初中英语动词变形全解:时态语态基础及强化训练
序言
动词的五种形式是构成英语时态、语态的核心基础,掌握它们是学好初中英语语法的关键。本讲义严格贴合中考考纲,系统梳理动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词、动词单三式的用法,并配套强化训练题,助力高效复习。
一、动词的五种形式及用法
(一)原形
定义:动词最基本、未发生任何变形的形式。
适用场景:
一般现在时中,主语为 I、you、we、they 或复数名词。
祈使句中(表示命令、请求、建议)。
情态动词(can, may, must, should 等)和助动词(will, shall 等)之后。
例句:
I like apples and oranges. (我喜欢苹果和桔子。)
The students get to school at eight every day. (同学们每天八点到校。)
Open the window, please. (请打开窗户。)
She can speak English well. (她英语说得很好。)
(二)过去式
定义:动词用于表示过去发生的动作或状态的形式,对应一般过去时。
变化规则:
变化类型 规则 例词
规则变化 一般动词直接加 -ed work → worked;play → played
以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,加 -d live → lived;like → liked
以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写辅音字母再加 -ed stop → stopped;plan → planned
以辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词,变 y 为 i 再加 -ed study → studied;carry → carried
不规则变化 无固定规则,需单独记忆 go → went;see → saw;be → was/were
例句:
We visited the museum yesterday. (我们昨天参观了博物馆。)
He stopped his car near the park. (他把车停在了公园附近。)
They were late for class this morning. (他们今天早上上课迟到了。)
(三)过去分词
定义:动词用于完成时态或被动语态的形式。
适用场景:
完成时态:have/has + 过去分词(现在完成时);had + 过去分词(过去完成时)。
被动语态:be + 过去分词(be 动词随时态变化)。
变化规则:
规则变化:与过去式变化规则完全一致,例:work → worked(过去式)→ worked(过去分词)。
不规则变化:需单独记忆,例:go → went(过去式)→ gone(过去分词);see → saw(过去式)→ seen(过去分词);be → was/were(过去式)→ been(过去分词)。
例句:
My brother has finished his homework. (现在完成时:哥哥已经完成了作业。)
By the time we got there, the film had started. (过去完成时:我们到那儿的时候,电影已经开始了。)
The letter was written by him. (一般过去时被动语态:这封信是他写的。)
The trees are planted every spring. (一般现在时被动语态:每年春天都种树。)
(四)现在分词
定义:动词的 -ing 形式,常与 be 动词连用构成进行时态。
变化规则:
变化类型 规则 例词
一般情况 直接加 -ing work → working;play → playing
以不发音的 e 结尾 去 e 再加 -ing live → living;make → making
重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写辅音字母再加 -ing run → running;swim → swimming
以 ie 结尾 变 ie 为 y 再加 -ing lie → lying;die → dying
适用场景:
现在进行时:am/is/are + 现在分词。
过去进行时:was/were + 现在分词。
例句:
They are playing volleyball now. (现在进行时:他们正在打排球。)
I was cooking this time yesterday. (过去进行时:昨天这个时候我在做饭。)
(五)动词单三式
定义:一般现在时中,主语为第三人称单数时,动词需变形为单三形式。
第三人称单数主语包括:he, she, it;单数名词;不可数名词;指示代词 this/that 等。
变化规则:
变化类型 规则 例词
一般情况 直接加 -s play → plays;read → reads
以 s, x, ch, sh, o 结尾 加 -es pass → passes;watch → watches;go → goes
以辅音字母 + y 结尾 变 y 为 i 再加 -es study → studies;fly → flies
特殊变化 无固定规则 have → has;do → does
例句:
She teaches us English. (她教我们英语。)
My sister does her homework carefully every day. (姐姐每天认真做作业。)
The dog likes eating bones. (这只狗喜欢吃骨头。)
二、基础巩固训练(用所给动词的适当形式填空)
He usually ______ (play) basketball after school.
They ______ (visit) the Great Wall last summer holiday.
My mother ______ (cook) dinner when I got home yesterday.
The book ______ (write) by a famous writer in 2010.
We ______ (finish) our homework already.
Look! The girl ______ (dance) in the classroom.
The children ______ (not go) to school on weekends.
By the end of last term, we ______ (learn) 1000 English words.
The classroom ______ (clean) every day.
He ______ (have) a cold for three days.
三、参考答案与解析
plays
解析:主语 he 是第三人称单数,usually 是一般现在时标志词,故用单三式 plays。
visited
解析:last summer holiday 是一般过去时标志词,故用过去式 visited。
was cooking
解析:when 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,主句表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,用过去进行时(was/were + 现在分词),主语 my mother 是单数,故填 was cooking。
was written
解析:主语 the book 和动词 write 是被动关系,in 2010 是过去时间标志,故用一般过去时被动语态 was written。
have finished
解析:already 是现在完成时标志词,主语 we 是复数,故用 have + 过去分词 finished。
is dancing
解析:Look! 是现在进行时标志词,主语 the girl 是单数,故填 is dancing。
don’t go
解析:on weekends 是一般现在时标志,主语 the children 是复数,否定句用 don’t + 动词原形。
had learned
解析:by the end of last term 是过去完成时标志词,表示 “过去的过去”,故用 had + 过去分词 learned。
is cleaned
解析:every day 是一般现在时标志,主语 the classroom 和动词 clean 是被动关系,故用一般现在时被动语态 is cleaned。
has had
解析:for three days 是现在完成时标志,且谓语动词需用延续性动词,have a cold 是延续性短语,主语 he 是单数,故填 has had。
四、中考题型强化训练(单项选择)
— What is your sister doing now
— She ______ her homework in the study.
A. does B. did C. is doing D. has done
— ______ you ______ to the park last Sunday
— Yes, I did.
A. Do; go B. Did; go C. Will; go D. Have; gone
The little boy ______ three English songs since last month.
A. learns B. learned C. has learned D. will learn
A new hospital ______ in our town next year.
A. builds B. will be built C. is built D. built
When I called Tom yesterday, he ______ basketball with his friends.
A. plays B. played C. is playing D. was playing
The teacher told us that the earth ______ around the sun.
A. goes B. went C. going D. go
— How often ______ your father ______ to Beijing
— Once a year.
A. does; go B. did; go C. is; going D. has; gone
The old man ______ for five years.
A. died B. has died C. has been dead D. dies
These books ______ by Mo Yan. They are very popular.
A. write B. wrote C. are written D. were written
Look! The rain ______. Let’s go out to play football.
A. stops B. stopped C. has stopped D. is stopping
五、参考答案与解析
C 解析:now 是现在进行时标志词,结构为 be + 现在分词,故选 C。
B 解析:last Sunday 是一般过去时标志,一般疑问句需用助动词 did 开头,后面动词用原形,故选 B。
C 解析:since last month 是现在完成时标志词,故选 C。
B 解析:next year 是一般将来时标志,主语 a new hospital 和动词 build 是被动关系,故用一般将来时被动语态 will be built,选 B。
D 解析:when 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,主句表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,用过去进行时,故选 D。
A 解析:宾语从句中,描述客观真理、科学事实时,时态不受主句影响,用一般现在时,主语 the earth 是单数,故选 A。
A 解析:how often 用于询问频率,常搭配一般现在时,主语 your father 是第三人称单数,助动词用 does,动词用原形,故选 A。
C 解析:for five years 是现在完成时标志,且谓语动词需用延续性动词,die 是短暂性动词,需转换为 be dead,故选 C。
C 解析:主语 these books 和动词 write 是被动关系,且句子描述客观事实,用一般现在时被动语态,故选 C。
C 解析:“雨停了” 的动作对现在造成了 “可以出去踢足球” 的影响,用现在完成时,故选 C。
六、知识总结
动词五形式是时态、语态的核心,解题时需遵循 “三步走”:
判断时态:根据时间标志词(如 now, yesterday, since 等)确定时态。
判断语态:分析主语和动词是主动关系还是被动关系。
确定动词形式:结合时态、语态要求,选择对应的动词形式(原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词、单三式)。