2026届高考英语专题复习 第1部分　专题1　 阅读四选一 课件（共9份）

(共41张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
微专题1　细节理解题
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
考向1　直接信息题
典例1　(2025浙江1月卷A Paras.1～2)
Interlibrary Loan(ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries, as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection.
Who Can Borrow
Current students, teachers(including retired) and staff can request items through ILL. Interlibrary loan is not available to former students, guest borrowers or fee-card holders.
21 Who can use the ILL service
A. Former students. B. Guest borrowers.
C. Retired teachers. D. Fee-card holders.
解题分析 直接信息题是阅读理解中最简单的题型，答题信息可以直接从原文中获取。解题步骤是直接读题目，题干问什么，我们就找什么，直接匹配信息。本题题干中的关键信息是who和the ILL service，据此定位到原文第二段可知，在校学生、教师(包括退休教师)和工作人员可以通过ILL请求借阅资料。故C项为答案。
典例2　(2024新课标Ⅱ卷A)
Walk 3—Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch (手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 18：30
Start Point: The Town Hall
Walk Duration: 3 hours
22 What are participants in Walk 3 required to do
A. Wear proper clothes. B. Join a walking club.
C. Get special permits. D. Bring a survival guide.
解题分析 读题干可知，问题的核心信息是Walk 3和required to do，通过寻读、略读等技巧可快速在所节选段落中找到含有此关键词的句子“… along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.”，因为是夜间徒步，所以要求着装恰当，故A项“穿着合适的衣服”与原文一致。
考向2　间接信息题
典例1　(2025全国一卷B Para.1)
In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who'd created these people, knew their subjects so well.
24 Who are the people mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 1
A. Ninth graders. B. Students' parents.
C. Modern writers. D. Fictional characters.
解题分析 根据本题题干关键词the people mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 1，将本题的信息区间定位到所节选文本中。根据文本第一句可知，题目所问的people是指cowboy、a strict father和Juliet。根据本段最后一句my students, who'd created these people可知，他们均为学生创作出来的人物，故D项“虚构的人物”为正确答案。
典例2　(2024新课标Ⅰ卷B Para.1)
“I am not crazy，” says Dr William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
24 What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him
A. He's odd. B. He's strict.
C. He's brave. D. He's rude.
解题分析 根据本题题干关键词Farber's coworkers，将本题的信息区间定位到所节选文本中第三句可知，他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，因此同事觉得Farber不同寻常，故A项贴合原文意思。
考向3　数据计算题
典例　(2025全国一卷A Para.1)
The greening of planes, trains and automobiles
Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part of global CO2 emissions(排放). As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation—which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Here's the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport.
21 What percentage of global transport emissions did road vehicles account for in 2018
A. 11.6%. B. 45.1%.
C. 74.5%. D. 86.1%.
解题分析 根据本题题干关键词road vehicles定位到图表信息ROAD VEHICLES部分，“客运占比45.1%，货运占比29.4%”，故总占比为45.1%＋29.4%＝74.5%，C项为正确答案。
体 系 建 构
细节理解题旨在考查考生对事实细节的判断，一般针对文章某一个或若干个特定细节设题，主要分以下三类。
直接信息题：最简单，只要通读全文，找到题目对应的事实和细节，即可从文章中得出答案。
间接信息题(也叫语义转化题)：属于中档题，正确选项一般会对原文信息进行语义转换。
数据计算题：一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算，需要考生正确选择具体的数字信息，根据题目要求进行加工得出结果。
近几年高考对细节理解题的考查难度有提升，直接信息题逐渐减少，间接信息题增加，更多地考查对原文信息进行同义转换的能力。
常见设问形式：
What can we learn about … from the passage
According to the passage, …
Why are … increasingly used by …？
How much do you pay for …？
How many … did …？
What do … have in common
What is … expected to do
Where will the participants meet
关键技巧：一般而言，试卷的出题顺序对应文章展开的顺序，即“题文同序”。使用该技巧可以缩小信息定位的范围，提高答题效率。
1. 直接信息题：先从题干中找到关键词，以此为线索，在文章中快速定位相关信息，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的区别，在正确理解细节之后，做出准确判断。
2. 间接信息题：间接信息题的答案需要考生对原文信息进行加工处理，通过合理的推断或转换才能得出。
3. 数据计算题：先找到与之相关的事实或数据，然后进行分析整合，根据题目要求进行简单的计算。
4. 正确选项主要特征：
(1) 同义近义替换——正确选项使用原文关键词的同义或近义替换。
(2) 词性语态转换——正确选项对原文关键词进行词性转换或改变了句子语态。
(3) 复杂语言简化——正确选项将原文的复杂语言结构或表达方式简化。
(4) 正话反话转换——正确选项是原文意思的反向表达(正话反说或反话正说)。
干扰项的主要特点：
1. 扩缩范围——干扰项通过改变或去掉限制性词语，使信息的范围、程度、感彩等发生改变，从而扩大或缩小了范围，导致其与原文内容一部分吻合，一部分相悖。也有人称此类干扰项为“正误参半”，“误”的那部分就是“鱼目混珠，以假乱真”。
2. 无中生有——干扰项所述内容在原文中并未提及。此类干扰项在某种情况下又可称之为“偷梁换柱”，其内容虽符合常识，但在原文中没有出现。
3. 张冠李戴——原文中有与干扰项相一致的细节，但与题干要求貌合神离。有两种典型情况：一种是命题人对原文所涉及的“彼”和“此”的信息进行转嫁，把本来属于“彼”的信息转嫁到“此”的身上，反之亦然。另一种是考生将自己制作的“冠”(与某个干扰项非常相似)戴在“题干”上。也就是说，考生不是依据原文信息进行选择，而是凭自己的认知对标干扰项而作出的选择。也有人称此类干扰项为“混淆视听”或“曲解文意”。
对 点 训 练
A(2026广东广州部分中学摸底)
限时：6分钟
When creative architectural minds are given free reins over their creations, some truly unique buildings are born.
Habitat 67(Montreal, Canada)
Habitat 67's unique architecture was designed by a young Israeli-Canadian immigrant named Moshe Safdie for Montreal's 1967 Universal Exposition(博览会). The building was designed to integrate the advantages of suburban living—namely privacy, gardens and multiple floors—into an urban environment.
Sagrada Família(Barcelona, Spain)
When modernist architect Antoni Gaudí took the reins in 1883, a year after the construction began, he turned just another church into his masterpiece. Its complex designs and themes make the Sagrada Família among the most unique architecture in the world. When it's finally finished in 2026, its iconic design will have long since been established as one of the great achievements of architecture.
Longaberger Basket Building(Newark, America)
There are plenty of buildings out there that reflect their purpose, like the Kansas City library that looks like a row of books. The Longaberger Basket Building is one of this kind. Head office of the Longaberger Company produces baskets which can be found around the world. The Longaberger founder's son wanted all the other Longaberger buildings to look like its products too.
Atomium(Brussels, Belgium)
Another example of an offbeat construction for a World's Fair, the Atomium was built for the 1958 edition of the Universal Exposition held in Brussels, Belgium by André Waterkeyn. Unlike Habitat 67, it wasn't meant to be a residential building. Instead, it contains exhibition rooms and public halls. The building itself is designed to be a copy of the structure of an iron crystal.
【语篇导读】本文是应用文(人与社会)。文章主要介绍了世界上四种独特的建筑。
1 Which of the following buildings hasn't been completed by now
A. Habitat 67.
B. Sagrada Família.
C. Longaberger Basket Building.
D. Atomium.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词hasn't been completed by now定位到Sagrada Família(Barcelona, Spain)部分最后一句可知，它将于2026年完工，因此目前还没完工。
【答案】B
2 What does Longaberger Basket Building look like
A. A basket. B. A garden.
C. A row of books. D. An iron crystal.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词Longaberger Basket Building定位到Longaberger Basket Building(Newark, America)部分第三、四句可知，Longaberger公司总部生产的篮子遍布全世界，其创始人的儿子希望所有其他Longaberger的建筑看起来都像它的产品。
【答案】A
3 What do Habitat 67 and Atomium have in common
A. They are residential buildings.
B. They were built for World's Fairs.
C. They were designed by Moshe Safdie.
D. They contain exhibition rooms and public halls.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词Habitat 67 and Atomium have in common定位到Habitat 67(Montreal, Canada)部分第一句和Atomium(Brussels, Belgium)部分第一句可知，Habitat 67是为1967年的蒙特利尔世界博览会而建造的；Atomium是为1958年在比利时布鲁塞尔举行的世界博览会建造的。故两者的共同之处都是为了世界博览会设计的。
【答案】B
1. Para.5: Unlike Habitat 67, it wasn't meant to be a residential building. (unlike＋n.)
仿写：与我的朋友不同，他紧张得来回踱步，而我则平静地坐在长椅上，有节奏地用手指敲打着膝盖，努力让自己看起来镇定自若，等待着比赛结果。
Unlike my friend, who was nervously pacing back and forth, I sat calmly on the bench, tapping my fingers rhythmically on my knee, trying to appear composed as we waited for the competition results.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2025浙江Z20名校联盟三模)
限时：6分钟
New year, new you … at least that's the plan, right We all start January with big intentions, but actually sticking to those shiny New Year's resolutions is a different story. Luckily, there's an app for that—actually, there are loads!
AllTrails
AllTrails is a great exercise app as it encourages you to get out into nature instead of hitting up an overpriced gym. With detailed trail maps that guide you through numerous outdoor activities, you'll be working up a sweat in no time while taking advantage of the natural beauty!
Rocket Money
Cutting back on spending is the most popular New Year's resolution globally every year. This user-friendly app simplifies everything that comes along with budgeting and expense tracking, while also helping you manage subscriptions and bills. With features like automated bill negotiation and credit score monitoring, you can think of Rocket Money as your personal financial assistant.
Imprint
Want to cut doom-scrolling but not ready to drop your phone Imprint is here to help. The app takes big ideas from the world's greatest thinkers and breaks them down into simple, visual snippets that you can actually remember. Whether you want to master essential topics, or just have a few fun facts to throw into your conversations, Imprint makes learning quick and easy!
Duolingo
This language app really is one of the best for sticking to your goals. From the way it gamifies your progress to the user-friendly interface, Duolingo makes learning a new language both easy and enjoyable! There's just one major setback for Hong Kong users: the app only offers Cantonese lessons for Mandarin speakers, so if you're hoping to pick up some of the local language, you'll have to look elsewhere.
【语篇导读】本文是应用文(人与社会)。文章主要介绍了几款帮助人们完成计划、实现目标的应用程序。
4 Which app best suits people who want to effectively manage their budgets
A. AllTrails. B. Rocket Money.
C. Imprint. D. Duolingo.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词budgets定位到Rocket Money部分中第二句可知，这款对用户友好的应用程序简化了与预算编制和费用跟踪相关的所有事务，同时还能帮助用户管理订阅服务和账单。由此可知，Rocket Money最适合那些想要有效管理预算的人们。
【答案】B
5 What is Duolingo's key limitation for Hong Kong users
A. It avoids games in teaching.
B. It lacks a user-friendly interface.
C. It has limited language choices.
D. It requires expensive subscriptions.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词Duolingo's 和Hong Kong users定位到Duolingo部分中第三句可知，对香港人来说，只有一个主要的缺点：这款应用只为说普通话的人提供粤语课程，所以如果你希望学习一些当地语言,你就得去别的地方找。由此可知，Duolingo对香港用户而言，语言选择较为有限。
【答案】C
6 What is the shared purpose of the four apps
A. To encourage healthy lifestyles.
B. To support self-improvement.
C. To track real-time user progress.
D. To help make new year resolutions.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词shared purpose定位到第一段第二、三句可知，新年伊始，我们都有远大的目标，但真正坚持这些宏伟的新年计划是另一回事。幸运的是，有一个应用程序可以做到这一点——实际上，有很多。所以这四个应用程序都是帮助人们完成计划、实现目标的，能够帮助人们实现自我提升。
【答案】B
1. Para.4: Whether you want to master essential topics, or just have a few fun facts to throw into your conversations, Imprint makes learning quick and easy！(whether … or …)
仿写：无论是实现梦想的喜悦，还是新结友情的温暖，他们都深知这段旅程永远地改变了他们。
Whether it was the joy of achieving their dreams or the warmth of newfound friendships, they knew this journey had changed them forever.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共65张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
微专题2　推理判断题
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
考向1　观点、看法、情感、态度推断题
典例1　(2025北京卷B Paras.4～5)
Even my failures are attached to a feeling of success; after I take a step back and look at the big picture, I see them as a launching pad(平台) for my next big achievement. In the ninth grade, I went in for my first group interview for a leadership position as a shy girl. Not standing a chance against competitive applicants, I came out of the interview with an upset look. Nevertheless, this interview wasn't a wasted opportunity. I talked to one of the senior applicants who answered questions in a way that reflected the faith she had in herself.
This year, with an open mind and new knowledge in mind, I walked into another group interview while telling myself I was that cool senior. I managed to secure a leadership position. Ultimately, success came little by little.
26 Which would best describe the author's first group interview
A. Dignifying. B. Rewarding.
C. Engaging. D. Relaxing.
解题分析 根据题干关键词first group interview定位到文章第四段，本段首句为key sentence, 表明了作者在大学期间的成长感悟，句意为“甚至我的失败也伴随着一种成功的感觉；当我退后一步，从大局来看时，我会把它们视为我下一次重大成就的跳板。”然后作者举了自己第一次参加管理岗位群体面试的例子，其目的就是证明自己并不认为此次失败是一无所获的，并且结合文章第五段可知，作者下一次进行面试的时候，是自信满满的。由此B项“有回报的”贴合作者的观点认知，答案为B。A项意为“使有尊严的”；C项意为“吸引人的”；D项意为“令人放松的”，均不符合题意。
典例2　(2024全国甲卷C Para.2 & Para.5)
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning，” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
…
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
31 What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas' services
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful.
C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
解题分析 根据题干关键词attitude和Saint Lukas' services定位到全文第二段和第五段，第二段介绍Emile Ducke的身份，即一名德国摄影师，第五段引用这名摄影师的话，介绍当地这趟医疗火车的看诊情况。根据第五段第三句可知，医生和助手的工作专注度给这名摄影师留下了极深的印象，由此进行语义替换，A项“赞赏的，欣赏的”最接近Emile Ducke的看法观点，故选A。
考向2　写作意图和目的推断题
典例1　(2023新课标Ⅰ卷B Paras.2～5)
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26 What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John's research plans.
B. To show an application of John's idea.
C. To compare John's different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John's invention.
解题分析 根据题干关键词Fuzhou定位到第五段最后一句，根据句中also可知，本段并列列举了两个例子(南伯灵顿污水处理与福州运河净化)，其目的是证明上文所提到的John的计划取得了实际成果，与第二至四段形成“理论→实验室验证→实践”的递进关系。故本题选B。
典例2　(2022新高考Ⅰ卷 B Para.1)
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
24 What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste.
B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat.
D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
解题分析 根据题干关键词the arugula story定位到所选段落，第一句提及作者像大多数人一样，努力关注那些被浪费的食物；然后用芝麻菜举例，由于未能执行原本的计划，芝麻菜最后变质了；但更糟的是，作者已经不假思索地买了太多，最终造成了更大的浪费。根据逻辑关系可分析，作者提及这个故事的目的是告知读者，我们经常无意识地浪费，故B项为正确答案。本题干扰项为A项，根据本段第一句可知，作者并非没有关注食物浪费。
考向3　隐含信息和言外之意推断题
典例1　(2025全国一卷C Paras.3～4)
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through”. Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
30 What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A. They boosted the sales of cars.
B. They turned out largely ineffective.
C. They won government support.
D. They advocated building new parks.
解题分析 根据题干关键词Australia和late 1960s and 1970s定位到全文第三段最后一句，句中关键词Similar提示我们要结合前面的内容分析。第一、二句提及城市街道上的生活开始发生变化，为了给新的道路网络让路，整个社区都被摧毁了，孩子们不得不在其他地方玩耍；第三句出现关键词fought back，接着举例说明加拿大的一位记者领导了一项运动反对破坏公园。由此可推断澳大利亚进行的类似活动也是阻止基建破坏社区空间，但没有选项与此相应。继续往下阅读，根据第四段第一句可知，Although明确转折，强调尽管抗争广泛存在，城市规划仍向汽车需求妥协，所以言外之意是这些运动实质收效甚微，故选B。
典例2　(2025全国二卷D Para.1)
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
32 What can be inferred about the author's early life
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
解题分析 根据题干关键词the author's early life定位到全文第一段第三句可知，作者描述在南非长大时，“非洲有孩子在挨饿”这句话是对事实的不安提醒，而非单纯的饭前祈祷。其中隐含的信息是食物短缺在当时是真实存在的社会问题，作者可能亲身经历了这种环境，从而培养了强烈的食物浪费敏感度，故选A。
考向4　预测内容推断题
典例　(2023全国乙卷C Para.3)
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
31 What might the author continue talking about
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
解题分析 根据题干关键词continue talking about定位至文章最后一段，作者接下来要讨论的内容一定跟本段最后部分存在语义上的顺接逻辑关系。分析本段内容可知，原文以男性厨师越来越多的现象收尾，明确指出“电视上男性厨师增多，使男孩喜欢烹饪不再被视为‘不酷’”，该句作为段落结尾句，具有承上启下作用，预示下文将延续此话题展开讨论，故选B。
考向5　因果关系推断题
典例　(2025全国一卷B Para.2)
But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important？” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis(论点) statement. I was shocked. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn't strike them as important. This would have to change.
25 Why did the students perform poorly in writing their first essay
A. They were not given enough time.
B. They had a very limited vocabulary.
C. They misunderstood the question.
D. They had little interest in the topic.
解题分析 根据题干关键词why和first essay定位到第二段第一句，题干问原因，属于分析因果关系，因此还需结合上下文分析。第二段开头提及学生们的第一篇关于“写作为什么重要”的作文是完全不合格的，接着作者反思原因，根据第四、五句可知，根本原因在于问题本身，学生能充分论述电脑的必要性，但认为写作本身就不重要，所以对“写作的重要性”这一主题无表达欲望，故选D。
考向6　文章出处推断题
典例　(2023全国乙卷D Paras.1 & 3)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
…
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
35 Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects
D. How Art Works Tell Stories
解题分析 根据题干关键词selected from可知，本题考查文章出处，定位到文章第一段和最后一段可知，第一段说“要全面讲述全球历史，不能仅靠文字，因为文字是人类较晚出现的成就，且大多数地区和时间里人类没有文字，很多社会也通过物品记录历史”。最后一段最后一句作者建议“如果我们想要找到那场对话的另一半，我们就必须不仅要阅读文字，还要阅读物品”。由此可知，本文作者建议人们要了解历史的话，需要结合书本和物品，故选C。
体 系 建 构
推理判断题要求考生在理解文章提供的事实和线索的基础上，进行逻辑推理和判断，推测作者没有直接表达出来的事实或可能性或隐含的深层意义。推理判断题属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，主要分为以下几个考查点：
1. 观点、看法、情感、态度推断：通过对事件、物体、话语的深入分析，推测出作者含蓄、隐晦的观点或看法，体会作者在字里行间中流露出的情感态度。例如，根据作者描述某一事物使用的词汇，判断作者是支持、反对态度，还是中立态度。
2. 写作意图和目的推断：即作者为什么写某篇文章。该题型主要考查学生对文本的整体感知或理解能力。比如，判断一篇文章是旨在娱乐读者、说服读者、提供信息还是实现其他目的。
3. 隐含信息和言外之意推断：通过归纳、演绎、类比等方式从已知信息中推断出未知信息，由已言之意推未言之意。比如根据文章中描述的事件或现象，推断出作者未明确表达的潜在含义或结果。
4. 预测内容推断：根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测。比如，根据文章的结构或最后一段的内容，推测文章后续的发展方向或结果。
5. 因果关系推断：根据文章中给出的原因或结果，推断出相应的结果或原因。
6. 文章出处推断：通过对格式、结构、内容的分析，推断出文章的出处、题材范围和阅读此文章的主要读者群(还可能出现读者对象推断题，与文章出处题解法类似)。
常见设问形式如下(注意其中的标志词)：
What is the author's opinion on …？
The fact … is mentioned by the writer to show .
It can be inferred/concluded from the passage/text that .
The author strongly suggests that .
The passage is intended to .
The writer indicates/implies that .
What do you think the writer might continue to write
Why did the subjects/researchers …？
This passage would most likely be found in .
一、观点、看法、情感、态度推断
1. 依据文中具有褒贬性的词汇或语句，尤其是形容词和副词，推断作者的情感态度。
2. 依据文章最后的“结论”或“情感升华”推断作者是赞成还是反对。
3. 注意积累三类态度型的选项。
①客观中立：neutral中立的、objective客观的、cautious谨慎的
②乐观支持：positive积极的、supportive支持的、enthusiastic热情的、admiring赞赏的、sympathetic赞同的
③消极反对：disgusted厌恶的、critical批评的、negative否定的、disappointed失望的、indifferent不关心的、impassive冷漠的
二、写作意图和目的推断
根据文体特点看意图。
1. 故事类：to entertain readers/to tell an experience
2. 广告类：to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors
3. 科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类：to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe
三、隐含信息和言外之意推断
1. 在理解原文表面信息的基础上，推测文章的隐含信息和言外之意。
2. 推理判断题的答案是对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或进行推理归纳。
3. 不可选取文中的直接信息，切忌将自己的观点强加于作者，切忌片面解读文本。
四、预测内容推断
1. 从首段入手：实用类说明文往往采用“总分”或者“总分总”结构，首段往往承担着总起全文、概括各段内容要点的功能。考生把握好第一段(即主题段)的内容，便能顺着文章脉络，合理推断下文将展开的分论点。
2. 从末段入手：当作者在最后一段提到一个新话题却未充分展开时，考生们可将其作为理解文本的切入点。通过分析末段，特别是最后一句话的信息，有效推断后续可能的论述方向。
五、因果关系推断
除常规的从原因到结果的正向推理外，还可采用逆向推理法，即从结论出发，反推论证过程，通过寻找支撑论据来验证结论的合理性，最终构建完整的因果链条。
六、文章出处推断
根据文章的体裁和内容来推断文章的出处或类别，需掌握常见文本类型的语言风格、内容特点、形式结构等基本特征。如报纸、杂志、网站、科普、小说、童话、广告、教材、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等，将文本特征与可能的出处类别进行精准匹配。
干扰项的主要特点：
1. 毫厘千里——干扰项和原文的意义有细微差别，忽略这点差别就会选错。
2. 偷梁换柱——干扰项和原文表达的意思一致，但是和设问不相关。
3. 多此一举——干扰项是明显的事实或文中直接陈述的内容，不需要推断。
依据文章内容或作者观点进行推理判断，切忌主观臆断，将自己的观点看法强加于作者。
对 点 训 练
A(2025 浙江Z20名校联盟三模)
限时：7分钟
Amina's lungs burned as she reached the summit of the hill, her feet pounding against the unfamiliar pavement of her new hometown. As she ran, memories flashed through her mind.
Six months earlier, Amina had fled her war-torn homeland. When she finally reached this small town in a country whose language she barely spoke, she felt more out of place than ever. That first week, she had hardly left her tiny apartment. But on the eighth day, driven by a restlessness she couldn't shake, Amina laced up her worn running shoes and stepped outside.
At first, she ran to escape—from the memories, from the pitying looks of her new neighbours. But with each day and each mile, something began to shift. The rhythmic pounding of her feet became a way to process the hurt she'd endured and the challenges that lay ahead. Weeks later, Amina had explored every street of her new town. She started recognizing faces on her runs: the elderly man waving from his porch, the smiling mother pushing a stroller. One day, to her surprise, she found herself waving back.
Now, as Amina pushed up the last hill of her route, she realized how far she'd come. Running had become her lifeline, a way to bridge the gap between her past and her present. When she approached the entrance of her apartment building, she noticed her English teacher, Mrs Thompson, standing with several other runners from the community. They held a banner reading “Walnut Grove Running Club”．
Mrs Thompson stepped forward, smiling warmly, “Amina, we've seen you running every day. We wondered if you'd like to join our club.”
Amina felt a lump form in her throat. She nodded, a smile spreading across her face. “Yes，” she said, her accent still thick but her voice strong. As the group cheered and welcomed her, Amina realized she had been running through more than just physical borders. With each step, she had been crossing the boundaries of fear, isolation, and hurt.
【语篇导读】本文是记叙文(人与自我)。文章通过叙述Amina因战乱离开祖国后，在新家乡通过跑步逐渐适应新环境、克服心理障碍并最终加入跑步俱乐部的故事，展现了她的成长与转变。
1 What can be learned about Amina
A. She was a distance runner at home.
B. She spoke the local language fluently.
C. She left her motherland because of war.
D. She missed her motherland very much.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词learned about Amina定位到第二段第一句可知，Amina因祖国战火肆虐而被迫逃离祖国。
【答案】C
2 What initially motivated Amina to start running
A. To explore her new hometown.
B. To escape pain and loneliness.
C. To prepare for a running club.
D. To reach the summit of the hill.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词start running定位到第三段第一句可知，Amina最初跑步的动机是逃避回忆和邻居的怜悯目光，所以B项“逃避痛苦和孤独”是对原文的语义转换。
【答案】B
3 What does “waving back” in paragraph 3 suggest about Amina
A. She had learned the local customs.
B. She had mastered the local language.
C. She wanted to impress Mrs Thompson.
D. She began developing social connections.
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词“waving back” in paragraph 3定位到第三段最后一句，再联系上文可知，Amina从被动接受邻居的目光到主动挥手回应，从这一转变推测她开始与社区中的人互动，挥手回应是她开始发展社会联系的标志。
【答案】D
4 Which can be the best title for the text
A. Running Through Borders
B. Running Towards a Peaceful Life
C. Overcoming Pain Through Sports
D. Breaking Barriers in a New Country
【解析】主旨大意题，标题归纳。根据文章内容可知，全文围绕Amina通过跑步逐渐适应新环境、跨越心理障碍的经历展开。在本文中“跑步”不仅是物理上的运动，更是隐喻性的“跨越边界”——从逃避过去到拥抱现在，从孤独隔绝到融入社区。A项“穿越边界”精准概括了双重含义：既指Amina跑遍小镇的地理探索，也指她穿越恐惧、孤独等心理边界的成长过程。
【答案】A
【词汇拓展】
①rhythmic adj. 有节奏的
②porch n. 门廊
③banner n. 横幅
【长难句分析】
①Amina's lungs burned as she reached the summit of the hill, her feet pounding against the unfamiliar pavement of her new hometown.(Para.1)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓结构；as引导时间状语从句；her feet pounding against …为独立主格结构，做伴随状语。
句意：当Amina爬上小山顶时，她的肺部像火烧一样难受，双脚在新家乡陌生的路面上咚咚地踩过。
②But on the eighth day, driven by a restlessness she couldn't shake, Amina laced up her worn running shoes and stepped outside.(Para.2)
分析：本句为主从复合句。driven by …为过去分词短语做原因状语，其中she couldn't shake为省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词restlessness；主句中and连接两个谓语动词laced和stepped。
句意：但在第八天，被一种无法摆脱的不安驱使，Amina系紧了她那双破旧的跑鞋，走了出去。
1. Para.6: With each step, she had been crossing the boundaries of fear, isolation, and hurt.(with引导伴随状语)
仿写：脸上带着坚定的表情，在经历失败后，他鼓起勇气重新出发。
With a determined look on his face, he, after experiencing failure, gathered his courage and set off once again.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2024广东惠州一模)
限时：7分钟
As a child, John always wondered how the human body worked and how he could keep it healthy. His interest in medicine grew stronger when he volunteered at a children's hospital during high school. The never-give-up spirit of young patients battling against various illnesses massively affected him. Initially, he chose nursing in college, believing it would lead him to work closely with children. But after his first half year, he recognized nursing wasn't fit for him.
Switching to biology helped him discover his passion for learning about the complexities of the human body and using that knowledge to help children. Although the thought of the lengthy education and residency required for pediatrics(儿科学) made him hesitant, a heart-to-heart conversation with his brother changed his mind. His brother convinced John that his passion should motivate him rather than scare him. It was then that John decided to become a pediatrician because of the simple fact that he would work with children every day, and would make a positive impact on their lives and their families.
Pediatrics is not just about regular check-ups, but it also includes making sick kids feel better and helping them heal. This brings so much joy to John's heart. To him, he is not only a doctor but also a teacher, offering a safe space for the little ones to open up and share their fears or concerns. Plus, he really enjoys being a friendly and easy-to-talk-to person in their lives.
Being a pediatrician gives John the rewarding experience of helping and interacting with children daily and making those little ones' tough times easier. Also, the changing world of health care means he'll always be learning new things and facing exciting challenges. With his future plans, he wants to get into the field of being a physician assistant—a stepping stone that keeps him involved in pediatric care while still engaged in direct interaction with young patients. It allows him to do lots of the same things as a pediatrician, as well as helps him improve skills that are vital for making kids healthier.
【语篇导读】本文是记叙文(人与自我)。文章主要讲述了John从小对人体的运作和健康感兴趣，高中时在儿童医院的志愿服务坚定且增强了他的医学热情。虽然John最初选择护理专业，但转学生物学后，他决定成为儿科医生，为孩子们的生活带来积极影响。
5 What can we learn about John from the first paragraph
A. He began to have an interest in medicine during high school.
B. He decided to work on nursing after graduation from college.
C. He got inspired by young patients when volunteering at a hospital.
D. He was curious about how the doctors work to keep people healthy.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词the first paragraph定位到第一段第三句可知，年轻患者与各种疾病抗争的永不放弃的精神对John产生了巨大的影响，C项“John在医院做义工时受到年轻病人的启发”使用被动语态，是对原文信息的同义转述。
【答案】C
6 Why did John choose the career as a pediatrician
A. To learn about the complexities of the human body.
B. To bring about improvements in children's lives.
C. To get rewarding experience of helping children.
D. To face the challenges making him hesitant and scared.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词Why和choose the career as a pediatrician定位到第二段最后一句可知，John选择做儿科医生是因为他想改善儿童的生活。
【答案】B
7 Which of the following best describes John's feeling toward being a pediatrician
A. Excited but tired. B. Worthy but stressful.
C. Proud and delighted. D. Concerned and moved.
【解析】推理判断题，观点、看法、情感、态度。根据题干关键词John's feeling定位到第三段第二句和第四段第一句可知，John心中十分喜悦，成为儿科医生是一件值得的经历，所以John对成为一名儿科医生是自豪和喜悦的。
【答案】C
8 What's the text mainly about
A. John's journey of pursuing a career in pediatrics.
B. John's challenges and rewards as a pediatrician.
C. A comparison between pediatricians and nurses.
D. The importance of improving the health of children.
【解析】主旨大意题，全文大意。根据题干关键词the text可知，本题需结合全文分析。文章主要讲述了John从小对人体的运作和健康感兴趣，高中时在儿童医院的志愿服务坚定且增强了他的医学热情。虽然John最初选择护理专业，但转学生物后，他决定成为儿科医生，为孩子们的生活带来积极影响。A项“John从事儿科职业的历程”具有高度概括性，符合全文语境。
【答案】A
【词汇拓展】
①massively adv. 大规模地；很大程度上
②lengthy adj. 冗长的；漫长的
③residency [熟义]n. 居住　[生义]n. 住院医生实习期
【长难句分析】
It was then that John decided to become a pediatrician because of the simple fact that he would work with children every day, and would make a positive impact on their lives and their families.(Para.2)
分析：本句为强调句型。because of the simple fact为介词短语做原因状语，that后面引导同位语从句补充说明fact的内容，该同位语从句中有两个由 and 连接的并列谓语would work和would make。
句意：就在那时，John决定成为一名儿科医生，原因很简单，那就是他可以每天与孩子们打交道，并对他们的生活和家庭产生积极的影响。
1. Para.2: Switching to biology helped him discover his passion for learning about the complexities of the human body and using that knowledge to help children.(动名词做主语)
仿写：那时我才意识到，获得第二名并不是世界末日，它既没有抹杀我付出的努力，也没有否定我取得的进步。
It dawned on me then that coming in second wasn't the end of the world, which neither erased the effort I had put in, nor the progress I had made.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共54张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
微专题4　词义猜测题
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
考向1　考纲外单词意义猜测题
典例1　(2025全国一卷B Para.3)
As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice. This time they found the exercise much more interesting. For the next two assignments, a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop, I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre(体裁) and that it contain a thesis. The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.
26 What does the underlined word “staggering” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Mixed. B. Amazing.
C. Similar. D. Disturbing.
解题分析 根据题干关键词可知，本题考查生词意思，定位到第三段倒数第二句。结合上下文并分析句子逻辑关系可知，本段第一句话介绍作者教学生写作的背景，第二句话介绍学生的反应，然后进一步举例，画线词所在句表明了写作训练的结果，最后一句话再次强调学生的作文打动了作者的内心。由此可知，画线词是褒义，A、C两个选项是中性词，D项为贬义词，只有B项“惊人的”贴合语境，故选B。
典例2　(2025浙江1月卷C Para.1)
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it's based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
28 What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
解题分析 根据题干关键词可知，本题考查生词意思，定位到第一段最后一句。结合上文可知，本段第一、二两句介绍了一种被称为矩阵种植的新的设计花园的方法，其目的是让大自然承担更多重任；第三句进一步解释其基本原则是像大自然那样进行园艺种植。由此可推知，画线处对待使用化肥和电动工具的态度是消极的，因为这与自然相违背，故画线词Eschewing应表否定，B项“远离”符合这一分析，故为答案。A项意为“用完，用尽”，C项意为“忍受”，D项意为“利用”。
考向2　代词指代意义猜测题
典例1　(2025全国二卷B Para.4)
There are up to 30 students at any given time in Ho's class. She generally works with their regular teachers to get lessons and tests being used at their home schools. Some teachers don't give the kids any assignments; they express sympathy instead. “I feel like it is a disservice to the kids，” Ho says. “They think their teachers don't care about their schoolwork.”
26 What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A. Offering regular lessons. B. Paying extra attention.
C. Assigning no schoolwork. D. Showing no sympathy.
解题分析 根据题干关键词可知，本题考查代词指代。代词可以指代上下文出现的名词、短语或句子。画线词所在句的上文在陈述有些老师不给孩子布置任何作业，只是表达同情的现象，接着引用Ho的话进一步解释说明，故此处的it指代上文“有些老师不给孩子们布置任何作业”，故选C。
典例2　(2024浙江1月卷B Para.1)
When was the last time you used a telephone box I mean to make an actual phone call—not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago, right The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was … 2006. I was conducting auditions(试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”．
24 What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to
A. The play. B. The shared house.
C. The sofa. D. The telephone box.
解题分析 根据题干关键词可知，本题考查代词指代。根据画线词所在句的上下文可知，作者在又小又旧的合租房里组织剧本试演，为了吸引演员特意布置了房间，以使房子看起来更像一个“年轻专业人士”的生活空间。所以it指代的是作者的合租房。故选B。
考向3　熟词指代意义猜测题
典例　(2023全国乙卷D Para.3)
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
34 What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History.
C. Voice. D. Society.
解题分析 根据题干关键词可知，本题考查熟词指代意义。conversation原义为“对话”，但本句中需结合上下文语境分析其意义。本段第一、二两句属于因果关系，第一句解释原因“胜利会被有意或无意曲解，尤其当只有胜利者会书写时”，第二句说明带来的结果是“失败的一方只能依赖他们的物品来讲述自己的故事”，然后第三句举例证明，第四句作者总结观点“当我们考虑诸如此类的有文字和无文字的这些社会之间的联系时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只是一场对话的一半”。这里的一半是指关于历史的文字记载。接下来应该讲到另一半，所以画线句表示，要想得到另一半的历史故事，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。故选B。
考向4　词组意义猜测题
典例1　(2024新课标Ⅱ卷D Paras.1～2)
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革)．
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
32 What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated.
B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent.
D. If translated by someone unacademic.
解题分析 根据题干关键词可知，本题考查词组的意思，定位到第二段第一句。文中用but, thankfully来表示逻辑关系，幸好是Campbell撰写的这本书，她把像代码一样复杂的内容变得通俗易懂。由此可反推画线词所在句想表达的意思是：如果是别人写的话，可能达不到这么好的效果。故推测画线短语表示“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C。干扰项D项侧重强调“翻译”，但原文中translate意为“转化”，与“翻译”无关，故D项错误。
典例2　(2024新课标Ⅰ卷C Para.2)
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
28 What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
解题分析 根据题干关键词可知，本题考查词组的意思，定位到第二段第三句。结合上下文分析可知，作者认为相较于在屏幕上阅读学习，在纸质文本上阅读学习的效果更佳，并且有研究证明这一观点。随后进一步说明，当实验者的任务从识别大意等简单操作升级为推断等需要抽象思维的活动时，纸质阅读的优势尤为凸显。根据语境可推知，shine through在此处指纸质阅读的益处在复杂任务中变得显著且易于察觉，与D项“变得容易注意到”相符。
体 系 建 构
高考阅读理解中可以含有不超过3%的超纲词。词义猜测题考查考生通过阅读上下文来推断词句含义的能力，考查方向主要包括代词指代、词汇含义(如生词的意义或熟词的生僻义等)，也可能考查句意理解(但近几年真题中都没有考查)。所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要通过阅读上下文，根据文章语境、已知信息或常识来推测考查对象的隐含意义。该题型虽然在高考阅读理解里考查比例最小，但也是每年必考。
常见设问方式：
What does the underlined word/phrase “…” in paragraph … refer to/(probably) mean
Which of the following best explains “…” underlined in paragraph …？
What is … in the last paragraph
What does the author mean by using “…” in paragraph …？
Which of the following can (best) replace the underlined word/phrase “…”？
The underlined word “…” probably refers to .
1. 巧用线索猜词义
(1) 利用构词法：熟记常见词根、词缀，尝试分解单词来猜测词义。
(2) 利用上下文的语法关系：
①同位解释关系:同位语或同位语从句,标志词有namely、that is等；
②修饰解释关系：
a. 非限制性定语从句：用逗号隔开，由which/who等关系代词引导，用于补充说明先行词。
b. 定义式说明：常见于科普类说明文，用冒号、破折号等标点引出解释说明性文字。
(3) 利用逻辑关系：
①同义/近义关系的标志词有and、or、as well、similarly、either等；
②反义关系的标志词有unlike、rather than、on the contrary等；
③因果关系的标志词有because、so、thus、as a result of、since、so that等；
④让步/转折关系的标志词有although、though、but、yet、however等；
⑤对比关系的标志词有while、whereas等。
(4) 利用举例子，标志词如like、such as、for example等，根据实例归纳出上文所指。
2. 根据就近原则和逻辑一致原则推断代词指代。
3. 根据意义吻合原则，利用对上下文语境中具体信息的理解来推断句意。
干扰项的主要特点：
1. 表里不一——干扰项会列出画线部分的字面意思或常规含义。
2. 貌合神离——干扰项给出的词与画线词形近，或所表达的意思表面看起来吻合，或解释中包含原句中的部分词，但都是障眼法，实则偷换概念。
3. 毫不相干——命题者故意杜撰出来的解释。
对 点 训 练
A(2025广东广州天河区毕业测试三)
限时：7分钟
The UK government finds itself at a crossroads, with tech companies urging it to loosen copyright laws. These firms argue that by giving AI systems unrestricted access to online content—free from the need to pay or seek permission—the nation could unlock economic growth. For a country eager to compete in the global tech race dominated by the US and China, the appeal is undeniable. Yet, this path may come at a cost.
Tech companies have long viewed copyright as a barrier. A few years ago, the Intellectual Property Office suggested an exception for data mining, claiming it would draw tech investment. Though the proposal was not adopted, the idea stays. The current government's consultation on AI and copyright is too favorable to big tech.
Existing law clearly safeguards the rights of original works, from art to journalism, against unauthorized copying. The principle that original material cannot be ripped off and that creative people have rights over their work is widely understood and accepted. However, big tech often bypasses these rules, much like how US social media giants built their empires on content created by others. Creative individuals and smaller businesses are struggling to keep pace, most in danger of being left behind.
While the promise of technological advancement is hard to resist, the UK must weigh its options carefully. Artists such as Elton McCartney and Paul Clemence have been vocal in their defense of human creativity, and the House of Lords has taken steps to ensure that licenses for copyrighted material are actively sought. Ministers, dazzled(眼花缭乱) by the prospect of new data centers and a seat at the AI table, should pause to reconsider their priorities. After all, big tech should not be given more rights over others' work than the rest of society.
【语篇导读】本文是议论文(人与社会)。文章主要探讨英国政府在科技公司呼吁放宽版权法背景下的政策争议及潜在影响。
1 Why do tech companies want the UK government to relax copyright laws
A. To beat the US and China.
B. For AI access to online material.
C. To follow copyright tradition.
D. For the popularization of technology.
【解析】推理判断题，因果关系。根据题干关键词tech companies和relax copyright laws定位到第一段第一、二句可知，这些公司认为，通过让人工智能系统不受限制地访问在线内容——无需付费或寻求许可——英国可以释放经济增长潜力。由此可知，科技公司希望英国政府放宽版权法是为了让AI系统能够自由获取网络内容。干扰项A表述的是政策可能带来的影响，而非科技公司直接主张的立法目的，故不选。
【答案】B
2 What is the UK government's current position on AI and copyright
A. It permits data mining exceptions.
B. It has dismissed relaxation ideas.
C. It is consulting but favors big tech.
D. It is introducing new laws.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词UK government's定位到第二段中最后一句可知，现任政府关于人工智能与版权的磋商对大型科技公司过于有利。
【答案】C
3 What does the underlined phrase “ripped off” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Stolen. B. Preserved.
C. Ignored. D. Processed.
【解析】词义猜测题，词组意义。根据题干关键词paragraph 3定位到第三段，结合上下文分析可知，第一句提及现有法律明确保护原创作品的产权，第二句进一步解释这个法律的原则，所以前后句是逻辑上的顺接关系。画线词组位于同位语从句中，表解释说明，故结合上文语境可知，此处强调原创材料不可被ripped off。A项“窃取”代入语境中能保持逻辑通畅。
【答案】A
4 What is the author's attitude toward relaxing copyright laws
A. Favorable. B. Neutral.
C. Disapproving. D. Indifferent.
【解析】推理判断题，观点、看法、情感、态度。根据题干关键词attitude定位到最后一段最后一句可知，作者希望英国政府认真考虑，毕竟大型科技公司不应被赋予比社会其他群体更多处理他人作品的权利，由此可知作者不赞成放宽版权法。故选C项。
【答案】C
【词汇拓展】
①undeniable adj. 无可否认的
②safeguard v. 保护
③unauthorized adj. 未经授权的
④bypass vt. 绕过
⑤be vocal in 在……上直言不讳
【长难句分析】
These firms argue that by giving AI systems unrestricted access to online content—free from the need to pay or seek permission—the nation could unlock economic growth.(Para.1)
分析：本句为主从复合句。that引导宾语从句，by giving …为介词短语做方式状语，free from …是形容词短语做插入语。
句意：这些公司认为，通过让人工智能系统不受限制地访问网络内容——无需支付费用或征求许可——该国可以释放经济增长潜力。
1. Para.3: Creative individuals and smaller businesses are struggling to keep pace, most in danger of being left behind.(独立主格结构)
仿写：一种羞愧的感觉向我涌来,我当场呆住了,一句话也说不出来。
A sense of guilt flooding towards me, I was frozen on the spot, not uttering a single word.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2025浙江宁波镇海中学月考)
限时：7分钟
Researchers have developed a novel inhalable(吸入式的) drug delivery system for lung cancer using mucoadhesive protein nanoparticles(MPNs) inspired by marine mussels'(贻贝) characteristics.
Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of cases, is difficult to treat due to delayed detection and the deleterious effects of traditional treatments, where anticancer drugs circulate throughout the body and damage healthy tissues.
Inhaled therapies offer a promising alternative, delivering drugs directly to the lungs. However, the efficiency of this approach has been affected by the lung's mucosal(黏膜的) barriers and immune cells. Building on this, collaborative research developed MPNs for lung cancer treatment. This approach takes advantage of the gluey feature of marine mussel proteins.
This characteristic allows the nanoparticles to be firmly attached to the lung's mucosal surfaces, ensuring that the drugs are released precisely in tumor(肿瘤) areas while minimizing exposure in healthy tissues. As a result, side effects are reduced. Additionally, the natural breakdown properties and low immune response of mussel proteins make the treatment safer and help the drugs stay longer in the lungs, boosting their effectiveness.
In lung cancer animal models, the drug-loaded nanoparticles effectively reduced tumor spread and invasion after being delivered through a breathing machine and remaining attached to the lung's mucosal surface for an extended time. This advancement holds the potential to enhance patient access to lung cancer treatment, as the simplified inhalable drug administration could be self-managed at home. Furthermore, this approach may significantly improve patients' quality of life by reducing the need for hospital visits.
The study has also drawn attention from researchers in the wider scientific community. Dr Hana Lee from Seoul National University described the MPNs as a “guided missile” in cancer treatment—precise, efficient, and minimally invasive. This level of precision offered a rare combination of specificity and simplicity not often found in conventional treatments.
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章介绍了受贻贝黏性启发开发的吸入式纳米颗粒(MPNs)可精准附着于肺部黏膜,定向递送药物,减少对健康组织的伤害,提升肺癌治疗效果,被专家评价为“精准制导”。
5 What does the underlined word “deleterious” mean
A. Temporary. B. Harmful.
C. Unpredictable. D. Mild.
【解析】词义猜测题，考纲外单词意义。根据题干关键词定位到第二段。delayed和deleterious并列修饰化疗副作用，结合下文可知抗癌药物在全身循环并伤害健康组织，所以可推断该词意为“有害的”。
【答案】B
6 What feature of mussels helps advance the study
A. Immune system. B. Mucosal barriers.
C. Stickiness properties. D. Tumor-killing substances.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词feature of mussels定位到第三段最后一句可知，这种方法利用了海洋贻贝蛋白质的粘胶特性。C项的Stickiness properties意为“黏性”，是对原句中gluey feature的同义表达。
【答案】C
7 Why did Dr Hana Lee compare MPNs to a “guided missile”？
A. To emphasize targeting accuracy.
B. To suggest the military use of MPNs.
C. To challenge previous cancer treatment.
D. To show the new evidence of the research.
【解析】推理判断题，因果关系。根据题干关键词Dr Hana Lee定位到最后一段第二句可知，专家评价中precise, efficient强调 MPNs 的靶向准确性，如同导弹精准打击目标，避免伤害健康组织。
【答案】A
8 What is the main idea of the passage
A. Mussels' texture aids in technological advancements.
B. Novel lung cancer treatment outperforms old methods.
C. Bio-inspired nanoparticles improve lung cancer therapy.
D. Researchers collaborate to unlock the mystery of lung cancer.
【解析】主旨大意题，全文大意。根据题干关键词可知，本题需要通读全文进行分析。全文围绕bio-inspired nanoparticles“仿生物纳米颗粒”展开，介绍其设计原理(贻贝黏性)、优势(精准递送、副作用少)及应用前景，核心是“受生物启发的技术改善肺癌治疗”。A“贻贝质地有助于技术进步”：偷换概念，应为“黏性”，故不选；B“新肺癌疗法优于旧方法”：文中未直接对比，故不选；D“研究人员合作揭开肺癌之谜”：偏离重点，文中强调的是“治疗技术”，故不选。
【答案】C
【词汇拓展】
①gluey adj. 胶黏的；胶质的
②specificity n. 特异性；明确性
③simplicity n. 简单性
【长难句分析】
①Non-small cell lung cancer, accounting for 85% of cases, is difficult to treat due to delayed detection and the deleterious effects of traditional treatments, where anticancer drugs circulate throughout the body and damage healthy tissues.(Para.2)
分析：本句为主从复合句。句子主干为Non-small cell lung cancer is difficult to …是主系表结构，accounting for …为现在分词短语做定语，where引导非限制性定语从句。
句意：非小细胞肺癌占肺癌病例的85%，由于检测延误以及传统治疗方法的有害影响而难以治疗，传统治疗中抗癌药物会在全身循环并损害健康组织。
②In lung cancer animal models,the drug-loaded nanoparticles effectively reduced tumor spread and invasion after being delivered through a breathing machine and remaining attached to the lung's mucosal surface for an extended time. (Para.5)
分析：本句为简单句。句子为主谓宾结构。In lung …为介词短语做地点状语，after being delivered … and remaining attached …为介词短语做时间状语。
句意：在肺癌动物模型中，药物载荷的纳米颗粒通过呼吸机给药后，能够长时间附着在肺部黏膜表面，有效减少了肿瘤的扩散和侵袭。
1. Para.6: The study has also drawn attention from researchers in the wider scientific community.(draw attention from)
仿写：传统中国剪纸这门古老的艺术最近吸引了公众的注意，突显了其文化意义和保护的必要性。
The ancient art of traditional Chinese paper-cutting has recently drawn attention from the public, highlighting its cultural significance and the need for its preservation.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共56张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
微专题3　主旨大意题
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
考向1　标题归纳题
典例1　(2025全国一卷C Para.1 & Paras.3～5)
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
…
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through”. Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it's time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
31 What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Why the Rush B. What's Next
C. Where to Stay D. Who to Blame
解题分析 根据题干关键词title可知，本题需整体归纳分析。首段提出话题“虽然街道安全性有所提高，但路上车流量太大，行人尤其是孩子们难以安全出行”，紧接着回顾街道改造的历史并和现实对比，论证了西方城市最终仍以汽车需求为主导进行街道改造。末段作者用疑问句呼吁重新思考街道的意义，所以全文核心矛盾是“汽车与儿童安全”的冲突。其中第三段引用Jane Jacobs呼吁市长支持的观点、第五段首句直抒胸臆，作者都围绕关键词rush through表达了否定态度。故A项“为何匆匆”贴合文章的主题。
典例2　(2025全国二卷C)
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now，” says Dr Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating，” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone(激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one (or a few！) doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one，” Detrinidad says.
31 What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Time to Replace Houseplants
B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D. Plants Brighten Your Home
解题分析 根据题干关键词title可知，本题需整体分析归纳。第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二、三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。B项“植物改善你的情绪”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。
考向2　全文大意题
典例　(2024新课标Ⅱ卷C)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmers' markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod(容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
31 What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF's major strengths.　 B. BMF's general management.
C. BMF's global influence.　 D. BMF's technical standard.
解题分析 概括全文主旨大意时，可先找出每段主题句，再根据逻辑连接词厘清段落之间的关系。纵览全文，整篇都在介绍BMF的优点及企业员工的环保观点。答案选A。
考向3　段落大意题
典例1　(2025全国二卷D Para.5)
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients(配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
34 What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
解题分析 根据题干关键词paragraph 5定位到第五段。首先我们关注段首句，段首句说“值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的”，下文接着具体介绍了制作菜单上的菜品的原料和方法。故本题选C。
典例2　(2024新课标Ⅰ卷B Para.1 & Paras.3～4)
“I am not crazy，” says Dr William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
…
Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That's my job.”
26 What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians' work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
解题分析 根据题干关键词paragraph 3定位到第三段。第三段列举了宠物狗Charlie和宠物马Nappy的两个例子，说明兽医Farber使用特殊疗法治疗动物，并且产生了积极的效果。结合首段和第四段可知，这种特殊疗法是Farber推崇的整体医学，由此我们总结出第三段主要关于“整体医学的有效性”。学生易受第三段最后出现的原词chiropractic迷惑，误选A项“按摩治疗的步骤”，但是第三段并未具体介绍按摩治疗步骤。故选D。
体 系 建 构
主旨大意题考查考生深层次理解文章的能力，考生要能在速读中辨别主要、次要信息，从文章中提炼关键词、主干句，加工概括，归纳出文章或段落的主旨。此类考题属于高难度题型，主要考查形式有三种：标题归纳题、全文大意题、段落大意题。
常见设问形式如下：
This passage chiefly deals with .
What is mainly discussed in the text/paragraph …？
The main idea/key point of the passage is that .
The best title/headline for this passage might be .
The text/passage could be entitled.
The theme of the passage is .
注意设问中的标志词。此类题其他值得关注的标志词：subject、topic、aim、sum up、summarize等。
1. 选项识别法
大意题的正确选项概括性强，能最大程度归纳全段或全文的大意；
标题归纳题的正确选项主题突出、表述精炼。
2. 文章或段落结构分析法
总—分结构：即演绎法，先开门见山点明主题，再用细节支撑发展主旨；
分—总结构：即归纳法，先列举具体事例或现象描述细节，再通过分析这些事例或现象归纳要点，最后得出结论或给出建议；
总—分—总结构：先点明主题，再详细阐述，最后再次强调主题或进一步引申。
3. 关键信息定位法
重点阅读首尾段或段落首尾句；
重点把握主旨句，即最核心、最具概括性的信息；
关注特殊句式，如反问句及其回答。
4. 关键词提示法
关注逻辑关系词前后的信息:转折词(如but、yet、however、in fact、actually等)、总结词(如in brief、in short、to sum up、so、therefore等)；
关注内容标记词，锁定主旨：核心话题词(与主旨、话题相关)、复现词、研究成果词(如indicate、suggest、according to等)、例证引导词(如for example、for instance等)。
干扰项的主要特点：
1. 以偏概全——干扰项可能与文章主题相关，仅涉及文中某个细节或相关议题，但并未完全捕捉到文章的核心思想。
2. 范围失控——干扰项将文章中的观点或情况过度限定、过度扩大(概括过度),或遗漏关键信息(概括不足),使其与文章的主旨不完全相符。
3. 反向表述——干扰项使用否定或相反的表述方式，以混淆读者对文章主旨的理解。
4. 无关信息——干扰项可能包含与文章无关的信息，使读者产生误解。
对 点 训 练
A(2025湖南张家界模拟改编)
限时：7分钟
Imagine you're cooking potatoes for breakfast. First, you'd remove the potatoes from their plastic bag. Then, you might chop them on a plastic cutting board. Next, you'd probably cook them in a nonstick pan. All the removing, chopping and overheating of nonstick pans can add 2.3 million microplastics to your food.
Besides food, the air and water in your home is full of microplastics. We interact with them, which are smaller than a grain of salt, more than we might realize. Humans breathe in about 22,000,000 microplastics annually. As a result, microplastics have been detected in our blood and lungs. We're only just beginning to understand the effect of microplastics on human health—but research suggests we should be more concerned.
A groundbreaking new study shows how the presence of microplastics in arteries(动脉) is linked to a greater risk of heart attack and death. When microplastics build up in arteries, the thicker blood vessel(血管) walls reduce blood flow to parts of the body. This study will inspire more research into what other organs plastic may be damaging, such as the brain, or stomach.
Microplastics may be inescapable, but with simple swaps and fixes, you can reduce the amount of microplastics you encounter in your own home. Carry your own reusable bags and avoid buying food that comes in much plastic packaging. When heating food, use stainless steel pans instead of nonstick pans. Another way to limit your exposure is to filter(过滤) your tap water to reduce plastic fibers in it.
Ultimately, plastic manufacturers and the companies that sell their products are responsible for the high volume of plastic waste in our environments, and significantly reducing that plastic—and the microplastics that come with it—will have to be at the policy level nationwide and worldwide.
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章主要探讨了微塑料的普遍性及其对人类健康的影响，并提出了一些减少微塑料暴露的建议。
1 What does the author try to convey by telling the cooking story
A. Microplastics directly lead to diseases.
B. Nonstick pans are free of microplastics.
C. We consumed microplastics unknowingly.
D. Cooking is to blame for making microplastics.
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词cooking story定位到文章第一段可知，作者举例说明了煮饭时的各个环节，每个环节里都有塑料的存在，本段最后一句话总结说各种情况都会增加我们摄入微塑料的量。由此C项“我们在不知情的情况下摄入了微塑料”是作者想要表达的信息。
【答案】C
2 How do microplastics affect our body according to the new study
A. By damaging our brain. B. By slowing blood flow.
C. By thickening our lungs. D. By causing stomachache.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词according to the new study定位到文章第三段第一、二句可知，动脉中微塑料的存在与心脏病发作和死亡风险增加有关。当微塑料在动脉中积聚时，更厚的血管壁会减少流向身体各部位的血液。由此可知，微塑料通过减缓血流来影响我们的身体。
【答案】B
3 What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about
A. Tips for people to cut microplastics.
B. Proof of microplastics in our homes.
C. Presence of microplastics in packaging.
D. Exposure to microplastics via tap water.
【解析】主旨大意题，段落大意。根据题干关键词paragraph 4定位到文章第四段，考查段落大意，因此需浏览全段。第一句为本段主旨大意句，句意为“微塑料可能是无法避免的，但通过简单的替换和修复，你可以减少在自己家中接触到的微塑料的数量。”故可知，本段主要提供了减少在家中接触微塑料的建议。
【答案】A
【词汇拓展】
①chop v. 切碎
②nonstick pans 不粘锅
③groundbreaking adj. 开创性的；革新的
【长难句分析】
Ultimately, plastic manufacturers and the companies that sell their products are responsible for the high volume of plastic waste in our environments, and significantly reducing that plastic—and the microplastics that come with it—will have to be at the policy level nationwide and worldwide. (Para.5)
分析：本句为并列复合句，由and连接两个分句。第一个分句主干plastic manufacturers and the companies … are responsible for …是主系表结构，其中that sell their products为定语从句修饰主语。第二个分句主干reducing that plastic … will have to be at the policy level …是主系表结构，其中reducing that plastic为动名词做主语，破折号中的内容是插入语中嵌套定语从句。
句意：最终，塑料制造商以及销售其产品的公司要为环境中大量的塑料垃圾负责，而大幅减少这些塑料——以及随之而来的微塑料——必须通过全国乃至全球范围内的政策层面来实现。
1. Para.3: A groundbreaking new study shows how the presence of microplastics in arteries is linked to a greater risk of heart attack and death.(how引导宾语从句)
仿写：当我回想起Toby摇摆的尾巴曾怎样映照出我弟弟那脆弱的幸福时，我的自私和固执沉重地压在我心头。
The weight of my selfishness and stubbornness pressed upon me as I recalled how Toby's wagging tail had mirrored my brother's fragile happiness.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2025湖北十堰郧阳中学考前适应性考试)
限时：7分钟
Ladakh, in the trans-Himalayas, with its vast, uninhabited and stunning landscapes, has fascinated me since my first visit 20 years ago. In 2011, my fifth time in Ladakh, the region's raw beauty held an entirely different pull—one that seemed to hum with an ancient energy, a force I hadn't noticed before.
In the very bones of the land lay a collection of prehistoric carvings known as petroglyphs(岩石画), the only remains of prehistoric human presence in the area. Seeing these carvings, I couldn't shake the feeling that I was witnessing something far deeper than I had imagined. There was an urgency to document them, as centuries-old carvings were being destroyed under the pressure of development. As a mountain enthusiast always seeking adventures, this attractive art drew me in, like a moth to a flame, beginning a decade-long journey of discovery and documentation.
These markings were not just carvings on rock but reflections of an ancient culture we know little about. Despite tough living conditions, these hunter-gatherers still found ways to convey their beliefs and observations through highly stylized forms, reflecting the deep artistic desire that has always been a part of the human—long before the rise of civilized society. As artist and anthropologist Desmond Morris put it, “It is as if the human species were incapable of being artless regardless of material circumstances.”
To bring these open-air art galleries to a wider audience, I wanted to create something that had not been attempted before by using specialized photography techniques with my focus being on their distribution, styles and creative range. It was no small matter, given the vastness of Ladakh, my ambition to capture art from every region, the limited windows of opportunity, and the harsh conditions I faced. Not to mention, all my trips were personally funded. When the book—Speaking Stones: Rock Art of Ladakh—was named a finalist for the Banff Mountain Book Award in 2024, I was honored, but the recognition was secondary. My true reward was a deeper connection with time and nature through a vast unbroken string, binding us all together.
【语篇导读】本文是记叙文(人与自然)。文章讲述了作者在拉达克地区发现史前岩画后，决定记录这些岩画，并通过摄影技术将它们展示给更多的观众的过程。
4 What drove the author to document the petroglyphs
A. The threat of regional progress.
B. The appeal of amazing scenery.
C. A search for thrilling experiences.
D. A childhood bond with ancient art.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词document the petroglyphs定位到原文第二段第三句可知，作者觉得记录这些岩画变得很紧迫，因为数百年的雕刻正在社会发展的压力下被破坏，故同义句转换，A项“地区进步的威胁”正确，threat对应第三句中under the pressure，progress对应句中development。
【答案】A
5 What can we learn from Morris's quote in paragraph 3
A. Art is the mirror of nature.
B. Art inspires human wisdom.
C. Art is deeply rooted in humans.
D. Art can't exist without materials.
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词Morris's quote和paragraph 3定位到第三段最后一句话，本句用As引导，表示“正如某人所说”，用于总结前面所举例子，而本段第一、二两句强调了作者的观点“这些雕刻是我们知之甚少的古老文化的反映，反映出人类内心对艺术的渴望”，所以引用Morris的话是为了证明这一点，即艺术深深根植于人类之中。
【答案】C
6 Which can best describe the process of creating the book
A. Systematic. B. Brain-tearing.
C. Painstaking. D. Eventful.
【解析】推理判断题，观点、看法、情感、态度。根据题干关键词the book定位到原文最后一段第二、三句话。这两句话强调了作者所遇到的困难，包括各种地域的困难、有限的机会，以及费用问题。由此推知，这些困难都表明创作这本书的过程是艰辛的。故选C“费力的”。A项意为“系统的”，B项意为“令人头痛的”，D项意为“充满事故的，不平凡的”。
【答案】C
7 Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A. Tasting the Past: The Analysis of Petroglyphs
B. Written in Stone: Ladakh's Timeless Artistry
C. Guarding the Rocks: A Saver of Ladakh's Heritage
D. Carved by Time: A Record of Himalayan Geography
【解析】主旨大意题，标题归纳。根据题干关键词title可知，需要通读全文进行分析。文章讲述了作者在拉达克地区发现史前岩画后，决定记录这些岩画，并通过摄影技术将它们展示给更多的观众的过程。这些岩画是拉达克地区永恒的艺术瑰宝，它们被刻在石头上，见证了拉达克地区的历史和文化。由此可知，B项“刻在石头上：拉达克永恒的艺术”最能概括文章的主旨，适合作为文章的标题。
【答案】B
【词汇拓展】
①pull [熟义]v./n. 拉；拽　[生义]n. 吸引力；影响力
②hum v. 哼(曲子)；发嗡嗡声；活跃，繁忙
③like a moth to a flame 飞蛾扑火般
④stylized adj. 非写实的
【长难句分析】
①In 2011, my fifth time in Ladakh, the region's raw beauty held an entirely different pull—one that seemed to hum with an ancient energy, a force I hadn't noticed before.(Para.1)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓宾结构；one做pull的同位语，that seemed to hum with an ancient energy为定语从句修饰先行词one, a force做energy的同位语，I hadn't noticed before为定语从句修饰先行词force。
句意：2011年，我第五次来到拉达克，这片区域未经雕琢的美丽展现出了一种截然不同的吸引力——它似乎散发着一种古老的能量，一股我之前未曾察觉的力量。
②As a mountain enthusiast always seeking adventures, this attractive art drew me in, like a moth to a flame, beginning a decade-long journey of discovery and documentation.(Para.2)
分析：本句为简单句。句子主干this attractive art drew me in是主谓宾结构，As … 为介词短语表身份，seeking adventures是现在分词短语做后置定语修饰enthusiast，beginning a decade-long journey …做结果状语。
句意：作为一名热爱山峰、总是寻求冒险的人，这种迷人的艺术吸引了我，让我如同飞蛾扑火般开启了长达十年的探索和记录之旅。
1. Para.2: There was an urgency to document them, as centuries-old carvings were being destroyed under the pressure of development.(there was an urgency to＋目标或行动＋as＋原因)
仿写：由于大雨可能会冲走这座古庙脆弱的地基，因此保护这座古庙的工作迫在眉睫。
There was an urgency to preserve the ancient temple, as heavy rains threatened to wash away its fragile foundations.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共18张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
题型综述
1. 命题解读
能力要求：设题紧扣《高考试题分析》总结的六项能力——理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息(如数据含义、研究结果等)；根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；做出判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度。考查整体阅读与深度阅读能力，需整体理解文章，而不是单从字面搜寻信息。选项理解难度适中，重点考查考生的语篇理解能力、对上下文逻辑关系的把握能力、同义替换能力和归纳概括能力。
语篇特点：常见四种体裁，说明文占比最多，其次是应用文、记叙文和议论文。语篇一般长220～350词。题材多是非虚构类(non-fiction)素材，话题广泛，大都选编自外媒报刊以及原版读物。近年语篇难度渐增，派生词多，长难句多。
考查角度：细节理解题和推理判断题考查频率高，主旨大意题和词义猜测题考查频率低。
设问特点：用what、why、who、which、how等疑问词设问。题干词数6～11词。设题按照段落的顺序，符合“题文同序”的命题原则。每题的选项设置工整，词数、长短和结构均保持一致。答题信息较隐蔽，需综合多处信息获得答案。
考向预测：命题形式和语篇选择上会稳中求新，跨主题融合的新素材出现概率增加，环境保护、人工智能伦理等全球性议题的考查比重可能提升。
2. 考情分析
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2025 全国一卷 A 应用文 328＋67 人与自然 交通工具的碳排放情况及能源转型 细节理解题：8 推理判断题：5 主旨大意题：1 词义猜测题：1 1. what、which疑问句考查数据与事实；
2. what疑问句考查跨段落整合信息
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2025 全国一卷 B 记叙文 304＋106 人与社会 一位教师的写作课教学经历以及感悟 细节理解题：8 推理判断题：5 主旨大意题：1 词义猜测题：1 1. who疑问句考查文本还原能力；
2. why疑问句考查因果分析能力；
3. what疑问句考查语境理解能力
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2025 全国一卷 C 议论文 323＋133 人与社会 现代城市交通和规划对社区生活和行人安全的影响 细节理解题：8 推理判断题：5 主旨大意题：1 词义猜测题：1 what疑问句考查细节理解能力、判断推理能力、理解归纳能力
D 说明文 328＋135 人与自然 微塑料污染及解决方案 1. how疑问句考查写作手法；
2. what疑问句考查判断推理、理解归纳能力
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2024 新课标 Ⅰ卷 A 应用文 204＋83 人与社会 栖息地修复工作队的志愿者招募 细节理解题：5 推理判断题：7 主旨大意题：2 词义猜测题：1 what疑问句考查提取信息能力
B 记叙文 291＋127 人与自然 美国兽医采用中西医结合的方式治疗动物 1. what疑问句考查提取信息能力；
2. why疑问句考查因果分析能力
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2024 新课标 Ⅰ卷 C 议论文 332＋141 人与社会 不同媒介对阅读的影响 细节理解题：5 推理判断题：7 主旨大意题：2 词义猜测题：1 1. what疑问句考查语义转换和推理能力；
2. why疑问句考查因果分析能力
D 说明文 354＋102 人与社会 现代生物样本数据的科学性 what疑问句考查文本理解和推理分析能力
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2023 新课标 Ⅰ卷 A 应用文 297＋88 人与社会 阿姆斯特丹自行车租赁和城市游览项目介绍 细节理解题：6 推理判断题：7 主旨大意题：1 词义猜测题：1 what、how much、where疑问句考查信息提取能力
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2023 新课标 Ⅰ卷 B 记叙文 334＋112 人与自然 John Todd发明污水净化机 细节理解题：6 推理判断题：7 主旨大意题：1 词义猜测题：1 1. what疑问句考查段落信息整合能力和概括能力；
2. why疑问句考查因果分析能力
卷别 篇序 体裁 词数 主题语境 话题 考点分布 设问方式
2023 新课标 Ⅰ卷 C 说明文 318＋87 人与自我 介绍一本关于数字极简主义的书 细节理解题：6 推理判断题：7 主旨大意题：1 词义猜测题：1 what疑问句考查信息提取、语境理解能力
D 议论文 337＋91 人与社会 “群体智慧”效应 1. what疑问句考查推理、概括能力；
2. 陈述句考查段落整合、提取信息能力
分析汇总：阅读理解语篇篇幅出现明显变化。一卷A篇文本词数从2024年的204词增至2025年的328词，考查学生处理多模态的长篇信息、把握文章脉络以及提炼关键内容的能力，对学生的阅读和信息整合能力提出了更高要求。相反，往年的阅读理解长度和难度的峰值篇C、D两篇篇幅缩短了，分别从去年的332词、354词下降到323词和328词，篇幅缩减能够避免学生在冗长的文本中耗费过多时间，有利于其对核心内容的深度理解和分析。
本卷中共61个课标外词，168个课标词的派生词和合成词。这要求学生在遇到生词时保持从容，聚焦于核心信息，剥离冗余信息。
3. 教考衔接
译林教材拓展创新学程第一册Unit 3 On the move的单元主题“世界各地主要交通工具”和拓展创新学程第二册 Unit 2 Building the future的单元主题“可持续发展”共同为2025年全国一卷阅读理解A篇“交通工具的碳排放情况及能源转型”筑牢话题根基。阅读理解C篇与拓展创新学程第二册Unit 2形成知识呼应。阅读理解D篇与拓展创新学程第二册Unit 2 Grammar and composition板块的塑料污染、拓展创新学程第三册Unit 2 Thinking out of the box的Workbook中Building skills部分创造性解决微塑料污染问题的话题高度契合，强化学生对全球性环境议题及其解决方案的理解。这提醒我们，复习时不能完全抛开拓展创新学程。
4. 难点归因
学生词汇量匮乏，长难句分析能力弱，阅读时间不够，阅读技巧运用不熟练，背景知识储备不足。
5. 解决对策
(1)夯实基础词汇，掌握构词法知识；分类建立词汇体系，熟悉专业术语表达
重点掌握2 000个核心高频词汇，并深入理解构词法规律，通过掌握词缀(如，bio-表示“生命”，词缀-ology表示“学科”)，快速拓展词汇量(biotechnology生物技术，epidemiology流行病学)。
将词汇按主题系统归类，例如采用“主题＋词族”的笔记方法，以思维导图形式整理词汇，形成网络，并制作成便携式词汇分类卡片。
(2)训练阅读技巧
平时阅读时，学会抓逻辑信号词，略读把握主旨，查读定位细节，跳读筛选信息，提高自己从冗长信息中快速提取关键信息的能力。解题时注意题文同序。
(3)实践提升难句分析能力并掌握阅读技巧
在阅读练习中，遇到长难句时，不要轻易放过，尝试先找出句子的主干(主谓宾或主系表等)，再分析各个修饰成分(如定语、状语、补语)与主干的关系。
(4)注重拓展语篇材料的广度和深度
广泛涉猎各类时代热点话题，人工智能、科技创新、乡村振兴、城市建设、文学艺术、非遗保护、生态旅游、广告宣传等各种题材都要涉及。
6. 备考建议
(1) 训练“题干—选项—原文”三角定位法。
(2) 掌握“主旨题→细节题→推理题”的解题梯度策略。
(3) 按说明文、议论文等文体分类训练，掌握不同文体的结构特征。
(4) 每周精读2～3篇跨文化主题文章，制作文化对比思维导图。
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共43张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
破难点
微技能3　写作手法分析
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
典例1　(2025全国一卷D Para.1)
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
32 How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
解题分析 根据题干关键词the first paragraph定位到第一段，分析可知第一段第一句陈述客观现象，破折号后举深海和喜马拉雅的例子，进一步说明微塑料存在于地球的各个角落，包括火山岩、海鸟的胃、南极的新雪甚至人类体内。由此可确定作者的写作手法是举例说明，故选C。
典例2　(2023北京卷C Paras.1～2)
In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”．
It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter's profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
28 The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to .
A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic
C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem
解题分析 根据题干关键词Francis Cole定位到第一段，本段首句提出问题——短期主义，接着说短期主义导致了一些严重问题，段末一句引用了历史学家Francis Cole的观点：西方已经进入一个“只有当下存在的时代，这个当下既有当下的残酷，又有无休止的当下的无聊”。历史学家Francis Cole的话是总结强调前面说的短期主义的危害。故文章引用Francis Cole的话是为了强调一个问题，选D。
体 系 建 构
准确识别写作手法是解答作者谋篇布局类推理题的关键。高考阅读理解主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证、引用和对比等写作手法。其中“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法，其本质目的是增强说服力，最终服务于段落或全文的主旨。
1. 说明文为了把事物特征说清楚、议论文为了把事理阐述明白，通常会采用相应的说明或论证方法。常见的写作手法有：
*分类法(by classification)
*比较法(by comparison)
*举例法(by example)
*程序法(by process)
*因果法(by cause and effect)
*定义法(by definition)
*时序法(by following time order)
*重要性法(by importance)
*分析原因法(by analyzing the cause)
*引入数据或研究(by using data or mentioning some studies)
*描述法(by description)
2. 记叙文的目的是述说人物经历或记叙过去所发生的一件事或一系列事。我们需要关注六要素，即时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过、结果，其中时间、地点和人物是构建故事背景的基础要素。
常见的叙事手法如下：
(1) 拉波夫式叙事模式：
①点题(abstract)→②指向(orientation)：时间、地点、人物、活动背景，为故事的发展做铺垫→③进展(complicated action)：介绍故事的发生和进展→④评议(evaluation)：描述感受、期望、看法、观点、判断→⑤结局(resolution)：叙述结果，亦可留下悬念→⑥回应(coda)：接应主题。
(2) 问题解决模式(此种模式之下，情绪从负面向正面转变)：
①背景(exposition)→②上升情节(rising action)：事件变得复杂，冲突逐渐显现→③高潮(climax)：故事转折点，冲突最高点→④下降情节(falling action)：冲突解决，故事紧张度减弱→⑤结局(resolution)。
(3) 为了使故事描述形象生动，常采用以下修辞手法：
明喻(simile)、暗喻(metaphor)、夸张(hyperbole)、
拟人(personification)、排比(parallelism)、
对比(contrast)、反复(repetition)等。
要做对涉及写作手法的推理判断题，我们需重点关注：
1．文章的论证方法。常见的文章论证方法有以下两类：
(1) put forward a question—analyze the question—solve the question，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”；
(2) argument/idea—evidence—restating the idea/conclusion，即“论/观点—论据—重申论点/结论”。
2. 文章的写作手法。把握说明文和议论文中“引用”和“例证”的作用，有助于快速了解段落或篇章的主要思想。
对 点 训 练
A(2025浙江宁波镇海中学模拟)
限时：7分钟
Most of us have subscribed to the idea that romantic love is unconditional. True love lasts forever and when you fall in love, you are with that person through thick and thin, in sickness and in health. But sometimes love is conditional. And acknowledging that fact will help us figure out what we want out of our romantic relationships—and what we don't.
There are real and valid reasons why love changes. Love is complicated and can be challenged by the smallest things like personality traits to more impactful issues like core beliefs (e.g. relationships where partners grew in different directions and couldn't resolve who they had become). Is it fair to ask someone to commit to whatever results from all these years of unpredictable change
Whether you decide to stay or leave a relationship where love has changed or disappeared, it's important not to see that as failing. Romantic love has conditions under which it can thrive. Trust, values alignment and respect are foundational. If one (or many) of these dimensions is disrupted, love can change.
It's time we recognize that some love is conditional and save ourselves the guilt when we can no longer commit to what the relationship has become. Acknowledging this reality allows us to approach such situations with more compassion for ourselves and others. By recognizing the conditional nature of some love, we empower ourselves to make healthier choices for our emotional well-being. This self-awareness is crucial in navigating the complexities of human connections and finding peace even when love doesn't last in its original form.
Recognizing that when conditions in the relationship change, so, too, can the love we experience is one way we can love more authentically. It helps relieve the pressure of having to force ourselves to love someone who we truly do not.
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章探讨了爱情的条件性，指出爱情可能因关系中的条件变化而改变，承认这一点有助于我们更健康地处理情感关系。
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题，写作手法。根据题干关键词How和paragraph 1定位到第一段可知，第一句提出一个观点“浪漫的爱是无条件的”，第三句用but转折，提出另一种观点，即“有时，爱是有条件的”。由此可知，作者使用对比的写作手法引入主题。
1 How did paragraph 1 introduce the topic
A. Explaining the definition of true love.
B. Listing examples of unconditional love.
C. Contrasting the common belief with reality.
D. Citing typical scenes of relationship struggles.
2 According to the text, which one is most likely to cause love to change
A. Pursuing conflicting life priorities.
B. Forgetting an anniversary appointment.
C. Expressing work stress occasionally.
D. Suffering temporary financial difficulties.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词most likely to cause love to change定位到第二段第一、二句可知，爱情可能受到最微小的事物的挑战，也可能因更重大的问题如核心信念而动摇。A“追求冲突的生活优先级”对应于文本中的“partners grew in different directions and couldn't resolve who they had become”，代表核心价值观冲突。干扰项B“忘记周年约会”看似属于挑战爱情的小事，但文本暗示更重大的问题如核心信念冲突更可能导致变化，权衡之下，A比B更合适。
3 According to the text, what is the benefit of a right view on love in relationships
A. To let out our personal guilt.
B. To put less blame on our love choice.
C. To empower us to find confidence.
D. To possess courage to fight for love.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词benefit定位到第四段第一、二两句可知，认识到某些爱具有条件性后，当我们不能再对这段关系做出承诺时，我们应该避免内疚。由此可推理出这种观点给我们带来的好处是减少对自我选择的指责，B项中put less blame on是对原句中save ourselves the guilt的改写转换。
4 Which message does the author want to convey
A. Love me, love my dog.
B. Love wisely, love freely.
C. Unlucky in love, lucky at play.
D. Take away love, and our earth is a tomb.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题，全文大意。根据题干关键词可知，本题需要分析文章结构和作者的写作手法。作者首先提出传统观念：“爱是无条件的”；第二步提出问题，引出核心观点：“爱情是有条件的”；第三步分析原因，探讨爱情条件变化的合理性；第四步讨论如何正确看待爱情的变化；第五步提出建议并总结观点，强调核心观点：通过认识到某些爱具有条件性，我们能够做出更有利于自身情感健康的选择。由此可推理出，文章强调接受爱情的条件性(如信任、价值观一致等)能帮助人们更真实地面对关系变化，并做出自由而理性的选择。
【词汇拓展】
①subscribe to the idea 认可/同意……观点
②trait n. 特质，特征
③impactful adj. 有效的，有力的
④values alignment 价值观对等
⑤navigate v. 导航
【长难句分析】
①Love is complicated and can be challenged by the smallest things like personality traits to more impactful issues like core beliefs (e.g. relationships where partners grew in different directions and couldn't resolve who they had become).(Para.2)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主系表结构和被动结构的并列句，e.g.明确表示其后的内容是对core beliefs的举例说明，因此括号内的内容是同位语，relationships 作为举例的核心词，通过定语从句where partners … become具体描述这类关系的特征(伴侣成长方向产生分歧且无法调和)。
句意：爱情是复杂的，它可能受到最微小的事物(例如个性特征)的挑战，也可能因更重大的问题如核心信念而动摇(例如，在那些伴侣们朝着不同方向发展、无法调和彼此变化的关系中，爱情就会面临考验)。
②Recognizing that when conditions in the relationship change, so, too, can the love we experience is one way we can love more authentically. (Para.5)
分析：本句为主从复合句。句子主干Recognizing … is one way为主系表结构；that when … experience为宾语从句，其中嵌套when引导的时间状语从句；so can the love为宾语从句中的主句部分，且为倒装句；we experience为省略连接词的定语从句，修饰先行词love；we can love more authentically也是定语从句，修饰先行词way。
句意：认识到当关系中的条件发生变化时，我们所经历的爱也会随之改变，这是我们可以更真实地去爱的一种方式。
1. Para.4: By recognizing the conditional nature of some love, we empower ourselves to make healthier choices for our emotional well-being. (by＋动名词，empower oneself自我赋能)
仿写：通过直面自己的恐惧，她赋予了自己勇敢接受新挑战的信心。
By facing her fears head-on, she empowered herself to embrace new challenges with confidence.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2025广东潮州一模)
限时：7分钟
“Shyness can stop you from doing all the things in life that you'd like to,” the Smiths once sang. However, research suggests that may not be the case when working as a team.
Researchers have found that when animals temper their personalities because of social rules, the efficiency of a group to undertake risky missions—such as foraging(觅食) for food—is boosted. “We see this phenomenon happening when we mix together a school of fish with wildly different personalities: the very fearless individuals and the very shy individuals tend to control what they would normally be doing when they stick with the rest of the group,” said Dr Sean Rands, the lead author of the research at the University of Bristol.
Writing in the journal PLoS Computational Biology, the researchers reported how they built a computer model to investigate the impact of social conventions and animals' personalities on the movement of individuals within a group. The model was based on an assumption in which a group of animals in a safe “home” set out to travel to a food foraging site some distance away.
The results revealed that when no social conventions were in place, their movements were governed by their personalities alone—in other words, how fearless or shy they were determined how quickly they left home and arrived at the foraging site. However, when social conventions were introduced, as the individuals had to keep an eye on each other and adjust their movements accordingly, the impact of personality reduced with less variation in how quickly they reached the destination. The team found where social conventions were present, the group foraged more efficiently than when individuals behaved independently. “We find that if individuals pay attention to the other members of the group, the group will tend to remain at the safe site for longer, but then travel faster towards the foraging site，” the team wrote.
Rands added that for many social animals, being part of a group can bring huge benefits, and these can outweigh the influence of personality.
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章主要讲述了与传统所认为的害羞会成为生活的阻碍不同，当个体在群体中时，由于社会习俗的存在，无论是害羞性格，还是大胆无畏性格，个体都会调整自我行为以适应群体，这反而提高了做事的效率。因此，群居动物融入群体生活是大有裨益的。
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题，写作意图。根据题干关键词the Smiths' words定位到第一段可知，首段引用The Smiths乐队曾经唱过：“害羞会阻止你去做生活中你想做的所有事情”，之后用However转折进行否定，并在下文段落进行了详细解释。由此可推知，提到the Smiths的歌词实则是为了引出文章的话题。
5 Why are the Smiths' words mentioned in paragraph 1
A. To give an example. B. To make a comparison.
C. To lead in the topic. D. To introduce the background.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词staying with a group定位到第二段第二句可知，实验人员把一群性格截然不同的鱼放在一起时，就会看到这种现象：当它们和其他鱼在一起时，非常无畏的鱼和非常害羞的鱼往往会控制它们以往通常会做的事情。因此当个体在群体中时，个体会调整自己的行为状态以适应群体。
6 What will individuals do while staying with a group
A. Adjust their behavior. B. Take on risky missions.
C. Ignore social rules. D. Travel to a distant foraging site.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词infer from the results定位到第四段倒数第二句可知，研究小组发现，在社会习俗存在的情况下，群体觅食的效率要高于个体独立行动的情况。由此可推知，社会习俗的存在有助于提升工作效率。
7 What can we infer from the results
A. Personalities alone determine movements.
B. Individuals prefer to behave independently.
C. Group work increases exposure to potential risks.
D. Social conventions contribute to working efficiency.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题，标题归纳。根据题干关键词title可知，需要结合全文分析。第一段提出研究结论“害羞可能会阻碍你去做生活中所有你想做的事情这一观点并非事实”，然后分析研究过程，介绍结论，最后文章末尾段总结对于许多群居动物来说，成为群体的一员可以带来巨大的好处，而这些好处可能会超过个性的影响。由此可知，文章主要通过一系列的研究过程总结出成为群体一员的好处，故A项“成为群体的一员”贴合文章主旨。
8 What is the best title for the text
A. Be Part of a Group B. Stay True to Yourself
C. Get Rid of Your Shyness D. Control Your Personalities
【词汇拓展】
①temper vt. 使缓和
②outweigh vt. 超过
【长难句分析】
①Researchers have found that when animals temper their personalities because of social rules, the efficiency of a group to undertake risky missions—such as foraging for food—is boosted. (Para.2)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓宾结构,that引导宾语从句,其中嵌套when引导的时间状语从句,宾语从句中的主语是the efficiency …，such as引导同位语结构。
句意：研究人员发现，当动物因社会规则而调整自身性格时，群体执行危险任务(例如觅食)的效率会得到提升。
②The results revealed that when no social conventions were in place, their movements were governed by their personalities alone—in other words, how fearless or shy they were determined how quickly they left home and arrived at the foraging site.(Para.4)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓宾结构，that引导宾语从句，其中嵌套when引导的时间状语从句，in other words … site为插入语，how fearless or shy they were为主语从句，对应的谓语动词为determined，how quickly they left home and arrived at the foraging site做determined的宾语从句。
句意：结果表明，当没有任何社会规范时，它们的行动完全由它们的性格决定——换句话说，它们的大胆或害羞程度决定了它们离开家并到达觅食地点的速度。
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共46张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
破难点
微技能4　文章类型分析
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
典例1　(2021全国甲卷A)
Take a view, the Landscape(风景) Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today's most respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
Mike Shepherd (2011) Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria, England 　　It was an extremely cold winter's evening and freezing fog hung in the air. I climbed to the top of a small rise and realised that the mist was little more than a few feet deep, and though it was only a short climb, I found myself completely above it and looking at a wonderfully clear view of Skiddaw with the sun setting in the west. I used classical techniques, translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop, to achieve the black-and-white image(图像).
Timothy Smith (2014) Macclesfield Forest Cheshire, England 　　I was back in my hometown of Macclesfield to take some winter images. Walking up a path through the forest towards Shutlingsloe, a local high point, I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow. The small pine added to the interest and I placed it centrally to take the view from the foreground right through into the forest.
23 Where can the text be found
A. In a history book. B. In a novel.
C. In an art magazine. D. In a biography.
解题分析 根据第一段可知，Take a view是一项关于摄影的年度竞赛，再结合下文对两位获奖者及其作品的介绍可知，这篇文章主要介绍了摄影比赛Take a view以及获奖的相关情况，最可能出现在一本艺术杂志上，故选C项。
典例2　(2022全国乙卷B)
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y．—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo, to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed(牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism(坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
27 What is the text
A. A news report. B. A book review.
C. A children's story. D. A diary entry.
解题分析 根据倒数第二段最后一句以及最后一段第一、二句可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B。
体 系 建 构
高考英语阅读理解的语篇从体裁上可分为应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文，从形式上可分为文字类和多模态类。常见的多模态类文章包括：目录、指南、表格、图式、告示牌、地图图例、菜单食谱、规则制度、操作指令、天气预报等。在选择性必修课程中，学生还需掌握博客、知识类或科普类网页等新媒体语篇的阅读能力。
1. 应用文
(1) 先题后文：先读题目,了解考查点；明确目的,快速捕捉关键词，获取信息。
(2) 题干定向：根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，若问题与原文表述一致，则对号入座，找正确选项；若问题与原文表述不同，则判断是否为同义替换或归纳事实等情况。
(3) 易错题型：应用文的推理题，如考查文章读者群/受众、文章出处等。
2. 记叙文
根据常见的三类记叙文的行文特点来答题。近年真题中并未包括以下所有类别，所以平常做模拟题时，可根据以下分类多总结归纳。
(1)人物传记类：围绕中心人物展开，遵循时间线索，通过生平事迹、成长历程，讲述其最大成就及其性格特征(即对人物的评价)。
易错题型：①人物做出最大成就的灵感或者动力来源；②最佳标题或者主旨大意往往包含人物最大的成就及性格特点(人物评价)。
(2) 游记类：写作目的往往是分享经历，一般按照时间、空间顺序，串联起动作及情感。
(3) 叙事类：一般符合“开始—发展—结局”模式，伴随着情节的发展，情感也随之变化。写作目的往往为分享经历或者收获感悟。
*关注记叙文中可能出现的托物象征法，即借助某种具体事物来表示某种象征意义。此时，文章的最佳标题往往会与这种具象的“象征物”有关。
3. 说明文
(1) 说明文是高考中考查频度较高的文体,难度往往较大,是失分的重灾区。解说明文的题目,应多关注文本结构,基于结构把握文章主旨。
(2) 常见说明文的结构
问题——解决模式 (problem—solution pattern) 情境→问题→反应/反馈→评价/结果
一般——特殊模式 (general—particular pattern) 概述主题→例子→回应主题；
概述主题→先整体→后细节→回应主题
主张——反应模式 (claim—response pattern) 情境→主张/假设→原因→结论→肯定结论(原因)/否定结论(原因→修正)
提问——回答模式 (question—answer pattern) 情境→提出问题→分析问题→回答问题→肯定/否定评价
(3) 易错题型：观点态度题(参见微专题2考向1)、主旨大意题(参见微专题3)。
4. 议论文
(1) 课标要求的考查角度：写作目的、语篇结构特征、论证方法和语言特点。
对应的考查内容如下：
①作者的态度、意图；
②作者用何种方式引入话题；议论文的一个常见论证结构是提出问题—分析问题—解决问题；
③作者使用何种论证方法(如举例、对比、比喻、引用)以及目的。
考查能力包括：推理、判断、概括、评价、识别、分析、对比等。
(2) 备考策略：
①整体掌握议论文典型的语篇结构、论证结构；
②抓住论点，破解主旨大意、作者态度和目的题型；
③熟练掌握议论文常用的论证方法(主要为阐释观点等)以及常见的信号词：
a. 举例论证法(for example/for instance)
b. 比较/对比论证法(in contrast/contrary to/on the contrary/compared to …/while/similarly)
c. 引用论证法(as … once said, “…”/their statement reads “…”/… suggest that “…”)
d. 比喻论证法(be like/as …)
e. 因果推理论证法
(as/since/because/therefore/hence/thus/as a consequence/consequently)
④着重关注首尾两段，以及however、therefore等信号词；
⑤找论据，阅读每段时，注意找到主题句，而主题句往往是重要论据，分布在段首或段尾。
1. 解答阅读理解题时，可以先看题干，带着问题去读文章。但为避免受错误选项的干扰，不建议先浏览选项，因为四个选项包含75%的错误信息。
2. 利用题干关键信息去定位原文。
3. 注意选项和原文的同义替换,在推理判断类题目中,原文重现的选项更有可能是干扰项；细节理解题中,原文重现的选项可能为正确答案。
【阅读四选一解题总结】
Step 1：提取题干核心信息，选择定位关键词→Step 2：由定位关键词，回原文进行信息定位→Step 3：根据原文信息，比对选项，得出答案。
对 点 训 练
A(2025广东广州冲刺题三)
限时：6分钟
My fingers trembled as I signed the pre-medical application form. The watercolor brushes on my desk stared back at me like abandoned friends. I'm Lora, an 18-year-old who secretly drew brain diagrams on napkins while classmates drew cartoons. “Art feeds the soul but starves the body，” Mom always said. Her words haunted me as my biology textbooks slowly buried my drawing pads.
Then came the school career fair that changed everything. Dr Eleanor Whitman from Harvard asked us to list our “hidden skills”. My hand shook as I wrote “observing details”—something I'd learned from painting flower petals. “That's medical research's most needed skill！” she exclaimed, sharing how a student turned microbiology notes into textbook illustrations. My lab partner whispered, “Remember our photosynthesis(光合作用) comic？” For the first time, my two worlds didn't feel so separate.
The real surprise came during hospital volunteering. Watching surgeries, I noticed something—the steady hands of doctors reminded me of my brushwork. When a boy struggled to describe his pain, I drew a fire-breathing dragon on his cast. “You made medicine speak，” the nurse said. Slowly, my drawing pads filled with cells that looked like colored-glass art and X-rays arranged like abstract paintings.
Mr Dawson, our career counselor, helped connect these dots. On his whiteboard, my medical knowledge and art skills overlapped in a bright yellow circle labeled “Medical Illustration”. He showed me job listings I never knew existed—graphic designers for science apps, 3D modelers for anatomy(解剖) classes. “Your ‘impractical’ skill makes you stand out，” he said, pointing to my dragon drawing now used in pain management workshops.
Today, my microscope and paintbrushes share the same desk. The same hands that once hesitated between them now create 3D models of viruses for vaccine education. Sometimes I teach young patients to draw their feelings instead of describing them. My story isn't about heart and reality canceling each other out—they just multiply possibilities.
【语篇导读】本文是记叙文(人与自我)。文章主要讲述了Lora在艺术和医学学习之间感到纠结，后来她在学校职业招聘会、医院志愿者活动等经历的影响下，发现自己的艺术技能在医疗领域有独特的作用，她将两者结合起来的故事。
1 What can be inferred about Lora from paragraph 1
A. She had given up the hobby of drawing.
B. She was excited about studying medicine.
C. She felt torn between art and medical study.
D. She regretted not practicing painting earlier.
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词paragraph 1定位到第一段可知，第一句话交代了作者矛盾的心情，随后解释了背景信息。当作者的生物课本慢慢把她的画本掩埋时，作者想起了她母亲曾告诫她“艺术可以滋养灵魂，但不能填饱肚子”。由此可知，作者在艺术和医学学习之间难以抉择，感到很纠结。
【答案】C
2 Dr Eleanor thought of Lora's “hidden skills” as .
A. a plus B. leisure
C. a distraction D. a burden
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词“hidden skills”定位到第二段第三句可知，当作者写下她从画花瓣中学到的“观察细节”时，她的手在颤抖，然而Dr Eleanor夸赞说这是医学研究最需要的技能。由此可知，Dr Eleanor认为Lora的“隐藏技能”是一个优势。
【答案】A
3 How did Lora's hospital experience influence her
A. It helped develop her surgical skills.
B. It directed her toward doctor training.
C. It boosted her enthusiasm for abstract art.
D. It convinced her of art's role in health care.
【解析】推理判断题，因果关系。根据题干关键词hospital定位到第三、四两段可知，第三段描写了作者在医院做志愿者，有次她通过在石膏上作画，缓解病人的痛苦；第四段描写作者的职业顾问老师对作者将绘画和医学结合的举动表示了赞赏。由此可推知，Lora 在医院的经历让她确信艺术在医疗保健中有作用。
【答案】D
4 What message does the author want to convey
A. Follow the beaten track to success.
B. A picture is worth a thousand words.
C. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.
D. Two strings to your bow light the way.
【解析】主旨大意题，全文大意。根据题干关键词可知，本题需结合全文分析。文章主要讲了作者将艺术和医学融合的过程。由此可知，文章主要传达了拥有两种技能(艺术和医学知识)可以照亮人生道路，带来更多可能性的信息。D“双管齐下，照亮道路”符合文章主旨。
【答案】D
【词汇拓展】
①haunt vt. 萦绕在……心头，使……难以忘却
②fair [熟义]n. 集市　[生义]n. 职业介绍会
③cast [熟义]vt. 投射；扔，掷，抛　n. 全体演员　[生义]n. 石膏
④overlap v. 重叠
⑤graphic designer 平面设计师
1. Para.2: Then came the school career fair that changed everything. (Then came＋关键事件/时刻＋that引导定语从句说明事件的影响)
仿写：随后，那次和英语老师的课后谈话来了——它改变了我学习这门语言的方法。
Then came the after-class talk with my English teacher that changed my way of learning the language.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2025湖北华中师范大学第一附中模拟)
限时：7分钟
I was in a meeting, and my phone lit up with endless notifications(消息提示). “Is it urgent news A friend's engagement A crisis？” The fear of missing out or otherwise appearing irresponsible in work tore me apart … You must have been there too.
A Stylist research reveals 50% of British adults struggle to keep up with rapid group chats, with the average person involved in 83 of them. It's a clear sign that our lives are more connected than ever, yet we often feel emotionally empty. But why exactly do they have the potential to fuel such negative emotions
For most, even if they choose to go against the pressure to stay online all the time, skipping chats means facing a great number of unread messages later, which only poses greater stress to catch up.
Besides, there's a lack of real connection. “Group chats can make us feel like we're surrounded by people, yet still somehow on the outside，” says psychologist Abby Rawlinson. If everyone's chatting and you're not part of the flow—or your message gets no replies—it can stir up that quiet ache of invisibility. Scientists have found that social rejection, even in digital form, activates the same brain regions as physical pain does, thus causing stress and despair.
“The emotional aspect of group interactions is subtle and often unspoken, which shapes how we feel we are seen, included and valued，” says Rawlinson. Over time, these patterns start to mirror real-life social hierarchy(等级制度)—even if no one's doing it consciously.
This all rings true. But instead of falling into a rabbit hole where my message goes unanswered in a group chat and I wonder if I'm the problem, blaming myself for it, I mentally put myself in others' shoes and think: If I don't respond for a while, will they be mad Probably not. I remind myself that group chats are just a tool that helps us stay in touch.
【语篇导读】本文是夹叙夹议文(人与社会)。文章以作者开会时手机消息提示不断的经历引入，分析了群聊带来负面情绪的原因，指出群聊虽让生活更有联系却常使人情感空虚。
5 Why does the author mention her meeting experience
A. To present a common dilemma.
B. To highlight her popularity.
C. To warn against improper use of phones.
D. To indicate her responsibility for work.
【解析】推理判断题，写作意图和目的。根据题干关键词meeting experience定位到第一段第二句可知,作者“害怕错过重要消息,或是担心在工作场合显得不负责任”，且第一段最后一句由点及面说道：“你一定也经历过这种时刻”,由此可知作者的目的是呈现这一现象的普遍性。
【答案】A
6 What is a negative effect of unanswered messages
A. They mean more unread messages.
B. They lead to a feeling of being ignored.
C. They result in unfair social ranks.
D. They remind people of physical pain.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词negative定位到第三段和第四段第三句可知，作者认为错过聊天会使后期加入聊天的人很难跟上进度；第四段用Besides表递进关系，进一步分析不参与聊天会激起那种被忽视的隐痛，由此可以分析出未得到回复的消息会带来一种被忽视的感觉。
【答案】B
7 What does the underlined phrase “a rabbit hole” in the last paragraph refer to
A. The tendency for self-criticism.
B. The pressure to stay constantly online.
C. The fear of missing out in group chats.
D. The urge to endlessly check notifications.
【解析】词义猜测题，词组意义。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段可知，需结合上下文分析。末段第一句是对上文论述进行的总结，即“所有这些听起来都是对的”，后面用But表转折，意为“但是没有陷入a rabbit hole中”，where引导的定语从句，修饰“a rabbit hole”，具体描述了作者避免因群聊消息未获回复而陷入过度自责和自我怀疑的循环，这也是“a rabbit hole”的指代意义。由此可知，“a rabbit hole”就是自我批评的倾向，A项中的self-criticism对应文中的wonder if I'm the problem和blaming myself for it。
【答案】A
8 What is the text mainly about
A. The popularity of group chats.
B. Ways to improve group chats.
C. The emotional cost of group chats.
D. Social inequality revealed in group chats.
【解析】主旨大意题，全文大意。根据题干关键词可知，需要结合全文分析。通读全文可知，第一段举例引出话题，因此主旨大意出现在第二段最后一句：“但究竟是什么让群聊容易引发负面情绪呢？”由此可知，本文主要探讨了是什么让群聊容易引发负面情绪，即与群聊相关的情感代价。
【答案】C
【词汇拓展】
①flow [熟义]vi./n. 流动　[生义]n. (语言、思路等的)连贯
②stir up 激起
③subtle adj. 微妙的
【长难句分析】
①For most, even if they choose to go against the pressure to stay online all the time, skipping chats means facing a great number of unread messages later, which only poses greater stress to catch up. (Para.3)
分析：本句为主从复合句。句子主干skipping chats means facing a great number of unread messages later是主谓宾结构，其中动名词做主语。even if 引导让步状语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句。
句意：对大多数人来说，即使他们选择抵制一直在线的压力，错过聊天也会意味着之后要面对大量未读消息，而这只会给他们带来更大的压力去赶上聊天的进度。
② But instead of falling into a rabbit hole where my message goes unanswered in a group chat and I wonder if I'm the problem, blaming myself for it, I mentally put myself in others' shoes and think: If I don't respond for a while, will they be mad (Para.6)
分析：本句为主从复合句。句子主干是I mentally put myself in others' shoes and think，instead of …为方式状语，where引导定语从句修饰先行词hole，且定语从句为并列句结构，blaming myself for it为现在分词短语做伴随状语，If I … mad 为think的宾语从句。
句意：但我没有陷入那种困境，在群聊中发出消息却无人回应的时候，我没有因此而责备自己是不是出了问题，相反我在心理上会换位思考：如果我有一段时间没有回复，他们会生气吗？
1. Para.5: The emotional aspect of group interactions is subtle and often unspoken, which shapes how we feel we are seen, included and valued. (be subtle and often unspoken, which shapes＋how引导宾语从句)
仿写：社交聚会中的文化层面是微妙且常常未被言说的，它塑造了我们觉得自己被理解、被尊重和被接纳的感受。
The cultural aspect of social gatherings is subtle and often unspoken, which shapes how we feel we are understood, respected and accepted.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共60张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
破难点
微技能1　长难句分析
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
典例1　(2025全国一卷D Para.3)
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn't include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
33 What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
解题分析 根据题干关键词trapping microplastics定位到第三段第一句可知，实验过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来捕获塑料。第二、三句通过实验过程具体说明碳酸钙含量更高，减少塑料更有效果。由此可知，碳酸钙的含量决定捕获塑料的效果，根据常识可知，水的硬度是钙镁离子的体现，虽然文中只讲到碳酸钙，但也能说明水的硬度，故选A。本题中，能否正确理解第二、三句决定能否选对正确选项。
长难句分析 In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.
分析：本句为主谓宾结构的简单句。boiling …结构为动名词短语做主语，led to …是谓语部分，containing …是现在分词短语做后置定语。
句意：在研究中，煮沸含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水，让塑料含量几乎减少了90%。
典例2　(2025北京卷C)
Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll(翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends' parents let them have screens after 9 o'clock. “I thought, in this family, we don't compare ourselves with other people, Dad？” the teenager replied. The parent—who was me, by the way—just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”．
Although my daughter didn't win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we've all done before, which is to repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed(利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make—ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves—are vital to our ability to thrive(成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don't, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I．” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views—for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I'm doing great.”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That's something we all have control over.
30 Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit
B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties
C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble
D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science
解题分析 根据题干关键词best title可知，本题需总览全文进行分析，尤其关注每段的关键句。第一段通过例子引出话题；第二段进一步引出核心议题，即“重新审视比较行为的利弊”；第三段第二句提出本文主旨，“如果我们理解社会比较行为的工作机制，就可以利用它来提升自我”；第四段从两个角度说明不同比较对象和自身的不同心态使社会比较产生不一样的结果；第五段总结“我们对自身的感受不仅取决于与谁比较，还取决于我们如何看待比较。这是我们可以控制的”。A项“把自己和别人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”与本文主旨相符合。正确理解第四段的两个长句对提炼文章主旨有决定性作用。
长难句分析 Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don't, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I．” (Para.4)
分析：本句为并列复合句，or引导两个并列分句。第一个分句为主从复合句，主干是主谓宾结构，Comparing yourself with someone为动名词做主语，result in …为谓语，who引导定语从句修饰先行词someone，if引导条件状语从句。第二个分句也是主从复合句，其中主句为主系表结构，if引导条件状语从句。
句意：将自己与表现优于你的人进行比较，如果你只关注他们拥有而你没有的东西，可能会引发嫉妒情绪；但如果你将这些比较当作激励自己的动力来源，例如“如果他们能做到，我也能做到”，那么这种比较就会令人振奋并充满激励性。
典例3　(2024新课标Ⅰ卷C Para.4)
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis(假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
29 What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly.
D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
解题分析 根据题干关键词shallowing hypothesis定位到第四段。根据第四段第三句可知，“浅层假设”提出，人们在处理数字文本时的心态类似于刷社交媒体时的心态，通常不严肃，投入的精力较少。由此推知，这表明读者可能对数字文本不太在意，故选A。解题关键是正确理解第四段第三句。
长难句分析 According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
分析：本句为主从复合句。According to …是介词短语做方式状语，主句为主谓宾状结构，由and连接两个并列的谓语动词approach和devote，其中which引导非限制性定语从句，when引导时间状语从句。
句意：根据这一理论，人们会以一种适合社交媒体的心态看待数字文本，而社交媒体的内容往往不够严肃，因此人们在阅读此类文本时投入的精力比阅读纸质文本时少。
体 系 建 构
在高考阅读理解中，命题者通过增加句子长度、使用复杂结构来设置难点，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。长难句通常会在句子主干上附加插入语、同位语、各种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等成分。本节通过例题归纳总结长难句分析方法，帮助培养良好的“阅读微技能”。
高考阅读中常见长难句的形式
1. 复杂的简单句：结构复杂，带有较多修饰成分，如介词短语、形容词短语、副词、时间/地点状语或者较长的非谓语动词短语等；
2. 多重的复合句：句子中含有多重嵌套的从句；
3. 句中分隔现象：用定语从句、插入语、破折号等分隔符号插入新话题或补充信息，从而把结构紧凑的句子分隔开来；
4. 各种结构混合：在句子中融合以上三种形式。
如何处理长难句：一找二括三画线
1. 找连词，辨逻辑，定句型
简单句只包含一套主谓结构(即1个主语＋1个谓语，或含并列主语/并列谓语)。如果一个句子中出现两套或以上独立的主谓结构，那么这个句子可能包含多个分句，再根据连词确定是并列句还是复合句。
长句中各分句之间常用一些关联词连接。准确识别关联词，有助于厘清分句间的逻辑关系，把握主句和从句的意义。英语中常见的关联词及其逻辑关系如下：
表递进：furthermore、moreover、besides、additionally、what's more、in addition等；
表转折：actually、despite、however、nevertheless、despite this、in contrast等；
表例证：for instance、take … for example、such as等；
表原因：because、since、as、now that、on account of、due to、owing to等；
表结果：as a result、therefore、consequently、hence等。
例 Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect (on your self-growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements)．
分析：本句为主从复合句。whether … or not引导主语从句，has a huge effect是谓语部分；as引导原因状语从句；how well引导宾语从句做介词of的宾语。
句意：你与教授相处是否融洽对你的自身发展起着重要的作用，因为这是衡量你是否尊重权威和服从要求的标准。
2. 括枝叶，提主干
“枝叶”指介词短语、非谓语动词和从句等。一般情况下，句子主句表达主要信息，从句、状语和其他修饰性结构表达次要信息。把次要信息用括号括起来，提炼出句子主干，是把握句子核心意义的关键，可以避免思维混乱和主次不分。
例 Economists (from the University of Sussex) analysed findings (from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s)．
分析:本句为主从复合句。句子主干为Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex做Economists的定语；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health做findings的定语；a 15-year research project做the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health的同位语；charting the fortunes …做project 的定语；who引导定语从句修饰teenagers。
句意：来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项研究是一个历时15年的课题，它记录了20世纪90年代中期数千名在美国上高中的青少年的财产情况。
3. 画出句子主干
括出句子的“枝叶”之后，留下的就是主干，画出主干。一般，每个谓语动词都有对应的动作发出者(主语)，再根据谓语动词的意义确定其主语。
例 People feared (that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations)．
分析：本句为主从复合句。that引导宾语从句，从句中谓语动词是would encourage和hurt，根据逻辑意义可知，encourage和hurt 的主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。
句意：人们担心削弱这项已实施21年的象牙销售禁令会助长非法捕猎，导致大象数量减少。
4. 看搭配，防分隔
长难句往往由多个搭配构成，这些搭配常因插入语、从句或其他修饰成分而被分隔。准确理解句意的关键在于识别出核心搭配，并排除分隔成分的干扰，还原句子本来的结构。
例1 Some companies have made the manufacturing (of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points) and emphasize it (in their advertising)．
分析：本句为简单句。and连接两个并列的谓语动词have made和emphasize。第一个谓语have made与其宾语the manufacturing of clean and safe products及宾语补足语their main selling points构成了核心搭配 “make＋宾语＋宾补”，意为“使……成为……”，但是宾语和宾补被插入语to some degree隔开。因此要理解这个搭配，需暂时忽略插入语，将句子主干还原，意思就清晰了。
句意：一些公司在某种程度上把生产清洁且安全的产品作为他们的主要卖点，并在广告中加以强调。
例2 The fact (that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another) does not mean (that they do not experience emotions)．
分析：本句为主从复合句。句子主干为The fact does not mean that …。其中，第一个that后面的内容为fact的同位语从句，从句中包含as引导的比较状语从句，助动词do位于主语members of another前形成倒装，do代替前面的谓语express their emotions。第二个that引导的内容做mean的宾语从句。
句意：一种文化背景下的人不像另一种文化背景下的人一样直率地表达他们的情感，这一事实并不意味着他们没有这些情感。
1. 理清含多套主谓结构的长难句层次有困难，平常应加强练习，多阅读英文原版报刊，训练拆解长难句结构的能力。
2. 考生要学会辨别长难句中非核心信息，锁定句子主干。
对 点 训 练
A(2025安徽芜湖二模)
限时：7分钟
Lots of activities are linked to better brain health in old age. Experts say regularly speaking multiple languages may be especially beneficial by being intellectually stimulating. In a landmark paper, researchers found that dementia(痴呆) patients who were bilingual(双语的) developed symptoms four years later, on average, than those who weren't. “We use language in all aspects of daily life, so a bilingual brain is constantly working，” said Mark Antoniou, an associate professor at Western Sydney University.
However, despite the proven benefits of language learning for brain health, the actual impact of learning a new language later in life on cognitive(认知的) abilities is still a subject of ongoing research with mixed findings. Research by Dr Antoniou and his colleagues found that while Chinese adults aged 60 and older improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like crossword puzzles did as well. Another small study found that older Italians who took English lessons for four months didn't see any change in their cognition scores, but those who didn't take the lessons saw their scores decline. Two recent studies found virtually no difference in cognitive performance after people took part in language-learning programs.
The scientists who conducted those studies offered a few potential explanations for their disappointing results. One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age, making it hard to see any improvements. Another is about the language programs. “The studies looking into the issue have used language lessons that were very different in their length，” said Judith Grossman, a researcher. Some studies involved teaching participants for six months, while others for just one very intense week.
To Dr Antoniou, the findings are not entirely surprising. “No one would say that learning a new language for six months would be the same as having used two languages for your entire life，” he said. “Therefore, it's ideal to get the ball rolling in childhood to maximize its ability to improve cognitive function throughout life.”
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章主要介绍学习多种语言对老年人认知健康的影响及相关研究结果，探讨了双语能力与大脑健康的关联性。
1 How does speaking various languages offer benefits
A. By keeping the brain active.
B. By relieving mental symptoms.
C. By improving one's intelligence.
D. By increasing language fluency.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据第一段第二句可知，经常说多种语言可能对智力刺激特别有益。根据第一段最后一句可知，双语使用者的大脑一直在工作。由此可知，经常说多种语言提供的益处是刺激智力，让大脑不断工作，也就是让大脑保持活跃。
【答案】A
2 What do the studies show about language learning in paragraph 2
A. It doesn't show consistent cognitive improvement.
B. It is more effective than playing crossword puzzles.
C. It prevents the decline of old people's mental health.
D. It fails to bring any cognitive benefit to older Italians.
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词定位到第二段。第二段第一句为段落主旨句，意为“成年后学习新语言对认知能力的实际影响仍然是一个研究结果尚无定论的持续研究课题”，紧接着举了Dr Antoniou和他的同事进行的研究的例子，并列出了研究结果(见【长难句分析】①②)。其后补充其他研究及相应发现，比较各发现可知，语言学习对认知的改善并不稳定。
【答案】A
3 Why did the results in some language-learning studies turn out disappointing
A. Researchers used outdated teaching materials.
B. Volunteers were already at their age's cognitive peak.
C. The language courses focused on irrelevant vocabulary.
D. Participants lacked motivation to learn a new language.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词disappointing定位到原文第三段，根据第二句(见【长难句分析】③)可知其中一个原因：参与者都是积极性很高的志愿者，他们可能已经达到了其年龄的认知巅峰，这使得他们很难看到任何进步，由此可判定B项为答案。
【答案】B
4 What might be Antoniou's suggestion
A. Examining scientific findings critically.
B. Finding more ways to enhance cognition.
C. Studying a new language from an early age.
D. Learning essential skills throughout childhood.
【解析】推理判断题，观点、看法、情感、态度。根据题干关键词Antoniou's suggestion定位到原文最后一段，第二、三句引用Antoniou的建议“因此，最好从小就开始学习新语言，以便最大限度地提升一生中的认知功能。”由此可知，Antoniou认为只学习六个月新语言和一生使用两种语言不一样，所以理想的情况是在童年时期就开始学习语言。由此推知，Antoniou建议从小学习一门新语言。
【答案】C
【词汇拓展】
①crossword n. 纵横字谜
②intense adj. 十分强烈的；严肃紧张的；热切的
【长难句分析】
①However, despite the proven benefits of language learning for brain health, the actual impact of learning a new language later in life on cognitive abilities is still a subject of ongoing research with mixed findings.(Para.2)
分析：本句为主系表结构的简单句。despite …为介词短语做让步状语。
句意：然而，尽管学习语言对大脑健康的好处已得到证实，但成年后学习新语言对认知能力的实际影响仍然是一个研究结果尚无定论的持续研究课题。
②Research by Dr Antoniou and his colleagues found that while Chinese adults aged 60 and older improved on cognition tests after a six-month language learning program, people who played games like crossword puzzles did as well.(Para.2)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓宾结构，that引导宾语从句，while引导宾语从句中的让步状语从句，who引导定语从句修饰先行词people。
句意：Antoniou博士及其同事的研究发现，虽然60岁及以上的中国成年人在参加了为期六个月的语言学习项目后在认知测试中成绩有所提高，但玩纵横字谜等游戏的人表现得同样出色。
③One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, who may have already been at peak performance for their age, making it hard to see any improvements. (Para.3)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主系表结构，that引导表语从句，who引导非限制性定语从句，making …为现在分词短语做结果状语。
句意：一是参与者均为积极性很高的志愿者，他们可能已经达到了其年龄段的巅峰表现水平，因此很难再看到任何进步。
1. Para.2: However, despite the proven benefits of language learning for brain health, the actual impact of learning a new language later in life on cognitive abilities is still a subject of ongoing research with mixed findings. (despite＋n.)
仿写：然而，尽管在自我发现的旅程中遇到了挫折，但坚持不懈在塑造一个人品格中的真正价值仍然是一个永恒的课题，它贯穿人生的各个阶段。
However, despite the setbacks encountered along the journey towards self-discovery, the true value of perseverance in shaping one's character remains a timeless lesson that endures through all stages of life.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2025湖北武汉模拟)
限时：8分钟
Cutting carbon emissions(排放) is not enough to keep global warming to less than 1.5℃—the goal of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change. Not anymore, at least. As a result, hundreds of start-ups trying to remove greenhouse gases from the air and water have sprung up within the past few years. While land-based carbon dioxide removal projects have been undergoing testing and development for decades, ocean-based carbon removal is more recent in the push to fight against climate change. And one of the leaders in that field—Equatic—is about to increase its efforts in a big way.
What began three years ago as a US Department of Energy-funded research project out of the University of California Los Angeles has already grown into a pair of pilot projects in Los Angeles and Singapore. And now, the company has its sights set on building a massive marine carbon capture(海洋碳捕获) facility in Quebec.
The process for capturing carbon begins by pumping seawater into a tank and then using an electrical current to break down the water into oxygen(O2) and hydrogen(H2) gases and a solution, which is then reacted with the air, pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and chemically transforming it into two byproducts. One, calcium carbonate, is a white powder. The other is a solution that gets released back into the ocean.
The proposed Quebec plant differs significantly from Equatic's existing facilities. Its Singaporean pilot facility can process 4,000 tonnes of carbon each year. The planned Quebec facility, meanwhile, will be capable of processing 110,000 tonnes annually—about as much carbon as is emitted by 24,000 cars.
Ultimately, though, the young industry is full of uncertainties. So far, research on marine carbon removal has been based on lab experiments and trials. So as Equatic's planned Quebec plant moves ahead, scientists will be watching to learn more about its environmental impact and about just how effective marine carbon dioxide removal can really be.
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章主要介绍了为应对气候变化，一些致力于从空气和水中去除温室气体的初创企业涌现，其中Equatic在海洋碳捕获领域较为领先。
5 What can we know about Equatic from the first two paragraphs
A. It started as a university research project.
B. It is a land-based carbon removal project.
C. It has undergone tests for decades.
D. It is a start-up located in Quebec.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词Equatic from the first two paragraphs定位到第二段第一句可知，基于三年前由加州大学洛杉矶分校开展的研究项目，Equatic如今已在洛杉矶和新加坡进行项目试点。
【答案】A
6 What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A. Environmental impacts of carbon removal.
B. Comparative analysis of removal methods.
C. Economic advantages of Quebec facilities.
D. Equatic's carbon capture mechanism.
【解析】主旨大意题，段落大意。根据题干关键词paragraph 3定位到第三段可知，本段重点解释过程，其始于将海水泵入水箱，然后使用电流将水分解为氧气和氢气以及一种溶液，然后该溶液与空气发生反应，从大气中提取二氧化碳，并通过化学反应将其转化为两种副产品。由此可知，第三段详细介绍了Equatic捕获碳的具体步骤和机制。
【答案】D
7 What sets the proposed Quebec plant apart
A. Its location. B. Its capacity.
C. Its priority. D. Its partnership.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词Quebec plant定位到第四段第一句可知，魁北克工厂与 Equatic 现有的设施有很大不同，然后第二、三句具体说明新加坡的工厂能处理4 000吨碳，而与此同时计划中的魁北克设施每年将能够处理11万吨碳。由此可知，魁北克工厂的独特之处在于其处理碳的能力。
【答案】B
8 What is the author's perspective on marine carbon removal
A. It's energy-intensive. B. It's a permanent fix.
C. It's down-to-the-ground. D. It's an open question.
【解析】推理判断题，观点、看法、情感、态度。根据题干关键marine carbon removal定位到最后一段最后一句可知，科学家们将密切关注Equatic，以便更多地了解其环境影响以及去除海洋二氧化碳的实际效果究竟如何。因此推断作者认为海洋碳去除仍是一个有待进一步研究的开放性问题。A项“它能耗很高”、B项“这是一个永久性的解决方案”、C项“很实用”均不符合。
【答案】D
【词汇拓展】
①start-up n. 新成立的企业
②solution [熟义]n. 解决方法　[生义]n. 溶液
③byproduct n. 副产品
【长难句分析】
The process for capturing carbon begins by pumping seawater into a tank and then using an electrical current to break down the water into oxygen(O2) and hydrogen(H2) gases and a solution, which is then reacted with the air, pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and chemically transforming it into two byproducts.(Para.3)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓结构，主语为The process，for capturing …为介词短语做定语，begins是谓语动词，by pumping … and then using …为介词短语做方式状语，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的a solution，pulling … and transforming …是现在分词短语做状语。
句意：捕获碳的过程始于将海水泵入一个水箱，然后利用电流将水分解成氧气(O2)和氢气(H2)气体以及一种溶液，随后该溶液与空气发生反应，从大气中吸收二氧化碳，并让其通过化学反应转化为两种副产品。
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching(共47张PPT)
第一部分
阅读
专题一　阅读四选一
破难点
微技能2　篇章结构分析
内容索引
真题导向
体系建构
对点训练
真 题 导 向
典例1　(2025全国二卷C)
语篇内容见P17微专题3考向1典例2
结构分析 本文是说明文，遵循现象—原因—建议的逻辑结构。文章先呈现室内植物销售火爆的现象，再从科学研究角度解释植物流行的原因，最后给出实用建议，条理清晰、逻辑连贯，便于读者理解室内植物对健康的益处。
典例2　(2024新课标Ⅰ卷C)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset(心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis(假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
结构分析 本文是议论文，遵循引言＋主论点—分论点—结论(总分总)的逻辑结构。文章结构层层递进。首先用研究结论指出纸质阅读的优势，随后从物理属性和心理机制两个并列的角度深入解释产生这种优势的原因。在此基础上，文章又将论证范围从“阅读”扩展到“听看”，通过对比指出即使是屏幕阅读，其效果也优于单纯的音频和视频，从而进一步强化了“深度阅读文字至关重要”这一核心论点。最后总结，承认数字媒介的价值，但教育者需有意识选择媒介。
典例3　(2025全国一卷B)
In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict father who demanded his son earn straight A's, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents rejected the love of her young life. More than once, I found myself wondering just how my students, who'd created these people, knew their subjects so well.
But things were different for their first essay, which was about the question: “Why is writing important？” Most of the essays filled less than one page, and few contained a sentence that could be interpreted as a thesis(论点) statement. I was shocked. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself. They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn't strike them as important. This would have to change.
As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive piece on a health-related topic of their choice. This time they found the exercise much more interesting. For the next two assignments, a personal-narrative unit followed by a creative-writing workshop, I only required that the piece meet the specifications of its genre(体裁) and that it contain a thesis. The results were staggering. The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters that broadened my view and touched my heart.
I walked into class believing that writing is important as a means of communication. However, my students demonstrated something more important to me. When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about writing's most powerful significance—the ability to connect people, to put us in another's skin, to teach us what it means to be human.
结构分析 本文为记叙文，采用“开端—发展—高潮—结局”的叙事模式展开。第一段引入背景和人物，以学生写作案例开篇，展现他们在虚构类写作中的创造力与同理心，引起作者的好奇和赞叹。第二段发展部分，引入冲突和问题，通过对“Why is writing important？”这一主题的议论文的失败教学进行反思，找出问题所在，为后面的变化埋下伏笔。第三段具体讲述老师改变教学方法，学生的巨大转变和出色成果是全文最激动人心的部分。最后一段上升到情感和价值层面，作者总结个人感悟，升华主题，呼应开头。
体 系 建 构
考纲明确要求“理解文章的基本结构”。从内容的角度，对此能力的考查主要分为三种：考查对整体文章结构的把握能力；考查对下文内容的预测能力；考查对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。
篇章结构主要的设题方式：
How is the passage organized
Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage
What will the author most probably talk about next
The author develops the passage mainly by .
The first paragraph serves as a(n) .
The example of … is given to show/illustrate that .
What is the primary effect of repeating the word “…”？
What does sth metaphorically(比喻地) represent
一、记叙文语篇结构
记叙文以写人记事为主。高考英语阅读理解的记叙文多为故事类和人物传记类。记叙文的答题策略是不漏细节，把准寓意。
1. 故事类(如2025全国一卷B篇)
故事开端(点题)→发展→高潮→结局(主题升华)
2. 人物传记类(如2021浙江6月卷A篇)
引出人物(Leslie Nielsen)→人物生平、成就等→人物影响
二、说明文语篇结构
常见话题：社会现象、研究报告、新科技产品、人文社科概念及理论(较难)。
1. 社会现象类(如2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇)
提出问题→分析问题→解决问题→评价(可选，往往涉及社会现象的趋势)
2. 研究报告类(如2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇)
提出研究结论(文章中心，开头一两段)→实验过程→实验结论→呼应中心/评价
3. 新科技产品(2024新课标Ⅱ卷C篇)
引出产品→灵感来源→分析产品(优点、缺点)→评价/前景(积极/乐观)
*最佳标题往往是产品＋最大优点
4. 人文社科概念及理论(如2021新高考Ⅰ卷D篇)
提出概念或理论→下定义→分析(举例子)→点题或呼应开头
三、议论文语篇结构
论点→论据→结论(如2025全国一卷C篇)
话题 正面论证，亮出观点 原因1/2/3→呼应论点
正反论证，陈述观点 正方(原因1/2) 结尾
反方(原因1/2)
篇章结构题一般出现在C、D篇，语篇通常较难，考生容易过分关注细节和主旨大意，而忽略对篇章结构的理解。其实，先整体再局部，先把握全篇文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，更利于理解文章主旨，有助于快而准地解题。
对 点 训 练
A(2025浙江强基联盟三模)
限时：7分钟
When babies are exposed to a variety of faces, they become more adept in recognizing and appreciating diversity, which can help reduce biases and prejudices as they grow. This is according to neuroscientist Saskia Koch of the Donders Institute and Radboud University.
Koch conducted her research using data from the Nijmegen longitudinal study. This study follows young people from infancy(婴儿期). First, the researchers looked at how frequently the teenagers had attended day care as babies. Then, the same youngsters were assigned the duty of playing a game when they reached the age of 17. In the game, they had to work with another person they couldn't see. Both players had the same goal: find an object on a gameboard. Only the 17-year-old knew where the item was. The 17-year-olds had to communicate this location to each other without using words. They had to design communicative patterns that would assist the other person in locating the object. This could be accomplished, for example, by performing specific movements.
The 17-year-olds were informed they were playing with a 5-year-old in one game and an adult in another, despite the fact that it was the same individual each time. Initially, the 17-year-olds adjusted their communicative patterns when they thought they were interacting with the child by placing more emphasis on their movements. How quickly they abandoned this pattern depended on how much time they spent in day care. 17-year-olds who had come into contact with many different people as infants were more likely to get over a stereotype(刻板印象). They found out in the interaction that the “child” was also very good and then based their play on that.
According to the researcher, this means that babies who have had more diverse social interactions can more easily let go of a stereotype later in life. They are more sensitive to social interaction and can more quickly let go of the image they have in their minds of their peers. Koch says, “Gaining many diverse social experiences early in life allows us to adapt better to the needs of our partners in social interaction.”
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章介绍了神经科学家Saskia Koch的研究成果，探讨了婴儿期接触多样化面孔对其成长过程中减少偏见和刻板印象的重要性。文章结构清晰，逻辑严谨，通过研究背景、实验过程和结果，最终得出结论，强调了早期多样化社交互动的重要性。
1 What does the underlined word “adept” in paragraph 1 mean
A. Forgetful. B. Skillful.
C. Interested. D. Disappointed.
【解析】词义猜测题，考纲外单词意义。根据题干关键词定位到第一段第一句，句子意思是婴儿接触多种面孔时，在识别和欣赏多样性方面会变得更熟练，adept意思应该是熟练的，与 Skillful意思相符。
【答案】B
2 What was the purpose of the game in the study
A. To confirm the data from the Nijmegen study.
B. To test the impacts of early social interactions.
C. To enhance the youngsters' cooperative ability.
D. To assess the effects of communicative patterns.
【解析】推理判断题，因果关系。研究中的游戏目的是，通过观察17岁青少年在游戏中的表现，看他们早期社交互动情况对打破刻板印象的影响，对应最后一段中“this means that babies who have had more diverse social interactions can more easily let go of a stereotype later in life”，故答案为B项“测试早期社交互动的影响”。A项“确认Nijmegen研究的数据”、C项“提高青少年的合作能力”和D项“评估交流模式的效果”均不是游戏的主要目的。
【答案】B
3 How did the 17-year-olds first respond to the “child” in the game
A. They changed their fixed idea of a child.
B. They adjusted the time spent on the game.
C. They performed more specific movements.
D. They employed verbal interactive patterns.
【解析】细节理解题，间接信息。根据题干关键词child定位到第三段第二句可知，17岁青少年最初认为自己在和孩子互动时，他们会更强调自己的动作，C项中的movements是原词重现。
【答案】C
4 What helps babies with future social contacts according to Koch
A. Interacting with various people.
B. Engaging with diverse peers.
C. Adapting to the needs of partners.
D. Letting go of the old images.
【解析】推理判断题，隐含信息和言外之意。根据题干关键词Koch定位到最后一段最后一句， Koch认为在生命早期获得许多不同的社会经验，可以让我们更好地适应伙伴在社会交往中的需求，因此婴儿与各种各样的人互动有助于他们未来的社交。干扰项B“与不同的同龄人互动”范围太窄；C“适应伙伴的需求”是结果不是原因；D“放下旧形象”是结果而不是帮助婴儿未来社交的因素。
【答案】A
【词汇拓展】
①communicative pattern 沟通模式
②infant n. 婴儿 adj. 供婴幼儿用的；初期的
【长难句分析】
The 17-year-olds were informed they were playing with a 5-year-old in one game and an adult in another, despite the fact that it was the same individual each time.(Para.3)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓宾结构，they were playing with a 5-year-old in one game and an adult in another为宾语从句，despite the fact为介词短语做让步状语，后接that 引导的同位语从句。
句意：尽管每次游戏的搭档都是同一个人，但17岁的青少年被告知，他们在一局游戏中与一个5岁孩子搭档，在另一局游戏中与一个成年人搭档。
1. Para.3: 17-year-olds who had come into contact with many different people as infants were more likely to get over a stereotype.(定语从句＋be more likely to do)
仿写：那些在青少年时期积极参与志愿者活动的人更有可能在成年后继续为社会作出贡献。
People who actively participate in volunteer activities during their teenage years are more likely to continue contributing to society in their adulthood.　
2. 从文中摘录一个最喜欢的句子，参照上面的示例进行仿写运用。
略
B(2025山东滨州二模)
限时：7分钟
It was obvious with Pinocchio. Every time he told a lie his nose grew longer. But for the rest of us in real life, the result of telling lies isn't so evident. Is it possible that there are unseen consequences to dishonesty
Since lies are carried by speech, and speech originates in the brain, is it possible that telling lies results in changes in the brain that are not outwardly observable Psychologists Julia Lee and Ashley Hardin wanted to find out.
Dr Lee and Hardin set up a series of studies to explore the question of dishonesty, with 250 pairs of individuals. In each pair, one was assigned the task of either lying or telling the truth. The other member of the pair was instructed to evaluate the emotions of the lying or truth-telling partner. Each of the partners was then assigned the task of evaluating the emotions of the other partner.
The research found that subjects who were asked to be dishonest were significantly worse at detecting the emotional state of their partners than those who told the truth. Surprisingly, the small, seemingly unimportant moments of dishonesty clouded an individual's ability to read the emotions of another individual later on.
To determine how well the participants could read other people's emotions, the researchers then had the subjects watch a series of short video clips. In the clips, actors expressed a wide range of emotions in their facial expressions, voices, and body languages. The participants were then asked to identify the emotional state of the actors. Once again, across all the experimental studies, the researchers consistently found that those who were tempted to lie, and likely did, ended up performing worse on the test of empathetic accuracy than those who didn't lie.
We live in a world where businesses, social life,and personal relationships depend on the ability of individuals to interact well with other people. And to interact with them we often need to be able to determine their emotions. As most of us learned in kindergarten, it's important to tell the truth!
【语篇导读】本文是说明文(人与社会)。文章介绍了心理学家Julia Lee和Ashley Hardin开展的研究，旨在探究说谎是否会导致大脑变化，研究发现说谎会削弱识别他人情绪的能力，强调了诚实的重要性。
5 What is the purpose of the studies
A. To explain the Pinocchio Effect.
B. To explore the motive for lying.
C. To teach people how to detect lies.
D. To test if lying causes brain changes.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词purpose定位到第二段可知，心理学家Julia Lee和Ashley Hardin想找出“说谎是否可能会导致大脑发生无法从外部观察到的变化”的答案，所以研究的目的是测试说谎是否会导致大脑变化。
【答案】D
6 What were the participants asked to do in the studies
A. To make faces. B. To learn body languages.
C. To rate others' performances. D. To identify different emotions.
【解析】细节理解题，直接信息。根据题干关键词participants定位到第五段第三句可知，参与者被要求识别演员的情绪状态。
【答案】D
7 What does the underlined word “clouded” in paragraph 4 most probably mean
A. Cleared. B. Improved.
C. Weakened. D. Monitored.
【解析】词义猜测题，熟词指代。根据题干关键词定位到第四段第一句可知，研究发现，被要求说谎的受试者在察觉其搭档的情绪状态方面的能力明显比说实话的受试者差，由此可知，说谎会削弱一个人解读他人情绪状态的能力。而画线词所在句用Surprisingly表示递进关系，进一步解释这一现象，由此可推断出此处的clouded应等同于前一句中worse的意思，故C项“Weakened”与之同义。
【答案】C
8 What is the last paragraph mainly about
A. The necessity of being honest.
B. The application of the study.
C. The reasons for telling lies.
D. The complexity of social interaction.
【解析】主旨大意题，段落大意。根据题干关键词last paragraph定位到最后一段，再结合文章结构可知，文章通过引言引出问题，通过一、二两段提出研究背景进行假设，三、四、五段详细说明研究设计和结果，展示实验过程和发现，最后一段引用“说真话”的常识，强调诚实的重要性。段落之间的关系逻辑清晰，层层递进，文章的论述完整且有说服力。由此可知，最后一段主要讲了诚实的必要性。
【答案】A
【词汇拓展】
①clip n. 电影片段
②tempt vt. 引诱
【长难句分析】
Once again, across all the experimental studies, the researchers consistently found that those who were tempted to lie, and likely did, ended up performing worse on the test of empathetic accuracy than those who didn't lie.(Para.5)
分析：本句为主从复合句。主句为主谓宾结构；that引导found的宾语从句，其中who were tempted to lie, and likely did和who didn't lie为定语从句，修饰前面的those。
句意：再次强调，在所有实验研究中，研究人员一致发现，那些被诱惑去说谎且可能真的说了谎的人，在共情能力准确性的测试中表现比那些没有说谎的人差。
谢谢观看
Thank you for watching