人与自然—自然生态与环境保护“问题解决型”说明文（教师版）
“问题解决型”说明文基本结构: 提出问题—分析问题（因果）—解决措施—呼吁或建议或评价
语篇分析
试题来源 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
2022新高考I卷B篇 食物浪费问题 24. 推理判断题 Para. 1 situation
25. 细节理解题 Para. 3 consequence
26. 细节理解题 Para. 4 action
27. 细节理解题 Para. 5 suggestion
语篇意义
本文通过个人经历引出全球食物浪费问题，探讨了其道德和环境影响，并介绍了食物回收利用的解决方案。阅读这篇文章，学生将在多个方面得到能力的提升： 1. 信息获取与理解能力 学生能够理解食物浪费的普遍性和严重性，包括个人无意识浪费和商业环节中的浪费现象。同时能掌握食物浪费对环境造成的具体影响，如资源浪费和温室气体排放。 2. 科技意识与应用能力 文章介绍了 Curtin 公司利用技术手段回收食物并进行再利用的例子，这有助于培养学生的科技意识，让他们了解到科技在解决社会问题方面的作用。 3. 环保与可持续发展观念 文章强调食物浪费在全球近 8 亿人面临饥饿的背景下违背道德，且会产生大量温室气体，危害环境。这能增强学生的社会责任感，让他们认识到减少食物浪费对于缓解饥饿和保护环境的重要性。 4. 逻辑推理与批判性思维能力 学生需要理解文章各部分之间的逻辑关系，如作者的个人事例与普遍食物浪费现象的联系、食物浪费与环境危害之间的因果关系等。同时，能将文中提到的减少食物浪费的建议，如购物时不购买过多食物、要求餐馆不提供不需要的配菜等，与自身生活实际相结合，学会在生活中践行这些做法。 5. 语言运用与表达能力： 学生通过阅读文章，可以学习到一些与食物浪费相关的词汇和表达方式，如 “go bad” “moral grain” “greenhouse gases” “blemished produce” 等。文章从个人事例入手，逐步展开论述，结构清晰，有助于学生学习如何有条理地表达观点和阐述事理。
2021新高考I卷C篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
介绍北美水禽保护 28. 细节理解题 Para. 1 cause
29. 词义猜测题 Para. 1 word meaning
30. 推理判断题 Para. 3 result
31. 主旨大意题 全文 main idea
语篇意义
本文围绕北美水禽保护展开，先讲述了早期北美水禽资源丰富，但因市场猎人捕杀和湿地减少而数量锐减，接着介绍 1934 年《候鸟狩猎印花法案》的出台及具体举措，最后阐述该法案带来的积极影响。阅读这篇文章，学生将在多个方面得到能力的提升： 1. 信息提取与理解能力 学生能够从文中获取北美水禽数量减少的原因，如市场猎人的捕杀、湿地的干涸等；理解《候鸟狩猎印花法案》的主要内容，包括猎人需购买联邦鸭票、鸭票收入的用途等。 2. 生态保护意识培养 文章展现了水禽栖息地遭破坏和水禽数量减少的现状，以及保护措施带来的改变，有助于增强学生的生态保护意识，让学生认识到保护野生动物及其栖息地的重要性。 3. 逻辑推理与批判性思维能力 学生需要理解文章各部分之间的逻辑关系，如北美水禽数量减少与相关保护法案出台之间的因果关系，法案实施与水禽栖息地保护、资金筹集之间的联系等，锻炼逻辑推理能力。 4. 语言运用与表达能力 通过对文中 “decimate” 等词汇的猜测和理解，学生可以提升词汇理解能力。同时，学习到与生态保护、狩猎管理等相关的词汇和表达方式，如 “Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act” “Migratory Bird Conservation Fund” 等，丰富词汇储备，提高语言运用能力。 5 环保意识与可持续发展观念 文章通过讨论食物浪费对环境的影响（如水资源、燃料的浪费，温室气体排放），增强学生的环保意识，鼓励学生思考个人行为对环境的影响及可持续生活方式的重要性。
2021全国 乙卷C篇 题材 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
海洋塑料污染与艺术创作 28. 推理判断题 Para. 1-2 intention
29. 细节理解题 Para. 3 reason
30. 推理判断题 Para. 4 effect
31. 主旨大意题 全文 suitable title
语篇意义
本文围绕海洋塑料污染问题展开，讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾创作大型雕塑的方式，引发人们对一次性塑料制品的关注，呼吁减少塑料污染。阅读这篇文章，学生将在多个方面得到能力的提升： 1. 信息提取与整合能力 学生能够从文中获取海洋塑料污染的现状，如每年大量塑料进入海洋生态系统、塑料吸管难以回收等信息；理解艺术家创作意图、作品呈现形式及所传达的核心观点。 2. 批判性思维能力 通过分析艺术家作品对人们观念的冲击，以及思考如何减少塑料污染，学生可以锻炼批判性思维，对塑料使用、环保措施等进行深入思考，学会从不同角度看待问题。 3. 逻辑推理能力 学生需要理解文章各部分之间的逻辑关系，如从塑料污染现象到艺术家创作行为，再到作品对公众及大公司可能产生的影响等，锻炼逻辑推理能力，学会分析文章内在逻辑。 4. 语言理解与表达能力 学生通过阅读文章，可以学习到与塑料污染、环保、艺术创作相关的词汇和表达方式，如 “plastic garbage” “single - use plastic products” “recycled” “sculpture” 等。文章语言简洁明了，结构清晰，有助于学生提高语言运用和表达能力，学会用恰当的语言描述现象、表达观点。 5. 环保意识与社会责任感培养 文章强调塑料污染对海洋生态的危害，以及艺术家为唤起公众意识所做的努力，有助于增强学生的环保意识，让学生认识到自身在环境保护中的责任，培养社会责任感。
Passage one【2022新课标Ⅰ卷B篇】
①Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. Q24 The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
②In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
③Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. Q25 That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
④If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Q26 Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
⑤Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. Q27 “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article highlights the severity of food waste, emphasizing its moral, environmental, and resource implications, and suggests practical measures to reduce it.
2. Complete the structure of the passage.
Topic: Food Waste Crisis
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times. 同义替换
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm. 原词复现，简化合并
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do
A It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food. 简化合并
27. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. 同义替换 B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
答案：BBDA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. 关注的；留意的
(2) In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. 人的本性；意向
(3) The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. 使更完善；使更丰富
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. (para2, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。where引导限制性定语从句，先行词是a world，在从句中充当的成分是地点状语，说明“世界”的具体情况；as引导方式状语从句, 说明主句观点的来源。
翻译：在一个每年有近 8 亿人挨饿的世界里，正如伊丽莎白 罗伊特在本月的封面故事中所写的那样，“食物浪费违背道德本性”。
(2) Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. (para3, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。Producing food是动名词短语作主语,
that引导定语从句，先行词是food，在从句中充当的成分是宾语。
翻译：生产无人食用的食物会浪费用于种植的水、燃料和其他资源，这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。
Passage two【2021新高考Ⅰ卷C篇】
①When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Q29 Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Q28 Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
②In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Q31 Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
③About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Q30 Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Q31 Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The passage describes how the Federal Duck Stamp Program was established to protect migratory waterfowl and their habitats through hunter-funded conservation efforts, becoming one of history's most successful wildlife preservation initiatives.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Federal Duck Stamp Part 1 (para 1) Problem Rapid 1. decimation of wildlife (waterfowl) and wetlands Causes: 2. overhunting. 3. habitat destruction.
Part 2 (para 2) Solution Policy response: The 4. implementation of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act) in 1934. Key actions: ·Hunters aged 16+ must 5. buy an annual Federal Duck Stamp. ·Funds go to purchase and protect 6. wetlands. Impact: Over $500 million raised since 1934, conserving 5+ million acres of habitat.
Part 3 (para 3) Evaluation Success Evaluation: ·7. raised over half a billion dollars ·8. purchased more than 5 million acres of habitat. The program is considered one of the most successful conservation efforts ever initiated.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. 同义替换 B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. 反义词 D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money. 同义替换
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story 原词复现 B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
答案：ACDA
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③反义词
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. 严重削减（自然资源）
(2) In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. 法案的通过； （狩猎）印花票； 坚决的，坚定的
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. (para1, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句首的it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语，句式的结构是 “it took … to do sth.” , 表示“做某事花费了…（时间/精力等）”；who引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the settlers, 在从句中充当的成分是主语；。
翻译：不幸的是，这些探险家和后续的移民者只用了几十年时间就摧毁了这些资源中的一大部分。
(2) About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. (para3, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。a fact的成分是同位语，that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a fact,在从句中充当的成分是主语，定语从句中还包含一个省略that引导的宾语从句。
翻译：每张鸭票收入中约有98美分直接进入候鸟保护基金，用于购买湿地和野生动物栖息地，以纳入国家野生动物保护区体系——这一事实确保了这片土地将受到保护，并为子孙后代永久保留。
Passage three【2021全国乙卷C篇】
①You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Q28 Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. Q31 He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, Q28 forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
②At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
③Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, Q29 because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Q29 Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
④In a piece from 2018, Yon Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloa s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Q30 Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look likes they'd been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.
⑤Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article introduces artist Benjamin Von Wong, who creates massive sculptures from plastic garbage to draw public attention to plastic pollution in oceans and hopes to pressure big companies to reduce plastic use.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
plastic waste Part 1 (para 1-2) Problem Global Issue: Massive plastic 1. pollution in oceans Focus Example: Single-use plastics like 2. straws/cups, though small, accumulate and persist for centuries.
Part 2 (para 3) Causes and Effects Cause: Low 3. recycling rates (only 9% globally); non-recyclable straws due to 4. size/weight. Effect: Long-term 5. environmental harm (straws take centuries to disappear).
Part 3 (para 4) Solution Artist’s Action: Benjamin Von Wong’s 6. sculptures (e.g., "Strawpocalypse" with 168,000 straws, "Truckload of Plastic" with 10,000 pieces). Purpose: Visually shock viewers to 7. rethink plastic use and pressure corporations.
Part 4 (para 5) Call to Action Von Wong’s art urges individuals and companies to reduce 8. plastic footprints.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. What are Von Wong's artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. 同义替换 D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. 词类转换 B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A. Calming. B. Disturbing. 同义替换
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures简化合并，原词复现
答案：CABD
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. 艺术作品
(2) Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with 遭受抨击，猛烈批评
(3) Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
环境影响/资源消耗量
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (para2, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个并列复合句，包含两个过去分词短语。第一个过去分词短语 “Made of 168,000 plastic straw”在句中作方式状语，逻辑主语是the sculpture，第二个过去分词短语 “collected from several volunteer beach cleanups”在句中作后置定语，修饰先行词plastic straws。
翻译：这座雕塑由 168,000 根塑料吸管制成，这些吸管是从几次志愿者海滩清理活动中收集来的，它首次在越南胡志明市的埃斯特拉广场购物中心亮相。
(2) For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look likes they'd been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once. (para4, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句, 过去短语titled “Truckload of Plastic”在句子作后置定语，修饰先行词this work, which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词是more than 10,000 pieces of plastic，在从句中充当主语。
翻译：为了这件名为《一卡车塑料》的作品，Von Wong和一群志愿者收集了超过 10,000 件塑料，这些塑料随后被捆绑在一起，看起来就像从一辆卡车上一次性倾倒下来的一样。
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
试题 子话题词汇
环境保护与生态 数据与统计 政策与法律
资源浪费 生态破坏 生态保护 量化影响 时间趋势 社会行动 环保法案
2022新高考 Ⅰ卷B篇 food waste 食物浪费 water/fuel waste 水/燃料浪费 greenhouse gases 温室气体 uneaten dishes未食用的餐食 environmental problem 环境问题 rot in fields 在田间腐烂 went bad 变质 recover food 回收食物 healthy meals 健康餐食reduce waste减少浪费mindful of 留意 800 million people 8亿人 807,500 pounds 80.75万磅 third largest producer 第三大排放国 centuries to disappear 需要数百年才能降解 down the road未来 play a part 发挥作用weekly shopping 每周购物 moral grain 道德准则 jaw-dropping 令人震惊的 cover story 封面故事
2021新高考 Ⅰ卷C篇 natural resources 自然资源 waterfowl habitat 水禽栖息地 decimate 大量毁灭destruction 破坏 wetlands drying 湿地干涸 habitat reduction 栖息地减少killed 猎杀 conservation 保护 wildlife habitat 野生动物栖息地 refuge system 保护区系统 survival 生存 protected 受保护的 available 可用的 millions of waterfowl 数百万水禽 millions of acres 数百万英亩 98 cents of every dollar每美元的98美分 half a billion dollars 5亿美元 5 million acres 500万英亩 only a few decades 仅仅几十年 since 1934 自1934年来 for all generations to come 为子孙后代 purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp 购买并携带联邦鸭票 Hunters willingly pay the stamp price 猎人自愿支付鸭票费用 funds used to purchase wet-lands and habitat 资金用于购买湿地和栖息地 Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act 候鸟狩猎印花税法 Federal Duck Stamp 联邦鸭票 conservation program 保护计划
2021全国 乙卷C篇 plastic pollution 塑料污染 plastic waste 塑料垃圾 plastic straws塑料吸管 single-use plastic products 一次性塑料品 plastic footprint 塑料足迹/塑料消耗量 polluting the oceans 污染海洋 enter ocean ecosystems 进入海洋生态系统 dumped from a truck 从卡车倾倒 take centuries to disappear 需要数百年才能降解 beach cleanups 海滩清理 recycled 回收利用 reducing plastic footprint 减少塑料足迹
between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes 480-1270万吨 168,000 plastic straws 16.8万根吸管 9% of global plastic waste全球塑料垃圾的9% 10,000 pieces of plastic 1万件塑料制品 every 60 seconds 每分钟 centuries to disappear 需要数百年降解 volunteers collecting plastic 志愿者收集塑料 artists using plastic garbage to build sculptures 艺术家利用塑料垃圾创作雕塑，以呼吁关注塑料污染 pressuring big companies to reduce plastic use向大公司施压以减少塑料使用
人教版教材相关话题词汇梳理
教材 单元 子话题词汇
环境保护与生态 数据与统计 政策与法律
资源浪费 生态破坏 生态保护 量化影响 时间趋势 社会行动 环保法案
必修二 Unit 2 Wildlife Protection waste of natural resources 自然资源浪费 over-harvesting 过度捕捞/ 采集 habitat destruction 栖息地破坏deforestation 毁林pollution of rivers/oceans 河流 /海洋污染 species extinction /endangerme-nt 物种灭绝/濒危endangered species 濒危物种 illegal hunting/poaching 非法狩猎/盗猎 extinction 灭绝 die out 逐渐消失 wildlife protection 野生动物保护 nature reserve 自然保护区 adapt to the environment 适应环境 ecological balance 生态平衡 sustainable development 可持续发展 biodiversity 生物多样性 on average 平均 at an alarming rate 以惊人的速度 drop by more than 50% 下降超过50% mass extinction 大规模灭绝 population decline 种群数量下降 percentage of endangered species 濒危物种百分比 annual loss of forest cover 年森林覆盖率损失量 over the past decade 在过去十年中 long-term monitoring data 长期监测数据 recovery trend 恢复趋势 raise awareness 提高意识 Public concern 公众关注 live in harmony with nature 与自然和谐相处 volunteer conservation project 志愿保护项目 fundraising for wildlife 为野生动物筹款 national protection 国家保护 Wildlife Protection Law 野生动物 保护法 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》 antipoaching regulations 反偷猎法规
教材 单元 子话题词汇
环境保护与生态 数据与统计 政策与法律
资源浪费 生态破坏 生态保护 量化影响 时间趋势 社会行动 环保法案
选择性 必修一 Unit 5 Working the Land chemical pesticides 化学杀虫剂 fertiliser 化肥 water shortage 水资源短缺 over-fertilisation 过度施肥 soil erosion 土壤侵蚀 widespread damage 广泛破坏 harmful chemicals 有害化学品 deforestation 毁林 habitat loss 栖息地丧失 organic farming 有机农业 sustainable farming 可持续农业 natural waste 天然肥料 sustainable agriculture 可持续农业 eco-friendly farming 生态友好型耕作 high yield of crops 农作物高产量 energy consumption能源消耗 rice consumption水稻消费量 yield per hectare 每公顷产量 pesticide reduction of 20% 农药用量减少20% carbon emissions 碳排放量 decade -long research 长达十年的研究 annual growth rate 年增长率 long-term trend 长期趋势 green initiatives 绿色倡议 public awareness campaign 公众意识活动community-supported agriculture (CSA) 社区支持农业 Environmental Protection Law 环境保护法 Soil Pollution Prevention Law 土壤污染防治法 organic certification 有机认证法规标准
教材 单元 子话题词汇
环境保护与生态 量化与统计 政策与法律
资源浪费 生态破坏 生态保护 量化影响 时间趋势 社会行动 环保法案
选择性 必修三 Unit 3 Environm-ental Protection energy waste 能源浪费 water waste 水资源浪费 single-use plastic 一次性塑料 habitat degradation栖息地退化 biodiversity loss 生物多样性丧失 acid rain 酸雨 ozone depletion 臭氧层破坏 greenhouse gas emissions 温室气体排放 habitat destruction栖息地破坏 melting ice caps 融化的冰盖 species extinction 物种灭绝 sustainable practices 可持续实践 conservation保护 restore balance 恢复平衡 ecological balance 生态平衡 carbon neutrality 碳中和 renewable energy 可再生能源 ecological restoration 生态修复 sustainable lifestyle 可持续生活方式 4.8 to 12.7 million tonnes 480-1270万吨 carbon dioxide levels 二氧化碳水平 rising sea levels 上升的海平面 global temperature rise 全球升温幅度 long-term survival 长期生存decade-by-decade records 逐十年记录 long-term climate data长期气候数据 upward/downward trend 上升/下降趋势 green consumption campaign 绿色消费行动 community recycling program 社区回收项目 environmental volunteer 环保志愿者 public transportation 公共交通 environmental policy 环境政策 strict regulations 严格的规定 legal requirements 法律要求 Paris Agreement 《巴黎协定》 Carbon Trading Scheme 碳交易制度 Environmental Tax Law 环境保护税法
Writing
假定你是李华，世界环境日即将到来，请你以学生会名义写一封英文倡议书，号召同学们参与校园环保行动，内容包括：
说明当前环境问题；
提出3条具体行动建议；
表达参与呼吁。
Sample 1
Dear fellow students,
As World Environment Day approaches, we must recognize the severe environmental problems we are facing, such as food waste and plastic pollution, which are decimating ecosystems globally. (引入话题+问题说明)
To protect our planet, we propose three actions: First, reduce waste by bringing reusable containers, avoiding single-use plastics. (建议1) Second, join our recycling program to ensure materials like paper and bottles are properly treated. (建议2) Finally, raise awareness by sharing eco-friendly tips on social media.(建议3)
Only by working together can we make a difference. Let’s act now! (呼吁行动+强调句式)
The Student Union
(98 words)
Sample 2
Dear fellow students,
As World Environment Day approaches, it is alarming to note that our planet is suffering from severe environmental degradation, with millions of tons of plastic waste polluting oceans and greenhouse gases accelerating climate change. (引入话题+问题说明，使用with复合结构和现在分词作伴随状语)
To address these pressing issues, we propose the following actions: First, mindful consumption should be practiced by reducing food waste in the cafeteria, where uneaten dishes account for nearly 40% of total waste. (建议1，使用where引导定语从句) Second, participating in our newly launched recycling program will significantly decrease single-use plastic consumption on campus. (建议2，使用动名词短语作主语) Third, it is high time that we adopted eco-friendly habits like using reusable bottles and digital notes to minimize paper waste. (建议3，使用虚拟语气特殊句式)
Only when every individual takes responsibility can we truly make a difference. Let's join hands to build a greener campus! (呼吁行动+倒装句强调)
Yours sincerely,
President of the Student Union
(128 words)
必修二 Unit 2 Wildlife Protection
选择性必修一 Unit 5 Working the Land
选择性必修三Unit3 Environmental Protection人与自然—自然生态与环境保护“问题解决型”说明文（学生版）
“问题解决型”说明文基本结构: 提出问题—分析问题（因果）—解决措施—呼吁或建议或评价
Passage one【2022新课标Ⅰ卷B篇】
①Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
②In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
③Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
④If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
⑤Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article highlights the severity of __________, emphasizing its moral, __________, and resource implications, and suggests practical __________ to reduce it.
2. Complete the structure of the passage.
Topic: _______________________________
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do
A It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. __________________
(2) In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. __________________
(3) The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. __________________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. (para2, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。where引导_________________，先行词是___________，在从句中充当的成分是___________，说明“世界”的具体情况；as引导_________________, 说明主句观点的___________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. (para3, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。Producing food是动名词短语作___________,
that引导___________，先行词是___________，在从句中充当的成分是___________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Passage two【2021新高考Ⅰ卷C篇】
①When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
②In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
③About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The passage describes how the Federal Duck Stamp Program was established to ___________ migratory waterfowl and their habitats through hunter-funded conservation efforts, becoming one of history's ____________________ wildlife preservation initiatives.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
Federal Duck Stamp Part 1 (para 1) Problem Rapid 1. ____________ of wildlife (waterfowl) and wetlands Causes: 2. ____________. 3. ____________.
Part 2 (para 2) Solution Policy response: The 4. ____________ of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act) in 1934. Key actions: ·Hunters aged 16+ must 5. ____________ an annual Federal Duck Stamp. ·Funds go to purchase and protect 6. ____________. Impact: Over $500 million raised since 1934, conserving 5+ million acres of habitat.
Part 3 (para 3) Evaluation Success Evaluation: ·7. ____________ over half a billion dollars. ·8. ____________ more than 5 million acres of habitat. The program is considered one of the most successful conservation efforts ever initiated.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③反义词
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. __________________
(2) In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. __________________ __________________ __________________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. (para1, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句首的it是____________，真正的主语是____________，句式的结构是 __________________________________ , 表示“做某事花费了…（时间/精力等）”；who引导_____________，修饰先行词_______________, 在从句中充当的成分是____________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. (para3, the first sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。a fact的成分是____________，that引导____________，修饰先行词____________,在从句中充当的成分是____________，定语从句中还包含一个省略____________引导的____________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Passage three【2021全国乙卷C篇】
①You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
②At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
③Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
④In a piece from 2018, Yon Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckloa s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look likes they'd been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.
⑤Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
Task 1: Reading for structure
1. What’s the main idea of the passage
The article introduces artist Benjamin Von Wong, who creates ____________________ from plastic garbage to draw public attention to plastic pollution in __________ and hopes to pressure big companies to reduce _________________.
2. Read the passage and figure out the structure.
plastic waste Part 1 (para 1-2) Problem Global Issue: Massive plastic 1. ____________ in oceans Focus Example: Single-use plastics like 2. ____________, though small, accumulate and persist for centuries.
Part 2 (para 3) Causes and Effects Cause: Low 3. ____________ rates (only 9% globally); non-recyclable straws due to 4. ____________. Effect: Long-term 5. ____________ harm (straws take centuries to disappear).
Part 3 (para 4) Solution Artist’s Action: Benjamin Von Wong’s 6. ____________ (e.g., "Strawpocalypse" with 168,000 straws, "Truckload of Plastic" with 10,000 pieces). Purpose: Visually shock viewers to 7. ____________ plastic use and pressure corporations.
Part 4 (para 5) Call to Action Von Wong’s art urges individuals and companies to reduce 8. ____________.
Task 2: Practice based on the reading strategies
1. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.
28. What are Von Wong's artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A. Calming. B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
2. Locate and underline the key sentence(s) in the passage for each question's correct choice and highlight the keywords.
3. Match the following skills with the correct choice for each question.
Skills: ①同义替换 ②原词复现 ③词类转换 ④简化合并
Task 3: Reading for Language features
1. Write the Chinese meanings of the underlined words in the sentences.
(1) At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. __________________
(2) Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with __________________
(3) Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
__________________
2. Analyze and translate the following sentences.
(1) Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (para2, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个并列复合句，包含两个过去分词短语。第一个过去分词短语 “Made of 168,000 plastic straw”在句中作____________，逻辑主语是____________，第二个过去分词短语 “collected from several volunteer beach cleanups”在句中作____________，修饰先行词____________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(2) For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than
10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look likes they'd been dumped (倾倒) from a
truck all at once. (para4, the second sentence)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句, 过去短语titled “Truckload of Plastic”在句子作____________，修饰先行词____________, which引导的____________，先行词是____________，在从句中充当____________。
翻译：__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
语篇相关话题词汇梳理
词汇 子话题词汇
环境保护与生态 数据与统计 政策与法律
资源浪费 生态破坏 生态保护 量化影响 时间趋势 社会行动 环保法案
试题词汇
教材词汇
Writing
假定你是李华，世界环境日即将到来，请你以学生会名义写一封英文倡议书，号召同学们参与校园环保行动，内容包括：
1. 说明当前环境问题；
2. 提出3条具体行动建议；
3. 表达参与呼吁。
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
