人与社会—历史与文化“话题型”说明文（教师版）
“话题型”说明文基本结构: 引出话题（a phenomenon/project/plan/debate/theory...)—解释话题—拓展
话题（利弊、因果、影响、解决方法、意义、评价……）
语篇分析
试题来源 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
2025河南模拟预测卷 D篇 介绍阿特拉斯雕像的修复 32. 细节理解题 Para. 2 cause
33. 推理判断题 Para. 3 behavior & intention
34. 推理判断题 Para. 5 attitude
35. 主旨大意题 全文 main idea
语篇意义
本文讲述了西西里岛阿格里真托市宙斯神庙的阿特拉斯雕像在历经多年努力后重新矗立的故事，涉及雕像的历史背景、修复过程以及人们对修复工作的不同看法。阅读这篇文章，学生将在多个方面得到能力的提升： 信息获取与理解能力 学生能够从文中获取阿特拉斯雕像的相关信息，包括其在希腊神话中的背景、历史变迁以及修复过程等，同时理解不同人物对雕像修复工作的不同态度和观点。 历史文化认知能力 文章涉及希腊神话以及古代宙斯神庙雕像的相关内容，有助于学生了解古希腊的神话故事和历史文化遗产，增强对历史文化的认知和尊重。 3.逻辑推理与分析能力 学生需要通过文中对不同人物行为和言论的描述，推理出他们的态度和意图，如从 Marconi 尝试修复阿特拉斯雕像的行为推理出他对历史宝藏修复的投入，从 Rose 和 Schifani 的言论分析他们对修复工作的不同看法，这能锻炼学生的逻辑推理和分析能力。 4. 批判性思维能力 文章呈现了对雕像修复工作的不同观点，学生在阅读过程中需要对比这些观点，分析其合理性和依据，从而形成自己的判断，这有助于培养学生的批判性思维能力，学会从多个角度看待问题。 5. 语言运用与表达能力 学生通过阅读文章，可以学习到一些与历史、考古相关的词汇和表达方式，如 “reconstruct（重建）” “restoration（恢复）” “antiquity（古迹）” 等。文章对事件的叙述条理清晰，观点表达明确，有助于学生提高语言运用和表达能力，学会清晰、准确地阐述事件和观点。
2025潍坊 二模B篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
介绍零的发展历程及影响 24. 细节理解题 Para. 2 result
25. 细节理解题 Para. 3 contribution
26. 主旨大意题 Para. 4 main idea
27. 推理判断题 全文 implication
语篇意义
本文追溯了“零”从概念缺失到系统化发展的历史进程，重点阐述其数学革命性及跨学科影响。阅读此文可提升以下能力： 信息获取与理解能力 学生能够从文中获取零在不同历史时期的发展情况，包括古代没有零的状况、零在印度的首次明确使用及相关规则的确立，以及零在后续各个领域的应用等信息，理解零从“无”到“有”的转变过程及其重要意义。 2. 历史认知与文化理解能力 文章介绍了零在不同文明中的发展轨迹，如古埃及、古希腊对零的缺失，古代印度对零的创新等，有助于学生了解不同历史时期和文化背景下数学概念的发展，增强历史认知和跨文化理解能力。 3. 逻辑思维与归纳能力 学生在阅读过程中需要理清文章各段落之间的逻辑关系，如零的缺失带来的影响、零的运算规则确立、零的广泛影响以及从其历程中得到的启示等内容的递进关系。同时，能归纳出各段落的主要内容，如第 4 段对零的影响的阐述，锻炼归纳总结能力。 4. 学科联系与应用意识 文章体现了零在数学、物理学、计算机科学等多个学科中的应用，让学生认识到数学概念与其他学科的紧密联系，培养学科交叉的意识，了解基础数学概念对科学技术发展的重要支撑作用。 5. 语言运用与表达能力 学生通过阅读文章，可以学习到一些与数学、历史相关的术语和表达方式，如 “arithmetic operations（算术运算）” “calculus（微积分）” “binary code（二进制代码）” 等。文章结构清晰，逻辑严谨，可以帮助学生学习如何有条理地阐述事物的发展历程和影响。
2025 T8联考B篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
介绍夏洛蒂 勃朗特及 其作品《简 爱》 24. 细节理解题 Para.1 fact
25. 推理判断题 Para.2 reason
26. 细节理解题 Para.3 feature
27. 词义猜测题 Para.4 impact
语篇意义
本文介绍了夏洛蒂 勃朗特的生平经历、其作品《简 爱》的社会背景、文学特点以及勃朗特姐妹在文学界的地位。阅读这篇文章，学生将在多个方面得到能力的提升： 1. 信息获取与理解能力 学生能够从文中获取夏洛蒂 勃朗特的生平细节，如家庭背景、创作经历、婚姻状况等，同时理解《简 爱》的创作背景、社会意义以及其在维多利亚时期小说传统中的特点，如与社会现实的关联、对主角内心思想的关注等。 2. 文学素养与鉴赏能力 文章阐述了《简 爱》所具备的维多利亚时期小说特征以及哥特式元素，有助于学生了解不同文学时期的创作风格和传统，提升对文学作品的鉴赏能力，认识到文学作品与社会时代的紧密联系。 3. 社会认知与历史理解能力 文章提及维多利亚时期的社会变革，如工业革命、阶级分化、女性地位等问题，以及《简 爱》中对这些社会议题的反映，能帮助学生增强对特定历史时期社会状况的认知，理解文学作品作为社会现实镜像的作用。 4. 逻辑推理与分析能力 学生在阅读过程中需要梳理夏洛蒂 勃朗特的生平与《简 爱》创作之间的联系，分析作品受欢迎的原因与社会背景的关联，锻炼逻辑推理能力。同时，通过对文章中关于文学特征、词义猜测等内容的理解，提升分析文本细节的能力。 5. 语言运用与表达能力 学生通过阅读文章，可以学习到一些与文学、历史相关的术语和表达方式，如 “literary circles（文学圈）” “Victorian period（维多利亚时期）” “Gothic features（哥特式特征）” 等。文章结构清晰，层次分明，有助于学生准确理解和阐述文学作品与作者的相关信息。
Passage one【2025河南模拟预测卷D篇】
①Q35 After 20 years of efforts, a 26-foot-tall statue of Atlas is once again standing guard at the ancient Temple of Zeus in the city of Agrigento in Sicily. The statue, created in the fifth century B.C.E., was one of 38 similar Atlas monuments built into the temple. They stood in a line between columns with their arms raised, appearing to hold the structure upright.
②Q32 In Greek mythology (神话), Atlas ignored orders from Zeus, the ruler of the universe, in a war. So, he was forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders. Unlike the mythological Atlas, however, the stone likenesses were unable to hold up Zeus’ temple forever. Ultimately, earthquakes and other events caused the structure to collapse.
③For many years, pieces of the statues were spread out around the site among other ancient ruins. In 1812, Charles Robert Cockerell, a British architect, first identified one of these sandstone heads during a visit to Agrigento. Q33 A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. The seeds of the current project began in 2004, when the Valley of the Temples Park conducted a research campaign at the site.
④But restoring Atlas in a standing position was particularly challenging, as researchers couldn’t simply pile the pieces of the statue on top of one another. Instead, they attached them to metal shelves, which are supported by a larger metal structure.
⑤The restoration has faced scrutiny (审查) ever since officials first announced it several years ago. Q34 “No archaeologist would agree on the use of ancient sculpture even if the purpose is to highlight the site’s antiquity,” said C.Brian Rose, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania. But officials like Renato Schifani, the Sicilian governor, think that the statue’s restoration is a substantial and impressive achievement.
⑥“This statue of ancient Agrigento, which after many years of studies and research we can observe in its natural position, is the heart of an important museum project of the entire area of the Temple of Zeus,” Schifani said.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
After 20 years of restoration efforts, a 26-foot-tall statue of Atlas is once again standing guard at the ancient Temple of Zeus in Agrigento, Sicily.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
32. Why did Atlas stand with his arms upright
A. It was a tradition in Greek mythology.
B. It was a sign of celebration in a war.
C. It was a punishment from Zeus. 简化合并
D. It was a symbol of strength.
33. What can be inferred about Marconi
A. He was a famous architect and archaeologist.
B. He made a new discovery at the Temple of Zeus.
C. He once worked with Cockerell for over a decade.
D. He was committed to restoring historical treasures.同义替换
34. Which of the following best describes Rose’s tone
A. Optimistic. B. Disapproving. 正话反说 C. Tolerant. D. Uncaring.
35. What is the main idea of the text
A. A towering statue of Atlas rises again. 同义替换, 简化合并
B. Sicily is known for its ancient temples.
C. The existence of Atlas in history proves true.
D. The Archaeological Museum of Agrigento reopens.
答案：CDBA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并 ⑤正话反说
Task 3: Reading for Language features
Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Unlike the mythological Atlas, however, the stone likenesses were unable to hold up Zeus’ temple forever. 肖像
(2) A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. 收藏；存放
(3) The seeds of the current project began in 2004, when the Valley of the Temples Park conducted a research campaign at the site. 开展；进行
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. (Para.3, the third sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句中，“A century later, in 1920” 作时间状语，“to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases”是动词不定式，作“person”的后置定语。which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词one of the Atlases。
翻译：一个世纪后，也就是1920年，考古学家皮罗 马可尼成为首位尝试复原其中一尊《阿特拉斯》雕塑的人，这尊雕塑现藏于阿格里真托考古博物馆。
(2) This statue of ancient Agrigento, which after many years of studies and research we can observe in its natural position, is the heart of an important museum project of the entire area of the Temple of Zeus. (Para.6, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词this statue, 其中“after many years of studies and research”为插入语，在从句中作时间状语，“in its natural position”为介词短语，作which的宾语补足语。
翻译：这座阿格里真托古城出土的雕像，经多年研究考证后如今得以按其原始姿态陈列，现已成为整个宙斯神庙遗址区重要博物馆项目的核心展品。
Passage two【2025潍坊二模B篇】
①Imagine ancient mathematicians carving symbols onto wooden blocks. Without a concept of zero, how would their calculations operate
②For civilizations like Egypt and Greece, zero had no place in their framework and they relied on contextual understanding in their mathematical expressions. Greek mathematicians such as Aristotle even questioned the very nature of zero, struggling to define “nothing” in a mathematical sense. Q24 The absence of zero meant that ancient arithmetic (算术) was far more complex and restricted in its capabilities.
③The first clear recorded use of zero as a figure appeared in ancient India around the 5th century CE. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, formalized the concept of zero in his work Brahmasphutasiddhanta (628 CE). Q25 He described zero as a number and established rules for arithmetic operations involving zero. For example, he defined adding zero to a number does not change its value, and multiplying any number by zero results in zero. Indian scholars recognized zero’s potential as a number, paving the way for modern mathematical systems.
④Q26 Following from this, the adoption of zero revolutionized mathematics and zero extends beyond pure mathematics. In the 1600s, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the founders of calculus (微积分), built their theories around the fundamental role of zero. Later in physics, the concept of absolute zero represents the lowest possible temperature. In the Digital Age, zero is key to computer science and digital technology. Binary code, the foundation of all computing systems, is based on sequences (序列) of 0s and 1s. Without zero, the digital revolution, including everything from smartphones to artificial intelligence, would not be possible.
⑤Q27 Zero may appear to be a simple concept, but its journey from an ancient Indian innovation to a global cornerstone reveals how “nothing” transformed civilization. It has reshaped mathematics, science, and technology, proving that even emptiness holds limitless power.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article tells the story of zero from its first clear recorded use in ancient India, where Brahmagupta formalized it, to its role as a global cornerstone that reshaped mathematics, science, and technology, showing how “nothing” transformed civilization.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What did the absence of zero bring about in ancient times
A. The slow development of maths. 简化合并 B. Doubts about ancient civilisations.
C. The low level of human intelligence. D. Misreadings about mathematical language.
25. What contributions did Brahmagupta make concerning zero
A. Recording its first use. B. Promoting its further spread.
C. Setting up its operation rules. 同义替换，原词复现 D. Changing its original concept.
26. What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A. The future of zero. B. The nature of zero.
C. The influence of zero. 简化合并 D. The history of zero.
27. What can we learn from the journey of zero
A. Zero is hero. 简化合并 B. Everything is nothing.
C. Zero rules the world. D. Maths comes from nothing.
答案：ACCA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并 ⑤正话反说
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Greek mathematicians such as Aristotle even questioned the very nature of zero, struggling to define “nothing” in a mathematical sense. 质疑
(2) Zero may appear to be a simple concept, but its journey from an ancient Indian innovation to a global cornerstone reveals how “nothing” transformed civilization. 基石；基础
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) For example, he defined adding zero to a number does not change its value, and multiplying any number by zero results in zero.
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“and”连接两个并列的宾语从句，共同作“defined”的宾语。
翻译：例如，他明确了给一个数加零不会改变该数的值，且任何数乘以零结果都为零。
(2) Zero may appear to be a simple concept, but its journey from an ancient Indian innovation to a global cornerstone reveals how “nothing” transformed civilization.
分析：这句话是一个由转折连词“but”连接的并列复合句，包含两个分句，前后形成对比关系。第一个分句为简单句，第二个分句为主从复合句，包含由“how”引导的宾语从句。
翻译：零看似是个简单的概念，但其从古印度的一项创新演变为全球性基础的过程，揭示了“无”如何改变了世界文明。
Passage three【2025T8联考B篇】
①Charlotte Bronte’s father was a rural clergyman. She lost her mother when she was five. Bronte’s two older sisters died of an illness. Bronte had an active imaginative life, writing stories of a fantastic world called Angria. Q24 Her first novel—Jane Eyre—was immediately and widely popular, and brought her into London literary circles. After losing all of her siblings (兄弟姐妹) to illness, Bronte married a clergyman she respected, but did not love. She died at 38 of complications (并发症) of her pregnancy.
②The Victorian period brought sweeping changes across British society, and writers like Bronte explored its crises and progress. Abroad, the British expanded into a global empire that brought wealth from colonies.With the Industrial Revolution at home, manufacturing became Britain’s economic backbone. As the middle class found profitable opportunities, a new laboring class struggled for wages, job security, and adequate working and living conditions. Jane Eyre includes themes of reforms that emerged from the crisis: better political representation, working conditions, and education. Few of these reforms came immediately for women, who had limited status in Victorian society. Q25 As Jane strives for economic and personal independence, she touches on the issues of class, economics, and gender roles that affected Victorian Britain at large.
③Q26 The most popular literary form in the Victorian period was the novel, and Jane Eyre illustrates many of its defining characteristics: social relevance, plain style, and the narrative of an individual’s inner thoughts. Jane Eyre bears earlier Gothic features, with its mysteries, supernatural events, and picturesque scenery. Jane Eyre is a coming-of-age story, in which the protagonist’s (主角的) ambitions are set against the pressures and expectations of society. Victorian novels with similar styles and goals include Charles Dickens’ semi-autobiographical story, David Copperfield (1849-1850), and Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855).
④Q27 The Brontes became a literary powerhouse when Charlotte, Emily, and Anne all wrote successful first novels. Each sister published under a masculine-sounding pseudonym (假名) based on their initials. Charlotte Bronte became “Currer Bell”; Emily Bronte wrote Wuthering Height (1845-1846) as “Ellis Bell”, and Anne Bronte published Agnes Gray (1847) as “Acton Bell”.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
This article introduces Charlotte Bronte’s life experiences, the social background reflected in her novel Jane Eyre, its literary characteristics in line with the Victorian novel tradition, and mentions the Brontes’ influence on literature.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What can we learn about Charlotte Bronte based on Paragraph 1
A. She created a fantasy world named Angria after writing Jane Eyre.
B. She entered London literary circles due to the success of her book. 原词复现，简化合并
C. She was survived by her siblings who carried on with her career.
D. She passed away peacefully in her old age surrounded by family.
25. Why was Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre widely popular
A. It was her first attempt at writing.
B. It was supported by famous literary figures.
C. It was written based on her own life.
D. It was about important social issues of her time. 原词复现，简化合并
26. Which literary characteristic of Jane Eyre fits with the Victorian novel tradition
A. A focus on the protagonist’s inner thoughts and social relevance. 原词复现
B. A narrative style that avoids addressing class and gender issues.
C. A rejection of Gothic elements and mysterious stories.
D. An emphasis on fantastic worlds unrelated to reality.
27. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 most nearly mean
A. A group of people with minimal influence.
B. A powerful and influential force in literature. 词类转换，简化合并
C. A single writer who gained fame and strength.
D. A group of writers only focusing on social issues.
答案：BDAB
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并 ⑤正话反说
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) With the Industrial Revolution at home, manufacturing became Britain’s economic backbone. 支柱
(2) The most popular literary form in the Victorian period was the novel, and Jane Eyre illustrates many of its defining characteristics: social relevance, plain style, and the narrative of an individual’s inner thoughts. 典型的
(3) Each sister published under a masculine-sounding pseudonym (假名) based on their initials. 姓名的首字母
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) Bronte had an active imaginative life, writing stories of a fantastic world called Angria.
分析：这是一个简单句，“writing stories of a fantastic world called Angria”是现在分词短语作伴随状语，补充说明主语Bronte的特征，与主语构成主动关系。
翻译：勃朗特有着活跃的想象生活，持续创作关于安格利亚奇幻世界的故事。
(2) As Jane strives for economic and personal independence, she touches on the issues of class, economics, and gender roles that affected Victorian Britain at large.
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“As Jane ...independence,” 是时间状语从句，主句中包含由that引导的定语从句。
翻译：在简努力追求经济独立与人格独立的过程中，她触及了那些广泛影响维多利亚时代英国的阶级、经济和性别角色问题。
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
试题 子话题词汇
文化遗产 文化成果 文明发展
物质/非物质文化遗产 遗产保护与传承 文学与文字 科学概念与理论 社会与制度演进 现代科学与技术
2025河南模拟预测卷 D篇 statue 雕像 Atlas monuments 阿特拉斯纪念碑群 Temple of Zeus 宙斯神庙 columns 立柱 sandstone heads 砂岩头像 ancient ruins 古代遗迹 ancient sculpture 古代雕塑 antiquity 古迹 archaeologist 考古学家 reconstruct 修复；重建 restore / restoration 修复 be housed in 收藏于 museum project 博物馆项目 research campaign 研究项目 studies and research 研究与调查 Greek Mythology 希腊神话 attach ... to metal shelves 将……固定在金属支架上 be supported by a larger metal structure 由更大体量的金属结构承托
2025潍坊 二模B篇 the concept of zero 零的概念 arithmetic算术mathematical operations 数学运算 absolute zero 绝对零度 calculus 微积分 binary code 二进制代码 mathematics 数学 physics 物理学 computer science 计算机科学 revolutionize 革新 digital revolution 数字革命 transform 改变 innovation 创新 reshape 重塑 computing systems计算系统 digital technology 数字技术 smartphone 智能手机 artificial intelligence 人工智能
2025 T8联考B篇 literary circles 文学圈 novel 小说 imaginative life 创作生活 fantastic world 奇幻世界 social relevance 社会关联 plain style 朴素风格 narrative of inner thoughts 心理描写 Gothic features 哥特式特征 mysteries 神秘 supernatural events 超自然事件 picturesque scenery 风景如画 sweeping changes 重大变革 crisis and progress 危机与进步 expand into a global empire 扩张成全球帝国 Industrial Revolution 工业革命 middle class 中产阶级 laboring class 工人阶级 colonies殖民地 manufacturing 制造业 economic backbone 经济支柱 job security 工作保障 political representation 政治代表
教材 单元 子话题词汇
文化遗产 文化成果 文明发展
物质/非物质文化遗产 遗产保护与传承 文学与文字 科学概念与理论 社会与制度演进 现代科学与技术
必修一 Unit 5 Languages around the World Longgu甲骨 animal bones and shells 甲骨 Chinese calligraphy 中国书法 high regard for the writing system 对文字的高度崇敬 appreciate China’s culture through language 通过语言鉴赏中华文化 picture-based language象形文字 ancient symbols 古老的符号 symbols carved雕刻符号 classic works 典籍 varieties of dialects and characters 种类繁多的方言与文字 Chinese writing system汉字书写体系 ancient civilization 古代文明 ups and downs 起起伏伏 developed into different forms分化发展 develop in one direction 单向发展 united... into one unified country 国家统一 divide geographically 地理分化
必修二 Unit 4 History and traditions Roman towns and roads 罗马城镇与道路 Norman castles诺曼城堡 historic sites 历史遗址 ancient relics 古迹 vocabulary 词汇 legal systems 法律体系 legal changes 法律改革 flag国旗 currency 货币 military defence 国防 education systems 教育体系
人教版教材相关话题词汇梳理
Writing
你校将举办“汉字传承”文化周，请你以学生会名义写一份倡议书，呼吁全校同学重视汉字保护。内容包括：
1. 列举汉字相关遗产；
2. 强调保护意义；
3. 提出具体行动。
Sample 1
Dear schoolmates,
With the “Chinese Character Inheritance” Cultural Week drawing near, the Students’ Union appeals to all of us to value the protection of Chinese characters.（功能：点明倡议书主题）
Precious heritage related to Chinese characters includes Longgu (oracle bones) with carved symbols, Chinese calligraphy, and the time-honored Chinese writing system, which are all part of our splendid culture.（功能：列举汉字相关遗产） As a picture-based language, Chinese characters have witnessed the ups and downs of ancient civilizations, making it possible for us to appreciate China’s culture through them.（功能：强调保护意义）
Let’s act now by practicing writing characters daily and joining in Cultural Week activities.（功能：提出具体行动）Only by doing so can we safeguard this valuable heritage.(功能：呼吁行动)
(104 words)
Sample 2
Dear schoolmates,
With the “Chinese Character Inheritance” Cultural Week approaching, the Students’ Union calls on everyone to value the protection of Chinese characters, which are vital to our cultural identity.（功能：点明活动主题）
Our rich heritage related to Chinese characters includes Longgu (oracle bones) with carved symbols, the time-honored Chinese writing system, and elegant Chinese calligraphy, all of which reflect the wisdom of ancient civilizations.（功能：列举汉字相关遗产） As a unique picture-based language, Chinese characters have not only recorded classic works but also enabled us to appreciate China’s culture through their forms, making them an irreplaceable part of our history.（功能：强调保护意义）
Let’s act now! Practice writing characters daily, join Cultural Week lectures, and spread awareness among peers.（功能：提出具体行动) Never forget that it is our duty to safeguard this treasure passed down through generations.（功能：呼吁主动承担汉字传承的责任）
(124 words)人与社会—历史与文化“话题型”说明文（学生版）
“话题型”说明文基本结构: 引出话题（a phenomenon/project/plan/debate/theory...)—解释话题—拓展
话题（利弊、因果、影响、解决方法、意义、评价……）
Passage one【2025河南模拟预测卷D篇】
①After 20 years of efforts, a 26-foot-tall statue of Atlas is once again standing guard at the ancient Temple of Zeus in the city of Agrigento in Sicily. The statue, created in the fifth century B.C.E., was one of 38 similar Atlas monuments built into the temple. They stood in a line between columns with their arms raised, appearing to hold the structure upright.
②In Greek mythology (神话), Atlas ignored orders from Zeus, the ruler of the universe, in a war. So, he was forced to hold up the sky on his shoulders. Unlike the mythological Atlas, however, the stone likenesses were unable to hold up Zeus’ temple forever. Ultimately, earthquakes and other events caused the structure to collapse.
③For many years, pieces of the statues were spread out around the site among other ancient ruins. In 1812, Charles Robert Cockerell, a British architect, first identified one of these sandstone heads during a visit to Agrigento. A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. The seeds of the current project began in 2004, when the Valley of the Temples Park conducted a research campaign at the site.
④But restoring Atlas in a standing position was particularly challenging, as researchers couldn’t simply pile the pieces of the statue on top of one another. Instead, they attached them to metal shelves, which are supported by a larger metal structure.
⑤The restoration has faced scrutiny (审查) ever since officials first announced it several years ago. “No archaeologist would agree on the use of ancient sculpture even if the purpose is to highlight the site’s antiquity,” said C.Brian Rose, an archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania. But officials like Renato Schifani, the Sicilian governor, think that the statue’s restoration is a substantial and impressive achievement.
⑥“This statue of ancient Agrigento, which after many years of studies and research we can observe in its natural position, is the heart of an important museum project of the entire area of the Temple of Zeus,” Schifani said.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
After 20 years of __________ efforts, a 26-foot-tall statue of Atlas is once again _______________ at the ancient Temple of Zeus in Agrigento, Sicily.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
32. Why did Atlas stand with his arms upright
A. It was a tradition in Greek mythology.
B. It was a sign of celebration in a war.
C. It was a punishment from Zeus.
D. It was a symbol of strength.
33. What can be inferred about Marconi
A. He was a famous architect and archaeologist.
B. He made a new discovery at the Temple of Zeus.
C. He once worked with Cockerell for over a decade.
D. He was committed to restoring historical treasures.
34. Which of the following best describes Rose’s tone
A. Optimistic. B. Disapproving. C. Tolerant. D. Uncaring.
35. What is the main idea of the text
A. A towering statue of Atlas rises again.
B. Sicily is known for its ancient temples.
C. The existence of Atlas in history proves true.
D. The Archaeological Museum of Agrigento reopens.
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并 ⑤正话反说
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Unlike the mythological Atlas, however, the stone likenesses were unable to hold up Zeus’ temple forever. __________________
(2) A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. __________________
(3) The seeds of the current project began in 2004, when the Valley of the Temples Park conducted a research campaign at the site. __________________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) A century later, in 1920, archaeologist Pirro Marconi became the first person to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases, which is now housed in the Archaeological Museum of Agrigento. (Para.3, the third sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句中，“A century later, in 1920” 作_______________，“to attempt to reconstruct one of the Atlases”是动词不定式，作“person”的____________。which引导___________________，在从句中作______，修饰先行词__________________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) This statue of ancient Agrigento, which after many years of studies and research we can observe in its natural position, is the heart of an important museum project of the entire area of the Temple of Zeus. (Para.6, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。which引导___________________，在从句中作______，修饰先行词 __________ , 其中“after many years of studies and research”为________，在从句中作时间状语，“in its natural position”为介词短语，作which的_______________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Passage two【2025潍坊二模B篇】
①Imagine ancient mathematicians carving symbols onto wooden blocks. Without a concept of zero, how would their calculations operate
②For civilizations like Egypt and Greece, zero had no place in their framework and they relied on contextual understanding in their mathematical expressions. Greek mathematicians such as Aristotle even questioned the very nature of zero, struggling to define “nothing” in a mathematical sense. The absence of zero meant that ancient arithmetic (算术) was far more complex and restricted in its capabilities.
③The first clear recorded use of zero as a figure appeared in ancient India around the 5th century CE. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, formalized the concept of zero in his work Brahmasphutasiddhanta (628 CE). He described zero as a number and established rules for arithmetic operations involving zero. For example, he defined adding zero to a number does not change its value, and multiplying any number by zero results in zero. Indian scholars recognized zero’s potential as a number, paving the way for modern mathematical systems.
④Following from this, the adoption of zero revolutionized mathematics and zero extends beyond pure mathematics. In the 1600s, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the founders of calculus (微积分), built their theories around the fundamental role of zero. Later in physics, the concept of absolute zero represents the lowest possible temperature. In the Digital Age, zero is key to computer science and digital technology. Binary code, the foundation of all computing systems, is based on sequences (序列) of 0s and 1s. Without zero, the digital revolution, including everything from smartphones to artificial intelligence, would not be possible.
⑤Zero may appear to be a simple concept, but its journey from an ancient Indian innovation to a global cornerstone reveals how “nothing” transformed civilization. It has reshaped mathematics, science, and technology, proving that even emptiness holds limitless power.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article tells the story of zero from its first __________________ in ancient India, where Brahmagupta formalized it, to its role as a global cornerstone that reshaped ______________________________, showing how “nothing” transformed ____________.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What did the absence of zero bring about in ancient times
A. The slow development of maths. B. Doubts about ancient civilization.
C. The low level of human intelligence. D. Misreadings about mathematical language.
25. What contributions did Brahmagupta make concerning zero
A. Recording its first use. B. Promoting its further spread.
C. Setting up its operation rules. D. Changing its original concept.
26. What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A. The future of zero. B. The nature of zero.
C. The influence of zero. D. The history of zero.
27. What can we learn from the journey of zero
A. Zero is hero. B. Everything is nothing.
C. Zero rules the world. D. Maths comes from nothing.
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并 ⑤正话反说
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Greek mathematicians such as Aristotle even questioned the very nature of zero, struggling to define
“nothing” in a mathematical sense. ____________
(2) Zero may appear to be a simple concept, but its journey from an ancient Indian innovation to a global
cornerstone reveals how “nothing” transformed civilization. ______________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) For example, he defined adding zero to a number does not change its value, and multiplying any number by zero results in zero.
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“and”连接两个并列的__________，共同作“defined”的______。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) Zero may appear to be a simple concept, but its journey from an ancient Indian innovation to a global cornerstone reveals how “nothing” transformed civilization.
分析：这句话是一个由__________ “but”连接的并列复合句，包含两个分句，前后形成______关系。第一个分句为________，第二个分句为主从复合句，包含由“how”引导的__________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
three【2025T8联考B篇】
①Charlotte Bronte’s father was a rural clergyman. She lost her mother when she was five. Bronte’s two older sisters died of an illness. Bronte had an active imaginative life, writing stories of a fantastic world called Angria. Her first novel—Jane Eyre—was immediately and widely popular, and brought her into London literary circles. After losing all of her siblings (兄弟姐妹) to illness, Bronte married a clergyman she respected, but did not love. She died at 38 of complications (并发症) of her pregnancy.
②The Victorian period brought sweeping changes across British society, and writers like Bronte explored its crises and progress. Abroad, the British expanded into a global empire that brought wealth from colonies.With the Industrial Revolution at home, manufacturing became Britain’s economic backbone. As the middle class found profitable opportunities, a new laboring class struggled for wages, job security, and adequate working and living conditions. Jane Eyre includes themes of reforms that emerged from the crisis: better political representation, working conditions, and education. Few of these reforms came immediately for women, who had limited status in Victorian society. As Jane strives for economic and personal independence, she touches on the issues of class, economics, and gender roles that affected Victorian Britain at large.
③The most popular literary form in the Victorian period was the novel, and Jane Eyre illustrates many of its defining characteristics: social relevance, plain style, and the narrative of an individual’s inner thoughts. Jane Eyre bears earlier Gothic features, with its mysteries, supernatural events, and picturesque scenery. Jane Eyre is a coming-of-age story, in which the protagonist’s (主角的) ambitions are set against the pressures and expectations of society. Victorian novels with similar styles and goals include Charles Dickens’ semi-autobiographical story, David Copperfield (1849-1850), and Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855).
④The Brontes became a literary powerhouse when Charlotte, Emily, and Anne all wrote successful first novels. Each sister published under a masculine-sounding pseudonym (假名) based on their initials. Charlotte Bronte became “Currer Bell”; Emily Bronte wrote Wuthering Height (1845-1846) as “Ellis Bell”, and Anne Bronte published Agnes Gray (1847) as “Acton Bell”.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
This article introduces Charlotte Bronte’s _______________, the _______________ reflected in her novel Jane Eyre, its ____________________ in line with the Victorian novel tradition, and mentions the Brontes’ ____________ on literature.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What can we learn about Charlotte Bronte based on Paragraph 1
A. She created a fantasy world named Angria after writing Jane Eyre.
B. She entered London literary circles due to the success of her book.
C. She was survived by her siblings who carried on with her career.
D. She passed away peacefully in her old age surrounded by family.
25. Why was Charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre widely popular
A. It was her first attempt at writing.
B. It was supported by famous literary figures.
C. It was written based on her own life.
D. It was about important social issues of her time.
26. Which literary characteristic of Jane Eyre fits with the Victorian novel tradition
A. A focus on the protagonist’s inner thoughts and social relevance.
B. A narrative style that avoids addressing class and gender issues.
C. A rejection of Gothic elements and mysterious stories.
D. An emphasis on fantastic worlds unrelated to reality.
27. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 most nearly mean
A. A group of people with minimal influence.
B. A powerful and influential force in literature.
C. A single writer who gained fame and strength.
D. A group of writers only focusing on social issues.
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并 ⑤正话反说
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) With the Industrial Revolution at home, manufacturing became Britain’s economic backbone. _________
(2) The most popular literary form in the Victorian period was the novel, and Jane Eyre illustrates many of its defining characteristics: social relevance, plain style, and the narrative of an individual’s inner thoughts. _________
(3) Each sister published under a masculine-sounding pseudonym (假名) based on their initials. _____________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) Bronte had an active imaginative life, writing stories of a fantastic world called Angria.
分析：这是一个简单句, “writing stories of a fantastic world called Angria”是现在分词短语作__________，补充说明主语Bronte的特征，与主语构成____________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) As Jane strives for economic and personal independence, she touches on the issues of class, economics, and gender roles that affected Victorian Britain at large.
分析：这是一个主从复合句，“As Jane ...independence,” 是__________________，主句中包含由that引导的____________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
词汇 子话题词汇
文化遗产 文化成果 文明发展
物质/非物质文化遗产 遗产保护与传承 文学与文字 科学概念与理论 社会与制度演进 现代科学与技术
试题词汇
教材词汇
Writing
你校将举办“汉字传承”文化周，请你以学生会名义写一份倡议书，呼吁全校同学重视汉字保护。内容包括：
1. 列举汉字相关遗产；
2. 强调保护意义；
3. 提出具体行动。
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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