第4讲 命题突破——主旨大意题
【练真题】
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题,并介绍了纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目,该餐厅将原本会被丢弃的食材有创意地改造成菜品,以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
1.A 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase ‘there are children starving in Africa’ was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.”(这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历——在那里,“非洲还有孩子在挨饿”这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷,不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒。)可知,作者在南非长大,那里有孩子挨饿,由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
2.B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.”(每道菜都是专门设计的,以提高人们对食物浪费的认识。)可知,Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
3.C 段落大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.”(值得注意的是,严格来说,wastED的菜单上的菜肴没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反,所有使用的配料都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、废弃的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用,在许多优秀厨师的助力下,变成了美味的菜肴。)可知,本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料,如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、废弃的红薯和黄瓜蒂等,所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
4.C 主旨大意题。A项:只提及了 “食物浪费” 是一个日益严重的问题,却没有聚焦文章核心的 wastED 餐厅实验,范围过于宽泛。 B项:菜单设计只是第五段的内容,范围过小。C项:文章主要讲述了纽约的蓝山餐厅(更名为 wastED)专门用原本会被丢弃的食物制作菜肴,以此提高人们对食物浪费问题的关注,该选项精准抓住了关键要素——wastED对抗食物浪费的实验。D项:文章没有着重强调食物浪费对餐厅的影响,而是突出了一家餐厅应对食物浪费的尝试,该选项不合适。故选C。
【真题典例】
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计道路导致行人减少,尤其是儿童步行减少的现象,并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁人们反思街道的功能,重视城市宜居性。
1.C 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.” (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性,但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降,尤其是年幼的儿童。许多家长说,路上的交通太拥挤,他们的孩子无法安全步行上学,所以他们把孩子塞进车里。)可知,作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
2.A 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion ‘New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.’” (最著名的是,一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿,她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的活动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时,Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方,而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道。”)可推知,加拿大记者和其他活动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
3.B 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.”(尽管这些活动很普遍,但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加。)可推知,20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的活动未能阻止汽车发展,基本上没有效果。故选B。
4.A 主旨大意题。通读全文,并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities ”(我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金,但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地行动时,社会将会付出什么代价吗 )可推知,本文批判城市过度追求交通效率而忽视行人需求的现象,A项“Why the rush ”(为何匆匆 )质问rush through (匆匆通行)的规划理念,契合主旨,最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微型农场(BMF)的一些主要优势,包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染以及员工的环保生活方式等。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF) shortens it even more.”可知,巴比伦微型农场进一步缩短了农产品从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
6.B 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.”可知,这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
7.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. ‘We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,’ said a BMF employee.”可知,BMF的员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
8.A 主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了巴比伦微型农场的一些主要优势,包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
【重点词句回顾】
长难句分析:1.表语从句;让步状语从句 2.定语从句
【模拟演练】
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文,主要讲述了阿姆斯特丹的白冠鸡利用人类丢弃的塑料垃圾筑巢的现象,揭示了人类“一次性文化”对鸟类的影响,并呼吁重新评估塑料的使用方式。
1.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The meal left a permanent mark on the local environment when a Eurasian coot (白冠鸡) found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest, where it remained.”及第五段中的“Finding these materials that were littered 30 years ago, yet they look as fresh as they were just littered yesterday, really gave me the chills.”可知,包装纸在巢中长久留存,表明人类丢弃的垃圾对动物和环境产生了长期影响,由此可知,白冠鸡巢中的麦香鸡包装纸暗示了垃圾对动物的持久影响。故选C项。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第四段“While a bird’s nest is usually made from twigs (细枝) and moss, the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in the city where natural items are in short supply. Hiemstra said there would likely be a return of natural nests if people focused on re-greening cities and bringing natural water vegetation back, but in the meantime, the birds were successfully working with what they had.”及第五段中的“For the coots, our litter is not a waste product but something very valuable.”可知,阿姆斯特丹的鸟类将人类丢弃的塑料视为可用资源,巧妙地用于筑巢,展现出利用废弃物的能力,由此可知,最能描述阿姆斯特丹鸟类的是“足智多谋的废弃物回收者”。故选D项。
3.C 细节理解题。根据第五段中Hiemstra的表述“I really hope we can learn something from the birds to re-evaluate how we think about our materials. These plastics are a wonderful material, yet we use them for single use and throw them away…”可知,他认为人类应借鉴鸟类对塑料的“再利用”方式,重新审视塑料的价值,避免一次性使用,由此可知,白冠鸡提醒人们要明智地重复利用塑料。故选C项。
4.B 主旨大意题。文章开篇以白冠鸡用麦当劳包装纸筑巢为例,随后指出生物学家Hiemstra在研究中发现,从20世纪90年代初到去年,鸟类巢穴中存在各种人类丢弃的包装。文中强调,鸟类将人类随手丢弃的垃圾用于筑巢,这些巢穴留存着人类丢弃文化的痕迹,就像一面镜子映照出人类一次性消费的生活方式,因此B项“Bird nests: a mirror of throwaway culture”(鸟巢:一次性文化的镜子)精准概括了文章核心,能体现鸟巢与人类丢弃文化的关联,最适合作为标题。故选B项。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了发表在《科学报告》上的一项研究表明,人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写表述的影响。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现,最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。
5.A 推理判断题。根据第二段“They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场).”可知,ChatGPT随机写出支持和反对牺牲一条生命的陈述,这表明它并不偏向于某种道德立场。据此判断,ChatGPT对某种道德立场的回答不一致。故选A项。
6.C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgements.”可知,参与者在不知不觉中受到了ChatGPT的影响。故选C项。
7.D 段落大意题。根据最后一段“The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgements highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgement or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings.”可知,最后一段主要讲解决聊天机器人影响人类道德判断的方法。故选D项。
8.D 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports.”以及倒数第二段“This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgements.”并结合文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现,最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法可知,D选项“ChatGPT可以影响人类的道德判断”最适合做文章标题。故选D项。
【重点词句回顾】
派生词:3.重新评估第4讲 命题突破——主旨大意题
主旨大意型题目的范围一般包括:文章标题、主旨大意和段落大意等。此类题目要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点、概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构, 抓住文章的开头或结尾, 从而找出能概括文章的主题句。
[2025·全国二卷,D]
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: it changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
( )1.What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A.He witnessed food shortage.
B.He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C.He donated food to Africans.
D.He helped to cook at home.
( )2.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A.To customize dishes for guests.
B.To make the public aware of food waste.
C.To test a food processing method.
D.To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
( )3.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Why the ingredients were used.
B.Which dishes were best liked.
C.What the dishes were made of.
D.Where the ingredients were bought.
( )4.[原创]What’s the best title for the passage
A.Food waste: a growing problem
B.Menu design of wastED
C.WastED: a restaurant experiment against food waste
D.The impact of food waste on restaurants
主旨大意题命题特点
类型 特点 解读
段 落 主 旨 题 段落主旨通常围绕该段讨论的具体对象或事件,而非泛泛而谈 通过“…none of the items…made from garbage.”“…all the ingredients(配料)…most restaurants would never consider serving.”“…kale ribs, fish collars…cucumber butts…”等细节,明确讨论的是“wastED 菜单上菜品的食材来源”。干扰项 A “Why the ingredients were used.”(为何使用这些食材。)属于第3段的内容(raise awareness),与本段无关;B “Which dishes were best liked.”(哪些菜品最受欢迎。)和D “Where the ingredients were bought.”(食材在哪里购买。)在本段均未提及,因此可排除
段落常通过对比或举例突出核心信息,考生需识别这些细节的共同指向 第5段先通过instead形成对比:“不是由垃圾制成”→“而是用大多数餐厅不会采用的食材”;随后列举“羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、废弃红薯、黄瓜蒂” 这些具体例子,进一步说明 “食材的具体类型”。对比和举例共同指向 “菜品由什么制成”,因此主旨为选项C“What the dishes were made of.”
段落主题需覆盖段落整体信息,避免以偏概全 第5段既提到 “食材不是垃圾”,又说明 “食材是餐厅通常不采用的部分”,还列举了具体例子,选项 C 完整覆盖这些信息;若选项仅提及“举例中的某一种食材”(如羽衣甘蓝茎),则属于以偏概全,不符合主旨要求
全 文 主 旨 题 核心话题贯穿全文,是各段落的“共同焦点”,全文主旨必须包含文章反复讨论的核心对象,即 “高频关键词” 本文的高频关键词:food waste(食物浪费)、wastED(餐厅实验项目)、ingredients(食材)、raise awareness(提高意识)。这些关键词贯穿各段:第 1 段引入食物浪费问题,第 2、3 段介绍wastED 项目及目的,第 4 段用数据说明食物浪费的严重性,第 5 段说明项目的食材来源,第 6 段总结项目的意义
体现 “问题—措施—意义” 的逻辑链。说明文或议论文的主旨常遵循 “提出问题—介绍措施—阐述意义”的逻辑 本文逻辑链:问题(食物浪费严重)→措施(wastED 项目用废弃食材做菜)→意义(提高公众对食物浪费的关注,探索可持续发展方式)。符合这一逻辑的标题:“wastED:一个对抗食物浪费的餐厅实验”,既包含核心项目(wastED),又体现目的(对抗食物浪费)
最 佳 标 题 题 标题需“简洁精准”,避免 “范围过大” 或 “过小” 范围过大:如“食物浪费是一个日益严重的问题”,未提及核心项目wastED,过于宽泛;范围过小:如“wastED 的菜单设计”,仅涉及第 5 段内容,未涵盖项目的目的和意义;精准标题:需平衡“具体项目”与“核心意义”,如“wastED:一个对抗食物浪费的餐厅实验”
段落大意题——抓段落主旨
[2025·浙江1月考,D节选]
Martin sees a silver lining, however: she believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes”. When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles—a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.(最后一段)
( )What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A.The quality of genderless products.
B.The upside of gendering a product.
C.The meaning of anthropomorphism.
D.The stereotypes of men and women.
[解析] 段落大意题。最后一段提到,拟人化给改变刻板印象提供了机会。比如,女性管理公司,就会改变对女性的刻板印象。那么拟人化的产品,如果设计为与刻板印象不一样的性别,比如男性机器人做女性经常做的工作,可以逐渐让人们改变对男女的刻板印象。B选项“将产品性别化的好处。”最符合该段的主旨。故选B项。
主旨大意题——文章体裁+串线
[2023·浙江1月考,B节选]
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you The chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.(Para.1)
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.(Para.2)
( )What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
[解析] 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.”可知,文章主要讲述了如何在家庭中实践零浪费的生活方式。故选C。
最佳标题题——2大法定最佳标题
[2024·全国甲卷,B节选]
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you’re able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed.(Para.1)
( )What is a suitable title for the text
A.Tips on finding a smart cat
B.Understanding your cat’s behaviour
C.Have fun with your cat
D.How to keep your cat healthy
[解析] 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.”及全文可知,文章在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式,包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯,以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。B项“Understanding your cat’s behaviour”(了解你的猫的行为)适合做文章的最佳标题。故选B项。
A [2025·全国一卷,C]
文体:议论文 主题:人与社会 词数:330
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人)mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
( )1.What phenomenon does the author point out in Paragraph 1
A.Cars often get stuck on the road.
B.Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C.People walk less and drive more.
D.Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
( )2.What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A.Keep their cities livable.
B.Promote cultural diversity.
C.Help the needy families.
D.Make expressways accessible.
( )3.What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A.They boosted the sales of cars.
B.They turned out largely ineffective.
C.They won government support.
D.They advocated building new parks.
( )4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Why the rush B.What’s next
C.Where to stay D.Who to blame
B [2024·新课标Ⅱ卷,C]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:282
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod(容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
( )5.What can be learned about BMF from Paragraph 1
A.It guarantees the variety of food.
B.It requires day-to-day care.
C.It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D.It relies on farmer’s markets.
( )6.What information does the convenient app offer
A.Real-time weather changes.
B.Current condition of the plants.
C.Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D.Availability of pre-seeded pods.
( )7.What can be concluded about BMF employees
A.They have a great passion for sports.
B.They are devoted to community service.
C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D.They have a strong environmental awareness.
( )8.What does the text mainly talk about
A.BMF’s major strengths.
B.BMF’s general management.
C.BMF’s global influence.
D.BMF’s technical standards.
A.派生词
1.rethink v. 重新思考 n. 再思考
2.neighbourhood n. 社区;街区
3.replacement n. 替换物;替代
4.ownership n. 所有权;拥有(量)
5.innovative adj. 创新的
6.automated adj. 自动化的
7.pre-seeded adj. 预先播种的
8.sustainability n. 可持续性
B.合成词
1.expressway n. 高速公路
2.single-use adj. 单次使用的
C.熟词生义
1.pack(熟义) v. 打包 n. 包裹→(生义) v. 塞进 (A,Para.1)
2.champion(熟义) n. 冠军→(生义) v. 支持;捍卫(A,Para.3)
3.produce(熟义) v. 生产→(生义) n. 农产品(B,Para.1)
4.solid(熟义) adj. 固体的;结实的→(生义) adj. 可靠的;相当不错的(B,Para.1)
D.长难句分析
1.Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.(A,Para.4)
【分析】 主句主干为 “the reality is that…”,其中that引导 ;although引导 。
【译文】 尽管这些运动广泛开展,但现实是大多数西方城市完全是围绕汽车的需求而重新设计的。
2.Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放)from transporting plants from soil to salad.(B,Para.4)
【分析】 这是一个“主谓宾”结构的简单句。动名词短语 having…eaten作主语;where 引导 , 修饰 building;主句谓语为 means,宾语为 zero emissions…。
【译文】 此外,在食用地点所在的建筑内安装该系统意味着从种植到食用(从土壤到沙拉)的运输过程中零排放。
A [2025·江苏苏州八校高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:317
One day in 1996, someone ate a McDonald’s McChicken burger in Amsterdam. Perhaps a quick bite after work A family outing These details are lost to time, but others are hard to erase completely. The meal left a permanent mark on the local environment when a Eurasian coot (白冠鸡) found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest, where it remained.
“It really shows that it’s not just us humans who are writing history, but also these birds are taking notes and documenting our throwaway society,” said the nest biologist Auke-Florian Hiemstra, who has been researching the influence of the Anthropocene era on birds’ nests in Amsterdam’s canals. When investigating nests in the canals, he found a variety of old packaging discarded from the early 1990s up to last year.
The Eurasian coot only started migrating to Amsterdam in the late 1980s, and Hiemstra’s findings of packaging from 1994 could show the entire lifespan and heritage of the species in the area.
While a bird’s nest is usually made from twigs (细枝) and moss, the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in the city where natural items are in short supply. Hiemstra said there would likely be a return of natural nests if people focused on re-greening cities and bringing natural water vegetation back, but in the meantime, the birds were successfully working with what they had.
“For the coots, our litter is not a waste product but something very valuable. Finding these materials that were littered 30 years ago, yet they look as fresh as they were just littered yesterday, really gave me the chills. I really hope we can learn something from the birds to re-evaluate how we think about our materials. These plastics are a wonderful material, yet we use them for single use and throw them away,” Hiemstra said.
( )1.What does the McChicken wrapper in the coot’s nest indicate
A.The durability of fast-food packaging.
B.Birds’ preference for colourful materials.
C.The long-lasting impact of litter on animals.
D.Birds’ adaptation to a worsening environment.
( )2.Which of the following best describes the birds in Amsterdam
A.Pioneering nest builders.
B.Witnesses to urbanization.
C.Victims of plastic pollution.
D.Resourceful waste recyclers.
( )3.What do the coots remind people to do according to Hiemstra
A.Clear up the canals.
B.Protect bird habitats.
C.Reuse plastics wisely.
D.Expand green space.
( )4.What is the best title for the text
A.Plastic waste: a hidden threat to birds
B.Bird nests: a mirror of throwaway culture
C.Eurasian coots: a creative architect in nature
D.Man-made items: a silent driver of nest changes
B [2025·湖北八校高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:308
Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the extent to which their own moral judgements can be influenced by the chatbot.
Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral stance (立场).
The authors then presented 767 US participants, who were on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice one person’s life to save five others. Before answering, participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering, participants were asked whether the statement they read influenced their answers.
Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT’s statements on their own moral judgements.
The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgements highlights the need for education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future research should design chatbots that either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgement or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings.
( )5.What are ChatGPT’s answers to a certain moral stance like according to Paragraph 2
A.Inconsistent. B.Valuable.
C.Creative. D.Simple.
( )6.What is learned about the participants
A.They admitted the power of ChatGPT.
B.They were interviewed by a moral advisor.
C.They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly.
D.They were presented with different moral dilemmas.
( )7.What is the last paragraph mainly about
A.Different findings of the study.
B.Future potentials for chatbots.
C.Major focuses of future education.
D.Solutions to the impact of chatbots.
( )8.What is the best title for the text
A.ChatGPT tends to cause moral panics
B.ChatGPT: Is it likely to affect our life
C.ChatGPT: Why is it making us so nervous
D.ChatGPT can influence human moral judgements
A.派生词
1.discard v.丢弃
2.re-green vt.重新绿化;使重现绿色
3.re-evaluate vt.
4.underestimate vt.低估,看轻
5.multiple adj.多个的,多种的
6.participant n. 参与者
B.合成词
1.throwaway adj.一次性的;用完即弃的
2.lifespan n.寿命;有效期
3.highlight v.突出,强调
C.熟词生义
1.line(熟义) n. 线条 v. 沿……形成行(或列、排)→(生义) v. 给……铺衬(内部),垫在……里(A,Para.1)
2.decline(熟义) v. 下降;衰退→(生义) v. 拒绝(B,Para.5)
D.长难句分析
However, the authors found that the answers participants believed they would have provided without reading the statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance.(B,Para.4)
【分析】 这是一个包含多重从句的复杂句。主句是the authors found that…,谓语是found,后接一个由 that 引导的宾语从句,宾语从句是一个“主系表”结构。定语从句they would have provided修饰 the answers;定语从句they did read修饰 the statement。
【译文】 然而,作者们发现,参与者们认为自己在未阅读这些陈述的情况下本会给出的答案,仍然更有可能与他们实际读到的陈述所体现的道德立场一致,而非与相反的立场一致。训练(六) “主旨大意题”重点练(二)
A [2025·安徽合肥高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自我 词数:351
Our culture is addicted to collective goal setting and the idea that forming new habits during specific times of the year will lead to successful outcomes. But it turns out there’s no real evidence that it is the case.
In fact, research suggests that only two people in ten stick with their New Year’s resolutions in a long term. “I am aware of no research showing that starting fresh in January or October or any other month makes you more likely to stick with a new behaviour,” says Wendy Wood, a behavioural psychologist at the University of Southern California.
The reality is that, when it comes to establishing new habits, there really is an ideal time to do it—but it might not be when you think. Wood calls such ideal moments “turning points”—such as an upcoming high school reunion causing you to want to lose a few pounds, or overdrawing (透支) your bank account and realizing it is time to improve your career. She says such moments tend to provide lasting feelings of motivation because they are rooted in something meaningful and more in-depth than just going along with everyone else.
Regardless of what promotes your motivation, Wood says it is critical to take action as soon as you feel the desire because you may only have a short window of opportunity to make decisions about what you want to do before your old habits get in the way. For instance, write out a daily schedule that includes time for your new habit and post it where you’ll see it each morning. You might also join a gym while your motivation is high to lock yourself into a monthly payment that will keep you motivated to use the membership even after your interest in getting in shape begins to cool.
Another strategy for successful habit formation is breaking down bigger goals into smaller, more specific ones. So instead of saying “I’m going to lose 10 pounds a month”, set a goal to limit your daily calorie intake and get to the gym for 30 minutes a day.
( )1.How does Wood feel about making New Year’s resolutions
A.Impartial. B.Supportive.
C.Sceptical. D.Indifferent.
( )2.Which of the following instances can be regarded as a “turning point”
A.Getting sick due to overwork.
B.Achieving a long-held dream.
C.Receiving New Year’s greetings.
D.Taking exercise on a regular basis.
( )3.According to Wood, why is it essential to take action promptly
A.Because old habits will disappear soon.
B.Because our resolutions will become weaker.
C.Because we can always count on our external motivation.
D.Because we may miss the chance before old habits intervene.
( )4.What would be the best title for the text
A.The myth of New Year’s resolutions
B.Strategies for successful habit formation
C.Turning points: the key to habit formation
D.Beyond New Year’s resolutions: rethinking habit formation
B [2025·山东聊城高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:312
Autonomous systems like self-driving cars and robots are becoming more common, and their integration promises to transform industries by increasing efficiency and safety. However, they often fail to see and work well in different environments—like rainy days, low light, or complex backgrounds, because in these cases their sensors are affected. Interestingly, nature may have already shown how to deal with that.
Now, scientists have designed a new vision system for robots, enhancing object detection and recognition. The cat’s eye catches their attention due to cats’ excellent vision in both light and darkness. During the day, a cat’s pupil is a vertical slit-like (垂直狭缝状的) shape that reduces bright unpleasant lights to help focus. At night, the pupil widens to let in more light, with a surface enhancing the cat’s vision by reflecting visible light back. Similarly, the new system includes a slit-like opening design that helps block out unnecessary light and single out key objects in bright conditions, and then uses a surface similar to that of cats’ eyes to improve visibility in low-light conditions.
Robotic cameras often have difficulty in spotting objects in busy or complex backgrounds, especially with changing lighting. The new design successfully makes background objects blurred. It allows robots to ignore unnecessary details and focus on targets. Scientists also use a brain-like learning network to help the system better identify important objects. The vision system is more energy efficient as it relies on a specialized instrument rather than substantial computer processing.
This groundbreaking technology unlocks exciting possibilities for real-world applications, transforming robotic vision and letting autonomous systems skilfully navigate (有效应对) complex environments and undertake tasks with great accuracy. From search and rescue operations to industrial monitoring, these cutting-edge robotic eyes stand ready to complement or even replace human efforts in a variety of critical scenes.
( )5.What does the author say about autonomous systems in Paragraph 1
A.Their sensor plays the most vital part.
B.Their efficiency affects the safety.
C.They perform poorly in bad conditions.
D.They keep changing based on nature.
( )6.How does the new system enhance visibility at night
A.By reflecting back visible light.
B.By narrowing the slit-like opening.
C.By absorbing surrounding light.
D.By integrating computer processing.
( )7.What does the underlined word “blurred” in Paragraph 3 mean
A.Distinct. B.Colourless.
C.Regular. D.Unclear.
( )8.Which can be the best title for the text
A.New discovery about secrets of cats’ eyes
B.Cat-inspired solution to robot vision problem
C.Sensor breakthrough in autonomous systems
D.Nature-based technology for nighttime use
C [2025·重庆部分区县高三三诊]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:336
Much of the methane (甲烷) in air comes from human activities. But methane has natural sources too. Microbes (微生物) in wetland soils and trees also release methane.
Vincent Gauci, an environmental scientist, knew the trees in wet places, like the tropics, give off methane from their trunks. Then, he wanted to study its release from trees in drier soils. “We were surprised to see the exact opposite,” says Gauci. The trees were actually taking in methane.
Trees taking in and releasing gases is gas exchange. Researchers typically measure methane exchange low on the trunk, near the ground. But Gauci’s team measured higher up on the tree, thinking this would better estimate how much methane the whole tree might send out.
Gauci’s two students measured methane release from trees in the UK and Panama, setting up a gas-exchange chamber on a tree to monitor how much methane it’s absorbing or sending out. They expected methane emissions would drop as they measured higher up the trunk. Their guess at first seemed to hold. Higher up the trunk, methane release dipped. But at chest height, the numbers dropped below zero—here, trees were absorbing methane.
To further check their findings, the team analysed trees from four regions—Brazil, Sweden, Panama and the UK. The result was the same at all sites. Overall, the trees took up more methane than they released. Using data from the four sites, the team estimated all the world’s forests may be absorbing 50 million tons of methane every year.
The scientists believe methane is taken in by microbes that live in tree bark. On average, trees absorbed more methane than they released, with faster uptake in warmer climates.
Gauci says, “People release far more methane than what nature can remove. So we have to cut back on fossil fuels. Trees are even more important for climate than we thought. We must be aware of the need for immediate action to safeguard this vital natural resource.”
( )9.What aspect of the research surprised Gauci
A.Its theory. B.Its process.
C.Its findings. D.Its functions.
( )10.What can we learn from the research
A.Its data was measured globally.
B.It was done by Gauci and his coworkers.
C.Its participants were the same as before.
D.It involved methods different from typical ones.
( )11.What does Gauci stress in the last paragraph
A.Trees can remove all methane.
B.Protecting trees is crucial.
C.Methane has no natural sources.
D.Methane is important to climate.
( )12.Which of the following may be the best title for the text
A.Trees may be big climate heroes
B.Gauci found out trees’ growth secret
C.Researchers studied trees in four areas
D.Microbes can release and absorb methane
A.词汇积累
1.collective adj. 集体的;共同的
2.outcome n.结果
3.in-depth adj.深入的;彻底的
4.intake n.吸入(量);摄入(量)
5.integration n. 结合,整合
6.recognition n.认出;识别;承认
7.visibility n.能见度;可见性
8.groundbreaking adj. 开创性的;创新的
9.cutting-edge adj.前沿的;尖端的
10.uptake n. 吸收,摄取;领会
B.熟词生义
1.Autonomous systems like self-driving cars and robots are becoming more common, and their integration promises to transform industries by increasing efficiency and safety. (阅读B)
promise (熟义)v.许诺;答应→(生义)v.使很可能,预示
【译文】 自动驾驶汽车、机器人等自主系统正变得越来越普及,而这些系统的整合有望通过提高效率与安全性为各行业带来变革。
2.Gauci’s two students measured methane release from trees in the UK and Panama, setting up a gas-exchange chamber on a tree to monitor how much methane it’s absorbing or sending out.(阅读C)
monitor (熟义)n. 监视器,显示屏;班长→(生义)vt.监视;检查
【译文】 高奇(Gauci)的两名学生测量了英国和巴拿马树木的甲烷排放量,他们在树上安装了一个气体交换室,以监测树木吸收或释放甲烷的量。
C. 长难句分析
Regardless of what promotes your motivation, Wood says it is critical to take action as soon as you feel the desire because you may only have a short window of opportunity to make decisions about what you want to do before your old habits get in the way. (阅读A)
【分析】 该句为多重复合句。主句为Wood says it is critical to take action as soon as you feel the desire。动词says 后为省略引导词 that 的宾语从句,宾语从句中,as soon as you feel the desire为as soon as 引导的时间状语从句;because you may only have a short window of opportunity to make decisions about what you want to do before your old habits get in the way为原因状语从句,其中what you want to do为宾语从句,before your old habits get in the way为时间状语从句。
【译文】 无论是什么激发了你的动力,伍德表示,一旦你产生渴望,就必须立刻采取行动——这一点至关重要。因为在你的旧习惯开始阻碍你之前,你可能只有一个短暂的机会窗口去决定自己想做的事情。训练(六)
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章指出新年设定目标难以成功,提出建立新习惯的理想时间是“转折点”,还给出及时行动和分解目标等习惯养成策略。
1.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中“‘I am aware of no research showing that starting fresh in January or October or any other month makes you more likely to stick with a new behaviour,’ says Wendy Wood, a behavioural psychologist at the University of Southern California.”(南加州大学的行为心理学家温迪·伍德说:“我没听说过有研究表明在一月、十月或其他任何月份重新开始会让你更有可能坚持新行为。”)可知,伍德对制订新年计划持怀疑态度。故选C项。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Wood calls such ideal moments ‘turning points’—such as an upcoming high school reunion causing you to want to lose a few pounds, or overdrawing (透支) your bank account and realizing it is time to improve your career.”可知,“转折点”是能让人产生改变习惯的动机的事件。由此推知,“因过度工作而生病”会让人意识到需要改变工作和生活方式,可视为“转折点”。故选A项。
3.D 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Regardless of what promotes your motivation, Wood says it is critical to take action as soon as you feel the desire because you may only have a short window of opportunity to make decisions about what you want to do before your old habits get in the way.”可知,及时采取行动是因为在旧习惯干预之前我们可能会错过(短暂的)机会。故选D项。
4.D 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Our culture is addicted to collective goal setting and the idea that forming new habits during specific times of the year will lead to successful outcomes. But it turns out there’s no real evidence that it is the case.”,第三段中“The reality is that, when it comes to establishing new habits, there really is an ideal time to do it—but it might not be when you think. Wood calls such ideal moments ‘turning points’…”以及最后一段中“Another strategy for successful habit formation is breaking down bigger goals into smaller, more specific ones.”可知,文章先指出新年设定目标难以成功,接着阐述建立新习惯的理想时间是“转折点”,还给出习惯养成的策略,强调应重新思考习惯的形成,而不局限于新年计划。D项“Beyond New Year’s resolutions: rethinking habit formation”(超越新年计划:重新思考习惯的形成)能概括文章内容,最适合做标题。故选D项。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家受猫眼睛的启发,为机器人设计了一种新的视觉系统,能解决机器人在不同环境下视觉方面的问题。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Autonomous systems like self-driving cars and robots are becoming more common, and their integration promises to transform industries by increasing efficiency and safety. However, they often fail to see and work well in different environments—like rainy days, low light, or complex backgrounds, because in these cases their sensors are affected.”可知,自主系统在恶劣条件下表现不佳。故选C项。
6.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中“At night, the pupil widens to let in more light, with a surface enhancing the cat’s vision by reflecting visible light back. Similarly, the new system includes…a surface similar to that of cats’ eyes to improve visibility in low-light conditions.”可知,与猫通过反射可见光来增强视力一样,新系统在夜间通过反射可见光来提高能见度。故选A项。
7.D 词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Robotic cameras often have difficulty in spotting objects in busy or complex backgrounds, especially with changing lighting.”和下文“It allows robots to ignore unnecessary details and focus on targets.”可知,机器人相机因为杂乱或复杂的背景而难以识别物体,而新的设计可以让机器人相机忽略这些杂乱或复杂的背景,忽略不必要的细节,即使背景物体模糊化。所以画线词blurred是指“不清晰的”,与unclear同义。故选D项。
8.B 主旨大意题。通读全文,结合第二段“Now, scientists have designed a new vision system for robots, enhancing object detection and recognition. The cat’s eye catches their attention due to cats’ excellent vision in both light and darkness.”可知,本文主要介绍了受猫眼睛启发解决机器人视觉问题的方案。故B项“Cat-inspired solution to robot vision problem”能概括文章内容,最适合做文章标题。故选B项。
C
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕科学家Vincent Gauci及其团队对树木吸收和释放甲烷的研究展开,指出了甲烷的来源,对树木吸收甲烷的原因进行了分析,并强调了树木对气候的重要性以及减少化石燃料使用、保护森林资源的必要性。
9.C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Vincent Gauci, an environmental scientist, knew the trees in wet places, like the tropics, give off methane from their trunks. Then, he wanted to study its release from trees in drier soils. ‘We were surprised to see the exact opposite,’ says Gauci. The trees were actually taking in methane.”可知,Gauci原本知道潮湿地区(如热带地区)的树木会从树干释放甲烷,他想研究更干燥土壤中树木甲烷的释放情况,但结果却发现树木实际上在吸收甲烷,这与他预期的情况相反,所以是研究结果让他感到惊讶。故选C。
10.D 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Researchers typically measure methane exchange low on the trunk, near the ground. But Gauci’s team measured higher up on the tree, thinking this would better estimate how much methane the whole tree might send out.”可知,通常研究人员在靠近地面的树干低处测量甲烷交换,而Gauci的团队在树上更高的位置测量,研究方法与典型的测量方法不同。故选D。
11.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Gauci says, ‘People release far more methane than what nature can remove. So we have to cut back on fossil fuels. Trees are even more important for climate than we thought. We must be aware of the need for immediate action to safeguard this vital natural resource.’”可知,Gauci说人类释放的甲烷远远超过大自然能够清除的量,所以必须减少化石燃料的使用,并且树木对气候的重要性比我们想象的还要大,我们必须意识到需要立即采取行动来保护树木这一至关重要的自然资源。也就是说他强调了树木对气候的重要性以及保护树木这一自然资源的必要性。故选B。
12.A 主旨大意题。文章开篇提到空气中甲烷的来源,接着详细讲述了Gauci及其团队的研究发现,即树木不仅会释放甲烷,还会吸收甲烷,且树木吸收的甲烷量比释放的多,最后强调了树木对气候的重要性以及保护树木的必要性。文章主要围绕树木对甲烷的吸收和释放展开,表明树木对气候有重要作用。选项A“Trees may be big climate heroes”(树木可能是对抗气候变化的大英雄)符合文章主旨,适合做文章标题。故选A。训练(五) “主旨大意题”重点练(一)
A [2025·江苏苏锡常镇四市高三二模]
文体:记叙文 主题:人与社会 词数:312
Learning new languages can be empowering, opening doors to connect with people from different cultures. Recently, a man practising Chinese gained widespread attention after visiting a local Lanzhou noodle restaurant and speaking the language in a truly memorable way. Canadian resident Cali Lopez shared a video of his interaction with a Chinese waitress and their authentic and curious exchange quickly won praise online.
The incident occurred in Saskatoon, one of Canada’s largest cities, with a growing Chinese community. Cali appeared anxious and nervous at the Lanzhou noodle restaurant before a waitress approached him. Greeting her in her native language, he nearly left her in shock.
With a smile, Cali then politely asked the waitress if he could practise his Chinese and began ordering in her language, asking questions about the menu. He noticed a dish that caught his interest and asked in Chinese, “Is this sour pickle (泡菜) soup hot ” The waitress replied, “Yes, a little bit spicy.” Cali, who works as an English teacher, was fine with mild spice, replying,“Oh, I just want to order one.” When she asked about his other food preferences, he shared his desire for a dish with rice noodles.
The waitress then listed the restaurant’s six types of noodles, including three round and three flat varieties. Cali appeared to struggle a bit while discussing the types of noodles in Chinese, requesting the waitress to point to the menu and explain each dish’s preparation to help him order. After some thought, he chose the thinnest of the round noodles.
Curious about his language skills,Cali then asked,“Can you understand me ” and waited eagerly for her response. The waitress confirmed she could, leaving Cali visibly moved.
The one-minute video of this genuine and heartfelt exchange has received widespread praise on social media for recording a real, spontaneous (自发的) moment without any forced emotion.
( )1.How did the waitress feel at Cali’s greeting in Chinese
A.Surprised. B.Confused.
C.Annoyed. D.Uninterested.
( )2.What can we learn from Cali’s conversation with the waitress
A.He was eager to practise Chinese.
B.He struggled with mild spicy food.
C.He turned down her offer of help.
D.He found it effortless to discuss the menu.
( )3.What may have impressed the audience most in Cali’s video
A.The Chinese food.
B.The Chinese language.
C.His genuine use of Chinese.
D.His knowledge of Chinese noodles.
( )4.What does the article mainly talk about
A.Language barriers of dining out.
B.The challenges of learning Chinese.
C.A heartwarming cultural exchange.
D.The importance of being communicative.
B [2025·山东德州高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:315
In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order.
Jacobs argued that urban planning should prioritize the lived experiences of residents over abstract expertise, but conventional planners often relied on statistical models and aesthetic (审美的) ideals, ignoring the practical knowledge of city inhabitants. The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnection. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. When local residents’ needs conflicted with central planners, the resolution all too often fell in favour of the “experts”.
Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. The urban planner’s best course of action is to allow individuals to create their own plans drawing on their unique preferences and local knowledge, helping build and maintain the spontaneous orders making urban life work. It concerns the natural order emerging from decentralized planning: sidewalks that help keep streets safe, diverse residential and commercial uses, and self-governing communities.
The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life.
Jacobs stood up to centralized urban planning and celebrated the wisdom of average people. Now, she has laid the groundwork for an urban revolution to come.
( )5.What did Jacobs think of as a vital element in urban planning
A.Ideas from relevant experts.
B.Human-environment unity.
C.Preference of urban planners.
D.Aesthetic ideals of decision-makers.
( )6.What made the East Harlem Housing Project a target for public criticism
A.Lack of spacious living areas.
B.Existence of old-fashioned buildings.
C.Layout of functioning areas.
D.Reliability of the local knowledge.
( )7.What does the fourth paragraph focus on
A.The role of social interaction.
B.The complexity of urban planning.
C.The need of changing the local culture.
D.The limitation of the spontaneous orders.
( )8.What’s the best title of the passage
A.The rise of centralized urban planning
B.Jane Jacobs and her impact on American cities
C.Urban planning: its past, present, and future
D.Jane Jacobs: challenging traditional urban planning
C [2025·江西南昌高三二模]
文体:议论文 主题:人与社会 词数:316
What if everything happens for a reason It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.
We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect (多米诺效应). Your morning is then pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.
In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the inconvenience.
While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.
( )9.What may be a case of the burnt toast theory
A.Gaining rewards after making efforts.
B.Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm.
C.Meeting a future employer after missing a flight.
D.Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings.
( )10.What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to Paragraph 3
A.Better judgement on fears.
B.Richer experience from failures.
C.The removal of daily inconveniences.
D.The harvest of a positive mindset.
( )11.Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on
A.Would-be projects.
B.Real-world applications.
C.Potential weaknesses.
D.Practical advantages.
( )12.What is probably the best title of the text
A.Less is more
B.Make a lemon lemonade
C.Once bitten, twice shy
D.Better late than never
A.词汇积累
1.memorable adj.值得记忆的,难忘的
2.longstanding adj.长期存在的
3.centralized adj. 集中的;中央集权的
4.centralization n. 集中化;集权化
5.decentralized adj. 分散的;去中心化的
6.prioritize vt.优先处理,确定……的优先级
7.in favour of支持,赞同
8.emerge from从……中出现, 由……产生
9.inconvenience n. 不便,麻烦
10.bump into偶然遇见,意外碰到
11.adaptive adj. 有适应能力的
12.drawback n. 缺点,弊端
B.熟词生义
1.With a smile, Cali then politely asked the waitress if he could practise his Chinese and began ordering in her language, asking questions about the menu. (阅读A)
order (熟义) n. 顺序;命令 v. 命令;订购→(生义) v. 点餐
【译文】 卡利面带微笑,礼貌地询问服务员是否可以练习中文,然后开始用她的语言点餐,并询问关于菜单的问题。
2.…mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan…(阅读B)
mirror (熟义) n. 镜子→(生义) v.反映;映照
【译文】 ……在纽约1811年网格规划中得到体现……
3.And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea…(阅读C)
take (熟义) v. 拿,取;带走→(生义) n. 诠释;看法
【译文】 从许多方面来看,烤焦面包理论可被视为对这一经典观点的现代诠释……
C. 长难句分析
It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks. (阅读C)
【分析】 这是一个复合句。句子的主语是It(指代 “烤焦面包理论”),prevents us from thinking over something和encourages us to make meaning of challenges是并列谓语结构;第一个定语从句that isn’t really all that bad in the grand perspective of things修饰 something,第二个定语从句 we may experience修饰 challenges,thus making us more adaptive to the future setbacks用作结果状语。
【译文】 它阻止我们过度思考从宏观角度看并非那么糟糕的事情,并鼓励我们理解可能经历的挑战的意义,从而让我们更能适应未来的挫折。训练(五)
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了加拿大居民卡利·洛佩兹在当地一家兰州面馆用中文与服务员交流的经历,展现了一次温暖人心的文化交流,他用中文交流的真诚时刻在社交媒体上受到广泛赞扬。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第二段“Greeting her in her native language, he nearly left her in shock.”可知,服务员对卡利用中文和她打招呼感到很惊讶。故选A项。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第三段“With a smile, Cali then politely asked the waitress if he could practise his Chinese and began ordering in her language, asking questions about the menu.”可知,卡利面带微笑,礼貌地问服务员是否可以练习一下中文,然后开始用她的语言点餐,询问有关菜单的问题。由此推知,卡利渴望练习中文。故选A项。
3.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The one-minute video of this genuine and heartfelt exchange has received widespread praise on social media for recording a real, spontaneous (自发的) moment without any forced emotion.”可知,这段一分钟的真诚且发自内心的交流视频在社交媒体上受到广泛赞扬,因为它记录了一个真实、自发的时刻,没有任何勉强的情感。由此推知,最让观众印象深刻的是卡利真诚地使用中文。故选C项。
4.C 主旨大意题。文章开篇提到学习新语言能够赋予力量,为与不同文化背景的人交流打开大门,引出卡利在面馆与中国服务员用中文交流这一事件。接着详细描述了他们之间的对话过程,卡利真诚地用中文点餐、询问,服务员热情回应。最后一段指出这段一分钟的真诚交流视频在社交媒体上广受赞誉,因为它记录了一个真实、自发的时刻,没有任何勉强的情感。由此可知,文章主要讲述了一场暖心的文化交流。故选C项。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了Jane Jacobs在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中对集中式城市规划的长期做法提出挑战,并强调了本地知识、分散决策和自发城市秩序这三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。
5.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order.”以及第三段中“Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge.”可知,Jacobs认为本地知识和分散决策是城市规划中的关键要素,这体现了人与环境的统一,分散决策能够更好地反映和适应本地环境。故选B项。
6.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnection. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration.”可知,东哈莱姆住宅项目成为公众批评的目标是因为其功能区的布局导致隔离,缺乏社区融合。故选C项。
7.A 段落大意题。根据第四段内容可知,本段主要讨论了社会互动在自发秩序形成中的作用,即通过个体之间的相互组织,自然城市秩序作为灵活的框架出现,使个体能够根据当地情况塑造他们的环境。故选A项。
8.D 主旨大意题。纵览全文,尤其是根据第一段中“In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order.”可知,文章主要介绍了Jane Jacobs对传统城市规划的挑战,并强调了她的三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。D项“Jane Jacobs: challenging traditional urban planning” (Jane Jacobs:挑战传统城市规划)最符合文章主旨,适合作为标题。故选D项。
C
[文章大意] 本文是一篇议论文,主要介绍的是“烧焦的面包理论”,即通过积极视角看待生活中的不便,将其视为有意义的转折点,同时也探讨了该理论的潜在局限性。
9.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.”可知,烧焦面包理论暗示着我们在日常生活中经历的每一个不便都出于更大的原因,结合第二段中的“Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.”可知,错过航班后遇到未来雇主是符合该理论的案例。故选C项。
10.D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of control of the world around us.”可知,烧焦面包理论提醒我们要转变思维方式,用更积极的态度看世界。由此可知,应用该理论的结果是收获积极心态。故选D项。
11.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive profile.”可知,烧焦面包理论并非没有缺点,也有危害,由此可知,最后一段聚焦于该理论的潜在缺点。故选C项。
12.B 主旨大意题。结合全文内容,尤其是由首段“What if everything happens for a reason It’s a theory that we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.”可知,全文围绕“烧焦的面包理论”展开,强调通过积极视角看待生活中的不便,将挑战转化为机遇,同时指出其潜在的局限性。B项“Make a lemon lemonade”(化挫折为机遇)与这一主题意义相符,最适合作为标题。故选B项。(共90张PPT)
第4讲 命题突破——主旨大意题
主旨大意型题目的范围一般包括:文章标题、主旨大意和段落大
意等。此类题目要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点、概括中心思
想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构, 抓住文章的开头或结尾, 从而找
出能概括文章的主题句。
[2025·全国二卷，D]
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away
unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from
growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are
children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable
reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant,
supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological
solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers
are looking for ways to use more of what we're already
growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant
tried a different way: it changed its menu to exclusively (专门)
offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village's Blue Hill
restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried
skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver's
vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness
regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the
average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every
$1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is
donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out.
Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-
waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical
conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's
menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the
ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and
produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.
Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and
cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a
number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was
designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill
has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as
a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of
sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of
almost anything.
［文章大意］本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并介
绍了纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目，该餐厅将原本会被丢弃的食材
有创意地改造成菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
( )1.What can be inferred about the author's early life
A.He witnessed food shortage.
B.He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C.He donated food to Africans.
D.He helped to cook at home.
√
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes
from growing up in South Africa， where the phrase ‘there are
children starving in Africa’ was more of an uncomfortable
reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.”(这种感觉或许源
于在南非的成长经历——在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿”这句话与其
说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒。)可知，作者
在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短
缺的情况。故选A。
( )2.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A.To customize dishes for guests.
B.To make the public aware of food waste.
C.To test a food processing method.
D.To improve the UK's zero-waste systems.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made
to raise awareness regarding food waste.”(每道菜都是专门设计的，
以提高人们对食物浪费的认识。)可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验
是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
√
( )3.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Why the ingredients were used.
B.Which dishes were best liked.
C.What the dishes were made of.
D.Where the ingredients were bought.
[解析] 段落大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that
none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from
garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples
of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never
√
consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet
potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with
the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent
cuisine.”(值得注意的是，严格来说，wastED的菜单上的菜肴没有一
项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的配料都是大多数餐馆永远不
会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、废弃的红
薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成
了美味的菜肴。)可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的
配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、废弃的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段
主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
( )4.［原创］What's the best title for the passage
A.Food waste: a growing problem
B.Menu design of wastED
C.WastED: a restaurant experiment against food waste
D.The impact of food waste on restaurants
√
[解析] 主旨大意题。A项：只提及了 “食物浪费” 是一个日益严重的
问题，却没有聚焦文章核心的 wastED 餐厅实验，范围过于宽泛。
B项：菜单设计只是第五段的内容，范围过小。C项：文章主要讲述
了纽约的蓝山餐厅(更名为 wastED)专门用原本会被丢弃的食物制作
菜肴，以此提高人们对食物浪费问题的关注,该选项精准抓住了关键
要素——wastED对抗食物浪费的实验。D项：文章没有着重强调食
物浪费对餐厅的影响，而是突出了一家餐厅应对食物浪费的尝试，
该选项不合适。故选C。
主旨大意题命题特点
类型 特点 解读
段落主 旨题 段落主旨通常 围绕该段讨论 的具体对象或 事件，而非泛 泛而谈 通过“…none of the items…made from
garbage.”“…all the ingredients(配料)…most
restaurants would never consider serving.” “…kale ribs, fish collars…cucumber butts…” 等细节，明确讨论的是“wastED 菜单上菜品的食材来源”。干扰项 A “Why the ingredients
类型 特点 解读
段落主 旨题 段落主旨通常 围绕该段讨论 的具体对象或 事件，而非泛 泛而谈 were used.”(为何使用这些食材。)属于第3段的内容(raise awareness)，与本段无关；B “Which
dishes were best liked.”(哪些菜品最受欢迎。)
和D “Where the ingredients were bought.”
(食材在哪里购买。)在本段均未提及，因此可排
除
续表
类型 特点 解读
段落主 旨题 段落常通过对 比或举例突出 核心信息，考 生需识别这些 细节的共同指 向 第5段先通过instead形成对比：“不是由垃圾制
成”→“而是用大多数餐厅不会采用的食材”；随
后列举“羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、废弃红薯、黄瓜
蒂” 这些具体例子，进一步说明 “食材的具体类
型”。对比和举例共同指向 “菜品由什么制成”，
因此主旨为选项C“What the dishes were made
of.”
续表
类型 特点 解读
段落主 旨题 段落主题需覆 盖段落整体信 息，避免以偏 概全 第5段既提到 “食材不是垃圾”，又说明 “食材是
餐厅通常不采用的部分”，还列举了具体例子，
选项 C 完整覆盖这些信息；若选项仅提及“举
例中的某一种食材”(如羽衣甘蓝茎)，则属于以
偏概全，不符合主旨要求
续表
类型 特点 解读
全文主 旨题 核心话题贯穿全 文，是各段落的 “共同焦点”，全 文主旨必须包含 文章反复讨论的 核心对象，即 “高频关键词” 本文的高频关键词：food waste
(食物浪费)、wastED(餐厅实验项目)、
ingredients(食材)、raise awareness
(提高意识)。这些关键词贯穿各段：第 1
段引入食物浪费问题，第 2、3 段介绍
wastED 项目及目的，第 4 段用数据说明
食物浪费的严重性，第 5 段说明项目的食
材来源，第 6 段总结项目的意义
续表
类型 特点 解读
全文主 旨题 体现 “问题—措 施—意义” 的逻 辑链。说明文或 议论文的主旨常 遵循 “提出问 题—介绍措施— 阐述意义”的逻辑 本文逻辑链：问题(食物浪费严重)→措施
(wastED 项目用废弃食材做菜)→意义
(提高公众对食物浪费的关注，探索可持续
发展方式)。符合这一逻辑的标题：
“wastED：一个对抗食物浪费的餐厅实验”，
既包含核心项目(wastED)，又体现目的
(对抗食物浪费)
续表
类型 特点 解读
最佳标 题题 标题需“简洁精 准”，避免 “范围 过大” 或 “过小” 范围过大：如“食物浪费是一个日益严重的
问题”，未提及核心项目wastED，过于宽
泛；范围过小：如“wastED 的菜单设计”，
仅涉及第 5 段内容，未涵盖项目的目的和
意义；精准标题：需平衡“具体项目”与“核
心意义”，如“wastED：一个对抗食物浪费的
餐厅实验”
续表
段落大意题——抓段落主旨
[2025·浙江1月考，D节选]
Martin sees a silver lining, however: she believes that
anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change
stereotypes”. When women are put into positions of leadership
like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about
women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created
to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles—a male robot that
assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations,
for instance.(最后一段)
( )What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A.The quality of genderless products.
B.The upside of gendering a product.
C.The meaning of anthropomorphism.
D.The stereotypes of men and women.
[解析] 段落大意题。最后一段提到,拟人化给改变刻板印象提供了机
会。比如,女性管理公司,就会改变对女性的刻板印象。那么拟人化的
产品,如果设计为与刻板印象不一样的性别,比如男性机器人做女性经
常做的工作,可以逐渐让人们改变对男女的刻板印象。B选项“将产品
性别化的好处。”最符合该段的主旨。故选B项。
√
主旨大意题——文章体裁+串线
[2023·浙江1月考,B节选]
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you
The chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable
lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that
bandwagon.(Para.1)
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste
lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I
continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not
completely zero waste like me. I've learned a few things along
the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're
doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in
a not-always-supportive household.(Para.2)
( )What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one's own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
√
[解析] 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The chances are that if
you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone
around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.”及第二段
中的“I've learned a few things along the way though, which I
hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure
out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive
household.”可知,文章主要讲述了如何在家庭中实践零浪费的生活方
式。故选C。
最佳标题题——2大法定最佳标题
[2024·全国甲卷,B节选]
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For
instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they
rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous
animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who
possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire
conversations with humans using meows and you're able to
interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to
attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking
for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows.
Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and
uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.(Para.1)
( )What is a suitable title for the text
A.Tips on finding a smart cat
B.Understanding your cat's behaviour
C.Have fun with your cat
D.How to keep your cat healthy
√
[解析] 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs
using a lot of ways.”及全文可知,文章在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方
式,包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯,以及这些行为背后的原因和意
义。B项“Understanding your cat's behaviour”(了解你的猫的行为)
适合做文章的最佳标题。故选B项。
A [2025·全国一卷，C]
文体:议论文 主题:人与社会 词数:330
While safety improvements might have been made to our
streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in
pedestrian(行人)mobility, especially among young children. Many
parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their
children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the
car instead.
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Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet
are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement:
How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they
call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our
lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole
neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road
networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities
fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had
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moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a
campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing
her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,
Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York
as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar
campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as
well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is
that the majority of the western cities were completely
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redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of
cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now
have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million
people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we
fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it
costs us as a society when children can't move safely around
our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it's
time to think differently about that street outside your front
door.
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［文章大意］本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围
绕汽车设计道路导致行人减少，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通
过历史案例和现状分析呼吁人们反思街道的功能，重视城市宜居性。
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( )1.What phenomenon does the author point out in
Paragraph 1
A.Cars often get stuck on the road.
B.Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C.People walk less and drive more.
D.Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements
might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport
studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility,
√
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especially among young children. Many parents say there's too
much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to
school, so they pack them into the car instead.” (虽然近年来我
们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性
下降，尤其是年幼的儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们
的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里。)可知，作者
指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
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( )2.What were the Canadian journalist and other
campaigners trying to do
A.Keep their cities livable.
B.Promote cultural diversity.
C.Help the needy families.
D.Make expressways accessible.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian
journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early
1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.
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Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an
expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to
champion ‘New York as a decent place to live, and not just
rush through.’” (最著名的是,一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家
迁往曼哈顿,她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的活动。在描述她对用
高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时,Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫
“纽约作为适宜居住的地方,而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道。”)可推知,加拿
大记者和其他活动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
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( )3.What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia
in the late 1960s and 1970s
A.They boosted the sales of cars.
B.They turned out largely ineffective.
C.They won government support.
D.They advocated building new parks.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these
campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of
the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs
of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been
increasing rapidly.”(尽管这些活动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市
完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加。)
可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的活动未能阻止汽车发
展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
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( )4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Why the rush B.What's next
C.Where to stay D.Who to blame
[解析] 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a
lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account
for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a
society when children can't move safely around our
communities ”(我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，
但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我
√
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们的社区安全地行动时，社会将会付出什么代价吗？)可推知，本文
批判城市过度追求交通效率而忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the
rush ”(为何匆匆？)质问rush through (匆匆通行)的规划理念，契合
主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
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B［2024·新课标Ⅱ卷,C］
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:282
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However,
most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and
covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While
farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,
Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a
family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a
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hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires
little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By
connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also,
there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real
time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces
the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than
watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount
to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with
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a new pre-seeded pod(容器) to get the next growth cycle
started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's
eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from
soil to salad. In addition, there's no need for pesticides and
other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the
surrounding environment.
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BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.
About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they
encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage
cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about
reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said
a BMF employee.
［文章大意］本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微型农场
(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监
控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染以及员工的环保生活方
式等。
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( )5.What can be learned about BMF from Paragraph 1
A.It guarantees the variety of food.
B.It requires day-to-day care.
C.It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D.It relies on farmer's markets.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第一段中“While farmer's markets are a
solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF)
shortens it even more.”可知，巴比伦微型农场进一步缩短了农产品
从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
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( )6.What information does the convenient app offer
A.Real-time weather changes.
B.Current condition of the plants.
C.Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D.Availability of pre-seeded pods.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Also, there is a convenient
app that provides growing data in real time.”可知，这个便捷的应
用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
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( )7.What can be concluded about BMF employees
A.They have a great passion for sports.
B.They are devoted to community service.
C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D.They have a strong environmental awareness.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out
sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or
bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and
waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-
use plastic. ‘We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon
and chemicals in our environment,’ said a BMF employee.”可知，
BMF的员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
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( )8.What does the text mainly talk about
A.BMF's major strengths. B.BMF's general management.
C.BMF's global influence. D.BMF's technical standards.
[解析] 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微型农
场的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、
自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染以及员工的环保生活方式等。
故选A。
√
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重点词句回顾
A.派生词
1.rethink v. 重新思考 n. 再思考
2.neighbourhood n. 社区；街区
3.replacement n. 替换物；替代
4.ownership n. 所有权；拥有(量)
5.innovative adj. 创新的
6.automated adj. 自动化的
7.pre-seeded adj. 预先播种的
8.sustainability n. 可持续性
B.合成词
1.expressway n. 高速公路
2.single-use adj. 单次使用的
C.熟词生义
1.pack(熟义) v. 打包 n. 包裹→(生义) v. 塞进 (A，Para.1)
2.champion(熟义) n. 冠军→(生义) v. 支持；捍卫(A，Para.3)
3.produce(熟义) v. 生产→(生义) n. 农产品(B，Para.1)
4.solid(熟义) adj. 固体的；结实的→(生义) adj. 可靠的；相当不错
的(B，Para.1)
D.长难句分析
1.Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that
the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned
around the needs of the motor car.(A，Para.4)
【分析】主句主干为 “the reality is that…”，其中that引导
__________；although引导 ______________。
【译文】尽管这些运动广泛开展，但现实是大多数西方城市完全是
围绕汽车的需求而重新设计的。
表语从句
让步状语从句
2.Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's
eaten means zero emissions (排放)from transporting plants from
soil to salad.(B，Para.4)
【分析】这是一个“主谓宾”结构的简单句。动名词短语having…
eaten作主语；where引导 __________, 修饰 building；主句谓语为
means，宾语为zero emissions…。
【译文】此外，在食用地点所在的建筑内安装该系统意味着从种植
到食用(从土壤到沙拉)的运输过程中零排放。
定语从句
A [2025·江苏苏州八校高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与自然 词数:317
One day in 1996, someone ate a McDonald's McChicken
burger in Amsterdam. Perhaps a quick bite after work A family
outing These details are lost to time, but others are hard to
erase completely. The meal left a permanent mark on the local
environment when a Eurasian coot (白冠鸡) found the discarded
McChicken wrapper and decided to use it to line its nest,
where it remained.
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“It really shows that it's not just us humans who are writing
history, but also these birds are taking notes and documenting
our throwaway society,” said the nest biologist Auke-Florian
Hiemstra, who has been researching the influence of the
Anthropocene era on birds' nests in Amsterdam's canals. When
investigating nests in the canals, he found a variety of old
packaging discarded from the early 1990s up to last year.
The Eurasian coot only started migrating to Amsterdam in
the late 1980s, and Hiemstra's findings of packaging from 1994
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could show the entire lifespan and heritage of the species in
the area.
While a bird's nest is usually made from twigs (细枝) and
moss, the abundance of plastics has been helpful for birds in
the city where natural items are in short supply. Hiemstra said
there would likely be a return of natural nests if people focused
on re-greening cities and bringing natural water vegetation
back, but in the meantime, the birds were successfully working
with what they had.
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“For the coots, our litter is not a waste product but
something very valuable. Finding these materials that were
littered 30 years ago, yet they look as fresh as they were just
littered yesterday, really gave me the chills. I really hope we can
learn something from the birds to re-evaluate how we think
about our materials. These plastics are a wonderful material, yet
we use them for single use and throw them away,” Hiemstra
said.
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［文章大意］ 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了阿姆斯特丹的白冠鸡
利用人类丢弃的塑料垃圾筑巢的现象，揭示了人类“一次性文化”对鸟
类的影响，并呼吁重新评估塑料的使用方式。
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( )1.What does the McChicken wrapper in the coot's nest
indicate
A.The durability of fast-food packaging.
B.Birds' preference for colourful materials.
C.The long-lasting impact of litter on animals.
D.Birds' adaptation to a worsening environment.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The meal left a permanent
mark on the local environment when a Eurasian coot (白冠鸡)
found the discarded McChicken wrapper and decided to use it
to line its nest, where it remained.”及第五段中的“Finding these
materials that were littered 30 years ago, yet they look as fresh
as they were just littered yesterday, really gave me the chills.”可
知，包装纸在巢中长久留存，表明人类丢弃的垃圾对动物和环境产
生了长期影响，由此可知，白冠鸡巢中的麦香鸡包装纸暗示了垃圾
对动物的持久影响。故选C项。
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( )2.Which of the following best describes the birds in
Amsterdam
A.Pioneering nest builders. B.Witnesses to urbanization.
C.Victims of plastic pollution. D.Resourceful waste recyclers.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第四段“While a bird's nest is usually
made from twigs (细枝) and moss, the abundance of plastics
has been helpful for birds in the city where natural items are in
short supply. Hiemstra said there would likely be a return of
natural nests if people focused on re-greening cities and
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bringing natural water vegetation back, but in the meantime, the
birds were successfully working with what they had.”及第五段中的
“For the coots, our litter is not a waste product but something
very valuable.”可知，阿姆斯特丹的鸟类将人类丢弃的塑料视为可用
资源，巧妙地用于筑巢，展现出利用废弃物的能力，由此可知，最
能描述阿姆斯特丹鸟类的是“足智多谋的废弃物回收者”。故选D项。
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( )3.What do the coots remind people to do according to
Hiemstra
A.Clear up the canals. B.Protect bird habitats.
C.Reuse plastics wisely. D.Expand green space.
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[解析] 细节理解题。根据第五段中Hiemstra的表述“I really hope
we can learn something from the birds to re-evaluate how we
think about our materials. These plastics are a wonderful
material, yet we use them for single use and throw them away…”
可知，他认为人类应借鉴鸟类对塑料的“再利用”方式，重新审视塑料
的价值，避免一次性使用，由此可知，白冠鸡提醒人们要明智地重
复利用塑料。故选C项。
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( )4.What is the best title for the text
A.Plastic waste: a hidden threat to birds
B.Bird nests: a mirror of throwaway culture
C.Eurasian coots: a creative architect in nature
D.Man-made items: a silent driver of nest changes
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[解析] 主旨大意题。文章开篇以白冠鸡用麦当劳包装纸筑巢为例，
随后指出生物学家Hiemstra在研究中发现，从20世纪90年代初到去
年，鸟类巢穴中存在各种人类丢弃的包装。文中强调，鸟类将人类
随手丢弃的垃圾用于筑巢，这些巢穴留存着人类丢弃文化的痕迹，
就像一面镜子映照出人类一次性消费的生活方式，因此B项“Bird
nests: a mirror of throwaway culture”(鸟巢：一次性文化的镜子)精
准概括了文章核心，能体现鸟巢与人类丢弃文化的关联，最适合作
为标题。故选B项。
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B [2025·湖北八校高三三模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:308
Human responses to moral dilemmas (两难选择) can be
influenced by statements written by the artificial intelligence
chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study published in Scientific
Reports. The findings indicate that users may underestimate the
extent to which their own moral judgements can be influenced
by the chatbot.
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Sebastian Krigel and colleagues asked ChatGPT multiple
times whether it is right to sacrifice (牺牲) the life of one
person in order to save the lives of five others. They found that
ChatGPT wrote random statements arguing both for and against
sacrificing one life, indicating that it is not biased towards a
certain moral stance (立场).
The authors then presented 767 US participants, who were
on average 39 years old, with a dilemma whether to sacrifice
one person's life to save five others. Before answering,
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participants read a statement provided by ChatGPT arguing
either for or against sacrificing one life to save five. Statements
were from either a moral advisor or ChatGPT. After answering,
participants were asked whether the statement they read
influenced their answers.
Eighty percent of participants reported that their answers
were not influenced by the statements they read. However, the
authors found that the answers participants believed they would
have provided without reading the statements were still more
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likely to agree with the moral stance of the statement they did
read than with the opposite stance. This indicates that
participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT's
statements on their own moral judgements.
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The authors suggest that the potential for chatbots to
influence human moral judgements highlights the need for
education to help humans better understand artificial intelligence.
They propose that future research should design chatbots that
either decline to answer questions requiring a moral judgement
or answer these questions by providing multiple arguments and
warnings.
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［文章大意］ 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了发表在《科学报
告》上的一项研究表明，人类对道德困境的反应可能会受到人工智
能聊天机器人ChatGPT所写表述的影响。文章介绍了研究开展的经过
以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法。
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( )5.What are ChatGPT's answers to a certain moral stance
like according to Paragraph 2
A.Inconsistent. B.Valuable. C.Creative. D.Simple.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第二段“They found that ChatGPT wrote
random statements arguing both for and against sacrificing one
life, indicating that it is not biased towards a certain moral
stance (立场).”可知，ChatGPT随机写出支持和反对牺牲一条生命的
陈述，这表明它并不偏向于某种道德立场。据此判断，ChatGPT对某
种道德立场的回答不一致。故选A项。
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( )6.What is learned about the participants
A.They admitted the power of ChatGPT.
B.They were interviewed by a moral advisor.
C.They were affected by ChatGPT unknowingly.
D.They were presented with different moral dilemmas.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“This indicates that
participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT's
statements on their own moral judgements.”可知，参与者在不知
不觉中受到了ChatGPT的影响。故选C项。
√
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( )7.What is the last paragraph mainly about
A.Different findings of the study.
B.Future potentials for chatbots.
C.Major focuses of future education.
D.Solutions to the impact of chatbots.
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[解析] 段落大意题。根据最后一段“The authors suggest that the
potential for chatbots to influence human moral judgements
highlights the need for education to help humans better
understand artificial intelligence. They propose that future
research should design chatbots that either decline to answer
questions requiring a moral judgement or answer these
questions by providing multiple arguments and warnings.”可知，
最后一段主要讲解决聊天机器人影响人类道德判断的方法。故选D项。
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( )8.What is the best title for the text
A.ChatGPT tends to cause moral panics
B.ChatGPT: Is it likely to affect our life
C.ChatGPT: Why is it making us so nervous
D.ChatGPT can influence human moral judgements
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[解析] 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Human responses to moral
dilemmas (两难选择) can be influenced by statements written by
the artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT, according to a study
published in Scientific Reports.”以及倒数第二段“This indicates that
participants may have underestimated the influence of ChatGPT's
statements on their own moral judgements.”并结合文章介绍了研
究开展的经过以及发现，最后提到了解决聊天机器人影响的方法可
知，D选项“ChatGPT可以影响人类的道德判断”最适合做文章标题。
故选D项。
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重点词句回顾
A.派生词
1.discard v.丢弃
2.re-green vt.重新绿化；使重现绿色
3.re-evaluate vt. __________
重新评估
4.underestimate vt.低估，看轻
5.multiple adj.多个的，多种的
6.participant n. 参与者
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B.合成词
1.throwaway adj.一次性的；用完即弃的
2.lifespan n.寿命；有效期
3.highlight v.突出，强调
C.熟词生义
1.line(熟义) n. 线条 v. 沿……形成行(或列、排)→(生义) v. 给……
铺衬(内部)，垫在……里(A，Para.1)
2.decline(熟义) v. 下降；衰退→(生义) v. 拒绝(B，Para.5)
D.长难句分析
However, the authors found that the answers participants
believed they would have provided without reading the
statements were still more likely to agree with the moral stance
of the statement they did read than with the opposite stance.
(B，Para.4)
【分析】这是一个包含多重从句的复杂句。主句是the authors
found that…，谓语是found，后接一个由that引导的宾语从句，宾
语从句是一个“主系表”结构。定语从句they would have provided修
饰the answers；定语从句they did read修饰the statement。
【译文】然而，作者们发现，参与者们认为自己在未阅读这些陈述
的情况下本会给出的答案，仍然更有可能与他们实际读到的陈述所
体现的道德立场一致，而非与相反的立场一致。
练真题
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C
真题典例
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A
重点词句回顾
长难句分析:1.表语从句;让步状语从句 2.定语从句
模拟演练
1.C 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.D
重点词句回顾
派生词:3.重新评估
