(共62张PPT)
Unit 2
Unit 2
Exploring English
Word formation
To know the word formation rules in English.
To know the differences between American English and British English in spelling and vocabulary.
Why is English an interesting and crazy language to learn There are several reasons for it. First, the formation and the meanings of some words are crazy, such as “_________” and “________”. Second, some words, like “_______, _______ ” and “________, _________” may make learners confused. Third, the meanings of some phrases are also confusing. That’s because English was invented by people, which reflects their __________.
Review the passage Neither Pine nor Apple in Pineapple and finish the summary of the passage.
pineapple
homesick
harmful
harmless
shameful
shameless
creativity
a. Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple.
b. …sculpt a sculpture…
c. When we… see rain…, we can say “it’s raining”…
d. WHO
□ 1 abbreviating
□ 2 changing the part of speech
□ 3 adding a prefix or suffix
□ 4 combining two or more words
d
c
b
a
Look at the sentences and expressions from the reading passage. Match the words in red to the types of word formation.
Now look for more examples of each type in the reading passage.
1. abbreviating: IT, US
2. changing the part of speech: When we … see… snow, we can say… “it’s snowing”.
3. adding a prefix or suffix: paint-painting, hard-hardly, soft-softly, harm-harmless/harmful, shame-shameless/shameful, visible-invisible
4. combining two or more words: hamburger, eggplant, seasick, airsick, carsick, homesick, homework, housework
英语中，词的构成方法主要有四种：
合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法。
1. 合成法：把两个或两个以上的独立且语义不同的单词合成一个新词，构词方式比较灵活。合成词一般包括：合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词等。
构词法 (Word formation)
1) 合成名词
名词+名词：postman, girlfriend, flowerbed, notebook
形容词+名词：blackboard, supermarket, greenhouse
名词+动词：daybreak, sunrise, haircut
动词-ing形式+名词：reading room, washing machine
名词+动词-ing形式：handwriting, papermaking
动词+名词：pickpocket, workroom
动词+副词：breakup
其它形式：get-together, go-between, passer-by
2) 合成形容词
形容词+名词+ed: kind-hearted
形容词+v.-ing: good-looking
副词+v.-ing: hard-working
名词+v.-ing: English-speaking
名词+v.-ed: man-made
副词+v.-ed: well-known
形容词+名词: mid-east, round-trip
3) 合成代词
代词宾格/物主代词+ self / selves：herself, ourselves
某些不定代词some, any, every, no等+ body /one / thing：anyone, nothing
4) 合成介词
介词+副词：within
副词+名词：outside
5) 合成副词
副词+名词：indoors, overhead, upstairs
介词+名词：alongside, beforehand
名词+形容词：sky-high
副词+介词：nearby
其它形式：meanwhile, headfirst
6) 合成动词
副词+动词：overhear, overwork, underline
名词+动词：moonwalk, sunbathe
形容词+动词：whitewash, safeguard
pop
corn
rain
bow
sun
glasses
moon
light
sunflower
starfish
=
2. 派生法：在一个词根之前或之后加上一个词缀，构成一个新词，这种构词法叫派生法。单词前加前缀，一般不改变词性，只引起意义上的变化。单词后加后缀，一般意义变化不大，只改变了词性。如：(dis)honest, (il)legal, (ir)regular, fool(ish), farm(er), visit(or)等。
常见前缀 含义/功能 例词
in-, il-, im-, ir-, un-, non-, dis- 表否定或反义 incorrect, illegal, impolite, irrelative, unnecessary, non-smoking, dislike
mis- 错误地 mislead, misunderstand
pre- 在……之前 preschool, preview
re- 再，重新 retell, rewrite
inter- 在……之间；相互 international, interconnect
常见前缀 含义/功能 例词
a- 的 asleep, alive
en- 使 enrich, enlarge
tele- 远程的 television, telescope
auto- 自动 automatic
co- 共同 cooperate, co-worker
multi- 多 multicultural
kilo- 千 kilogram kilometre
常见名词后缀 含义/功能 例词
-er，-or （做某事）的人或用于……之物 teenager, cooker, actor
-ment 表结果、状态、动作 replacement, development,
arrangement
-tion 表结果 relation, reflection
-hood 表身份、性质、时期 parenthood, brotherhood, childhood
-ist 表主义者、从事某种职业 socialist, guitarist
-ship 表技能、地位、性质、关系 ownership, friendship
常见形容词后缀 含义/功能 例词
-ed 表具有 interested, aged
-ful 表有……性质的，充满……的 useful, mouthful, painful, colourful
-less 表示无、没有 careless, useless
-able 表示可……的，有……性质的 usable, comfortable
常见副词后缀 含义/功能 例词
-ly 表示方式 carefully, quickly
3. 转化法：把一种词性转化为另一种词性，词性不变。转化后的词义可以通过原词义推断出来。
1) 动词转化为名词
有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如attempt, laugh。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如：
tear（v. 撕开→ n. 泪水），
record（v. 记载，录制→ n. 记录）。
2) 名词转化为动词
face n. 脸→ v. 面对
nurse n. 护士→ v. 护理
water n. 水→ v. 浇水
head（n. 头 → v. 朝某方向行进）
e.g. She gave me a glass of water. 她给了我一杯水。
You should water the flowers twice a week.
你应该每周给这些花浇两次水。
He headed for the bus stop.
他朝着公共汽车站走去。
3) 形容词转化为动词、名词或副词
narrow adj. 窄的→ v. 使……变窄
red adj. 红色的→ n. 红色
fast adj. 快的→ adv. 迅速地
e.g. The stairs were very narrow. 楼梯非常狭窄。
He narrowed his eyes and gazed at the horizon.
他眯起眼睛凝望着地平线。
We painted the door bright red. 我们把门漆成鲜红色。
I like the way the artist uses red in this painting.
我喜欢画家在这幅作品中对红色的运用。
4. 缩略法：用单词或短语的部分内容指代整体。
1) 首字母缩写
WTO – World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织
IOC – International Olympic Committee
国际奥林匹克委员会
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
石油输出国组织
2) 单词截断
advertisement – ad
laboratory – lab
Divide the following words according different word formation.
Abbreviation: _____________________________________________
USA DJ PM
watermelon schoolwork USA sunshine toothache impossible bookstore national mooncake DJ restroom chopstick impolite textbook warmth bathroom disagree PM butterfly snowman
Compounding: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Derivation:
_________________________________________________
watermelon schoolwork sunshine toothache
bookstore mooncake restroom chopstick textbook
bathroom butterfly snowman
impossible national impolite warmth disagree
watermelon schoolwork USA sunshine toothache impossible bookstore national mooncake DJ restroom chopstick impolite textbook warmth bathroom disagree PM butterfly snowman
Complete the passage with the help of word formation and get the main idea of each paragraph.
When you open a dictionary, you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words. You might think this is a bit scary. But many of them are formed using other simpler words. This is called word formation.
What is called word formation.
Words formed by combining other words are called compounds, for example, __________ (a friend that you contact by writing, traditionally using a pen) and ____________ (known by many people).
penfriend
well-known
What are called compounds and some examples.
Prefixes and suffixes often have fixed meanings. If you add un- or in- to a word, the new word usually means opposite. For example, if something isn’t correct it’s _________, and if someone isn’t happy they’re _________. Words with the suffixes -ment and -ness are often nouns. For example, if somebody has improved a lot, they have made great ______________.
incorrect
unhappy
improvement
Prefixes and suffixes often have fixed meanings.
Some nouns and adjectives can be used as verbs, or the other way round. When we calm somebody down, they become ________. And we can give someone a present by ____________ it.
calm
presenting
The part of speech can be changed.
And sometimes a word is made up of the first letters of several words: “World Trade Organization” can be referred to as ________, and ________ is short for “as soon as possible”.
It is impossible to know the meaning of every word, but knowing about word formation can help us guess their meanings.
WTO
ASAP
Abbreviating
How word formation can help us.
1. When you open a dictionary, you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words.
e.g. When you come across any difficulty, don’t hesitrate
to turn to me for help.
He spoke for a long time but I am afraid his meaning
did not come across.
come across find unexpectedly 偶然发现
come together 偶然遇见
be received or understood 被理解
come动词短语：
come about 发生，产生
come to 总共；达到（某状况）
come out 出版；出现
come along 出现，来到；（和某人）一起去
come up 走近；靠近
come up with 想出，想到（答案等）
【语境应用】单句填空
1) I came _____ an old friend at the party last night.
2) The argument came _____ when they talked about politics.
3) Since Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in 2012, his fans have been eagerly waiting for his more new novels to come _____.
4) One of the teachers came _____ and started talking to me.
5) Would you like to come _____ with us to the film tonight
about
out
up
along
across
contact v. to write to or telephone someone (写信、打电话)联系(某人)
n. communication with a person, organization, country etc 联系，联络
2. a friend that you contact by writing, traditionally using a pen
e.g. Give the names of two people who can be contacted in an emergency.
Many of us have no direct contact with elderly people.
stay/ keep in contact with sb. 与某人保持联系
be in contact with sb. 与某人有联系
lose contact with sb. 与某人失去联系
make contact with sb. 与某人取得联系
【语境应用】完成句子。
1) I’m still ________________________________ (与……有联系) her — we write a couple of times (几次) every year.
2) We decided to __________________________________ (与……取得联系) the Hope Project and work as a volunteer.
3) Have you ________________________________ (与……保持联系) any of your friends from college
make contact with / get in contact with
in contact with
kept/ stayed in contact with
Choose one type and come up with as many words as possible.
□ abbreviating
□ changing the part of speech
□ adding a prefix or suffix
□ combining two or more words
Group A:
unlike, dislike, likely, likelihood
Group B:
unlike, dislike, likeness, likely, liking, unlikely
like
Group B
is the winner.
Fill in blanks using the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
I received a letter of ________ (invite) but I didn’t accept it.
Don’t take his words _________ (serious); he was just kidding.
He ________ (like) those who are not well-behaved.
To the ___________ (amaze) of the parents, their child can look after himself without their help.
invitation
seriously
dislikes
amazement
It was _________ (polite) of you to leave without saying goodbye.
If we know that gossip (流言蜚语) can be _________ (harm), then why do so many of us do it
Water had got into the radio, and now it was completely ________ (use).
impolite
useless
harmful
选用括号内合适的内容完成下列句子或对话。
1. My brother is really ____________ (hard-working, warm-
hearted). He often does English exercises in his study far
into the night.
2. Do you think online English learning apps will __________
(finally, especially) take the place of offline learning
3. It took us quite a long time to get to the Beijing Foreign
Studies University. It was ___________ (three hours, a three-
hour) journey.
hard-working
finally
a three-hour
4. —Would you like to give me a hand by handing in my paper
The flowers need water, so I have to __________ (water,
watery) them.
—With pleasure.
5. Students should have a right attitude towards college before
thinking about which college to attend, and it’s never too
early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and
__________ (meaningful, meaningless) college experience.
water
meaningful
Learn to know the American English words and their English equivalents.
Watch a video for fun!
American and British English
Look at the pictures and get to know the American English words and their British equivalents.
a subway (American English)/underground (British English)
b highway(American English)/motorway (British English)
c theater (American English)/theatre (British English)
d gas (American English)/ petrol (British English)
e apartment (American English) /flat (British English)
f elevator (American English) /lift (British English)
Keys:
Now complete the passage with the words above.
Today, American English is in common international use. It is different from British English in several ways, mostly in spelling and vocabulary. Some American spellings were created by Noah Webster, who made one of America’s first dictionaries. He changed “-re” spellings to “-er”, which is why ________ is spelt ________ in American English.
theater
theatre
The Americans and the British also use different words for everyday things. For example, Americans talk about putting ________ in their cars and driving along the ________, whereas in the UK, people put ________ in their cars and drive along the __________. Americans take the ________ to the top floor of a building, but the British use the ________.
gas
highway
petrol
motorway
elevator
lift
In the US, they take the ________ , but in the UK, people travel on the ____________. Americans live in a(n) ___________, while the British live in a(n) ________.
It’s not as confusing as it seems: usually people from the two countries can understand each other from the context. But that doesn’t stop them having a friendly argument about which word is the “right” one!
subway
underground
apartment
flat
Noah Webster was an American lexicographer renowned for his American Dictionary of the English Language and his contribution to American English. Webster played a significant part in defining the words that Americans use, and adopted many American English spellings in his dictionary, for example, “color” and “center”. He also added commonly used American words that were not part of the British English dictionaries, such as “squash”. He believed that spelling, grammar, and language usage should be based upon and reflect people’s ways of life, enabling those living in different parts of America to communicate in a common language.
英式英语和美式英语的区别
1. 词汇
2. 拼写
3. 发音
1) 如果r出现在词尾，英式英语通常不发音或发得很
不明显。美式英语则非常明显。
2) 美式英语中很多时候会把t发成d。
3) 英式英语发a的音时，嘴巴张的很开，类似汉语
“ang”，美式发音，嘴巴更扁一些，类似 “an”。
e.g. dance, answer
Decide whether the following words are American English spelling or British spelling.
color metre centre fiber humor organize apologise analyse traveling license
color
fiber
humor
organize
traveling
license
metre
centre
apologise
analyse
Hi, I’d like some sweets, please.
No problem. All the candy we sell is sweet.
I see, so you sell sweet sweets.
Read for fun.
sweet BE candy AE
Shall we move the new bed by lorry
Not by me, I hope.
Oh, I’m sorry, Lori. I meant by truck.
lorry BE trunk AE
Find more examples of differences between American and British English. Use a dictionary or search on the Internet.
