第2讲 命题突破——推理判断题
【练真题】
[文章大意] 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章探讨了父母在孩子饮食中的角色,提到了“责任分工”理论,建议父母提供健康食物并让孩子自行选择,同时强调避免过度讨论食物而带来的负面影响。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知,作者童年时常听到“不能吃某些食物,不然会变胖”的警告,这让她很困扰。因此,她对女儿使用了截然不同的喂养方式,鼓励女儿吃健康的零食,少吃甜点,以避免给女儿造成困扰。故B选项“她对(父母)喂养她的方式持批评态度。”正确。应选B项。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中Charlotte Markey教授的观点“There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them…”可知,Markey认为对于食物这个话题,父母不应过多讨论,否则会让孩子产生不必要的担忧和不安。因此,C选项“向孩子解释吃零食的风险。”正是她所不赞成的做法。应选C项。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第三段中对“Division of Responsibility”理论的描述可知,Markey教授建议父母为孩子提供健康食品,让孩子自己决定吃什么以及吃多少。故A选项“让孩子自己做出饮食决策。”是正确的。应选A项。
4.C 推理判断题。文章最后一段“I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions.”表明,当作者减少对孩子饮食的限制时,孩子们确实做出了更好的饮食选择。由此可推测,因为这些策略产生了积极效果,所以作者认为它们是可行的。故C选项“可行的。”正确。应选C项。
【真题典例】
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球,甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现,将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质,但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出,该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性,并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
1.C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.”(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在深海和喜马拉雅山上,嵌入火山岩中,填满海鸟的胃,甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现在人类体内。)可推知,作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
2.A 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.”(至关重要的是,这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中,将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后,塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中,煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量。)可知,决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。
3.B 推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.”(尽管如此,研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候,科学家们发现,即使是瓶装水,其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)可推断,作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。
4.D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“‘The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,’ Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. ‘We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.’” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究,她告诉《新科学家》杂志:“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂,以便它们能去除微塑料。”)可推知,Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用的,即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,当前利用技术手段进行生物采样的过程可能存在偏差。文章说明了造成这些偏差的原因,并在最后说明如何完善生物采样数据的科学性。
5.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.”可知,现在大多数生物多样性的记录通常是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的。故选B。
6.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”(这些观察结果现在超过了来自实物标本的原始数据,而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化,我想知道:它们能用吗 )和第四段“‘We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,’ said Daru.”(Daru说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是它旁边的草。”)可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观测数据。故选C。
7.C 推理判断题。根据第四段“‘…like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,’ said Daru.”以及第五段“Moreover, these data…species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.”可知,收集生物采样数据的人,对于采集区域、 采样时段以及采样物种的选择有一定的主观性,这会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。
8.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”可知,Daru认为生物多样性应用软件可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种,鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片的物种名称。因此,Daru 建议生物多样性应用软件给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
【重点词句回顾】
派生词:4.不完美的
熟词生义:2.记载,记录
长难句分析:定语从句
【模拟演练】
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为微观艺术家的成长历程,始于儿时保护昆虫的初心,他创作出世界上最小的雕塑,并屡破纪录,传达了“微小事物亦具有强大力量”的深刻理念。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段“Growing up as a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects. Wanting to protect them, I started building little houses for ants, using little pieces of wood and leaves.”和第二段中“When my mother saw my work, she told me that the smaller I made things, the bigger my name would become.”可知,作者小时候对昆虫着迷,开始为蚂蚁建造小房子,后来在妈妈的鼓励下创作微型雕塑。由此可知,他对昆虫的热爱是创作微型雕塑的最初灵感来源。故选B项。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第四段“I sometimes work for 16 hours a day without breaks, and it takes me up to three months to finish a sculpture. I have to hold my breath during the sculpting process. It isn’t actually an easy process—but I can enjoy it once I’ve finished it.”可知,作者的工作强度大,耗时久,要求极高的专注力,但完成后他很享受自己的成就。这表明作者认为这种体验是“疲惫但愉悦的”。故选C项。
3.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We need to appreciate the little things in life. Small things can also be mighty, too.”可知,作者认为微小事物也值得珍视。因此,他想告诉读者,勿轻视微小事物。故选B项。
4.A 主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是根据第一段“Growing up as a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects. Wanting to protect them, I started building little houses for ants, using little pieces of wood and leaves.”和第五段中“In 2012, I met the queen and gave her a tiny crown on the head of a pin.”可知,文章讲述了作者作为一名微观艺术家的成长历程,始于儿时保护昆虫的初心,他创作出世界上最小的雕塑,并屡破纪录。A项“从蚂蚁到王冠:一个微观艺术家的旅程”形象地概括了作者的成长轨迹,并突出了其身份,最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文,主要讲述了对于老年人来说,群体健身课程不仅是获得必要锻炼的好方式,也是社交的机会,文中通过具体事例及研究说明社交隔离对老年人健康的危害以及群体锻炼对老年人健康的益处。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第二段“Nancy, 56, has been practising yoga with Coupland for about a decade, and she says why she keeps coming back is the community.”可知,南希坚持和格伦·库普兰练习瑜伽主要是为了享受一种归属感。故选C项。
6.D 推理判断题。根据第三段“‘Social isolation (隔离) is the new smoking, in terms of the death rate,’ says Dr Alexandra Papaioannou…”可推知,社交隔离和吸烟一样危险。故选D项。
7.A 推理判断题。根据第四段“A study published by the Journal of Aging and Health found that loneliness and social isolation could lead to higher chances of depression, weakened thinking abilities, greater risks of heart diseases, memory loss, and a reduced quality of life.”以及第五段“Another study found that older adults who exercised with others demonstrated better physical function and memory abilities than those who didn’t exercise at all or exercised alone. And compared with those who exercised alone, older adults who participated in group fitness had significantly better muscle strength, attention, memory and overall function.”可推知,群体锻炼有助于对抗健康风险。故选A项。
8.B 推理判断题。通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了对于老年人来说,群体健身课程不仅是获得必要锻炼的好方式,也是社交的机会,文中通过具体事例及研究说明社交隔离对老年人健康的危害以及群体锻炼对老年人健康的益处。所以短文与健康相关,可能来自网站的健康专栏。故选B项。
【重点词句回顾】
长难句分析:1.宾语从句 2.宾语从句;定语从句第2讲 命题突破——推理判断题
高考英语中的推理判断题是阅读理解部分的难点题型之一,要求考生基于文章信息进行合理推断,而非直接照搬原文内容。这类题目考查逻辑分析能力和深层理解能力,需要结合上下文、作者意图或隐含意义进行判断。
[2025·浙江1月考,B]
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You don’t want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food—something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one day when I heard her saying “I think I’m too fat,” my heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks was having an unintentionally negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology, food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk through, but I’m not convinced that food is one of them,” she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids that aren’t necessarily healthy.”
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,” where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and how much they want to consume—even if that means occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child says, ‘My stomach hurts,’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some other choices,’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have some control over it.”
I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions. “Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have available makes a huge difference. Even if they don’t eat it, they’re seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
( )1.What can be inferred about the author from the first paragraph
A.She is upset by her kids’ weight.
B.She is critical of the way she was fed.
C.She is interested in making food.
D.She is particular about what she eats.
( )2.Which of the following would Markey disapprove of
A.Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally.
B.Offering various foods to kids at fixed times.
C.Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks.
D.Talking with kids about school at mealtimes.
( )3.What should kids do according to the “Division of Responsibility”
A.Make diet decisions on their own.
B.Share their food with other kids.
C.Eat up what is provided for them.
D.Help their parents do the dishes.
( )4.What does the author think of the strategies she has been following
A.Costly. B.Complex.
C.Workable. D.Contradictory.
一、推理判断题核心命题逻辑
题干定位→锁定原文相关信息→提取隐含逻辑(对比/因果/态度)→排除干扰项(无依据/反向/过度)→匹配唯一合理选项。
题号 题干定位 推理过程
1 第一段When I was a child, “You don’t want to get fat”, messed up my relationship with food, I’m careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth 作者童年因“被限制饮食” 产生心理困扰→成年后刻意避免用同样的方式对待孩子→隐含对自身童年喂养方式的不满。选项 B(critical of the way she was fed)与 “不满童年喂养方式”的推理一致
2 第二段saying less is more,creates some worries and insecurities Markey 认为 “少讨论食物” 更好,过度谈论会引发孩子焦虑→反对“向孩子解释零食的风险”(属于对食物的过多讨论)。选项 C(explaining…risks of taking snacks)与 “反对过多谈论食物” 的观点冲突
4 最后一段I’ve been trying out these strategies and I’ve found that when I’m less restrictive, they do make better decisions 作者实践后发现:减少限制时,孩子的饮食选择更合理→策略有积极效果。选项 C(workable可行的)与 “策略产生好结果” 的推理一致
二、推理判断题命题特点
特点 题号 推理过程
原文依据的 “隐含性” 1 原文未直接说 “作者批评童年喂养方式”,但通过 “messed up my relationship with food”(童年方式造成困扰)和 “careful not to…”(刻意改变方式),隐含对童年方式的否定,属于“行为对比→态度推断”
推理路径的 “单向性” 2 Markey 的核心观点是 “少讨论食物”→直接推出 “反对解释零食风险”(属于 “讨论食物” 的行为),无需额外联想其他可能性。干扰项 A(允许偶尔吃饼干)与原文“even if that means occasionally eating more cookies” 一致,是 Markey 赞成的,故排除
选项设置的 “反推性” 4 选项 C(workable)可被 “they do make better decisions”反向验证(策略有效→可行);干扰项 A(costly昂贵的)、B(complex复杂的)、D(contradictory矛盾的)在原文中均无依据,无法被验证
与细节题的 “差异性” 3 细节题答案是原文信息的“原词复现或同义替换”,而推理题答案是原文信息的 “逻辑延伸”。对比3 题(细节题):“Division of Responsibility”的内容在原文直接表述为 “kids themselves decide what and how much”,选项 A(Make diet decisions on their own.)是同义替换
隐含推断题——定位,分析,比较
[2025·全国一卷,D节选]
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (Para.4)
( )What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in Paragraph 4
A.The importance of plastic recycling.
B.The severity of the microplastic problem.
C.The danger in overusing pure water.
D.The difficulty in treating polluted water.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.”可知,减少微塑料接触是一项越来越困难的任务,科学家今年早些时候发现,瓶装水中的微塑料含量比最初认为的多 10 到 1000 倍。据此推断,作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B项。
观点态度题——根据褒贬词定态度
[2024·全国甲卷,C节选]
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”(最后一段)
( )What is Ducke’s attitude towards the Saint Lukas’ services
A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful.
C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据本段的“‘I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,’ says Ducke. ‘They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.’”可知,医生和他们的助手的工作给Ducke留下了深刻的印象,他认为他们的工作是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最佳机会。据此推断,Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度,故选A项。
写作意图题——根据主旨推断
[2024·新课标Ⅱ卷,D节选]
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革). (首段)
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (尾段)
( )What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To recommend a book on AI.
B.To give a brief account of AI history.
C.To clarify the definition of AI.
D.To honour an outstanding AI expert.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).”和最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.”可知,本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著的AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书,该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保AI安全发展,以防潜在危机,据此判断,作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于AI的书。故选A项。
文章出处/类型题——利用文章体裁和文体特征
[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷,C节选]
Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. (Para.1)
( )Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”及下文内容可知,本文主要是对于《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书的介绍。由此可推知,本文可能取自对一本书的介绍。故选A项。
推断特征题——抓关键点
[2024·新课标Ⅱ卷,D节选]
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (Para.2)
( )What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A.It is packed with complex codes.
B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C.It provides step-by-step instructions.
D.It is intended for AI professionals.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.”可知,坎贝尔从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,据此推断,它采用了务实的写作风格。down-to-earth意为“务实的,切合实际的”。故选B项。
预测段落发展——锁定尾句巧判断
[2023·全国乙卷,C节选]
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.(尾段)
( )What might the author continue talking about
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章尾句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like cooking.”可知,随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上,男孩喜欢烹饪已经不再是“不酷”的事了。由此可推知,接下来作者可能会接着讨论电视节目上的男厨师们。故选B项。
A [2025·全国一卷,D]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:332
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
( )1.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A.By quoting an expert.
B.By defining a concept.
C.By giving examples.
D.By providing statistics.
( )2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A.The hardness of water.
B.The length of cooling time.
C.The frequency of filtering.
D.The type of plastic in water.
( )3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in Paragraph 4
A.The importance of plastic recycling.
B.The severity of the microplastic problem.
C.The danger in overusing pure water.
D.The difficulty in treating polluted water.
( )4. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A.Choice of new research methods.
B.Possible direction for further study.
C.Need to involve more researchers.
D.Potential application of the findings.
B [2024·新课标Ⅰ卷,D]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:366
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct,researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favour certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased towards certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
( )5.What do we know about the records of species collected now
A.They are becoming outdated.
B.They are mostly in electronic form.
C.They are limited in number.
D.They are used for public exhibition.
( )6.What does Daru’s study focus on
A.Threatened species.
B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data.
D.Mobile applications.
( )7.What has led to the biases according to the study
A.Mistakes in data analysis.
B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C.Improper way of sampling.
D.Unreliable data collection devices.
( )8.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A.Review data from certain areas.
B.Hire experts to check the records.
C.Confirm the identity of the users.
D.Give guidance to citizen scientists.
A.派生词
1.significantly adv.显著地
2.remove v.去除,去掉
3.observational adj.观测的
4.imperfect adj.
5.identification n.识别
B.合成词
1.microplastic n. 微塑料(前缀micro-:微小的)
2.intake n.摄入量,吸入量
3.upgrade v.升级
4.outnumber v.数量多于;比……多
5.eye-catching adj.引人注目的
6.oversampled adj.过度采样的
7.upload v.上传;上载
C.熟词生义
1.settle (熟义) v.定居;解决→(生义) v.沉淀;积聚 (A,Para.1)
2.document (熟义) n. 文件→(生义) v. (B,Para.1)
D.长难句分析
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (B,Para.4)
【分析】 这是一个包含直接引语的复合句,有多层修饰成分。句子主体为“直接引语+主句(主谓)”。直接引语是一个复合句,主句是We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling;that tend to bias(使有偏差) data为 ,修饰先行词 the aspects of sampling;举例说明成分like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it中包含后置定语 of a citizen scientist和to take a picture of a flowering plant。
【译文】 Daru 说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索那些倾向于使数据有偏差的采样方面,比如公民科学家更有可能给开花植物拍照,而不是旁边的草。”
A [2025·江苏南通高三三模]
文体:记叙文 主题:人与自我 词数:335
Growing up as a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects. Wanting to protect them, I started building little houses for ants, using little pieces of wood and leaves.
I then moved on to making little cups and saucers from silver foil (箔纸) for the magic creatures that I thought lived at the bottom of the garden. When my mother saw my work, she told me that the smaller I made things, the bigger my name would become.
As the years went by, my designs became more complicated. And I used many different materials, such as diamond fragments, eyelashes and even spider web threads.
I sometimes work for 16 hours a day without breaks, and it takes me up to three months to finish a sculpture. I have to hold my breath during the sculpting process. It isn’t actually an easy process—but I can enjoy it once I’ve finished it.
My sculptures have taken me to incredible places. In 2012, I met the queen and gave her a tiny crown on the head of a pin. In 2013, I received my first Guinness World Record for creating the smallest sculpture made by hand. It was a 24-carat gold motorbike that fitted inside a drilled out hair. In 2017, I beat my record with a sculpture of a human fetus (胎儿) that measured 0.078 mm by 0.053 mm.
One time, a fly landed on a Cinderella carriage sculpture I was working on. The fly’s wings blew it away, and it was lost. I was heartbroken. Another time, I accidentally breathed in a microscopic Alice from Alice in Wonderland. Alice is now in Wonderland forever. But it did give me the chance to make an even better one the second time around.
The microscopic world has always been my happy place. I’ve tried to make bigger sculptures, but small is best for me. We need to appreciate the little things in life. Small things can also be mighty, too.
( )1.What inspired the author to create tiny sculptures
A.His desire for fame.
B.His love for insects.
C.His passion for architecture.
D.His dream of setting a record.
( )2.How does the author think of his sculpting process
A.Creative and fulfilling.
B.Competitive and demanding.
C.Exhausting but enjoyable.
D.Relaxing but time-consuming.
( )3.What message does the author intend to convey
A.Failure is the mother of success.
B.Don’t underestimate small things.
C.Attention to details leads to success.
D.Don’t let others’ opinions define you.
( )4.What is the best title for the passage
A.From ants to crowns: a micro-artist’s journey
B.16 hours a day: the price of artistic perfection
C.The function of microscopic art: an amazing tool
D.The future of microscopic art: Is it worth the effort
B [2025·河北石家庄高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:283
When Glen Coupland was first practising yoga more than 25 years ago, it was to get active and boost his own fitness. Now, at the age of 78, Glen is a yoga teacher at five locations around Toronto, teaching 17 classes a week. And he’s built a community of students who gather weekly to practise and socialize. “It’s really nice to see people build friendships here,” he says.
Nancy,56, has been practising yoga with Coupland for about a decade, and she says why she keeps coming back is the community. She’s become friends with Coupland and her fellow students: they go cycling, meet up for tea, go hiking, and even go on vacation together.
“Social isolation(隔离) is the new smoking, in terms of the death rate,” says Dr Alexandra Papaioannou, director of the Geras Centre for Aging Research. “Older adults tend to have fewer social ties. As seniors leave the workforce, they’re not getting that daily connection. Plus, family members may not live near and spouses (配偶) may have passed away,” she adds.
A study published by the Journal of Aging and Health found that loneliness and social isolation could lead to higher chances of depression, weakened thinking abilities, greater risks of heart diseases, memory loss, and a reduced quality of life.
Another study found that older adults who exercised with others demonstrated better physical function and memory abilities than those who didn’t exercise at all or exercised alone. And compared with those who exercised alone, older adults who participated in group fitness had significantly better muscle strength, attention, memory and overall function.
For seniors, group fitness classes are a good way of getting much-needed exercise and an opportunity to socialize.
( )5.What’s the main reason for Nancy to keep practising yoga with Glen Coupland
A.To become a yoga teacher.
B.To improve her fitness.
C.To enjoy a sense of belonging.
D.To serve the community.
( )6.What can we learn from Dr Alexandra Papaioannou’s words
A.Seniors living alone tend to smoke more.
B.Lack of social ties causes more smoking.
C.Seniors need to avoid smoking to live longer.
D.Social isolation is as dangerous as smoking.
( )7.What can we conclude from the two studies
A.Group exercise helps fight health risks.
B.Group activities can cure mental diseases.
C.Better physical condition can improve memory.
D.Social bonds have little impact on mental health.
( )8.Which column of a website is the text probably taken from
A.Entertainment. B.Wellness.
C.Fashion. D.Culture.
A.派生词
1.socialize v. 社交;交往
2.weaken vt.使变弱;削弱;减弱
B.合成词
1.heartbroken adj.心碎的;极度伤心的
2.much-needed adj.急需的
C.熟词生义
tie (熟义) n. 领带;绳子→(生义) n.关系;联系 (B,Para.3)
D.长难句分析
1.A study published by the Journal of Aging and Health found that loneliness and social isolation could lead to higher chances of depression, weakened thinking abilities, greater risks of heart diseases, memory loss, and a reduced quality of life. (B,Para.4)
【分析】 这是一个主从复合句。主句为 A study…found that…,其中 published by the Journal of Aging and Health是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰study;that引导 ,从句中higher chances of…,weakened
thinking abilities, greater risks of…,memory loss, a reduced quality of life为并列宾语,由 and连接。
【译文】 《衰老与健康杂志》发表的一项研究发现,孤独和社交隔离可能导致更高的抑郁症风险、思维能力衰退、心脏病风险增加、记忆力减退以及生活质量下降。
2.Another study found that older adults who exercised with others demonstrated better physical function and memory abilities than those who didn’t exercise at all or exercised alone.(B,Para.5)
【分析】 这是一个主从复合句。主句为Another study found that…,that引导 ;从句中包含两个 :who exercised with others修饰older adults,who didn’t exercise at all or exercised alone修饰those;宾语从句中还包含比较级结构better…than…。
【译文】 另一项研究发现,与他人一起锻炼的老年人比那些根本不锻炼或独自锻炼的老年人表现出更好的身体机能和记忆力。训练(二) “推理判断题”重点练(一)
A [2025·河南开封高三三模]
文体:记叙文 主题:人与自我 词数:316
Antoni Porowski believes in the importance of storytelling through cooking traditions. As the child of Polish parents who immigrated to Montréal, he “felt Polish enough” until the family moved to West Virginia and he began high school. Wanting to hang out with the cool kids, he noticed how he stood out, like bringing cabbage to school for lunch and correcting people who had trouble pronouncing his name.
“When I decided I wanted to pursue acting, I told my dad that I wanted to change my last name to something that sounded a little more American,” says the author, and World Food Programme Goodwill Ambassador. “My dad asked, ‘Then how will anyone know you’re Polish ’ I didn’t get it at the time, but I’m glad I didn’t go down that road.” He still loves the Polish food he was raised on—like sorrel soup, hunter stew, pierogi, and cabbage rolls—and it remains a constant touchstone in his family.
Porowski’s belief that food can tell a person about who they are has inspired his new show, No Taste Like Home, which dives into the heritage of six celebrity guests. On journeys towards cultural and personal discovery, Porowski travels with Awkwafina, Henry Golding, James Marsden, Florence Pugh, Issa Rae, and Justin Theroux to South Korea, Malaysian Borneo, Germany, the United Kingdom, Senegal, and Italy. Through sharing family stories and connections with food, the documentary examines each person’s rich heritage through their ancestors’ cooking traditions.
“We have a responsibility as humans to make sure we tell stories around our family’s beloved dishes,” he says. “When you know where you came from, it helps give you a foundation for moving forward on your own path.”
We connected with Porowski in San Francisco. He talked about the show, shared how the experiences have changed him, and looked at his own cultural questions about his family’s food traditions.
( )1.Why is the detail of Porowski bringing cabbage to school mentioned
A.To demonstrate his love for cabbage.
B.To show his poor adaptation to the new life.
C.To reflect his deeply-rooted Polish identity.
D.To prove his hard work to mix with local kids.
( )2.What did Porowski’s father imply according to the second paragraph
A.Acting is a promising career to pursue.
B.It’s a good idea to sound more American.
C.Name is an irreplaceable part of the cultural root.
D.Polish food is a real test of the love for the family.
( )3.What characterized Porowski’s new show
A.Celebrity guests’ unique life stories.
B.Various destinations and experiences.
C.The bond between celebrity guests and their ancestors.
D.The cultural traditions hidden behind the celebrity guests’ beloved dishes.
( )4.Where is the text probably from
A.A textbook. B.A magazine.
C.A travel guide. D.An interview.
B [2025·安徽合肥高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:344
Electric vehicles (EV) are a key component of the global shift towards sustainable energy, but a new study highlights a significant challenge: the refining (提纯) of critical minerals for EV batteries could lead to pollution hot spots near manufacturing centres.
The study reveals that fully domesticating the supply chains for EV production could drive national sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions up by as much as 20% compared to current levels. Most of these emissions would stem from the refining and production of nickel and cobalt (镍和钴), essential materials for modern EV batteries.
The researchers argued that if left unaddressed, pollution from battery manufacturing will become an increasingly global challenge as EV adoption rates rise. Even if some countries were to outsource battery manufacturing, without strategies to reduce SO2 emissions, they would simply be offloading the problem onto another country.
For countries like India that are in the early stages of supply chain development, the lowest-hanging fruit would be to focus first on cleaning up pollution from the power sector. This would require enforcing stricter SO2 pollution control measures for thermal power plants, using mature technologies like flue-gas desulfurization. For others, which already have strict emissions controls for the power sector, the focus needs to shift to mitigating SO2 emissions from the battery manufacturing process.
In addition to their policy recommendation for proactive air pollution standards, which would likely happen at the national or subnational level, the researchers also examined how changing the battery chemistry in EV could avoid unwanted SO2 emissions at a more global scale. While most EV batteries today rely on cobalt and nickel, the rise of alternative chemistries that use iron and phosphate (磷酸铁锂电池) could circumvent some of the concerns associated with mining and refining nickel and cobalt.
In all events, the findings serve as a reminder to keep people at the top of mind when designing decarbonization plans, as even the most promising technologies could come with unwanted and unintended consequences.
( )5.Why does the author write the text
A.To compare different types of EV batteries.
B.To warn about the pollution risk from EV batteries.
C.To call for global cooperation in EV development.
D.To explain why EV development has slowed down.
( )6.What would happen if EV battery manufacturing is fully domestic
A.It would promote the national economy.
B.It would speed up EV battery production.
C.It would boost nickel and cobalt refining.
D.It would cause more domestic SO2 emissions.
( )7.Why does the author mention India in the passage
A.To criticize India’s current emission control measures.
B.To suggest that developing countries face pollution risks.
C.To show that countries need tailored pollution strategies.
D.To illustrate India’s progress in supply chain development.
( )8.How does the author feel about promising green technologies like EVs
A.Cautiously optimistic about their future.
B.Fully confident in their economic benefits.
C.Disappointed in their environmental impact.
D.Deeply alarmed by their potential side effects.
C [2025·河北沧州运东五校高三二模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:326
A new study suggests people might like chatbot-produced poems for their simple and straightforward images, emotions and themes.
In a recent experiment, the researchers tasked OpenAI’s ChatGPT with generating poems in the styles of famous poets, then presented 1,634 participants with ten poems—five human-written and five chatbot-generated—and assessed how people rated the poems based on 14 qualities, including rhythm and originality. Interestingly, they tended to rate the AI-generated poems higher on average, suggesting a preference for their straightforwardness and clarity.
Why readers seem to prefer AI-generated poetry is not entirely clear, but the researchers’ best guess is that the AI poems may be more appealing because they are relatively straightforward and simple to comprehend. “Emily Dickinson sometimes breaks the expected rhyme scheme (韵律) on purpose,” says Brian Porter, a researcher at the University of Pittsburgh. “But the AI-generated poems in her style never did that once.” Besides, modern readers don’t seem to want to bother themselves to read deep to think critically. Instead, they prefer texts giving them instant answers. “When readers say they prefer AI poetry, they would seem to be showing their frustration when faced with writing that does not yield to their attention,” he adds.
While the findings raise concerns about AI potentially replacing human artists and putting them out of work one day, Dorothea Lasky, the only living poet whose writings were included in the experiments, says it’s not necessarily a bad thing that readers enjoyed the AI-generated poems. “Poetry will always be necessary,” Lasky says. “If they read AI poems and like that poem better than a human-generated poem, then that, to me, is beautiful. They have a good experience with a poem, and I don’t care who wrote it. I feel there is room for all poets—even robot poets.”
This study provided a platform for the intersection of technology and creativity, prompting reflection on the future of poetry and artistic expression.
( )9.Why did the researchers conduct the experiment
A.To create a technique.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To detail an example.
D.To confirm a finding.
( )10.What does the example of Emily Dickinson imply
A.Robots are more complicated than humans.
B.AI meets modern readers’ reading preference.
C.Chatbot is trained to write in creative patterns.
D.Classic poetry lacks unique charming features.
( )11.Which belief does Dorothea Lasky have about poetry
A.All flowers bloom together.
B.No dish suits all tastes.
C.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
D.Time and tide wait for no man.
( )12.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Will poets be lost in AI era
B.ChatGPT: a new advancement
C.Fake or real—a concern about AI
D.ChatGPT or Dickinson, who is better
A.词汇积累
1.stand out突出;显眼;与众不同
2.touchstone n.检验标准;试金石
3.highlight v. 突出,强调 n. 亮点
4.unaddressed adj.未被处理的,未被解决的
5.outsource v.外包
6.recommendation n.推荐;建议
7.serve as a reminder作为提醒
8.originality n.独创性
9.yield to 屈服于,让步于
B.熟词生义
…they would simply be offloading the problem onto another country.(阅读B)
offload (熟义)vt.卸载→(生义) vt.把……转移给……
【译文】 ……他们只是将问题转移到另一个国家。
C. 长难句分析
“When readers say they prefer AI poetry, they would seem to be showing their frustration when faced with writing that does not yield to their attention,” he adds.(阅读C)
【分析】 本句主句为he adds,为主谓结构。直接引语中,When readers say they prefer AI poetry为时间状语从句,其中含有宾语从句they prefer AI poetry;主句中when faced with writing…为省略结构的时间状语从句(省略了they are),其中that does not yield to their attention为that 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词writing。
【译文】 “当读者说他们更喜欢人工智能诗歌时,他们似乎是在表达面对无法引起他们注意力的作品时的沮丧,”他补充道。训练(二)
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Antoni Porowski的个人经历以及他在新节目中探寻嘉宾们喜爱的食物背后的传统和身份认同。
1.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中“…he ‘felt Polish enough’…”和“…he noticed how he stood out, like bringing cabbage to school for lunch…”可知,文章提到Porowski带卷心菜去学校是为了表明他身上的家乡味道和身份认同依然浓厚。故选C项。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中“…I told my dad that I wanted to change my last name to something that sounded a little more American…”和“My dad asked, ‘Then how will anyone know you’re Polish ’ I didn’t get it at the time, but I’m glad I didn’t go down that road.”可知,Porowski想把姓氏改得听起来更像美国人,爸爸认为这样别人就不知道Porowski是波兰人了,由此推知,父亲认为名字是文化根源中不可替代的一部分。故选C项。
3.D 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Through sharing family stories and connections with food, the documentary examines each person’s rich heritage through their ancestors’ cooking traditions.”和第四段“‘We have a responsibility as humans to make sure we tell stories around our family’s beloved dishes,’ he says. ‘When you know where you came from, it helps give you a foundation for moving forward on your own path.’”可知,隐藏在明星嘉宾喜爱菜肴背后的文化传统是该节目的特点。故选D项。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段“We connected with Porowski in San Francisco. He talked about the show, shared how the experiences have changed him, and looked at his own cultural questions about his family’s food traditions.”以及文章的叙述风格可知,该文章取自杂志。故选B项。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了电动汽车(EV)电池制造过程中关键矿物提纯可能导致的污染问题,并提出应对策略。
5.B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Electric vehicles (EV) are a key component of the global shift towards sustainable energy, but a new study highlights a significant challenge: the refining (提纯) of critical minerals for EV batteries could lead to pollution hot spots near manufacturing centres.”以及全文对污染风险的多次提醒可推知,作者旨在提醒读者关注EV电池的污染风险。故选B项。
6.D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The study reveals that fully domesticating the supply chains for EV production could drive national sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions up by as much as 20% compared to current levels.”可知,完全本土化生产电动汽车电池会导致国内更多的二氧化硫排放。故选D项。
7.C 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“For countries like India that are in the early stages of supply chain development, the lowest-hanging fruit would be to focus first on cleaning up pollution from the power sector.”及后文对不同国家差异化策略的描述可推知,作者以印度为例说明各国需制订专门的污染治理策略。故选C项。
8.A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In all events, the findings serve as a reminder to keep people at the top of mind when designing decarbonization plans, as even the most promising technologies could come with unwanted and unintended consequences.”可知,研究结果提醒人们,设计脱碳计划时需以人为先,结合前文“While most EV batteries today rely on cobalt and nickel, the rise of alternative chemistries that use iron and phosphate (磷酸铁锂电池) could circumvent some of the concerns associated with mining and refining nickel and cobalt.”对替代电池技术的探讨可推知,作者对绿色技术持谨慎乐观态度,既认可潜力也关注潜在问题。故选A项。
C
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明,人们可能会喜欢聊天机器人制作的诗歌,因为它们的简单明了的意象、情感和主题,为此科学家进行了一项实验。
9.D 推理判断题。根据第一段“A new study suggests people might like chatbot-produced poems for their simple and straightforward images, emotions and themes.”(一项新的研究表明,人们可能会喜欢聊天机器人制作的诗歌,因为它们的简单明了的意象、情感和主题。)和第二段“In a recent experiment, the researchers tasked OpenAI’s ChatGPT with generating poems in the styles of famous poets, then presented 1,634 participants with ten poems—five human-written and five chatbot-generated—and assessed how people rated the poems based on 14 qualities, including rhythm and originality.”(在最近的一项实验中,研究人员让OpenAI的ChatGPT以著名诗人的风格生成诗歌,然后向1634名参与者展示了十首诗——五首是人类写的,五首是聊天机器人生成的——并评估了人们对这些诗的14种品质的评分,包括节奏和原创性。)可推知,研究人员进行这项实验的目的是确认一个发现——人们可能会喜欢聊天机器人制作的诗歌,故选D。
10.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Why readers seem to prefer AI-generated poetry is not entirely clear, but the researchers’ best guess is that the AI poems may be more appealing because they are relatively straightforward and simple to comprehend. ‘Emily Dickinson sometimes breaks the expected rhyme scheme (韵律) on purpose,’ says Brian Porter, a researcher at the University of Pittsburgh. ‘But the AI-generated poems in her style never did that once.’”(为什么读者似乎更喜欢AI生成的诗歌并不完全清楚,但是研究人员的最佳猜测是,AI诗可能更具吸引力,因为它们相对简单明了,容易理解。匹兹堡大学的研究员布莱恩·波特说:“艾米丽·迪金森有时会故意打破预期的韵律。但是AI生成的她的风格的诗歌从未那样做过一次。”)可推知,艾米丽·迪金森的例子暗示了AI满足现代读者的阅读偏好——人们喜欢简单明了的内容。故选B。
11.A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“‘Poetry will always be necessary,’ Lasky says. ‘If they read AI poems and like that poem better than a human-generated poem, then that, to me, is beautiful. They have a good experience with a poem, and I don’t care who wrote it. I feel there is room for all poets—even robot poets.’”(“诗歌将永远是必要的,”拉斯基说,“如果他们阅读人工智能的诗,并且比起人类创作的诗,更喜欢那首诗,那么在我看来,这是美好的事情。我不在乎是谁写的,只要他们有一段很好的诗歌体验。我觉得诗歌创作理应容得下所有诗人——即使是机器人诗人。”)可知,多罗西亚·拉斯基认为无论是机器人还是人类写诗,只要写出好的诗歌便是好的,由此可推知,其认为诗歌写作应该是百花齐放,故选A。
12.D 主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是由第一段“A new study suggests people might like chatbot-produced poems for their simple and straightforward images, emotions and themes.”可知,文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明,人们可能会喜欢聊天机器人制作的诗歌,因为它们的简单明了的意象、情感和主题,为此科学家进行了一项实验,由此可知,文章主要探讨了人工智能创作的诗和诗人写出的诗,哪个更受欢迎,D项“ChatGPT,还是迪金森,谁更好 ”能概括文章内容,故选D。训练(三) “推理判断题”重点练(二)
A [2025·湖南邵阳高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:366
Does it often feel as if the world is getting stupider Data released by the OECD suggests that a fifth of adults do no better in maths and reading than a primary school child. In maths, average scores have risen in a few places over the past ten years, but fallen in almost as many. In literacy (读写能力), a lot more countries have seen scores decline than advance, despite the fact that adults hold more and higher educational qualifications than ever before.
Demographic change offers some explanation—new immigrants often struggle with a new language while the native-born have ageing brains. Basic numeracy (计算能力) and literacy are oddly unfashionable compared with fashionable “soft skills”, like generative AI: overstating the importance of times-tables (乘法表) seems even more boring when talking robots promise to do all the hard work.
Yet a century of technological development has not cut demand for people who are good with numbers or words. Adults who do badly in the OECD’s tests earn much less than those who top them. They are also in poorer health, less satisfied with their life, less trusting of others and more likely to feel that they have no voice in politics.
What to do Improving lessons for children is the surest way of creating more capable grown-ups. England’s adults have gradually improved their position in the OECD’s rankings, mostly because the youngest ones are scoring better than before. The second task is to modernize outdated systems for educating adults. These give dropouts a second chance; they also serve people who change careers and help immigrants integrate.
In too many places, a craze for universities has cut back on funding and focus on the kinds of lessons that people aged 18 and above could be offered. Degrees are becoming less meaningful: the OECD has found that even some university graduates post numeracy and literacy scores that might embarrass a child. Meanwhile, those adults who want to return to class without beginning with long, expensive university courses often find good alternatives are lacking. Faster actions to fix all these problems seem like a bright idea.
( )1.What does the data released by the OECD show
A.Adults may be less literate than before.
B.The majority of adults are well-educated.
C.Children can have easier access to education.
D.Adults find numeracy and literacy less useful.
( )2.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.The effectiveness of education.
B.The role of advanced technology.
C.The value of literacy and numeracy.
D.The decline in political engagement.
( )3.Why is England mentioned in Paragraph 4
A.To criticize its outdated education system.
B.To reveal the decrease in its dropout rate.
C.To demonstrate its high ranking in the OECD.
D.To highlight the significance of children’s education.
( )4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A.University students are financially supported.
B.Children are embarrassingly worse in numeracy.
C.Degrees and abilities are not necessarily matched.
D.Expensive university courses have good alternatives.
B [2025·陕西安康高三模拟]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:332
In the 1970s, University of Washington researcher David Rhoades discovered something surprising: trees appeared to warn each other through airborne signals when under attack by caterpillars (毛虫). Although his findings were initially dismissed, later studies have supported the idea that plants can sense their surroundings and communicate. Zoe Schlanger’s book, The Light Eaters, explores this new field, which challenges the old view of plants as passive and unintelligent.
In recent years, researchers have uncovered remarkable examples of plant behaviour. For instance, lima beans send out chemicals to attract helpful insects, pea shoots react to sound, and some vines copy the look of nearby plants. Studies also show that plants use systems similar to nerves to send signals when harmed.
However, how these processes work is still mostly unknown, and some experiments, like Monica Gagliano’s work on pea shoots, face difficulties in being repeated. These findings raise the question: Are plants intelligent
The idea of plant intelligence is controversial (有争议的), partly due to the book The Secret Life of Plants, which mixed real science with unfounded claims. Today, scientists are careful with their language, avoiding terms like “intelligence” or “consciousness”. While some accept these ideas, others remain doubtful, worried about a return to unscientific beliefs. Yet, similarities between plant signals and animal nerves, like the use of certain chemicals and underground networks, show plants’ complexity.
Schlanger describes botany as a field in change, slowly expanding its limits while dealing with scientific doubt. Her exploration also talks about “plant blindness”—the habit of seeing plants as unchanging and unimportant. Looking at plants as active and complex beings could change how we understand and interact with nature, she says.
In her own garden Schlanger watched her plants’ detailed actions, like pea shoots reaching for support and scented leaves keeping bugs away. She concludes that plants, though they don’t think like humans, show amazing abilities. As one plant expert notes, plants can “capture light”, which highlights their incredible nature.
( )5.Why is Schlanger’s book mentioned in Paragraph 1
A.To give a definition.
B.To explain a concept.
C.To introduce the topic.
D.To make a comparison.
( )6.How is the second paragraph developed
A.By presenting contrasting theories.
B.By citing examples of plant actions.
C.By describing historical experiments.
D.By clarifying common misunderstandings.
( )7.Which of the following may Schlanger agree with
A.It is necessary to observe plant actions.
B.Plants can think like a human in the future.
C.It is beneficial to consider plants intelligent.
D.Plant blindness is a rare phenomenon in nature.
( )8.What does the text mainly talk about
A.Discussion on plant behaviour.
B.Roles of plants in the ecosystem.
C.Challenges in understanding plants.
D.Discovery in plant intelligence.
C [2025·江西南昌高三二模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:326
James Hansen, the climate scientist best known for warning the US Congress about global warming in the 1980s, has strengthened his message that we are underestimating the climate impact of declining air pollution.
“Reducing air pollution is essential for health and environment, but we have to understand its complex relationship with climate change when we used aerosols (气溶胶) to cancel out almost half of greenhouse gas warming,” said Hansen at a United Nations Sustainable Development Network briefing.
Record rises in global temperatures in 2023 and 2024 have led to debate about whether global warming is accelerating faster than expected. Hansen and colleagues previously linked this acceleration with reduced air pollution. Now they offer a new analysis suggesting declining air pollution can explain recent temperature increases. Aerosols in air pollution reflect sunlight away from Earth and affect cloud properties.
A 2020 shipping regulation controlling sulphur (硫磺) emissions provided critical evidence: in Pacific shipping routes, reduced aerosols allowed 0.5 watts of additional heat per square metre to reach Earth, equal to a decade’s worth of current CO2 emissions. This suggests aerosols previously masked up to half of greenhouse warming. Hansen warns such findings imply climate sensitivity is far higher than estimated, and argues the world is more rapidly approaching climate tipping points.
However, many scientists have mixed views. Michael Diamond at Florida State University notes Hansen’s 0.5-watt estimate is “at the extreme edge of plausibility (合理性)”, while NASA’s Gavin Schmidt argues the number is “very likely an overestimate”.
A change in aerosols may not even be necessary to explain the temperature rise, says Shiv Priyam Raghuraman at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign—he previously found it can be explained by changes in Pacific Ocean temperatures alone. He says more work is needed to understand the warming effects of aerosols before we put the blame on reduced air pollution. “At least, reducing air pollution remains vital nowadays.”
( )9.What’s Hansen’s warning about
A.The misconception of greenhouse gases.
B.The influence of air pollution reduction.
C.The necessity of declining air pollution.
D.The results of continuing global warming.
( )10.Why does the author mention the 2020 shipping regulation
A.To urge the government to reduce air pollution.
B.To stress aerosols’ impact on greenhouse warming.
C.To explain the change of present climate.
D.To praise the regulations on sulphur emissions.
( )11.What is Michael Diamond’s attitude towards Hansen’s 0.5-watt estimate
A.Supportive. B.Indistinct.
C.Respectful. D.Doubtful.
( )12.What can be inferred about the temperature rise from the last paragraph
A.Further research is demanded.
B.Aerosols are the decisive factor.
C.Previous studies are ineffective.
D.Pacific Ocean temperatures count most.
A.词汇积累
1.decline v.下降;减少
2.qualification n.资格;资历
3.oddly adv.奇怪地;反常地
4.unfashionable adj.不时尚的,过时的
5.overstate vt.夸大,夸张
6.modernize v.使现代化;实现现代化
7.dropout n.辍学者
8.unintelligent adj.智力低下的
9.unscientific adj.不科学的
10.incredible adj.难以置信的
11.underestimate v.低估;对……估计不足
B.熟词生义
1.Adults who do badly in the OECD’s tests earn much less than those who top them.(阅读A)
top (熟义) n. 顶部 adj. 顶尖的→(生义) v.超过;位居首位
【译文】 在经济合作与发展组织(OECD)测试中表现不佳的成年人,收入比测试中表现顶尖的人低得多。
2.As one plant expert notes, plants can “capture light”, which highlights their incredible nature. (阅读B)
note (熟义) v. 注意; 记录,记下→(生义) v. 指出
capture (熟义) vt. 捕获;俘虏→(生义) v. 吸收;获取
【译文】 正如一位植物专家所指出的,植物能够 “吸收光能”,这凸显了它们不可思议的特性。
3.This suggests aerosols previously masked up to half of greenhouse warming. (阅读C)
mask(熟义) n. 面具→(生义) v. 掩盖,遮蔽
【译文】 这表明,气溶胶此前掩盖了多达一半的温室效应。训练(三)
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文,主要探讨了全球范围内成年人数学和读写能力下降的现象,分析了这一现象背后的原因,并提出了相应的解决方案。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中“In literacy (读写能力), a lot more countries have seen scores decline than advance, despite the fact that adults hold more and higher educational qualifications than ever before.”可知,成年人的读写能力可能不如以前。故选A项。
2.C 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知,技术发展未削弱社会对数字和文字能力的需求,反之,经合组织测试中能力不足的成年人在收入、健康、生活满意度及社会参与感等方面均处于劣势。由此推知,本段旨在强调读写能力和计算能力的重要性。故选C项。
3.D 推理判断题。根据第四段“Improving lessons for children is the surest way of creating more capable grown-ups. England’s adults have gradually improved their position in the OECD’s rankings, mostly because the youngest ones are scoring better than before.”可知,改善儿童教育是培养更有能力的成年人的最可靠途径,因此提到英国是为了强调儿童教育的重要性。故选D项。
4.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Degrees are becoming less meaningful: the OECD has found that even some university graduates post numeracy and literacy scores that might embarrass a child. Meanwhile, those adults who want to return to class without beginning with long, expensive university courses often find good alternatives are lacking.”可知,经合组织研究表明,大学学位的意义正变得模糊——部分毕业生基础能力薄弱,而社会又缺乏便捷、经济的成人再教育替代方案,导致学历价值与教育需求之间出现断层。由此推断,高等教育文凭价值面临 “学位和能力并不相匹配”的矛盾。故选C项。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文,主要围绕植物是否具有智能展开,介绍了植物能感知环境、交流信号,以及科学界对此的争议和 Schlanger 对植物复杂性的观点。
5.C 推理判断题。根据第一段“Zoe Schlanger’s book, The Light Eaters, explores this new field, which challenges the old view of plants as passive and unintelligent.”可知,提到该书是为了引出“植物能感知和交流”这一核心话题,为后文讨论植物智能做铺垫。故选 C项。
6.B 推理判断题。根据第二段“For instance, lima beans send out chemicals to attract helpful insects, pea shoots react to sound, and some vines copy the look of nearby plants.”可知,第二段通过列举利马豆、豌豆苗、藤蔓植物等植物行为的具体例子来展开论述。故选B项。
7.C 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Looking at plants as active and complex beings could change how we understand and interact with nature, she says.”可推断出 Schlanger 认为将植物看作有智能的生物是有益的。故选C项。
8.D 主旨大意题。通读全文,并根据第一段“In the 1970s, University of Washington researcher David Rhoades discovered something surprising: trees appeared to warn each other through airborne signals when under attack by caterpillars (毛虫). Although his findings were initially dismissed, later studies have supported the idea that plants can sense their surroundings and communicate.”可知,文章主要围绕植物是否具有智能展开,介绍了植物能感知环境、交流信号,以及科学界对此的争议和 Schlanger 对植物复杂性的观点。D项“Discovery in plant intelligence.”(关于植物智力的发现。)最能概括文章主旨。故选D项。
C
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍的是气候学家詹姆斯·汉森关于减少空气污染对气候影响的警告,并探讨了气溶胶与全球变暖之间的复杂关系及其科学争议。
9.B 细节理解题。根据第二段“‘Reducing air pollution is essential for health and environment, but we have to understand its complex relationship with climate change when we used aerosols (气溶胶) to cancel out almost half of greenhouse gas warming,’ said Hansen at a United Nations Sustainable Development Network briefing.”可知,汉森指出,减少空气污染对健康和环境至关重要,但当我们使用气溶胶来抵消温室气体导致的变暖时,我们必须了解它与气候变化的复杂关系,由此可知,汉森的警告主要集中在减少空气污染对气候的影响。故选B项。
10.B 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“A 2020 shipping regulation controlling sulphur (硫磺) emissions provided critical evidence: in Pacific shipping routes, reduced aerosols allowed 0.5 watts of additional heat per square metre to reach Earth, equal to a decade’s worth of current CO2 emissions.”可知,气溶胶的减少使每平方米地球表面额外吸收了0.5瓦热量,由此可知,作者提到2020年的航运法规是为了强调气溶胶对温室效应的影响。故选B项。
11.D 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Michael Diamond at Florida State University notes Hansen’s 0.5-watt estimate is ‘at the extreme edge of plausibility (合理性),’ while NASA’s Gavin Schmidt argues the number is ‘very likely an overestimate’.”可知,迈克尔·戴蒙德指出,汉森提出的0.5瓦估计值“处于合理性的极端边缘”,由此可推断,迈克尔·戴蒙德对汉森的估计持怀疑态度。故选D项。
12.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“He says more work is needed to understand the warming effects of aerosols before we put the blame on reduced air pollution.”可知,希夫·普里亚姆·拉古拉曼认为,还需要更多工作来理解气溶胶的增温效应,由此可知,关于气温上升的原因仍需进一步研究。故选A项。(共106张PPT)
第2讲 命题突破——推理判断题
高考英语中的推理判断题是阅读理解部分的难点题型之一，要
求考生基于文章信息进行合理推断，而非直接照搬原文内容。这类
题目考查逻辑分析能力和深层理解能力，需要结合上下文、作者意
图或隐含意义进行判断。
[2025·浙江1月考，B]
When I was a child I was often told what not to eat. “You
don't want to get fat” was on constant repeat throughout my
childhood. It really messed up my relationship with food—
something that took me years to overcome. Because of this, I'm
careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth as
people. I encourage my daughter to make healthy snack choices
and often dissuade (劝阻) her from a second dessert. But one
day when I heard her saying “I think I'm too fat,” my
heart sank. It made me wonder if giving her advice on snacks
was having an unintentionally negative impact.
According to Charlotte Markey, a professor of psychology,
food is one of the rare subjects where, as parents, saying less is
more. “There are so many things in parenting that are good to
talk through, but I'm not convinced that food is one of them,”
she says. “It just creates some worries and insecurities in kids
that aren't necessarily healthy.”
Instead, she recommends applying a well-known concept
among nutrition experts called the “Division of Responsibility,”
where parents provide a variety of mostly healthy foods to their
kids at fixed times, and the kids themselves decide what and
how much they want to consume—even if that means
occasionally eating more cookies than carrots.
Allowing kids to eat what they want also exposes them to
the natural consequences of their decisions. “When your child
says, ‘My stomach hurts，’ you can say, ‘Well you had a lot of
sugary foods and you might feel better if you made some
other choices，’” says Markey. “Let them feel like they have
some control over it.”
I've been trying out these strategies and I've found that
when I'm less restrictive, they do make better decisions.
“Feeding is a long game,” says Markey. “The food you have
available makes a huge difference. Even if they don't eat it,
they're seeing it. And then all of a sudden it clicks.”
［文章大意］本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章探讨了父母在孩子饮食
中的角色，提到了“责任分工”理论，建议父母提供健康食物并让孩子
自行选择，同时强调避免过度讨论食物而带来的负面影响。
( )1.What can be inferred about the author from the
first paragraph
A.She is upset by her kids' weight.
B.She is critical of the way she was fed.
C.She is interested in making food.
D.She is particular about what she eats.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者童年时常听到“不
能吃某些食物，不然会变胖”的警告，这让她很困扰。因此，她对女
儿使用了截然不同的喂养方式，鼓励女儿吃健康的零食，少吃甜点，
以避免给女儿造成困扰。故B选项“她对(父母)喂养她的方式持批评态
度。”正确。应选B项。
( )2.Which of the following would Markey disapprove of
A.Allowing kids to eat cookies occasionally.
B.Offering various foods to kids at fixed times.
C.Explaining to kids the risks of taking snacks.
D.Talking with kids about school at mealtimes.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第二段中Charlotte Markey教授的观点
“There are so many things in parenting that are good to talk
through, but I'm not convinced that food is one of them…”可知，
Markey认为对于食物这个话题，父母不应过多讨论，否则会让孩子
产生不必要的担忧和不安。因此，C选项“向孩子解释吃零食的风
险。”正是她所不赞成的做法。应选C项。
( )3.What should kids do according to the “Division of
Responsibility”
A.Make diet decisions on their own.
B.Share their food with other kids.
C.Eat up what is provided for them.
D.Help their parents do the dishes.
√
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第三段中对“Division of Responsibility”理
论的描述可知，Markey教授建议父母为孩子提供健康食品，让孩子
自己决定吃什么以及吃多少。故A选项“让孩子自己做出饮食决策。”
是正确的。应选A项。
( )4.What does the author think of the strategies she has
been following
A.Costly. B.Complex. C.Workable. D.Contradictory.
[解析] 推理判断题。文章最后一段“I've been trying out these
strategies and I've found that when I'm less restrictive, they do
make better decisions.”表明，当作者减少对孩子饮食的限制时，孩
子们确实做出了更好的饮食选择。由此可推测，因为这些策略产生
了积极效果，所以作者认为它们是可行的。故C选项“可行的。”正确。
应选C项。
√
一、推理判断题核心命题逻辑
题干定位→锁定原文相关信息→提取隐含逻辑(对比/因果/态度)→排
除干扰项(无依据/反向/过度)→匹配唯一合理选项。
题号 题干定位 推理过程
1 第一段When I was a child， “You don't want to get fat”， messed up my relationship with food， I'm careful not to connect what my kids weigh with their worth 作者童年因“被限制饮食” 产生心
理困扰→成年后刻意避免用同样
的方式对待孩子→隐含对自身童
年喂养方式的不满。选项B
(critical of the way she was
fed)与 “不满童年喂养方式”的推
理一致
题号 题干定位 推理过程
2 第二段saying less is more， creates some worries and insecurities Markey 认为 “少讨论食物” 更
好，过度谈论会引发孩子焦虑→
反对“向孩子解释零食的风险”
(属于对食物的过多讨论)。选项
C(explaining…risks of taking
snacks)与 “反对过多谈论食物”
的观点冲突
续表
题号 题干定位 推理过程
4 最后一段I've been trying out these strategies and I've found that when I'm less restrictive, they do make better decisions 作者实践后发现：减少限制时，
孩子的饮食选择更合理→策略有
积极效果。选项 C(workable可行
的)与 “策略产生好结果” 的推理
一致
续表
二、推理判断题命题特点
特点 题号 推理过程
原文依据的 “隐含性” 1 原文未直接说 “作者批评童年喂养方式”，但通过
“messed up my relationship with food”
(童年方式造成困扰)和 “careful not to…”
(刻意改变方式)，隐含对童年方式的否定，属于“行
为对比→态度推断”
特点 题号 推理过程
推理路径的 “单向性” 2 Markey 的核心观点是 “少讨论食物”→直接推出
“反对解释零食风险”(属于 “讨论食物” 的行为)，无
需额外联想其他可能性。干扰项 A(允许偶尔吃饼
干)与原文“even if that means occasionally eating
more cookies” 一致，是 Markey 赞成的，故排除
续表
特点 题号 推理过程
选项设置的 “反推性” 4 选项 C(workable)可被 “they do make better
decisions”反向验证(策略有效→可行)；干扰项
A(costly昂贵的)、B(complex复杂的)、
D(contradictory矛盾的)在原文中均无依据，无法被
验证
续表
特点 题号 推理过程
与细节题的 “差异性” 3 细节题答案是原文信息的“原词复现或同义替换”，
而推理题答案是原文信息的 “逻辑延伸”。对比3 题
(细节题)：“Division of Responsibility”的内容在原
文直接表述为 “kids themselves decide what and
how much”，选项 A(Make diet decisions on
their own.)是同义替换
续表
隐含推断题——定位，分析，比较
[2025·全国一卷，D节选]
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for
reducing microplastic exposure—a task that's becoming
increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier
this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than
originally thought. (Para.4)
( )What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled
water in Paragraph 4
A.The importance of plastic recycling.
B.The severity of the microplastic problem.
C.The danger in overusing pure water.
D.The difficulty in treating polluted water.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Still, the findings show a
potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a
task that's becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water,
scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times
more microplastics than originally thought.”可知，减少微塑料接触
是一项越来越困难的任务，科学家今年早些时候发现，瓶装水中的
微塑料含量比最初认为的多 10 到 1000 倍。据此推断,作者提到瓶
装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B项。
观点态度题——根据褒贬词定态度
[2024·全国甲卷,C节选]
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's
equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by
the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little
space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke.
“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the
treatment they want.”(最后一段)
( )What is Ducke's attitude towards the Saint Lukas' services
A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful. C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据本段的“‘I was very impressed by the
doctors and their assistants working and living in such little
space but still staying focused and very concerned,’ says Ducke.
‘They were the best chance for many rural people to get the
treatment they want.’”可知,医生和他们的助手的工作给Ducke留下
了深刻的印象,他认为他们的工作是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗
的最佳机会。据此推断,Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度,故
选A项。
写作意图题——根据主旨推断
[2024·新课标Ⅱ卷，D节选]
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives,
we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future,
and this is where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial
Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona
Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges
posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革). (首段)
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the
subject, this is it. (尾段)
( )What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A.To recommend a book on AI.
B.To give a brief account of AI history.
C.To clarify the definition of AI.
D.To honour an outstanding AI expert.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing
potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action
to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by
Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This
absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical
roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI
revolution (变革).”和最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only
read one book on the subject, this is it.”可知,本文主要介绍了
Catriona Campbell所著的AI by Design:A Plan for Living with
Artificial Intelligence一书,该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商
业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确
保AI安全发展,以防潜在危机,据此判断，作者写这篇文章的目的是推
荐一本关于AI的书。故选A项。
文章出处/类型题——利用文章体裁和文体特征
[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷,C节选]
Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an
everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three
hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image
of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long
before books as we now know them came into being. In artists'
representations of books and reading, we see moments of
shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. (Para.1)
( )Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Reading Art:Art for Book
Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book,
represented here in almost three hundred artworks from
museums around the world.”及下文内容可知,本文主要是对于《阅
读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书的介绍。由此可推知,本文可能取
自对一本书的介绍。故选A项。
推断特征题——抓关键点
[2024·新课标Ⅱ卷,D节选]
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as
complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers
AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades'
professional experience translating the heady into the
understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a
business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide
which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the
close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (Para.2)
( )What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A.It is packed with complex codes.
B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C.It provides step-by-step instructions.
D.It is intended for AI professionals.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“She writes from the
practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,
making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative
and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as
AI.”可知,坎贝尔从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写
了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,据此推断，它采用了务实的
写作风格。down-to-earth意为“务实的,切合实际的”。故选B项。
预测段落发展——锁定尾句巧判断
[2023·全国乙卷，C节选]
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5
Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has
encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say
they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they
used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality
ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs
have made them much more confident about expanding their
cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also
getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession(痴迷)
with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery
shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often
than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV,
it's no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.(尾段)
( )What might the author continue talking about
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章尾句“With an increasing number of
male chefs on TV, it's no longer ‘uncool’ for boys to like
cooking.”可知,随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上,男孩喜欢烹饪已
经不再是“不酷”的事了。由此可推知,接下来作者可能会接着讨论电
视节目上的男厨师们。故选B项。
√
A [2025·全国一卷，D]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:332
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution
across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the
Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of
seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even
appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure
may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from
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your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study
published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology
Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for
just five minutes—then filtering it after it cools—could remove
at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough
calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study,
boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium
carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in
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samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate,
boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.
Additionally, the research didn't include all types of plastics.
The team focused only on three common types—polystyrene,
polyethylene and polypropylene—and they didn't study other
chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
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Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing
microplastic exposure—a task that's becoming increasingly
difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year,
contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally
thought.
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Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful
microplastics are—but what they do know has raised concerns.
The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to
limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were
trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline
Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University
of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research,
tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading
drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
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［文章大意］本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自
来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人
体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会
显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化
学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该
研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
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( )1.How does the author present the issue in the first
paragraph
A.By quoting an expert. B.By defining a concept.
C.By giving examples. D.By providing statistics.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become
a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have
settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside
volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in
fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.”
(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在深海和喜马
拉雅山上，嵌入火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。
它们甚至出现在人类体内。)可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染
的问题。故选C。
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( )2.What determines the effectiveness of trapping
microplastics in water
A.The hardness of water.
B.The length of cooling time.
C.The frequency of filtering.
D.The type of plastic in water.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Crucially, this process
relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙)
to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing
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300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90
percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60
milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of
plastics by just 25 percent.”(至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有
足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙
的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克
的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量。)可知，决定在水中截留
微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。
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( )3.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning
bottled water in Paragraph 4
A.The importance of plastic recycling.
B.The severity of the microplastic problem.
C.The danger in overusing pure water.
D.The difficulty in treating polluted water.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a
potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure—a
task that's becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water,
scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times
more microplastics than originally thought.”(尽管如此，研究结果
显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。
今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比
原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明
微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。
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( )4.What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about
A.Choice of new research methods.
B.Possible direction for further study.
C.Need to involve more researchers.
D.Potential application of the findings.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“‘The way they
demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the
boiling process was nice,’ Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an
environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland
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who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. ‘We
should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment
plants so they remove microplastics.’” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环
境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉
《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方
式很不错。我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑
料。”)可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究
结果的潜在应用的，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
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B [2024·新课标Ⅰ卷,D]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:366
In the race to document the species on Earth before they
go extinct,researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions
of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the
form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they
are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of
species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this
type of record is not perfect.
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“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make
observations of different species with the aid of a mobile
application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the
study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School
of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber
the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本)，and
since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate
how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know:
Are they usable ”
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Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,
insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well
these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of
sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater
likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering
plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
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Their study revealed that the large number of observation-
only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover,
these data are biased and favour certain regions, time periods,
and species. This makes sense because the people who get
observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often
citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas
nearby. These data are also biased towards certain species with
attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
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“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our
study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead
them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.
To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps
can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the
identification of their uploaded image.”
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［文章大意］本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一
项研究发现，当前利用技术手段进行生物采样的过程可能存在偏差。
文章说明了造成这些偏差的原因，并在最后说明如何完善生物采样
数据的科学性。
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( )5.What do we know about the records of species
collected now
A.They are becoming outdated.
B.They are mostly in electronic form.
C.They are limited in number.
D.They are used for public exhibition.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Today, most records of
biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records.”可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录通常是以照片、
视频和其他电子形式存在的。故选B。
√
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( )6.What does Daru's study focus on
A.Threatened species. B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data. D.Mobile applications.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第二段中“These observations now
outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens
(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to
investigate how species are responding to global change, I
wanted to know: Are they usable ”(这些观察结果现在超过了来自
实物标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研
√
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究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们能用吗 )和第四段“‘We
were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling
that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of
a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead
of the grass right next to it,’ said Daru.”(Daru说：“我们特别感兴
趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可
能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)可知，Daru的研究聚
焦于观测数据。故选C。
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( )7.What has led to the biases according to the study
A.Mistakes in data analysis.
B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C.Improper way of sampling.
D.Unreliable data collection devices.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据第四段“‘…like the greater likelihood of a
citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of
the grass right next to it,’ said Daru.”以及第五段“Moreover, these
data…species. This makes sense because the people who get
observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often
citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas
nearby.”可知,收集生物采样数据的人，对于采集区域、 采样时段以
及采样物种的选择有一定的主观性，这会导致收集到的数据产生偏
差。故选C。
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( )8.What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps
A.Review data from certain areas.
B.Hire experts to check the records.
C.Confirm the identity of the users.
D.Give guidance to citizen scientists.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our
study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead
them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.
To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps
can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the
identification of their uploaded image.”可知，Daru认为生物多样性
应用软件可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区
和物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片的物种名称。因此，
Daru 建议生物多样性应用软件给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
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重点词句回顾
A.派生词
1.significantly adv.显著地
2.remove v.去除，去掉
3.observational adj.观测的
4.imperfect adj. __________
5.identification n.识别
不完美的
B.合成词
1.microplastic n. 微塑料(前缀micro-：微小的)
2.intake n.摄入量，吸入量
3.upgrade v.升级
4.outnumber v.数量多于；比……多
5.eye-catching adj.引人注目的
6.oversampled adj.过度采样的
7.upload v.上传；上载
C.熟词生义
1.settle (熟义) v.定居；解决→(生义) v.沉淀；积聚 (A，Para.1)
2.document (熟义) n. 文件→(生义) v. ____________(B，Para.1)
记载，记录
D.长难句分析
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of
sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater
likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering
plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (B,Para.4)
【分析】这是一个包含直接引语的复合句，有多层修饰成分。句子
主体为“直接引语+主句(主谓)”。直接引语是一个复合句，主句是We
were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling；
that tend to bias(使有偏差) data为 __________，修饰先行词 the
定语从句
aspects of sampling；举例说明成分like the greater likelihood of
a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead
of the grass right next to it中包含后置定语 of a citizen scientist
和to take a picture of a flowering plant。
【译文】Daru 说：“我们特别感兴趣的是探索那些倾向于使数据有
偏差的采样方面，比如公民科学家更有可能给开花植物拍照，而不
是旁边的草。”
A [2025·江苏南通高三三模]
文体:记叙文 主题:人与自我 词数:335
Growing up as a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects.
Wanting to protect them, I started building little houses for ants,
using little pieces of wood and leaves.
I then moved on to making little cups and saucers from
silver foil (箔纸) for the magic creatures that I thought lived at
the bottom of the garden. When my mother saw my work, she
told me that the smaller I made things, the bigger my name
would become.
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As the years went by, my designs became more
complicated. And I used many different materials, such as
diamond fragments, eyelashes and even spider web threads.
I sometimes work for 16 hours a day without breaks, and it
takes me up to three months to finish a sculpture. I have to
hold my breath during the sculpting process. It isn't actually an
easy process—but I can enjoy it once I've finished it.
My sculptures have taken me to incredible places. In 2012, I
met the queen and gave her a tiny crown on the head of a
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pin. In 2013, I received my first Guinness World Record for
creating the smallest sculpture made by hand. It was a 24-carat
gold motorbike that fitted inside a drilled out hair. In 2017, I
beat my record with a sculpture of a human fetus (胎儿) that
measured 0.078 mm by 0.053 mm.
One time, a fly landed on a Cinderella carriage sculpture I
was working on. The fly's wings blew it away, and it was lost. I
was heartbroken. Another time, I accidentally breathed in a
microscopic Alice from Alice in Wonderland. Alice is now in
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Wonderland forever. But it did give me the chance to make an
even better one the second time around.
The microscopic world has always been my happy place.
I've tried to make bigger sculptures, but small is best for me.
We need to appreciate the little things in life. Small things can
also be mighty, too.
［文章大意］ 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者作为微观艺
术家的成长历程，始于儿时保护昆虫的初心，他创作出世界上最小
的雕塑，并屡破纪录，传达了“微小事物亦具有强大力量”的深刻理念。
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( )1.What inspired the author to create tiny sculptures
A.His desire for fame.
B.His love for insects.
C.His passion for architecture.
D.His dream of setting a record.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据第一段“Growing up as a kid in the UK,
I was fascinated by insects. Wanting to protect them, I started
building little houses for ants, using little pieces of wood and
leaves.”和第二段中“When my mother saw my work, she told me
that the smaller I made things, the bigger my name would
become.”可知，作者小时候对昆虫着迷，开始为蚂蚁建造小房子，
后来在妈妈的鼓励下创作微型雕塑。由此可知，他对昆虫的热爱是
创作微型雕塑的最初灵感来源。故选B项。
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( )2.How does the author think of his sculpting process
A.Creative and fulfilling.
B.Competitive and demanding.
C.Exhausting but enjoyable.
D.Relaxing but time-consuming.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据第四段“I sometimes work for 16 hours a
day without breaks, and it takes me up to three months to
finish a sculpture. I have to hold my breath during the sculpting
process. It isn't actually an easy process—but I can enjoy it
once I've finished it.”可知，作者的工作强度大，耗时久，要求极高
的专注力，但完成后他很享受自己的成就。这表明作者认为这种体
验是“疲惫但愉悦的”。故选C项。
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( )3.What message does the author intend to convey
A.Failure is the mother of success.
B.Don't underestimate small things.
C.Attention to details leads to success.
D.Don't let others' opinions define you.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We need to appreciate the
little things in life. Small things can also be mighty, too.”可知，
作者认为微小事物也值得珍视。因此，他想告诉读者，勿轻视微小
事物。故选B项。
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( )4.What is the best title for the passage
A.From ants to crowns: a micro-artist's journey
B.16 hours a day: the price of artistic perfection
C.The function of microscopic art: an amazing tool
D.The future of microscopic art: Is it worth the effort
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[解析] 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Growing up as
a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects. Wanting to protect
them, I started building little houses for ants, using little pieces
of wood and leaves.”和第五段中“In 2012, I met the queen and
gave her a tiny crown on the head of a pin.”可知，文章讲述了
作者作为一名微观艺术家的成长历程，始于儿时保护昆虫的初心，
他创作出世界上最小的雕塑，并屡破纪录。A项“从蚂蚁到王冠：一
个微观艺术家的旅程”形象地概括了作者的成长轨迹，并突出了其身
份，最适合作为文章标题。故选A项。
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B [2025·河北石家庄高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:283
When Glen Coupland was first practising yoga more than
25 years ago, it was to get active and boost his own fitness.
Now, at the age of 78, Glen is a yoga teacher at five locations
around Toronto, teaching 17 classes a week. And he's built a
community of students who gather weekly to practise and
socialize. “It's really nice to see people build friendships here，”
he says.
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Nancy,56, has been practising yoga with Coupland for about
a decade, and she says why she keeps coming back is the
community. She's become friends with Coupland and her fellow
students: they go cycling, meet up for tea, go hiking, and even
go on vacation together.
“Social isolation(隔离) is the new smoking, in terms of the
death rate，” says Dr Alexandra Papaioannou, director of the
Geras Centre for Aging Research. “Older adults tend to have
fewer social ties. As seniors leave the workforce, they're not
getting that daily connection. Plus, family members may not live
near and spouses (配偶) may have passed away，” she adds.
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A study published by the Journal of Aging and Health
found that loneliness and social isolation could lead to higher
chances of depression, weakened thinking abilities， greater
risks of heart diseases, memory loss, and a reduced quality of
life.
Another study found that older adults who exercised with
others demonstrated better physical function and memory
abilities than those who didn't exercise at all or exercised alone.
And compared with those who exercised alone, older adults
who participated in group fitness had significantly better muscle
strength, attention, memory and overall function.
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For seniors, group fitness classes are a good way of getting
much-needed exercise and an opportunity to socialize.
［文章大意］ 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了对于老年人来说，群
体健身课程不仅是获得必要锻炼的好方式，也是社交的机会，文中
通过具体事例及研究说明社交隔离对老年人健康的危害以及群体锻
炼对老年人健康的益处。
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( )5.What's the main reason for Nancy to keep practising
yoga with Glen Coupland
A.To become a yoga teacher.
B.To improve her fitness.
C.To enjoy a sense of belonging.
D.To serve the community.
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[解析] 细节理解题。根据第二段“Nancy, 56, has been practising
yoga with Coupland for about a decade, and she says why she
keeps coming back is the community.”可知，南希坚持和格伦·库
普兰练习瑜伽主要是为了享受一种归属感。故选C项。
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( )6.What can we learn from Dr Alexandra Papaioannou's
words
A.Seniors living alone tend to smoke more.
B.Lack of social ties causes more smoking.
C.Seniors need to avoid smoking to live longer.
D.Social isolation is as dangerous as smoking.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第三段“‘Social isolation (隔离) is the new
smoking, in terms of the death rate，’ says Dr Alexandra
Papaioannou…”可推知,社交隔离和吸烟一样危险。故选D项。
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( )7.What can we conclude from the two studies
A.Group exercise helps fight health risks.
B.Group activities can cure mental diseases.
C.Better physical condition can improve memory.
D.Social bonds have little impact on mental health.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第四段“A study published by the Journal
of Aging and Health found that loneliness and social isolation
could lead to higher chances of depression, weakened thinking
abilities, greater risks of heart diseases, memory loss, and a
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reduced quality of life.”以及第五段“Another study found that
older adults who exercised with others demonstrated better
physical function and memory abilities than those who didn't
exercise at all or exercised alone. And compared with those who
exercised alone, older adults who participated in group fitness
had significantly better muscle strength, attention, memory and
overall function.”可推知，群体锻炼有助于对抗健康风险。故选A项。
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( )8.Which column of a website is the text probably
taken from
A.Entertainment. B.Wellness.
C.Fashion. D.Culture.
[解析] 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了对于老年人来
说，群体健身课程不仅是获得必要锻炼的好方式，也是社交的机会，
文中通过具体事例及研究说明社交隔离对老年人健康的危害以及群
体锻炼对老年人健康的益处。所以短文与健康相关，可能来自网站
的健康专栏。故选B项。
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重点词句回顾
A.派生词
1.socialize v. 社交；交往
2.weaken vt.使变弱；削弱；减弱
B.合成词
1.heartbroken adj.心碎的；极度伤心的
2.much-needed adj.急需的
C.熟词生义
tie (熟义) n. 领带；绳子→(生义) n.关系；联系 (B，Para.3)
D.长难句分析
1.A study published by the Journal of Aging and Health found
that loneliness and social isolation could lead to higher chances
of depression, weakened thinking abilities, greater risks of heart
diseases, memory loss, and a reduced quality of life. (B，Para.4)
【分析】这是一个主从复合句。主句为 A study…found that…，其
中 published by the Journal of Aging and Health是过去分词短语
作后置定语,修饰study；that引导 __________，从句中higher
chances of…，weakened thinking abilities, greater risks of…，
memory loss, a reduced quality of life为并列宾语，由 and连接。
【译文】《衰老与健康杂志》发表的一项研究发现，孤独和社交隔
离可能导致更高的抑郁症风险、思维能力衰退、心脏病风险增加、
记忆力减退以及生活质量下降。
宾语从句
2.Another study found that older adults who exercised with
others demonstrated better physical function and memory
abilities than those who didn't exercise at all or exercised
alone.(B,Para.5)
【分析】这是一个主从复合句。主句为Another study found that…，
that引导 __________；从句中包含两个 __________：who exercised
with others修饰older adults，who didn't exercise at all or
exercised alone修饰those；宾语从句中还包含比较级结构
better…than…。
【译文】另一项研究发现，与他人一起锻炼的老年人比那些根本不
锻炼或独自锻炼的老年人表现出更好的身体机能和记忆力。
宾语从句
定语从句
练真题
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C
真题典例
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.D
重点词句回顾
派生词：4.不完美的
熟词生义：2.记载，记录
长难句分析：定语从句
模拟演练
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.B
重点词句回顾
长难句分析：1.宾语从句 2.宾语从句；定语从句
