第7讲 难点突破——长难句分析
【真题典例】
1.条件状语从句;同位语
2.Sometimes I don’t like saying that I’m a teacher;宾语从句;but;后置定语;表语从句
3.它们沉淀在深海
4.伴随状语
【模拟演练】
1.限制性定语从句;非限制性定语从句
2.宾语从句;定语从句;定语从句
3.定语从句;让步状语从句;宾语从句
4.原因状语从句;主语从句;定语从句
5.定语从句;定语从句
6.让步状语从句;宾语从句;定语从句
7.并列谓语;宾语从句;定语从句
8.原因状语;伴随状语第7讲 难点突破——长难句分析
在高考英语阅读理解中,长难句是考生常见的 “拦路虎”,其特点是句子成分复杂(多从句嵌套、非谓语结构)、修饰成分多(介词短语、插入语)、语义抽象。破解长难句的核心在于化繁为简、分层解构。
长难句 类型和 意义 多重复合句 由一个主句和一个或多个从句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)组成,从句通过引导词与主句连接
并列复合句 由并列连词(and, but, or, so 等)连接两个或多个简单句,且其中至少一个简单句包含从句
非谓语结构句 句子中包含不定式、动名词或分词作定语、状语、补语等,且与主句主语存在主动或被动关系
分隔式结构句 句子中主语和谓语、定语和被修饰词等成分被其他成分(如插入语、状语)分隔,增加理解难度
复杂固定句型 包含固定搭配或特殊句型(如比较结构、倍数表达、虚拟语气等)
特殊结构句 包括强调、倒装、省略、独立主格等
分析策略 断句分层 根据引导词(that, which, when 等)或标点(逗号、破折号)划分从句和主句
找主干 先确定主语和谓语,排除从句、非谓语等修饰成分
辨成分 判断非谓语动词、介词短语等修饰成分的作用(定语、状语等)
句子成分分析法:拆分主谓宾,识别主干
核心逻辑:任何句子都有主干(主语+谓语+宾语/表语),先剔除修饰成分(定语、状语、插入语等),再逐层分析细节。
1.[2025·全国一卷, C节选] Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.
[分析] 这里although 引导让步状语从句,主句the reality is that…是“主系表”结构,that 引导表语从句,around the needs of the motor car 为方式状语。
[句意] 尽管这些运动广泛开展,但现实是大多数西方城市完全是围绕汽车的需求而重新设计的。
标点符号定位法:利用符号快速分层
常见标点作用:
逗号:分隔插入语、同位语、状语从句;
破折号:解释说明或补充信息;
括号:附加说明;
分号:连接两个并列分句(逻辑上紧密相关)。
2.Scientists have developed a new material—graphene oxide—that can purify water more efficiently than traditional methods, a breakthrough that could revolutionize global water treatment.
[分析] 这是一个包含多个修饰成分的复合句。句子主干Scientists have developed a new material是“主谓宾”结构,that can purify water more efficiently than traditional methods是定语从句,修饰a new material。graphene oxide是“新材料”的同位语,解释具体名称;逗号后a breakthrough…是整个前半句的同位语,总结意义。
[句意] 科学家开发了一种新材料——氧化石墨烯,其净水效率比传统方法更高,这一突破可能革新全球水处理技术。
非谓语动词分析法:区分谓语与修饰成分
非谓语形式:v.-ing 分词(表主动/进行)、v.-ed 分词(表被动/完成)、to do(表目的/将来)。
关键原则:非谓语动词不能作谓语,其逻辑主语通常是主句主语,充当定语或状语。
3.[2025·全国一卷,C节选] Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.”
[分析] 这是一个包含现在分词作状语的“主谓宾”结构。非谓语动词Describing…为现在分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语是 Jane Jacobs;不定式 to champion 作宾补(call on sb to do sth);直接引语New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through作champion的宾语。
[句意] 简·雅各布斯对当地公园拟被改造成高速公路一事表达了担忧,她呼吁市长捍卫 “纽约作为一个宜居之地,而不只是一个供人匆匆穿行的地方”。
逻辑关系梳理法:抓住连词,理清句间关系
英语中连接词(如 that, which, although, because, if 等)是划分句子层次的关键,需根据连接词判断从句类型(定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句),明确从句与主句的逻辑关系(让步、因果、条件等)。
4.[2025·浙江1月考,A节选] Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to books that are checked out or not owned by our own libraries, as well as digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our collection.
[分析] 这是一个包含定语从句的复合句。主句Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to运用词组provide sb with sth,access to后接两个并列成分books 和 digitized copies,由 as well as连接,连接词that引导定语从句,修饰先行词 books。
[句意] 馆际互借服务(ILL)为教师、学生和员工提供获取以下资源的途径:本馆已借出或未收藏的书籍,以及本馆馆藏中文章和书籍章节的数字化副本。
1.[2025·全国二卷,B节选] “If you’re scared about something and thinking only about that, there’s no way you’re going to be able to learn,” Ho says.
[分析] 这是一个包含直接引语的复合句。主句为Ho says,直接引语部分中if引导的是 ,直接引语中的主句是there’s no way, 从句you’re going to be able to learn解释说明 way的具体内容,省略了连接词 that。
[句意] “如果你为某件事感到害怕,并且满脑子都在想这件事,那你根本不可能学得进去,” 霍说。
2.[2025·全国二卷,B节选] “Sometimes I don’t like saying that I’m a teacher,” says Ho. “People get in their minds an idea of what teachers do, but that’s not really what it is here.”
[分析] 以上是包含直接引语的复合句。两个直接引语均由says Ho引出。第一个直接引语是 ,其中包含 that I’m a teacher;第二个直接引语由 连接两个有转折关系的分句。 of what teachers do修饰 idea,宾语从句what teachers do作 of 的宾语;第二个分句是but that’s not really what it is here,其中包含 what it is here。
[句意] “有时候我不喜欢说自己是老师,” 霍说。“人们脑海里对教师的工作有固定印象,但这里的实际情况并非如此。”
3.[2025·全国一卷,D节选] Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.
[分析] 这句话中一字线前半句为总起句,一字线后半句通过举例具体说明微塑料污染的广泛性。主句是Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth,一字线在这里起解释、举例的作用,补充说明“微塑料成为全球常见污染源”的具体表现,一字线后半句核心结构是“主语(they)+多个并列的谓语动作(settled, stuck, filled, fallen)”。
[句意] 微塑料已成为全球常见的污染源—— 和喜马拉雅山脉,嵌入火山岩中,填满海鸟的胃,甚至落在南极的新雪中。
4.[2025·浙江1月考,C节选] Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavours to the planting mixes while playing with colour and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.
[分析] 这是一个“主谓宾”结构的简单句。主句是Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style,多个现在分词短语adding…, playing…, including…, serving…作 。
[句意] 荷兰园艺师兼设计师皮特·奥多夫的花园让这种风格流行起来,为混合种植增添了艺术气息,同时巧妙运用色彩与形态,既让花园具有四季观赏价值,又能满足野生生物的需求。
1.He also created a smartwatch that changed body heat into energy, which can be used to power up the watch as well as mobile phones.
[分析] 本句含有两个定语从句。其中that引导 ,修饰先行词smartwatch;which引导 ,修饰先行词energy。
[句意] 他还发明了一款智能手表,可以将体温转化为能量,就可以用来为手表和手机充电。
2.Noticing that our behaviour is influenced by other people, we can be intentional and try to focus on the people who are doing the things we want to get into ourselves.
[分析] Noticing that our behaviour is influenced by other people是现在分词短语作状语,其中that从句是 ;who are doing the things we want to get into ourselves是 ,修饰先行词the people,其中含有the things作先行词的 we want to get into ourselves,省略that/which。
[句意] 注意到我们的行为受到他人的影响,我们可以有意识地尝试关注那些在做我们自己想要做的事情的人。
3.Simply stated, this is the tendency for people to choose a leisure activity that requires very little effort even though they know that a true mood boost would come from sharpening and applying their skills.
[分析] that requires very little effort是 ,修饰先行词a leisure activity;even though 引导 ,在这个从句中,动词know后是 that a true mood boost would come from sharpening and applying their skills。
[句意] 简单来说,这是指人们倾向于选择一种不需要付出多少努力的休闲活动,即使他们知道真正的情绪提升来自提升和运用他们的技能。
4.However, it’s an unreasonable choice because what will really make you happier is being busy in an activity that allows you to expand and strengthen your skills.
[分析] because引导的是 ,在这个从句中,what will really make you happier是 ,that引导的 that allows you to expand and strengthen your skills修饰先行词activity。
[句意] 然而,这是一个不合理的选择,因为真正让你更快乐的是忙于一项可以扩展和加强你的技能的活动。
5.In addition to AI Record FinderTM, MyHeritage has also introduced AI BiographerTM, another innovative feature that automatically generates a narrative biography of an ancestor’s life using information from historical records that match the person.
[分析] another innovative feature…match the person是AI BiographerTM的同位语。其中that引导的 that automatically generates a narrative biography…match the person修饰先行词another innovative feature;在这个从句中,using information from historical records that match the person是现在分词短语作状语,在这个分词短语中含有一个that 引导的 that match the person,修饰先行词historical records。
[句意] 除了AI Record FinderTM,MyHeritage还推出了AI BiographerTM,这是另一项创新功能,可以使用匹配该人物的历史记录中的信息自动生成关于祖先生活的叙述性传记。
6.Although the new policy aims to reduce traffic congestion, some residents argue that it may cause inconvenience for those who rely heavily on private cars.
[分析] 这是一个包含让步状语从句和主句的复合句,整体结构为 “让步状语从句+主句”。Although the new policy aims to reduce traffic congestion是 ,主句是some residents argue that it may cause inconvenience for those who rely heavily on private cars; that it may cause inconvenience for those who rely heavily on private cars作argue 的宾语,for those是介词短语作状语, who rely heavily on private cars修饰 those。
[句意] 尽管新政策旨在缓解交通拥堵,但一些居民认为,这可能给严重依赖私家车的人带来不便。
7.The research, which was published in Nature and involved scientists from 20 countries, shows that climate change will significantly affect crop production in regions where water is already scarce.
[分析] 这是一个包含多个从句的复合句,整体结构为“主句 + 定语从句 + 宾语从句 + 定语从句”。主句核心结构是The research shows that…。非限制性定语从句which was published in Nature and involved scientists from 20 countries修饰主语the research,定语从句中was published 和involved是 ; that climate change will significantly affect crop production in regions where water is already scarce作 shows 的宾语,in regions是地点状语,where water is already scarce引导 ,修饰regions。
[句意] 这项发表在《自然》杂志上、涉及 20 个国家科学家的研究表明,气候变化将显著影响水资源本已匮乏地区的农作物产量。
8.Feeling tired after the long journey, she decided to take a rest in the hotel located near the airport, hoping to recharge before the important meeting tomorrow.
[分析] 这是一个包含多个非谓语动词短语的简单句。主句是she decided to take a rest in the hotel located near the airport;非谓语动词短语Feeling tired after the long journey作 ,过去分词短语located near the airport修饰名词hotel;hoping to recharge before the important meeting tomorrow用作 。
[句意] 她长途旅行后感到疲惫,决定在机场附近的酒店休息,希望在明天的重要会议前恢复精力。训练(七)
A
[文章大意] 本文是一篇应用文,主要介绍了 Sellman 种植园的考古项目,包括志愿者在考古实验室可以做的工作、年龄和时间要求以及报名方式等信息,目的是招募志愿者参与历史研究。
1.B 细节理解题。根据“…dig in areas that scientists think contain objects that show how the local people lived.” 以及 “…sort soil through big screens to find small items like old pipes, nails, and Indian artifacts (器物).” 可知,志愿者在考古实验室可以挖掘和发现历史文物。故选 B。
2.A 细节理解题。根据文章Age and time commitment中“Minimum age is 16.”可知,在实验室做志愿者的必要条件是至少 16 岁。故选 A。
3.C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“The area is full of history just waiting to be explored, and that is exactly what volunteer scientists are doing as part of several active archaeology (考古) projects at the plantation.” 以及下文对志愿者工作内容、要求和报名方式的介绍可推知,本文的主要目的是为历史研究招募志愿者。故选 C。
B
[文章大意] 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要讲述了RSPB招募访客参与志愿者的事项。
4.D 细节理解题。由文章第一段中“The RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) manages an extensive network of nature reserves, providing essential habitats for a wide variety of bird species. As nature faces increasing challenges and wildlife habitats become scarcer, it is more important than ever to encourage people to engage with these vital spaces.”可知,皇家鸟类保护协会(RSPB)的访客参与计划的目标是促进公众参与保护自然。故选D。
5.C 细节理解题。由文章What you’ll do & skills needed部分中“Supporting events to ensure they run smoothly and successfully.”可知,志愿者在这个项目中需要做的事情包括协助活动以确保其顺利有效地进行。故选C。
6.B 细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“To support your involvement, we cover up to 50% of your travel expenses for the first ￡100 and 20% for any additional costs, ensuring you won’t be left out of pocket.”可知,120英镑的旅行费用中,前100英镑的50%即50英镑可以得到报销,额外的20英镑的20%即4英镑可以得到报销,总共可以报销54英镑。故选B。
C
[文章大意] 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了鲍灵格林州立大学的海洋生物营的相关信息,包括活动日期、活动内容、费用、申请要求及截止日期等,以吸引对海洋生态系统感兴趣的高中生参加该夏令营,体验海洋科学的奇妙。
7.D 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“This camp is the only one in the Midwest that allows students to explore marine science.”可知,该营地是中西部地区唯一一个能让学生探索海洋科学的营地,这是其与中西部其他项目的不同之处。故选D。
8.B 细节理解题。根据文章Programme costs部分中的“The non-residential programme costs $850, while the residential option adds an extra $400.”可知,住宿生的总费用为(850+400=)1250美元;再根据“A 10% early bird discount is available for those who apply early.”可知,早申请的人可享受10%的优惠。由此可知,早申请的人在住宿费用上能节省(1250*10%=)125美元。故选B。
9.A 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Are you curious about the mysteries of marine ecosystems Do you have a passion for exploring marine life ”以及全文内容可知,文章开头提出问题,引出鲍灵格林州立大学的海洋生物营项目。接着详细介绍了营地的活动日期、学生可以期待的活动(如实地考察、实践活动、实验室体验等)、项目费用、申请要求以及申请截止日期等信息。由此可知,文章介绍项目的各种优势和具体信息的目的是吸引对海洋科学感兴趣的高中生来参加这个营地。故选A。
D
[文章大意] 这是一篇应用文,主要介绍了从斯德哥尔摩到阿比斯库的火车旅行,包括旅行的目的(看北极光)、火车行程、看到的景象以及车票价格等信息。
10.B 细节理解题。根据第一段“For travellers taking the train from Stockholm to Abisko, there’s a shared goal—witnessing the Northern Lights.”可知,前往阿比斯库的游客的共同目标是目睹北极光,北极光是一种自然现象,所以游客访问阿比斯库的主要原因是为了看一种自然现象。故选B项。
11.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Single ticket options include a single seat($95), a berth (卧铺) in a six-person carriage($140), a berth in a three-person carriage($170), a private second-class compartment(隔间)for groups of three($400), or a first-class private compartment with a toilet and shower($600).”可知,火车旅行提供了多种车票选择。故选C项。
12.D 推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“For travellers taking the train from Stockholm to Abisko, there’s a shared goal—witnessing the Northern Lights.”可知,文章主要介绍了从斯德哥尔摩到阿比斯库的火车旅行,包括旅行的目的(看北极光)、火车行程、看到的景象以及车票价格等信息,最后还提到了如果天气影响行程会提供其他替代方案,整体是在宣传这个火车旅行,所以这篇文章可能来自一则旅游广告。故选D项。训练(七) 应用文难点练
A [2025·河北石家庄高三教学质量检测(二)]
文体:应用文 主题:人与社会 词数:243
The Sellman Plantation is made up of 500 acres (英亩) of farmland and the historic Sellman House. The area is full of history just waiting to be explored, and that is exactly what volunteer scientists are doing as part of several active archaeology (考古) projects at the plantation.
The Archaeology Lab is staffed entirely by volunteers and college students. We encourage anyone who is interested to get in touch with us. As a volunteer, you’ll have the opportunity to:
●dig in areas that scientists think contain objects that show how the local people lived.
●sort soil through big screens to find small items like old pipes, nails, and Indian artifacts (器物).
●smooth the units to reveal colour and texture patterns that provide evidence of how the land was used.
●wash and identify recovered artifacts.
If you are interested in regularly volunteering, we encourage you to consider creating your own research project. You can:
●develop original research questions.
●create procedures to answer those questions.
●do the research with support from assistant volunteer scientists.
●write reports about the methods and findings.
Age and time commitment
Minimum age is 16.
Minimum time commitment is three 3-hour visits.
Days/times
The lab is active on Wednesdays from 9 am to 3 pm, but volunteers don’t need to stay the entire day.
To sign up or for more information
Contact Rachael Mady, SERC Participatory Science Coordinator, at MadyR@si.edu or 443-482-2276.
( )1.What can volunteers do at the Archaeology Lab
A.Classify ancient documents.
B.Uncover historical artifacts.
C.Interview research assistants.
D.Organize public exhibitions.
( )2.What is an essential requirement for volunteering at the lab
A.Being at least 16 years old.
B.Staying for the entire 6-hour workday.
C.Participating every Wednesday.
D.Writing reports on archaeological findings.
( )3.What is the main purpose of this text
A.To promote tourism at Sellman Plantation.
B.To train scientists in advanced techniques.
C.To seek volunteers for historical studies.
D.To explain the history of the Sellman House.
B [2025·山东青岛高三二模]
文体:应用文 主题:人与社会 词数:239
Visitor engagement volunteer
The RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) manages an extensive network of nature reserves, providing essential habitats for a wide variety of bird species. As nature faces increasing challenges and wildlife habitats become scarcer, it is more important than ever to encourage people to engage with these vital spaces. To enhance our visitor engagement efforts, we are looking for enthusiastic volunteers to help inspire a love for nature.
What you’ll do & skills needed
Your tasks will vary depending on the reserve but may include:
Greeting visitors warmly and providing assistance with a friendly smile.
Supporting events to ensure they run smoothly and successfully.
Encouraging visitors to become members and support our conservation work.
Maintaining welcome areas to ensure they are tidy, well-organized, and informative.
We are seeking friendly, outgoing individuals who enjoy meeting new people and are passionate about the natural world. Strong organizational skills and attention to detail will help ensure our events are a success. You don’t need to be an expert in wildlife—all you need is a love for nature and a desire to learn!
A few details to note
This volunteer opportunity is ideal for young people under 18 who want to make a positive difference. To support your involvement, we cover up to 50% of your travel expenses for the first ￡100 and 20% for any additional costs, ensuring you won’t be left out of pocket.
( )4.What is the goal of the RSPB’s visitor engagement programme
A.To maintain and expand nature reserves.
B.To gather volunteers for ecological studies.
C.To offer educational programmes about bird species.
D.To promote public involvement in preserving nature.
( )5.What are volunteers expected to do in this programme
A.Organize travel arrangements for visitors.
B.Conduct wildlife surveys at nature reserves.
C.Assist with events to ensure effective operation.
D.Provide expert knowledge about wildlife protection.
( )6.How much of an individual’s travel expenses of ￡120 can get covered
A.￡50. B.￡54.
C.￡60. D.￡80.
C [2025·贵州毕节高三二模]
文体:应用文 主题:人与社会 词数:260
Marine Biology Camp at BGSU
Are you curious about the mysteries of marine ecosystems Do you have a passion for exploring marine life Bowling Green State University (BGSU) offers a unique opportunity for high school students to experience the wonders of the ocean at our Marine Biology Camp! This camp is the only one in the Midwest that allows students to explore marine science.
Camp dates: June 8—13, 2026.
What can you expect
·Field trips: Explore marine life and habitats around Northwest Ohio through exciting field trips.
·Hands-on activities: Learn specimen collection techniques through practical sessions.
·Lab experience: Design and conduct your own experiment in our state-of-the-art research lab.
·Exclusive tour: Get a behind-the-scenes look at the Toledo Zoo to discover more about marine animals.
·Meet experts: Interact with marine scientists to understand their careers and the importance of marine biology.
Programme costs
BGSU’s Marine Biology Camp offers both residential and non-residential options. The non-residential programme costs $850, while the residential option adds an extra $400. The total fee includes accommodation, meals, lab materials, and transportation for field trips. A 10% early bird discount is available for those who apply early.
Application requirements
·A letter of recommendation
·Completion of the online application form
·Responses to short-answer questions(Note: Responses must be written by the applicant. Any answers provided by others will result in disqualification.)
Application deadlines
·March 2,2026: Apply for early admission. Notifications will be sent out by March 14.
·April 25,2026: Final application deadline.(Note: Spaces may fill up quickly after the early admission deadline.)
( )7.What makes BGSU’s programme different from others in the Midwest
A.The free camp opportunity.
B.The focus on the marine protection.
C.The university credit course.
D.The rare marine science exploration.
( )8.How much can early applicants save on residential fees
A.$85. B.$125. C.$40. D.$400.
( )9.What is the primary purpose of the text
A.To attract camp participants.
B.To compare different activities.
C.To explain marine research methods.
D.To advertise university facilities.
D [2025·河南安阳高三二模]
文体:应用文 主题:人与社会 词数:278
For travellers taking the train from Stockholm to Abisko, there’s a shared goal—witnessing the Northern Lights. Abisko, a small town about 150 miles north of the Arctic Circle, is one of Sweden’s northernmost settlements and has some of the clearest skies in Europe, a golden ticket for those who are crazy about the Northern Lights.
The train departs from Stockholm at 6 pm daily and arrives in Sápmi—the traditional territory of the Sámi people, with a pink sunrise over snow plains and fir trees. At night you can spot the Milky Way and other dark sky phenomena from your hotel window or head to remote areas of the village, such as Lake Tornetrsk Pier.
The best way to see the lights may be on the return train to Stockholm. Barely 30 minutes have passed before an announcement rings out over the train’s speakers: “If you look out of the right-hand windows, you’ll see a wonderful show from the Northern Lights.” A number of tourists in the carriage rush to press their faces against the windows and are treated to hours of recurring lights.
Norwegian railway service Vy runs a direct Stockholm-to-Abisko train daily, leaving at 6 pm and arriving by 11 am. Single ticket options include a single seat ($95), a berth (卧铺) in a six-person carriage ($140), a berth in a three-person carriage ($170), a private second-class compartment (隔间) for groups of three ($400), or a first-class private compartment with a toilet and shower ($600).
Vy offers bus or other travel alternatives if weather affects your trip. You will be travelling through some of the toughest climates, so prepare for minor delays—it’s all part of the experience.
( )10.What is the primary reason for travellers to visit Abisko
A.To experience Sweden’s culture.
B.To see a natural phenomenon.
C.To explore the Sámi territory.
D.To admire the pink sunrise.
( )11.What can we learn about the journey
A.It can last for about 6 hours.
B.It can be canceled if terrible weather occurs.
C.The train ride provides various ticket choices for riders.
D.The train ride offers opportunities to see the Milky Way in Abisko.
( )12.Where is the text probably taken from
A.A travel journal.
B.A science report.
C.A geography textbook.
D.A travel advertisement.
A.词汇积累
1.identify v. 识别;确认
2.extensive adj. 广泛的;大量的
3.a wide variety of 种类繁多的
4.engagement n. 参与
5.enthusiastic adj.热情的;热心的
6.informative adj.提供有用信息的
7.exclusive adj.独有的;排他的
8.disqualification n. 取消资格;不合格
B.熟词生义
1.The Archaeology Lab is staffed entirely by
volunteers and college students. (阅读A)
staff (熟义)n.全体职工→(生义)vt. 为……配备职员
【译文】 考古实验室的工作人员全部由志愿者和大学生组成。
2.Barely 30 minutes have passed before an announcement rings out over the train’s speakers…(阅读D)
ring(熟义)v.打电话n.戒指;铃声→(生义)v. 响起(铃声)
【译文】 才过去不到 30分钟,火车广播里就响起了一则通知……(共35张PPT)
第7讲 难点突破——长难句分析
在高考英语阅读理解中，长难句是考生常见的 “拦路虎”，其特点
是句子成分复杂(多从句嵌套、非谓语结构)、修饰成分多(介词短语、
插入语)、语义抽象。破解长难句的核心在于化繁为简、分层解构。
长难句 类型和 意义 多重复合句 由一个主句和一个或多个从句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)组成，从句通过引导词与主句连接
并列复合句 由并列连词(and, but, or, so 等)连接两
个或多个简单句，且其中至少一个简单
句包含从句
长难句 类型和 意义 非谓语结构句 句子中包含不定式、动名词或分词作
定语、状语、补语等，且与主句主语
存在主动或被动关系
分隔式结构句 句子中主语和谓语、定语和被修饰词
等成分被其他成分(如插入语、状语)
分隔，增加理解难度
复杂固定句型 包含固定搭配或特殊句型(如比较结构、倍数表达、虚拟语气等)
特殊结构句 包括强调、倒装、省略、独立主格等
续表
长难句 分析 策略 断句分层 根据引导词(that, which, when 等)或
标点(逗号、破折号)划分从句和主句
找主干 先确定主语和谓语，排除从句、非谓
语等修饰成分
辨成分 判断非谓语动词、介词短语等修饰成
分的作用(定语、状语等)
续表
句子成分分析法：拆分主谓宾，识别主干
核心逻辑：任何句子都有主干(主语+谓语+宾语/表语)，先剔除修饰
成分(定语、状语、插入语等)，再逐层分析细节。
1.［2025·全国一卷，C节选］Although these campaigns were
widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities
were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.
［分析］这里although引导让步状语从句，主句the reality is
that…是“主系表”结构，that引导表语从句，around the needs of
the motor car为方式状语。
［句意］尽管这些运动广泛开展，但现实是大多数西方城市完全是
围绕汽车的需求而重新设计的。
标点符号定位法：利用符号快速分层
常见标点作用：
逗号：分隔插入语、同位语、状语从句；
破折号：解释说明或补充信息；
括号：附加说明；
分号：连接两个并列分句(逻辑上紧密相关)。
2.Scientists have developed a new material—graphene oxide—
that can purify water more efficiently than traditional methods, a
breakthrough that could revolutionize global water treatment.
［分析］这是一个包含多个修饰成分的复合句。句子主干Scientists
have developed a new material是“主谓宾”结构，that can purify
water more efficiently than traditional methods是定语从句，修饰a
new material。graphene oxide是“新材料”的同位语，解释具体名称；
逗号后a breakthrough…是整个前半句的同位语，总结意义。
［句意］科学家开发了一种新材料——氧化石墨烯，其净水效率比
传统方法更高，这一突破可能革新全球水处理技术。
非谓语动词分析法：区分谓语与修饰成分
非谓语形式：v.-ing分词(表主动/进行)、v.-ed分词(表被动/完成)、
to do(表目的/将来)。
关键原则：非谓语动词不能作谓语，其逻辑主语通常是主句主语，
充当定语或状语。
3.［2025·全国一卷,C节选］Describing her alarm at its proposed
replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her
mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live,
and not just rush through.”
［分析］这是一个包含现在分词作状语的“主谓宾”结构。非谓语动词
Describing…为现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语是Jane Jacobs；
不定式 to champion 作宾补(call on sb to do sth)；直接引语New
York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through作
champion的宾语。
［句意］简·雅各布斯对当地公园拟被改造成高速公路一事表达了担
忧，她呼吁市长捍卫 “纽约作为一个宜居之地，而不只是一个供人
匆匆穿行的地方”。
逻辑关系梳理法：抓住连词，理清句间关系
英语中连接词(如 that, which, although, because, if 等)是划分句子
层次的关键，需根据连接词判断从句类型(定语从句、状语从句、名
词性从句)，明确从句与主句的逻辑关系(让步、因果、条件等)。
4.［2025·浙江1月考,A节选］Interlibrary Loan (ILL) provides
teachers, students and staff with access to books that are
checked out or not owned by our own libraries, as well as
digitized copies of articles and book chapters from our
collection.
［分析］这是一个包含定语从句的复合句。主句Interlibrary Loan
(ILL) provides teachers, students and staff with access to运用词组
provide sb with sth，access to后接两个并列成分books和 digitized
copies，由 as well as连接，连接词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词
books。
［句意］馆际互借服务(ILL)为教师、学生和员工提供获取以下资源
的途径：本馆已借出或未收藏的书籍，以及本馆馆藏中文章和书籍
章节的数字化副本。
1.[2025·全国二卷,B节选] “If you're scared about something and
thinking only about that, there's no way you're going to be
able to learn,” Ho says.
［分析］这是一个包含直接引语的复合句。主句为Ho says，直接引
语部分中if引导的是 ______________，直接引语中的主句是there's
no way， ________从句you're going to be able to learn解释说明
way的具体内容，省略了连接词that。
［句意］“如果你为某件事感到害怕，并且满脑子都在想这件事，那
你根本不可能学得进去，” 霍说。
条件状语从句
同位语
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2.［2025·全国二卷,B节选］“Sometimes I don't like saying that I'm
a teacher,” says Ho. “People get in their minds an idea of what
teachers do, but that's not really what it is here.”
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［分析］以上是包含直接引语的复合句。两个直接引语均由says Ho
引出。第一个直接引语是 ____________________________________
__________，其中包含 __________that I'm a teacher；第二个直接
引语由 _____连接两个有转折关系的分句。 __________of what
teachers do修饰 idea，宾语从句what teachers do作 of 的宾语；
第二个分句是but that's not really what it is here，其中包含
__________what it is here。
［句意］“有时候我不喜欢说自己是老师，” 霍说。“人们脑海里对教
师的工作有固定印象，但这里的实际情况并非如此。”
Sometimes I don't like saying that I'm
a teacher
宾语从句
but
后置定语
表语从句
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3.［2025·全国一卷，D节选］Microplastics have become a
common source of pollution across the Earth—they have settled
in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic
rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh
Antarctic snow.
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［分析］这句话中一字线前半句为总起句，一字线后半句通过举例
具体说明微塑料污染的广泛性。主句是Microplastics have become
a common source of pollution across the Earth，一字线在这里起
解释、举例的作用，补充说明“微塑料成为全球常见污染源”的具体表
现，一字线后半句核心结构是“主语(they)+多个并列的谓语动作
(settled, stuck, filled, fallen)”。
［句意］微塑料已成为全球常见的污染源—— ________________和喜
马拉雅山脉，嵌入火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。
它们沉淀在深海
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4.[2025·浙江1月考，C节选] Dutch plantsman and designer Piet
Oudolf's gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavours
to the planting mixes while playing with colour and form,
including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.
［分析］这是一个“主谓宾”结构的简单句。主句是Dutch plantsman
and designer Piet Oudolf's gardens popularized this style，多个
现在分词短语adding…, playing…, including…, serving…作______
______。
［句意］荷兰园艺师兼设计师皮特·奥多夫的花园让这种风格流行起
来，为混合种植增添了艺术气息，同时巧妙运用色彩与形态，既让
花园具有四季观赏价值，又能满足野生生物的需求。
状语
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伴随
1.He also created a smartwatch that changed body heat into
energy, which can be used to power up the watch as well as
mobile phones.
［分析］本句含有两个定语从句。其中that引导 ________________,
修饰先行词smartwatch;which引导 __________________ ,修饰先行词
energy。
［句意］他还发明了一款智能手表,可以将体温转化为能量,就可以用
来为手表和手机充电。
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
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2.Noticing that our behaviour is influenced by other people, we
can be intentional and try to focus on the people who are
doing the things we want to get into ourselves.
［分析］Noticing that our behaviour is influenced by other
people是现在分词短语作状语,其中that从句是 __________;who are
doing the things we want to get into ourselves是 __________，
修饰先行词the people,其中含有the things作先行词的 __________
we want to get into ourselves,省略that/which。
［句意］注意到我们的行为受到他人的影响,我们可以有意识地尝试
关注那些在做我们自己想要做的事情的人。
宾语从句
定语从句
定语从句
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3.Simply stated, this is the tendency for people to choose a
leisure activity that requires very little effort even though they
know that a true mood boost would come from sharpening and
applying their skills.
［分析］that requires very little effort是 __________,修饰先行词a
leisure activity;even though引导 ______________,在这个从句中,
动词know后是 __________that a true mood boost would come
from sharpening and applying their skills。
［句意］简单来说,这是指人们倾向于选择一种不需要付出多少努力的
休闲活动,即使他们知道真正的情绪提升来自提升和运用他们的技能。
定语从句
让步状语从句
宾语从句
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4.However, it's an unreasonable choice because what will really
make you happier is being busy in an activity that allows you
to expand and strengthen your skills.
［分析］because引导的是 ______________,在这个从句中,what will
really make you happier是 __________,that引导的 __________that
allows you to expand and strengthen your skills修饰先行词
activity。
［句意］然而,这是一个不合理的选择,因为真正让你更快乐的是忙于
一项可以扩展和加强你的技能的活动。
原因状语从句
主语从句
定语从句
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5.In addition to AI Record Finder TM , MyHeritage has also
introduced AI Biographer TM , another innovative feature that
automatically generates a narrative biography of an ancestor's
life using information from historical records that match the
person.
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［分析］another innovative feature…match the person是AI
Biographer TM 的同位语。其中that引导的 __________that
automatically generates a narrative biography…match the person
修饰先行词another innovative feature;在这个从句中,using
information from historical records that match the person是现在
分词短语作状语,在这个分词短语中含有一个that引导的 __________
that match the person,修饰先行词historical records。
［句意］除了AI Record Finder TM ,MyHeritage还推出了AI
Biographer TM ,这是另一项创新功能,可以使用匹配该人物的历史记录
中的信息自动生成关于祖先生活的叙述性传记。
定语从句
定语从句
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6.Although the new policy aims to reduce traffic congestion,
some residents argue that it may cause inconvenience for those
who rely heavily on private cars.
［分析］这是一个包含让步状语从句和主句的复合句，整体结构为
“让步状语从句+主句”。Although the new policy aims to reduce
traffic congestion是 ______________，主句是some residents argue
that it may cause inconvenience for those who rely heavily on
private cars； __________that it may cause inconvenience for
those who rely heavily on private cars作argue 的宾语，for those
让步状语从句
宾语从句
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是介词短语作状语， __________who rely heavily on private cars
修饰those。
［句意］尽管新政策旨在缓解交通拥堵，但一些居民认为，这可能
给严重依赖私家车的人带来不便。
定语从句
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7.The research, which was published in Nature and involved
scientists from 20 countries, shows that climate change will
significantly affect crop production in regions where water is
already scarce.
［分析］这是一个包含多个从句的复合句，整体结构为“主句 + 定
语从句 + 宾语从句 + 定语从句”。主句核心结构是The research
shows that…。非限制性定语从句which was published in Nature
and involved scientists from 20 countries修饰主语the research，
定语从句中was published 和involved是 __________；
并列谓语
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__________that climate change will significantly affect crop
production in regions where water is already scarce作 shows 的
宾语，in regions是地点状语，where water is already scarce引导
__________，修饰regions。
［句意］这项发表在《自然》杂志上、涉及 20 个国家科学家的研
究表明，气候变化将显著影响水资源本已匮乏地区的农作物产量。
宾语从句
定语从句
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8.Feeling tired after the long journey, she decided to take a rest
in the hotel located near the airport, hoping to recharge before
the important meeting tomorrow.
［分析］这是一个包含多个非谓语动词短语的简单句。主句是she
decided to take a rest in the hotel located near the airport；非
谓语动词短语Feeling tired after the long journey作 __________，
过去分词短语located near the airport修饰名词hotel；hoping to
recharge before the important meeting tomorrow用作 __________。
［句意］她长途旅行后感到疲惫，决定在机场附近的酒店休息，希
望在明天的重要会议前恢复精力。
原因状语
伴随状语
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真题典例
1.条件状语从句；同位语
2.Sometimes I don‘t like saying that I’m a teacher；宾语从句；
But；后置定语；表语从句
3.它们沉淀在深海
4.伴随状语
模拟演练
1.限制性定语从句；非限制性定语从句
2.宾语从句；定语从句；定语从句
3.定语从句；让步状语从句；宾语从句
4.原因状语从句；主语从句；定语从句
5.定语从句；定语从句
6.让步状语从句；宾语从句；定语从句
7.并列谓语；宾语从句；定语从句
8.原因状语；伴随状语
