire forests; 这是一个 ，由 引导，修饰其先行词bark beetles，补充说明了树皮甲虫的习性（在枯木中繁殖）和其巨大的危害性（能摧毁整片森林）。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) Either I know it, or the computer knows it, or no one knows it and it’s lost, he says. (Para. 4, the last sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句，其核心是“he says”加上它引导的 。主句：he says。 这是一个简单的陈述。 从句: “ Either I know it, or the computer knows it, or no one knows it and it’s lost”。 整个引语部分作为says的宾语，是一个复杂的并列句，包含了三种递进的可能性，由选择连词 连接。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
词汇 子话题词汇
生物多样性保护 可持续资源管理与技术 环境污染与解决方案
物种保护实践 保护挑战与 风险 技术设备与 应用 技术功能与操作 污染问题与影响 环境挑战与 压力 创新解决方案
试题词汇
教材词汇
Writing
（2022年全国甲卷作文）
你校将以6月8日世界海洋日为主题，举办英文征文比赛，请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包含：
1. 海洋的重要性；
2. 保护海洋的倡议。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 短文的题目和首句已为你写好。
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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