Unit 4 Breaking boundaries Grammar 课件

(共27张PPT)
Unit 4
Unit 4
Breaking boundaries
It as an empty subject
To learn the usage of it as an empty subject
To learn to describe a city by using it as an empty subject
I dropped my watch and it broke.
2. There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman.
3. What’s this It’s a new machine.
something
somebody
pronoun
What have we learnt about it
4. It is Friday today.
5. It was very cold last Monday.
6. It lies in the south of Anhui.
7. It is about 8:30 now.
8. It is about 25km from my city to the capital.
9. It is 39 degree! You got a high fever!
date
weather
place
time
distance
temperature
a But it is vital not to take any chances.
b But not to take any chances is vital.
____________________________________________________
c It is important to remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries.
d To remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries is important.
Look at the sentences and answer the questions. Sentences (a) and (c) are from the reading passage.
1
a But it is vital not to take any chances.
c It is important to remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries.
1. What does “it” refer to in sentences (a) and (c)
“It” refers to “not to take any chances” in sentences (a) and “to remember that Ebola doesn’t respect national boundaries” in sentence (c).
2. What is the difference between the sentences in each group Why does the author choose to use sentences (a) and (c) instead of (b) and (d)
The first sentences in each group use “it” as an empty subject at the beginning of the sentences.
The reason why sentences (a) and (c) are chosen is that the sentences are kept balanced and the key information of the sentences is emphasised.
I felt it was my duty as a doctor to go there and offer my help.
It is so inspiring to have colleagues like Wilton, Maisy and Alfonso.
… it is absolutely essential for us all to collaborate to create a global community with a shared future of peace and prosperity.
Now look for more sentences with this structure in the reading passage, and summarise its use in your own words.
it作形式主语，常代替由不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式(短语)或从句等真正主语，并将真正的主语后置。
it作形式主语，所代替的是句子的逻辑主语，并无实际词义。
it作形式主语，以保持句子的结构平衡，避免主语过长，显得头重脚轻。
it作形式主语
it作形式主语的作用主要分三种情况
1. be+形容词+不定式(短语) (It is + adj. + to do sth.)
e.g. It is difficult to translate the book.
2. be+名词+不定式(短语) (It is + n. + to do sth.)
e.g. It was her duty to clean the room.
3. be+介词短语+不定式(短语)
e.g. It was against my principle to do that.
4. 及物动词+宾语+不定式(短语)
e.g. It cost 150 yuan to buy the dress.
一是代表不定式(短语)，根据句子的谓语又可分为四种类型：
It’s no use / good / fun doing sth.
It’s a waste of time doing sth.
做某事没有用 / 没有好处 / 没有意思 / 是浪费时间
e.g. It is no use complaining.
It’s pleasant sitting here.
二是代表动词-ing形式
一般以“be+名词”作谓语
也可以以“be+形容词”作谓语
1. It + be + 形容词 + 从句 (It is + adj. + 从句)
e.g. It is natural that she knows everything about it.
2. It + be + 名词 + 从句 (It is + n. + 从句)
e.g. It is a question how he did it.
3. It + 动词的被动语态 + 从句
e.g. It is not decided who will take over the company.
4. It + 其他系动词 +形容词或名词等 + that从句
e.g. It seems wise that he chose science as his major.
三是代表从句，具体可分为四种类型：
1. It doesn’t matter whether / if…
e.g. It doesn’t matter if you miss the bus, because there’s another one 15 minutes later.
2. It takes …(some time) to do …
e.g. It took us three hours to get there.
3. It is + 形容词 + (for/of sb.) + to do…
e.g. It is necessary for them to complete the task in 3 days.
It is kind of you to think so much of us.
it作形式主语的其他常见句型：
Rewrite the underlined parts using it as an empty subject.
According to the “2017 Hollywood Diversity Report”, to get roles in American film and television is no longer quite so difficult for women and minorities. This is another small but important advance aginst gender and racial discrimination.
it is no longer quite so difficult for women and minorities to get roles in American film and television
2
n. 少数派;少数
The report analysed 200 films released in 2015 and 1,206 TV shows from 2014 to 2015, and discovered that to become a leading actor in Hollywood is now a more realistic hope for minority actors. In more good news, to write and direct Hollywood films is more common than before for women.
adj. 能实现的
it is now a more realistic hope for minority actors to become a leading actor in Hollywood
it is more common than before for women to write and direct Hollywood films
The bad news is that there is still a long way to go. Leading roles are more likely to be given to white actors. Asian American actors, in particular, still face problems. Even now,
to cast white actors as Asian characters is seen as acceptable by film studios. But as least the report shows that things are moving slowly in the right direction.
it is seen as acceptable by film studios to cast white actors as Asian characters
v. 选派(角色)
Describe the city using the information provided and it as an empty subject.
not a surprising thing / students see different skin colours in the same class
It is not a surprising thing for students to see different skin colours in the same class.
Beijing
3
possible / people hear many different languages and dialects
It is possible for people to hear many different languages and dialects.
easy / people find products from all over the world
It is easy for people to find products from all over the world.
not difficult / foreigners settle down and find a job
a common thing / people from different countries work in the same company
It is not difficult for foreigners to settle down and find a job.
It is a common thing for people from different countries to work in the same company.
Beijing today is multicultural. It is not a surprising thing for students to see different skin colours in the same class. It is possible for people to hear many different languages and dialects. It is easy for people to find products from all over the world. It is not difficult for foreigners to settle down and find a job. It is a common thing for people from different countries to work in the same company.
选用方框内合适的选项完成下面短文（每项限用一次） 。
A. to practise playing properly every day
B. that you pick up an instrument to express who you are at a deeper level
C. that the way you play an instrument can tell others a lot about who you
are
D. to create music that actually says something rather than just playing a
bunch of notes
One's hobbies can be anything from gardening to photography. In my experience, playing the violin helps ease my stress and strengthens the idea that I could achieve anything.
My violin teacher often advised me to relax more when playing the instrument, so it takes me two hours 1. __________. I have become attentive to any restrictions (限制) on my body. In the long term, this will benefit my character because it helps me develop my ability to maintain focus and patience.
A. to practise playing properly every day
B. that you pick up an instrument to express who you are at a deeper level
C. that the way you play an instrument can tell others a lot about who you
are
D. to create music that actually says something rather than just playing a
bunch of notes
A
Besides, the more I practise, the more I am able to improvise ( 即 兴 表 演). Although an improvisation is always based on previous work, it is fun 2. __________. This new skill now acts as a resource that fuels my confidence and love for life.
D
A. to practise playing properly every day
B. that you pick up an instrument to express who you are at a deeper level
C. that the way you play an instrument can tell others a lot about who you
are
D. to create music that actually says something rather than just playing a
bunch of notes
When I see other people playing the violin well, I can almost sense their passion. It's true 3. __________. It can also tell any story you want it to tell. Therefore, I believe music is a great way to communicate and break barriers between you and other people.
Therefore, it is highly recommended 4. __________.
C
A. to practise playing properly every day
B. that you pick up an instrument to express who you are at a deeper level
C. that the way you play an instrument can tell others a lot about who you
are
D. to create music that actually says something rather than just playing a
bunch of notes
B
Describe one of the cities using it as an empty subject where appropriate. Do online research if necessary.
Toronto Shanghai London Sydney