XB2U1人教版选必2 Unit 1语篇分析+阅读单（教师版）
选必二 Unit1 Reading and Thinking语篇分析
分析维度 内容项
What：语篇的主题、内容、结构、逻辑关系 一、文章基本信息 文章标题：JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” 作者：未明确提及（可能为历史事件的记录者或教育材料编写者） 文章类型：叙述文 / 说明文（以历史事件为基础，兼具科学探究过程的说明） 主题/中心思想： 通过 John Snow 对霍乱疫情的科学调查，揭示其通过污染水源传播的机制，并强调实证研究对公共卫生的重要性。
二、文本结构与内容分析 1. 整体结构： 引言：介绍 John Snow 的背景与霍乱的危害。 主体： a.提出两种霍乱传播理论（空气传播 vs. 饮食传播）。 b.描述 Snow 通过地图标记、案例追踪和水源调查逐步验证假设。 c.补充支持证据（如妇女和女儿的死亡案例）。 结论：Snow 的建议被采纳，霍乱最终被控制。 段落分布： 第 1 段：背景与问题引入。 第 2 段：两种理论对比与 Snow 的研究动机。 第 3-5 段：调查过程（地图标记、水源追踪、案例验证）。 第 6 段：解决方案与结果。 逻辑关系： 因果关系：Snow 的调查步骤与结论的因果链（如移除水泵把手→疫情减缓）。 对比关系：两种理论的对比凸显科学方法的严谨性。 衔接与连贯： 时间顺序词：“First”“Next”“Finally”。 指代衔接：“this”（指代霍乱）、“these people”（特定街区居民）。 段落功能： 第 3 段：通过数据与地图分析锁定污染源。 第 4 段：揭示水源污染与疫情的直接关联。 第 5 段：补充案例强化结论的可信度。
Why：语篇的深层涵义、情感态度、作者意图 三、写作意图与文化背景分析 文化背景： 19 世纪伦敦公共卫生状况恶劣（如泰晤士河污染），疾病肆虐。 科学认知局限（如 “瘴气理论” 盛行，微生物理论尚未普及）。 背景知识的运用：需了解 19 世纪医学理论（如瘴气说）与伦敦地理环境。 写作意图： 彰显 Snow 的科学精神与公共卫生贡献。 传递 “实证研究战胜迷信” 的价值观。
四、情感态度与价值取向分析 1. 情感态度： 对 Snow 的赞扬（如 “determined”“immediately told”）。 对公共卫生问题的关注（如 “terrified people”“astonished people”）。 价值取向： 强调科学方法的重要性。 呼吁社会重视公共卫生基础设施。
五、论点与文章有效性分析 论点清晰度与证据支持： 论点明确：霍乱通过污染水源传播。 证据充分：地图数据、案例追踪、水源污染验证。 文章有效性与局限性： 有效性：逻辑严密，通过实证推翻主流理论。 局限性：未直接观察到细菌（受限于当时技术）。 文章与现实的联系： 现代流行病学调查方法的雏形。 引发对水质安全与公共卫生政策的反思。
六、逻辑关系与推理分析 显性逻辑关系： 因果关系：污染水源→感染霍乱（如移除水泵把手后疫情缓解）。 例证关系：妇女案例强化水源传播的结论。 隐性推理与假设： 假设：水源是唯一传播途径（未考虑其他潜在因素）。 暗示：科学调查需突破传统观念（如否定瘴气说）。
How：语篇的文体特征、语言特点、修辞手法、结构分析 七、语言与文体特征分析 语言特点： 正式学术词汇（如 “germs”“polluted”）与叙述性语言结合。 数据精确（如 “500 people died in ten days”）增强可信度。 句式与句型分析： 复合句为主（如 “John Snow suspected that… but he needed evidence”）。 长句与短句交替使用（如第 3 段的细节描述与第 6 段的简洁结论）。 文体特征： 学术性叙述文，兼具事实性与故事性。 修辞手法： 比喻：“King Cholera”（将疾病拟人化，突出其危害性）。 对比：两种理论的对比强化 Snow 的科学严谨性。 语气与态度： 客观中立，但隐含对 Snow 的肯定（如 “able to announce with certainty”）。
八、写作手法分析 写作技巧与表达方式： 时间顺序：以调查步骤为线索，增强故事性。 细节描写：如具体街道地址（Broad Street, Cambridge Street）提升真实性。
九、个人理解与批判性思维 个人理解与反思： 同意作者观点：Snow 的研究是公共卫生史上的里程碑，科学方法对解决复杂问题至关重要。 批判性思维与反思： 潜在偏见：可能忽略其他社会因素（如贫困与卫生条件的关联）。 反思：若当时技术能直接观察细菌，结论是否更具说服力？
课文语言表达梳理 一、重点单词 1. expose v. 暴露；接触 被动语态（be exposed to）； 介词搭配（expose sb. to sth.） eg. Many people were exposed to cholera through contaminated water. 2.contaminate v. 污染 过去分词作定语（polluted water）；近义词替换（pollute） eg. The river was contaminated by London’s sewage. 3.outbreak n. 爆发 固定搭配（cholera outbreak）；近义词（epidemic） eg. The 1854 cholera outbreak in London killed thousands. 4.investigate v. 调查 名词形式（investigation）；近义词（examine, explore） eg. Snow investigated the source of the water supply. 5.suspect v. 怀疑 宾语从句（suspect that...）；近义词（doubt） eg. Snow suspected the water was to blame.
二、短语搭配 1.attend as（担任） eg. Snow attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 2.become inspired（受到启发） eg. He became inspired to help ordinary people. 3.face the challenge（面对挑战） eg. John Snow wanted to face the challenge of cholera. 4.slow down（减缓） eg. The disease slowed down after the pump handle was removed.
三、经典句型 1. Neither...nor...（既不…… 也不……） Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 仿写：Neither the students nor the teacher was aware of the mistake. 2. so...that...（如此…… 以至于……） The outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died. 仿写：The project was so complex that it required years to complete. 3.not...until...（直到…… 才……） Cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. 仿写：He didn’t realize the importance of the issue until he faced it himself.
文章结构梳理 Article Analysis:
1. Main Idea John Snow’s scientific investigation into cholera outbreaks in 19th-century London, leading to the discovery that the disease is transmitted through contaminated water, and his successful implementation of public health measures to control it.
2. Paragraph Summaries and Functions Paragraph 1: Summary: Introduces John Snow’s expertise and his motivation to help cholera victims. Describes cholera as a deadly disease with unknown causes. Function: Sets the historical context and establishes the problem Snow aims to solve. Paragraph 2: Summary: Presents two theories about cholera transmission (airborne vs. waterborne). Snow suspects the second theory but needs evidence. Function: Highlights the scientific debate of the time and Snow’s hypothesis. Paragraph 3: Summary: Snow maps cholera deaths in Broad Street, identifies clusters near a water pump, and discovers survivors who drank beer instead of pump water. Function: Provides empirical evidence linking the pump to the outbreak. Paragraph 4: Summary: Snow traces the pump’s water to the polluted Thames River, removes the pump handle, and observes a decline in cases. Function: Demonstrates cause-and-effect between contaminated water and cholera. Paragraph 5: Summary: Supports Snow’s conclusion with an additional case: a woman who died after drinking pump water despite moving away. Function: Strengthens the argument by providing corroborating evidence. Paragraph 6: Summary: Snow proposes water supply reforms, leading to the defeat of cholera. Function: Concludes the narrative with Snow’s legacy and the impact of his work.
3. Key Details from Each Paragraph Paragraph 1: Snow was Queen Victoria’s physician. Cholera caused thousands of deaths per outbreak. Neither the cause nor cure of cholera was understood. Paragraph 2: Theory 1: Cholera spread through airborne “miasma.” Theory 2: Cholera entered the body through contaminated food/water. Snow favored the second theory but required proof. Paragraph 3: 500 deaths in 10 days in two streets. Most deaths occurred near the Broad Street pump. Survivors worked at a pub and drank beer instead of pump water. Paragraph 4: Pump water sourced from the Thames River, polluted by London sewage. Snow ordered the pump handle removed. Disease incidence dropped after the pump was disabled. Paragraph 5: Woman requested pump water delivery daily. She and her daughter died after drinking it. This confirmed the water’s role in transmission. Paragraph 6: Snow recommended water supply inspections. Water companies prohibited from providing polluted water. Cholera, nicknamed “King Cholera,” was defeated.
Reading Comprehension Worksheet（教师版）
选必二 Unit1 Reading and Thinking:
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Understanding and Main Idea Extraction（What文章理解与主旨提取）
5W1H Analysis Table
Identify the 5W1H elements of the cholera outbreak in the text. Highlight key sentences in yellow and create a timeline based on the table.
Element Content Text Evidence
Who John Snow (Occupation: Physician) "John Snow was a famous doctor in London"
What Cholera outbreak theories "The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air."
When 1854 "So when another outbreak hit London in 1854"
Where Broad Street and Cambridge Street "In two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe"
Why Lack of understanding of cause/cure "Neither its cause nor its cure was understood"
How Contrasting (①Germ theory vs ②miasma theory) "He became interested in two theories..."
目的： 该问题考查学生从文章中提取关键信息的能力。
阅读技能目标：
提取文章六要素
识别时间等关键信息
What was the primary challenge John Snow faced in combating cholera
A. Lack of medical supplies.
B. Misunderstanding of cholera’s cause.
C. Opposition from the government.
D. Resistance from the public.
答案：B
目的： 考查对文章核心问题的理解。
阅读技能目标：
提取文章主旨
识别关键挑战
Rearrange Snow’s research steps and classify them using flowchart symbols
Materials:
[ ] Remove pump handle
[ ] Mark death locations on a map
[ ] Interview brewery workers
[ ] Investigate the woman’s case
答案：□ Mark deaths → ◇ Interview workers → ◇ Investigate case → ○ Remove handle
目的： 梳理事件发展顺序。
阅读技能目标：
理解时间逻辑关系
掌握调查步骤
What evidence convinced Snow that water was the source of cholera
A. The smell of the Thames River.
B. High death rates in wealthy areas.
C. Workers at a pub survived by drinking beer.
D. Queen Victoria’s support for his research.
答案：C
目的： 识别支撑论点的关键证据。
阅读技能目标：
定位细节信息
分析因果关系
What is the central idea of the passage
A. Snow’s personal achievements as a physician.
B. London’s sanitation crisis in the 19th century.
C. The role of scientific method in defeating disease.
D. The social impact of cholera on poor neighborhoods.
答案：C
目的： 归纳文章中心思想。
阅读技能目标：
提炼核心观点
理解科学研究的意义
Emotional and Deeper Meaning Analysis（Why情感与深层意义分析）
1. Metaphor Interpretation
The author uses the term “King Cholera” to imply that cholera was a powerful force. Explain how this metaphor reflects the societal and scientific context of the time. Support your answer with text evidence.
答案："King Cholera" suggests the disease’s dominance over public health, as seen in the text’s emphasis on its deadly impact and lack of understanding. This metaphor underscores the urgent need for scientific solutions.
目的： 分析隐喻的深层含义。
阅读技能目标：
理解修辞手法
推断作者意图
2. How does the text implicitly criticize societal responses to cholera Use examples from the text to support your analysis.
答案：The text highlights high death rates in poor neighborhoods (e.g., Broad Street) and the role of contaminated water, implying systemic neglect of public health infrastructure.
目的： 挖掘社会批判意义。
阅读技能目标：
分析隐含观点
理解社会背景影响
3.At the beginning of the passage, the author mention Queen Victoria to emphasize Snow’s , to contrast the experiences of and , and to provide for the story.
答案：professional reputation, the rich , the poor, historical context
目的： 理解人物背景的作用。
阅读技能目标：
推理作者意图
分析人物塑造手法
4.How might a 19th-century reader’s understanding of cholera differ from a modern reader’s
A. They would trust government officials more.
B. They would blame the poor for causing the disease.
C. They would prioritize religious explanations.
D. They would have better access to medical treatment.
答案：B
目的： 对比历史与现代认知差异。
阅读技能目标：
跨文化理解
分析历史语境
III. Structural Analysis and Creative Output（How结构分析与创造性输出）
1. What is the function of the fifth paragraph (about the woman and her daughter)
A. To introduce a new theory about cholera.
B. To provide additional evidence supporting Snow’s conclusion.
C. To criticize the water company’s negligence.
D. To describe the emotional impact of the outbreak.
答案：B
目的： 分析段落功能。
阅读技能目标：
理解段落逻辑关系
识别论据作用
How does the mention of Snow’s cholera map help the reader understand his research
A. It visualizes the spatial distribution of deaths.
B. It replaces the need for written descriptions.
C. It proves the existence of germs.
D. It shows the locations of pubs in London.
答案：A
目的： 多模态分析。
阅读技能目标：
整合图文信息
理解科学工具作用
What is the author’s tone towards John Snow
A. Neutral and objective.
B. Admiring and praising.
C. Critical and skeptical.
D. Fearful and alarmist.
答案：B
目的： 识别作者语气。
阅读技能目标：
分析情感态度
理解语言风格
IV. Critical Thinking and Application（批判性思维与实践运用）
Do you think Snow’s success was due to luck or scientific rigor
答案：Snow’s success is attributed primarily to scientific rigor, as emphasized in the following tasks:1) Data-Driven Investigation: Scientific Inquiry Flowchart highlights Snow’s systematic steps: mapping deaths, interviewing workers, and verifying evidence. This structured approach reflects rigorous data collection and analysis; 2) Hypothesis Testing: Evidence Matrix categorizes his evidence (e.g., Broad Street cluster, brewery workers) as direct/indirect, showcasing his logical separation of facts to validate the germ theory over the miasma theory; 3) Empirical Action:Design a Solution requires applying Snow’s methods (e.g., water source mapping, public education), reinforcing the textbook’s focus on his practical, evidence-based interventions.
While luck may have played a minor role (e.g., the 1854 outbreak occurring when he was ready), the textbook emphasizes scientific rigor as the core driver of his success.
目的：培养批判性思维。
阅读技能目标：
辩证分析能力
文本证据运用
2.Evidence Matrix
Categorize Snow’s evidence into geographic and demographic categories.
Category Direct Evidence Indirect Evidence
Geographic Broad Street cluster Thames River pollution
Demographic Brewery workers Migrant woman’s death
3.Modern Application
Explain how Snow’s methods (e.g., mapping, data analysis) could address modern public health issues like COVID-19. Provide specific examples.
答案：Snow’s use of mapping could inform contact tracing, while data analysis of outbreaks aligns with modern epidemiological strategies.
目的：联系现实问题。
阅读技能目标：
跨学科应用
科学方法迁移
4.Silent Evidence Audit
Critique Snow’s methods from a modern epidemiologist’s perspective. Identify three limitations and explain their implications.
答案：
Uncontrolled variables: Snow ignored seasonal variations in water quality.
Data gaps: No records of patients’ occupations or immunity.
Missed transmission routes: Did not test food sources for contamination.
目的：评估研究局限性。
阅读技能目标：
批判性评估
理解科学方法局限
5.Role-Play
Imagine you are a 19th-century miasma theory supporter. Refute Snow’s findings using limitations from the text.
答案："Your data lacks direct observation of cholera germs. The Broad Street cluster could be coincidental due to miasma density."
6.Design a Solution
Create a cholera prevention plan for a village, incorporating two of Snow’s methods. Explain your choices.
答案：Map water sources to identify contamination risks. Educate residents to avoid drinking untreated water. (Rationale: Snow’s mapping and public awareness strategies align with modern prevention efforts.)
目的：现实问题解决。
阅读技能目标：
应用历史经验
提出解决方案
V. 词块积累及应用
1. 重点词块：
exposed to cholera
contaminated water
outbreak of disease
investigate thoroughly
目的：掌握词汇搭配及语法应用。
2. 迁移应用：
A. 翻译：
“exposed to cholera” → 接触霍乱
“contaminated water” → 受污染的水
目标： 掌握学术词汇。
B. 造句：
Use “outbreak” in a sentence:
The outbreak of COVID-19 changed daily life globally.
Use “be to blame” in a sentence:
The faulty wiring was to blame for the sudden power outage in the lab.
目标：词汇应用能力。
C. 写作一：
Write a paragraph explaining how Snow’s methods could prevent future pandemics, using the chunks above.
John Snow’s pioneering methods offer critical insights for modern pandemic prevention. By systematically mapping outbreaks and tracing infections to contaminated water sources, his work underscores the importance of spatial analysis and thorough investigation in identifying disease vectors. For instance, his meticulous tracking of cholera cases in Broad Street revealed clusters linked to a single water pump, demonstrating how exposure to contaminated water could drive rapid transmission. Applying Snow’s approach today, health officials use GIS mapping to visualize COVID-19 hotspots, similar to his cholera maps, and conduct contact tracing to isolate sources of infection. Additionally, his emphasis on public health interventions—such as disabling contaminated water supplies—mirrors modern strategies like quarantining affected areas or recalling contaminated products. By combining data-driven surveillance with swift action, Snow’s legacy ensures that future outbreaks can be contained before escalating into global crises, proving that epidemiological rigor remains indispensable in the fight against infectious diseases.
写作二：沉默证据审计
以"假如你是当代流行病学家"视角，撰写 3点方法论批评：
未控制变量：______（如天气因素）
数据缺口：______（如职业与免疫力关联）
传播途径遗漏：______（如食物污染可能性）
方法论批评（当代流行病学家视角）：
未控制变量：
Snow’s study overlooked environmental factors like seasonal weather patterns (e.g., rainfall diluting/contaminating water sources) and population density variations, which could influence disease spread. For instance, summer heat might accelerate bacterial growth in stagnant water, a variable absent from his analysis.
数据缺口：
Critical occupational exposure data (e.g., sewer workers vs. office clerks) and preexisting health conditions were not systematically recorded. Without this, it’s impossible to determine if cholera mortality correlated with immune status or workplace hazards—key insights for targeted interventions.
传播途径遗漏：
Snow focused solely on waterborne transmission but failed to investigate foodborne contamination, such as vegetables irrigated with polluted water or infected seafood. Modern outbreaks like E. coli in spinach demonstrate how this oversight could misdirect prevention efforts.
目标： 综合运用词汇与主题知识。XB2U1人教版选必2 Unit 1阅读单（学生版）
Reading Comprehension Worksheet（学生版）
选必二 Unit1 Reading and Thinking:
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Understanding and Main Idea Extraction（What文章理解与主旨提取）
5W1H Analysis Table
Identify the 5W1H elements of the cholera outbreak in the text. Highlight key sentences in yellow and create a timeline based on the table.
Element Content Text Evidence
Who John Snow (Occupation: )
What
When
Where
Why
How Contrasting (① vs ② )
What was the primary challenge John Snow faced in combating cholera
A. Lack of medical supplies.
B. Misunderstanding of cholera’s cause.
C. Opposition from the government.
D. Resistance from the public.
Rearrange Snow’s research steps and classify them using flowchart symbols:
[ ] Remove pump handle
[ ] Mark death locations on a map
[ ] Interview brewery workers
[ ] Investigate the woman’s case
What evidence convinced Snow that water was the source of cholera
A. The smell of the Thames River.
B. High death rates in wealthy areas.
C. Workers at a pub survived by drinking beer.
D. Queen Victoria’s support for his research.
What is the central idea of the passage
A. Snow’s personal achievements as a physician.
B. London’s sanitation crisis in the 19th century.
C. The role of scientific method in defeating disease.
D. The social impact of cholera on poor neighborhoods.
Emotional and Deeper Meaning Analysis（Why情感与深层意义分析）
1. Metaphor Interpretation
The author uses the term “King Cholera” to imply that cholera was a powerful force. Explain how this metaphor reflects the societal and scientific context of the time. Support your answer with text evidence.
2. How does the text implicitly criticize societal responses to cholera Use examples from the text to support your analysis.
3.At the beginning of the passage, the author mention Queen Victoria to emphasize Snow’s , to contrast the experiences of and , and to provide for the story.
4.How might a 19th-century reader’s understanding of cholera differ from a modern reader’s
A. They would trust government officials more.
B. They would blame the poor for causing the disease.
C. They would prioritize religious explanations.
D. They would have better access to medical treatment.
III. Structural Analysis and Creative Output（How结构分析与创造性输出）
1. What is the function of the fifth paragraph (about the woman and her daughter)
A. To introduce a new theory about cholera.
B. To provide additional evidence supporting Snow’s conclusion.
C. To criticize the water company’s negligence.
D. To describe the emotional impact of the outbreak.
2. How does the mention of Snow’s cholera map help the reader understand his research
A. It visualizes the spatial distribution of deaths.
B. It replaces the need for written descriptions.
C. It proves the existence of germs.
D. It shows the locations of pubs in London.
3. What is the author’s tone towards John Snow
A. Neutral and objective.
B. Admiring and praising.
C. Critical and skeptical.
D. Fearful and alarmist.
IV. Critical Thinking and Application（批判性思维与实践运用）
1. Do you think Snow’s success was due to luck or scientific rigor
2. Evidence Matrix
Categorize Snow’s evidence into geographic and demographic categories.
Category Direct Evidence Indirect Evidence
Geographic
Demographic
Modern Application
Explain how Snow’s methods (e.g., mapping, data analysis) could address modern public health issues like COVID-19. Provide specific examples.
Silent Evidence Audit
Critique Snow’s methods from a modern epidemiologist’s perspective. Identify three limitations and explain their implications.
1)
2)
3)
5. Role-Play
Imagine you are a 19th-century miasma theory supporter. Refute Snow’s findings using limitations from the text.
6.Design a Solution
Create a cholera prevention plan for a village, incorporating two of Snow’s methods. Explain your choices.
V. 词块积累及应用
1. 重点词块：
exposed to cholera
contaminated water
outbreak of disease
investigate thoroughly
2. 迁移应用：
A. 翻译：
“exposed to cholera” →
“contaminated water” →
B. 造句：
Use “outbreak” in a sentence:
Use “be to blame” in a sentence:
C. 写作一：
Write a paragraph explaining how Snow’s methods could prevent future pandemics, using the chunks above.
写作二：沉默证据审计
以"假如你是当代流行病学家"视角，撰写 3点方法论批评：
未控制变量：______（如天气因素）
数据缺口：______（如职业与免疫力关联）
传播途径遗漏：______（如食物污染可能性）
方法论批评（当代流行病学家视角）：
