人与社会—科学与技术“话题型”说明文（教师版）
“话题型”说明文基本结构：引出话题（a phenomenon/project/plan/debate/theory...)—解释话题—拓展话题（利弊、因果、影响、解决方法、意义、评价……）
语篇分析
试题来源 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
2023浙江1月卷C篇 人工智能辩论程序分析 28. 细节理解题 Para. 1 Purpose
29. 词义猜测题 Para. 2 Word Reference
30. 细节理解题 Para. 2 Limitation
31. 主旨大意题 Para. 4 Implication
语篇意义
本文通过分析Project Debater人工智能辩论程序的优缺点，探讨了人类智能与机器智能的本质区别。阅读这篇文章，学生将在多个方面得到能力的提升： 1. 信息获取与理解能力 学生能够理解AI辩论程序的工作原理（如调用预存论点进行组合），并把握其与人类思维的本质区别（符号处理vs意义理解）。 2. 批判思维能力 通过对比AI的机械性错误与人类的意义理解过程，学生可以培养对技术局限性的辩证认识。 3. 语言解析能力 文中包含"wrinkles"等隐喻表达和"symbols"等关键术语，学生需要通过上下文理解其深层含义。 4. 哲学思辨能力 文章引发对"意义产生机制"的思考，帮助学生理解社会互动在认知形成中的核心作用。 5. 科技人文素养 通过AI与人类思维的对比，学生可以建立对技术发展限度的理性认识，培养人文关怀视角。
2022北京卷C篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
系统思维与全球饥饿问题 28. 推理判断题 Para. 1
29. 推理判断题 Para. 3&4
30. 观点态度题 全文
语篇意义
本文通过探讨系统思维在解决全球饥饿问题中的应用，阐述了跨学科思维的要性。阅读这篇文章，学生可以在以下方面获得能力提升：
1. 概念理解与信息整合能力
学生需要理解"系统思维"的核心概念，把握其在解决复杂社会问题中的三个关键步骤：识别系统参与者、分析相互关系、量化影响。通过整合文中关于营养学案例的信息，培养系统性思考能力。
2. 批判性思维能力
文章揭示了营养学领域存在的认知局限（仅追踪150种生化物质vs实际存在的26,000种），引导学生思考传统研究方法的不足。同时通过权力不平衡的案例，培养学生发现系统内隐性问题的能力。
3. 跨学科应用能力
文本连接了艺术想象（Para1）、工程技术（Para1）、营养科学（Para3）、人工智能（Para3）等多个领域，展示系统思维的跨学科特性，帮助学生建立知识迁移意识。
4. 社会问题分析能力
通过全球饥饿问题的具体案例，培养学生将抽象思维工具（系统思维）应用于现实问题的能力，理解社会问题的复杂性（经济、环境、健康等多维度交叉）。
5. 语言与逻辑分析能力
文章包含"intersect"、"redress"等学术词汇，以及"First...Second...Third..."等逻辑标记语，有助于提高学生的学术英语理解能力。通过分析Crystal教授设问的修辞功能，培养语篇分析技巧。
2022全国 新高考ⅠⅠ卷 C篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
无人机铁路应用 28.细节理解题 Para. 2 Application Basis
29.词义猜测题 Para. 3 Term Definition
30.细节理解题 Para. 4 Function Expectation
31.主旨大意题 全文 Core Concept
语篇意义
本文探讨无人机技术在铁路系统的应用前景及其变革潜力。阅读这篇文章，学生将在以下方面获得能力提升：
1. 技术理解能力
学生能掌握无人机在铁路巡检中的具体应用场景（如轨道检测、道岔定位），理解"轨道无人机"的新型工作模式（自主运行、前置引导）。
2. 经济效益分析能力
通过对比传统人工维护（200亿欧元/年）与无人机方案的成本差异，培养技术投入产出比的评估思维。 3. 安全认知能力
分析无人机如何解决夜间巡检风险（第3段），理解技术应用对保障人员安全的核心价值。
4. 创新想象能力
通过"空中之眼"（eyes in the sky）等隐喻表述，激发对智能交通系统演进的前瞻性思考。 5. 跨学科整合能力
结合文中传感器技术、AI算法等要素，建立工程技术与社会效益的关联认知。
Passage one【2023浙江1月卷C篇】
①A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, Q28 a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.
②Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. Q29 This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
③What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. Q30 But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, Q30 meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged Q30 but what they mean.
④Q31 Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article argues that while AI like Project Debater can outperform humans in structured tasks, it fundamentally lacks true understanding of meaning which emerges from human social interaction, preserving the irreplaceable value of human intelligence.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A. To explain the use of a software program.
B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater. 同义复现
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
29. What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to 原词复现
A. Arguments. B. Doubts. C. Errors. D. Differences.
30. What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A. Create rules. B. Comprehend meaning. 原词复现
C. Talk fluently. D. Identify difficult words.
31. What can we learn from the last paragraph
A. Social interaction is key to understanding symbols. 原词复现 + 同义合并
B. The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C. Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D. Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
答案：BCBA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义复现 ②原词复现 ③原词复现 ④原词复现＋同义合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
(1) The machine's ability to string arguments together impressed the audience. 把……连接起来
(2) The Textalyzer is proposed as a solution to address distracted driving. 提倡（做某事）
(3) The new smartphone features an advanced facial recognition technology that can unlock the device in seconds. 以……为特色
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. (para4, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主语是 The rules，that assign meaning 为定语从句修饰主语；谓语是 lie，not just...but also... 连接并列的地点状语（inside our heads 和 outside），in society, in social memory... 为介词短语作状语，对outside进行具体说明。
翻译：赋予意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中，还存在于外部 —— 存在于社会、社会记忆、社会 习俗和社会关系中。
(2) And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence. (para4, the last sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是 that’s why...，其中 why 引导表语从句；表语从句中，however 引导让步状语从句（however astonishing Project Debater may seem），主句是 the tradition...will not end with artificial intelligence，that began with Socrates and Confucius 为定语从句修饰 the tradition。
翻译：这就是为什么，无论 “辩论项目” 看起来多么令人惊叹，始于苏格拉底和孔子的（人类思想）传统不会因人工智能而终结。
Passage two【2022北京卷C篇】
①Q28 “What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. Q28 The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. Q30
②Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. Q29 First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
③Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良) people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals— Q29 and that the vast majority are not known.
④A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
⑤More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, Q30 but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
The article introduces systems thinking as an essential approach to addressing global challenges like hunger by analyzing interconnected factors in food systems and advocating for its interdisciplinary application.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ______.
A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic 同义替换 D. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved. 同义替换
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B. It can be applied to tackle challenges. 同义替换
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D. It goes beyond human imagination.
答案：BCBA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义复现 ②原词复现 ③原词复现 ④原词复现＋同义合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
(1) The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. 解决（……困难）
(2) According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system... 系统中的各个组成部分或参与者
(3) Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”. 设想或对结果的前瞻性想象
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known."(Para.3, the last sentence)
分析：本句是复合句。"But using machine learning and artificial intelligence"是现在分词短语作状语，主句主语是some scientists，谓语是propose，后接两个that引导的宾语从句，破折号连接两个并列的宾语从句，表示递进关系。
翻译：但通过使用机器学习和人工智能，一些科学家提出人类饮食包含至少26,000种生化物质——而且其中绝大多数尚未被认知。
(2) Crystal knew that visions alone don't produce results, but concluded that 'we'll never produce results that we can't envision'." (Para.5, the last sentence)
分析：本句是复合句。主句主语是Crystal，谓语是knew和concluded，分别接that引导的宾语从句。第二个宾语从句中包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰results。but连接两个并列的谓语动词，表示转折关系。
翻译：Crystal知道仅靠愿景无法产生结果，但她总结道："我们永远无法实现那些我们无法设想的结果"。
Passage three【2022年全国乙卷C篇】
①Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year Q31 That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
②Q28 Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. Q31 The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
③That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. Q29 It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
④By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Q31 Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. Q30 With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The passage explores how drone technology can revolutionize railway systems by enhancing safety, reducing maintenance costs, and providing advanced monitoring capabilities through autonomous operations.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure
Railway Drone Application Structure Part 1 (para 1) Topic Introduction Phenomenon ·Posing a question about drones' 1. potential ·"Eyes in the sky" technology 2. application ·24/7 rail infrastructure monitoring
Part 2 (Para.2-3) Topic Explanation Current Applications ·Power line inspection precedent ·3. Railway track/switching points inspection Operational Benefits ·4. Cost-efficiency (maintenance savings) ·5. Safety enhancement (personnel protection) ·6. Performance improvement (regular inspections)
Part 3 (Para.4) Topic Expansion Advanced Functions ·Fault detection preemptively ·7. Autonomous rail drones concept ·AI-guided train co-piloting system Future 8. Implications: ·Real-time problem 9. signaling ·10. High-speed train safety optimization
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. 同义替换
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. 原词复现 D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones
A. To provide early warning. 简化合并 B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones.
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded.
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face.
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways. 原词复现，简化合并
答案：ACAD
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) That is the very likely future of applying today’s 'eyes in the sky' technology... 无人机监控技术
(2) Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board. 全面、普遍地
(3) They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. 运行、操作
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (para 3, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。It是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句；
including...infrastructure 是现在分词短语作状语，其中 often at night 是插入语（时间状语），
to inspect and repair... 是不定式短语作目的状语。
翻译：据计算，仅欧洲铁路每年就要花费约200亿欧元用于维护，包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检
修复铁路基础设施。
(2) By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. (para 4, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。By using the latest technologies 是介词短语作方式状语；detecting faults in the rail or switches 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，其中 in the rail or switches 是介词短语作后置定语修饰 faults；before 引导时间状语从句。
翻译：通过使用最新技术，无人机还能为铁路提供更高价值的服务，即在铁轨或道岔故障引发安全
题前检测出它们。
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
试题 子话题词汇
科学技术 科学精神 信息安全
设备与技术 功能与操作 社会影响 探索与创新 实践与态度 隐私与安全风险 安全措施与规范
2023浙江1月卷C篇 Project Debater 辩论程序 software program 软件程序 Computer 计算机 Symbols 符号 computation计算 algorithm 算法 string of symbols 符号串 rules规则 debate辩论 outperform humans 超越人类 prebuilt arguments 预制论点 string sentences together 串联句子 lacks meaning understanding缺乏意义理解 transform symbols 转换符号 assign meaning赋予意义 social interaction 社会互动 meaning意义 social conventions 社会惯例 social relations社会关系human intelligence 人类智能machine limitations 机器局限communication of meaning 意义传递 tradition of debate 辩论传统 Socrates and Confucius 苏格拉底与孔子 artificial vs. human 人工 vs. 人类 understand meaning 理解意义 human- machine distinction 人机区别 iron out wrinkles 解决缺陷 fundamental problem根本问题 critical thinking 批判性思维 interdisciplinary approach跨学科方法 data misuse 数据滥用 symbolic manipulation 符号操纵 ethical AI design AI伦理设计 transparency in algorithms 算法透明度
2022北京卷C篇 systems thinking 系统思维 machine learning 机器学习 artificial intelligence人工智能 biochemical tracking生化物质追踪 UN report 联合国报告 data analysis数据分析 identify players识别参与者 quantify impact 量化影响 analyze relationships 分析关联 food production 食品生产processing & delivery 加工与运输consumption patterns 消费模式interdisciplinary research 跨学科研究policy-making政策制定industry collaboration产业合作 zero hunger 零饥饿 food security 粮食安全 undernourishment营养不良 economics 经济 Environment 环境 power imbalance 权力不平衡 global movement 全球运动 university education 大学教育 envision solutions 构想解决方案 systems approach 系统方法biochemical research 生化研究unknown biochemicals未知生化物质 solve global challenges 解决全球性挑战 reveal hidden relationships揭示潜在关联 teach students 教授学生adopt new approaches采用新方法collaborate across fields跨领域合作 Visionary 前瞻性 Persistent 坚持 critical thinking 批判性思维 data privacy 数据隐私 misuse of AI AI滥用 ethical AI use AI伦理使用 transparent policies 透明政策
2022年全国乙卷C篇 drones 无人机 rail drones轨道无人机 "eyes in the sky"空中监控技术 advanced sensors 高级传感器 AI人工智能autonomous systems 自主系统 inspect railway lines 检查铁路线 detect faults 检测故障 real-time monitoring 实时监控 run autonomously自主运行 guide trains 引导列车 signal problems 发出问题信号 save billions of euros 节省数十亿欧 cut costs 降低成本 24/7 operation全天候运行personnel safety 人员安全 avoid dangerous work 避免危险工作early warning提前预警 job displacement岗位替代human vs. machine roles人机分工 latest technologies最新技术 new concept新概念 future applications未来应用 address safety issues解决安全问题 optimize operations 优化运营 engineers' work 工程师工作programming drones 编程无人机data-driven数据驱动problem -solving 问题导向 surveillance concerns 监控担忧 data hacking 数据黑客攻击unauthorized access 未经授权访问 Encryption 加密 access control 访问控制 ethical guidelines 伦理准则
人教版教材相关话题词汇梳理
教材 单元 子话题词汇
科学技术 科学精神 信息安全
设备与技术 功能与操作 社会影响 探索与创新 实践与态度 隐私与安全风险 安全措施与规范
必修三 Unit 4 Space Exploration satellite 卫星 rocket 火箭 spacecraft 航天器 probe 探测器 telescope 望远镜 space station 空间站 orbit 轨道 module 舱 launch 发射 land 着陆 explore 探索 collect 收集 transmit 传输 monitor 监测 navigate 导航 conduct 进行 achievement 成就 benefit 益处 cooperation 合作 development 发展 challenge 挑战 risk 风险 future 未来 progress 进步 discover 发现 research 研究 create 创造 innovate 创新 curiosity 好奇心 breakthrough 突破 experiment 实验 theory 理论 determined 坚定的 perseverance 毅力 courage 勇气 teamwork 团队合作 precision 精确 dedication 奉献 rigorous 严谨的 solution 解决方案 data 数据 security 安全 protection 保护 risk 风险 control 控制 system 系统 measure 措施 standard 标准 procedure 程序 regulation 规定
教材 单元 子话题词汇
科学技术 科学精神 信息安全
设备与技术 功能与操作 社会影响 探索与创新 实践与态度 隐私与安全风险 安全措施与规范
选择性 必修四 Unit 1 Science Fiction android 人形机器人spaceship 宇宙飞船 time machine 时间机器 virtual reality 虚拟现实 hologram 全息影像 clone 克隆体 energy shield 能量护盾 laser gun 激光枪 simulate 模拟 predict 预测 automate 使自动化 teleport 传送 program 编程 scan 扫描 repair 维修 ethical dilemma 伦理困境 social inequality 社会不平等 human dependency 人类依赖性 job displacement 岗位替代 utopia 乌托邦 dystopia 反乌托邦 imagination 想象力 creativity 创造力 speculation 推测 invention 发明 futuristic 未来主义的 curiosity 好奇心 critical thinking 批判性思维 problem -solving 解决问题 experimentation 实验 collaboration 合作 adaptability 适应性 ethical 伦理的 surveillance 监控 data manipulation 数据操纵 privacy invasion 隐私侵犯 cyber attack 网络攻击 identity theft 身份盗窃 firewall 防火墙 encrypt 加密 password 密码 protocol 协议
Writing
假定你是李华，你校组织学生参观了一场科技展览，请你为校英文报写一篇报道，内容包括：
1. 展览中的亮点技术（如机器人、太空探索设备等）；
2. 你对某项技术的深入理解或体验；
3. 科技如何激发我们的科学精神和探索欲望。
Sample 1
A Visit to the Tech Exhibition
Our school's recent tech exhibition showcased amazing innovations, among which humanoid robots and spacecraft models impressed us most. (引入主题，定语从句) Equipped with advanced AI, the robots could solve problems creatively, demonstrating the power of technology. (细节描写，非谓语动词作状语)
What fascinated me was the VR system that imulated space exploration. (个人体验，名词性从句+定语从句) Only by experiencing it did I truly understand scientists' dedication. (倒装句，强调体验)
This event not only displayed cutting-edge tech but also inspired our curiosity and teamwork spirit. (总结升华，并列结构) It is this combination that drives scientific progress. (强调句型，突出主题)
(98 words)
Sample 2
A Visit to the Technology Exhibition
Last week, our school organized a visit to a technology exhibition, which left us deeply impressed by the rapid development of modern science. (引入主题，定语从句)
Among the highlights were humanoid robots capable of performing complex tasks and a model of a spacecraft designed for Mars exploration. (列举亮点，非谓语动词作定语) What amazed me mostwas the virtual reality system, through which I experienced walking on the moon—an unforgettable adventure! (强调个人体验，名词性从句+定语从句)
This experience made me realize how technology not only showcases human innovation but also inspires curiosity and perseverance. (过渡句，宾语从句) Had it not been for the scientists' dedication, such breakthroughs would never have been achieved. (虚拟语气，强调科学精神)It is this spirit of exploration that drives us to push boundaries and create a better future. (总结升华，强调句型)
(128 words)人与社会—科学与技术“话题型”说明文（学生版）
“话题型”说明文基本结构：引出话题（a phenomenon/project/plan/debate/theory...)—解释话题—拓展话题（利弊、因果、影响、解决方法、意义、评价……）
Passage one【2023浙江1月卷C篇】
①A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.
②Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
③What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
④Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article argues that while AI like Project Debater can humans in structured tasks, it fundamentally true understanding of meaning which from human social interaction, preserving the irreplaceable value of human .
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A. To explain the use of a software program.
B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
29. What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A. Arguments. B. Doubts. C. Errors. D. Differences.
30. What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A. Create rules. B. Comprehend meaning. C. Talk fluently. D. Identify difficult words.
31. What can we learn from the last paragraph
A. Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B. The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C. Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D. Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) The machine's ability to string arguments together impressed the audience.
(2) The Textalyzer is proposed as a solution to address distracted driving.
(3) The new smartphone features an advanced facial recognition technology that can unlock the device in seconds.
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences
(1) The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. (para4, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个 。主语是 ，that assign meaning 为定语从句修饰主语；谓语是 ，not just...but also... 连接并列的 （inside our heads 和 outside），in society, in social memory... 为介词短语作状语，对outside进行具体说明。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence. (para4, the last sentence)
分析：本句是一个 。主句是 that’s why...，其中why引导 ；表语从
句中，however 引导让步状语从句（however astonishing Project Debater may seem），主句是 the tradition...will not end with artificial intelligence，that began with Socrates and Confucius 为 修饰 the tradition。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Passage two【2022北京卷C篇】
①“What would the world be if there were no hunger ” It's a question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn't part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
②Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
③Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良) people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.
④A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
⑤More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article introduces as an essential to addressing global challenges like hunger by analyzing interconnected factors in food systems and advocating for its interdisciplinary .
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ______.
A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance. B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists. D. It goes beyond human imagination.
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
(2) According to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need to identify all the players in that system...
(3) Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known."(Para.3, the last sentence)
分析：本句是复合句。"But using machine learning and artificial intelligence"是现在分词短语作状语，主句主语是 ，谓语是 ，后接两个that引导的宾语从句，破折号连接两个并列的 ，表示递进关系。
(2) Crystal knew that visions alone don't produce results, but concluded that 'we'll never produce results that we can't envision'." (Para.5, the last sentence)
分析：本句是复合句。主句主语是 ，谓语是 和 ，分别接that引导的宾语从句。第二个 中包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰results。but连接两个并列的谓语动词，表示转折关系。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Passage three【2022年全国乙卷C篇】
①Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
②Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
③That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
④By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The passage how drone technology can revolutionize railway systems by safety, maintenance costs, and providing monitoring capabilities through autonomous operations.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Railway Drone Application Structure Part1 (para ) Topic Introduction Phenomenon ·Posing a question about drones' 1. ·"Eyes in the sky" technology 2. ·24/7 rail infrastructure monitoring
Part 2 (Para ) Topic Explanation Current Applications ·Power line inspection precedent ·3. /switching points inspection Operational Benefits ·4. Cost-efficiency ( savings) ·5. enhancement (personnel protection) ·6. improvement (regular inspections)
Part 3 (Para ) Topic Expansion Advanced Functions ·Fault detection preemptively ·7. rail drones concept ·AI-guided train co-piloting system Future 8. : ·Real-time problem 9. ·10. train safety optimization
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) That is the very likely future of applying today’s 'eyes in the sky' technology... __________________
(2) Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board. __________________
(3) They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. ____________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (para 3, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。It 是_________，真正的主语是 that 引导的_________；
including...infrastructure 是_________作状语，其中_________是插入语（时间状语），to inspect
and repair... 是不定式短语作_________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. (para 4, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。_________ 是介词短语作_________；detecting faults in the rail or switches 是_________作伴随状语，其中 in the rail or switches 是介词短语作_________修饰 _________；before 引导_________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
词汇 子话题词汇
科学技术 科学精神 信息安全
设备与技术 功能与操作 社会影响 探索与创新 实践与态度 隐私与安全风险 安全措施与规范
试题词汇
教材词汇
Writing
假定你是李华，你校组织学生参观了一场科技展览，请你为校英文报写一篇报道，内容包括：
1. 展览中的亮点技术（如机器人、太空探索设备等）；
2. 你对某项技术的深入理解或体验；
3. 科技如何激发我们的科学精神和探索欲望。
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