选修2 Unit1 Science and Scientists核心词汇语境记忆及检测

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名称 选修2 Unit1 Science and Scientists核心词汇语境记忆及检测
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科目 英语
更新时间 2026-01-20 00:00:00

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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
人教版高中英语选修2 Unit1 Science and Scientists
核心词汇语境记忆
1. Science is a systematic way of building and organizing knowledge through observation and experimentation.
(重点词汇:science 科学,systematic 系统性的,organize knowledge 组织知识,observation 观察,experimentation 实验)
中文翻译:科学是一种通过观察和实验来构建和组织知识的系统性方法。
2. A scientist must possess a curious mind and a willingness to question existing theories.
(重点词汇:scientist 科学家,possess 拥有,curious mind 好奇的心,willingness 意愿,question 质疑,existing theory 现有理论)
中文翻译:科学家必须拥有一颗好奇的心和愿意质疑现有理论的意愿。
3. The scientific method involves making observations, forming a hypothesis, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions.
(重点词汇:scientific method 科学方法,involve 涉及,form a hypothesis 形成假设,conduct experiment 进行实验,draw conclusion 得出结论)
中文翻译:科学方法包括进行观察、形成假设、进行实验和得出结论。
4. Research is the diligent study of a subject to discover new facts or develop new theories.
(重点词汇:research 研究,diligent study 勤奋的研究,subject 课题,discover new fact 发现新事实,develop new theory 发展新理论)
中文翻译:研究是对一个课题进行勤奋的学习,以发现新的事实或发展新的理论。
5. A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation that can be tested through experimentation.
(重点词汇:hypothesis 假设,educated guess 有根据的猜测,proposed explanation 提出的解释,test 检验,experimentation 实验)
中文翻译:假设是一种可以通过实验来检验的有根据的猜测或提出的解释。
6. An experiment is a carefully controlled procedure carried out to test a hypothesis or demonstrate a known fact.
(重点词汇:experiment 实验,carefully controlled 仔细控制的,procedure 步骤,carry out 执行,demonstrate 证明)
中文翻译:实验是为检验假设或证明已知事实而执行的、受仔细控制的步骤。
7. Data collected from experiments must be accurate and reliable for the results to be valid.
(重点词汇:data 数据,collect 收集,accurate 准确的,reliable 可靠的,valid 有效的)
中文翻译:从实验中收集的数据必须准确可靠,其结果才有效。
8. Analysis of the results is a critical step in understanding what the data means.
(重点词汇:analysis 分析,result 结果,critical step 关键步骤,understand 理解,mean 意味着)
中文翻译:对结果进行分析是理解数据意义的关键一步。
9. A theory in science is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts.
(重点词汇:theory 理论,well-substantiated 有充分依据的,explanation 解释,aspect 方面,based on 基于)
中文翻译:科学中的理论是基于大量事实对自然界某些方面所做的有充分依据的解释。
10. Peer review is a process where other experts in the field evaluate a scientist's work before publication.
(重点词汇:peer review 同行评审,process 过程,expert 专家,evaluate 评估,publication 发表)
中文翻译:同行评审是该领域的其他专家在科学家的工作发表前对其进行评估的过程。
11. Evidence is the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true.
(重点词汇:evidence 证据,available 可获得的,body of facts 一系列事实,indicate 表明,proposition 命题)
中文翻译:证据是指表明一个信念或命题是否真实的现有事实或信息总和。
12. Laboratory equipment, such as microscopes and test tubes, is essential for conducting experiments.
(重点词汇:laboratory equipment 实验室设备,microscope 显微镜,test tube 试管,essential 必不可少的,conduct experiment 进行实验)
中文翻译:显微镜和试管等实验室设备对于进行实验是必不可少的。
13. Variables are factors in an experiment that can be changed or controlled to test their effects.
(重点词汇:variable 变量,factor 因素,experiment 实验,change 改变,control 控制,effect 影响)
中文翻译:变量是实验中可以改变或控制以测试其影响的因素。
14. Quantitative data involves numbers and measurements, while qualitative data involves descriptions and characteristics.
(重点词汇:quantitative data 定量数据,involve 涉及,number 数字,measurement 测量,qualitative data 定性数据,description 描述)
中文翻译:定量数据涉及数字和测量,而定性数据涉及描述和特征。
15. Innovation in science often comes from thinking creatively and challenging conventional wisdom.
(重点词汇:innovation 创新,come from 来自,think creatively 创造性地思考,challenge 挑战,conventional wisdom 传统观念)
中文翻译:科学创新常常源于创造性思维和挑战传统观念。
16. Ethics in research require scientists to be honest, transparent, and respectful of subjects and the environment.
(重点词汇:ethics 伦理道德,research 研究,require 要求,honest 诚实的,transparent 透明的,respectful 尊重的)
中文翻译:研究伦理要求科学家诚实、透明,并尊重研究对象和环境。
17. A breakthrough is an important discovery or development that significantly advances scientific understanding.
(重点词汇:breakthrough 突破,important discovery 重要发现,development 进展,significantly 显著地,advance 推进)
中文翻译:突破是指显著推进科学理解的重要发现或进展。
18. Empirical evidence is based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.
(重点词汇:empirical evidence 实证证据,based on 基于,observation 观察,experience 经验,rather than 而不是)
中文翻译:实证证据是基于观察或经验,而非理论或纯逻辑的。
19. Publication in a reputable journal is how scientists share their findings with the global community.
(重点词汇:publication 发表,reputable journal 知名期刊,share 分享,finding 发现,global community 全球科学界)
中文翻译:在知名期刊上发表论文是科学家与全球科学界分享其发现的方式。
20. Collaboration among scientists from different fields can lead to interdisciplinary discoveries.
(重点词汇:collaboration 合作,scientist 科学家,different field 不同领域,lead to 导致,interdisciplinary discovery 跨学科发现)
中文翻译:来自不同领域的科学家之间的合作可以导致跨学科的发现。
21. Observation is the act of carefully watching and noting phenomena to gather information.
(重点词汇:observation 观察,act 行为,carefully watch 仔细观看,note 记录,phenomena 现象,gather information 收集信息)
中文翻译:观察是为了收集信息而仔细观看并记录现象的行为。
22. The conclusion of an experiment should logically follow from the data and analysis.
(重点词汇:conclusion 结论,experiment 实验,logically follow 逻辑上遵循,data 数据,analysis 分析)
中文翻译:实验的结论应在逻辑上遵循数据和分析。
23. Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions from general principles.
(重点词汇:deductive reasoning 演绎推理,involve 涉及,draw conclusion 得出结论,specific 具体的,general principle 普遍原理)
中文翻译:演绎推理涉及从普遍原理中得出具体的结论。
24. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations.
(重点词汇:inductive reasoning 归纳推理,involve 涉及,make generalization 做出概括,based on 基于,specific observation 具体观察)
中文翻译:归纳推理涉及基于具体的观察做出概括。
25. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to how consistent repeated measurements are.
(重点词汇:accuracy 准确度,refer to 指的是,close to 接近,true value 真实值,precision 精密度,consistent 一致的)
中文翻译:准确度指的是测量值与真实值的接近程度,而精密度指的是重复测量的一致性。
26. A control group in an experiment does not receive the treatment being tested, providing a baseline for comparison.
(重点词汇:control group 对照组,experiment 实验,receive treatment 接受处理,provide 提供,baseline 基线,comparison 比较)
中文翻译:实验中的对照组不接受被测试的处理,为比较提供基线。
27. Simulation uses computer models to mimic real-world processes, which is useful when experiments are impractical.
(重点词汇:simulation 模拟,computer model 计算机模型,mimic 模仿,real-world process 现实世界过程,impractical 不切实际的)
中文翻译:模拟使用计算机模型来模仿现实世界的过程,这在实验不切实际时很有用。
28. Falsifiability is the principle that a scientific theory must be capable of being proven wrong by evidence.
(重点词汇:falsifiability 可证伪性,principle 原则,scientific theory 科学理论,capable of 能够,proven wrong 被证明是错误的)
中文翻译:可证伪性是指一个科学理论必须能够被证据证明是错误的这一原则。
29. Replication of experiments by other scientists is crucial for verifying results and ensuring reliability.
(重点词汇:replication 重复实验,experiment 实验,crucial 至关重要的,verify result 验证结果,ensure reliability 确保可靠性)
中文翻译:由其他科学家重复实验对于验证结果和确保可靠性至关重要。
30. Scientific integrity demands honesty in reporting data, acknowledging sources, and avoiding plagiarism.
(重点词汇:scientific integrity 科学诚信,demand 要求,honesty 诚实,report data 报告数据,acknowledge source 承认来源,avoid plagiarism 避免剽窃)
中文翻译:科学诚信要求在报告数据时诚实、承认来源并避免剽窃。
31. Applied science focuses on using scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
(重点词汇:applied science 应用科学,focus on 专注于,use scientific knowledge 运用科学知识,solve practical problem 解决实际问题)
中文翻译:应用科学专注于运用科学知识来解决实际问题。
32. Pure science, or basic research, seeks to increase our fundamental understanding of how the universe works.
(重点词汇:pure science 纯科学,basic research 基础研究,seek to 旨在,increase understanding 增加理解,fundamental 根本的,universe 宇宙)
中文翻译:纯科学,或称基础研究,旨在增加我们对宇宙运行方式的根本理解。
33. Technology is the practical application of scientific knowledge for specific purposes, often involving tools and machines.
(重点词汇:technology 技术,practical application 实际应用,scientific knowledge 科学知识,specific purpose 特定目的,involve 涉及)
中文翻译:技术是科学知识为特定目的的实际应用,通常涉及工具和机器。
34. A paradigm shift occurs when a fundamental change happens in the basic concepts and practices of a scientific discipline.
(重点词汇:paradigm shift 范式转变,occur 发生,fundamental change 根本性变化,basic concept 基本概念,scientific discipline 科学学科)
中文翻译:当一个科学学科的基本概念和实践发生根本性变化时,就会发生范式转变。
35. Critical thinking is essential for scientists to evaluate evidence, identify biases, and make sound judgments.
(重点词汇:critical thinking 批判性思维,essential 必不可少的,evaluate evidence 评估证据,identify bias 识别偏见,make judgment 做出判断)
中文翻译:批判性思维对于科学家评估证据、识别偏见和做出正确判断至关重要。
36. Serendipity, or accidental discovery, has played a role in many scientific breakthroughs, like penicillin.
(重点词汇:serendipity 意外发现,accidental discovery 偶然发现,play a role 发挥作用,scientific breakthrough 科学突破)
中文翻译:意外发现,或称偶然发现,在许多科学突破中发挥了作用,例如青霉素的发现。
37. Funding from governments or private institutions is often necessary to support large-scale scientific research.
(重点词汇:funding 资金,government 政府,private institution 私人机构,necessary 必需的,support 支持,large-scale research 大规模研究)
中文翻译:来自政府或私人机构的资金通常是支持大规模科学研究所必需的。
38. Dissemination of scientific findings through conferences and journals is vital for the progress of knowledge.
(重点词汇:dissemination 传播,scientific finding 科学发现,conference 会议,vital 至关重要的,progress of knowledge 知识进步)
中文翻译:通过会议和期刊传播科学发现对于知识进步至关重要。
39. Objectivity in science means basing conclusions on evidence rather than personal feelings or opinions.
(重点词汇:objectivity 客观性,mean 意味着,base conclusion on 基于…得出结论,evidence 证据,personal feeling 个人感受)
中文翻译:科学中的客观性意味着基于证据而非个人感受或意见得出结论。
40. Ultimately, the goal of science and scientists is to expand human knowledge and improve our understanding of the world.
(重点词汇:ultimately 最终,goal 目标,expand knowledge 扩展知识,improve understanding 增进理解,world 世界)
中文翻译:最终,科学和科学家的目标是扩展人类知识并增进我们对世界的理解。
高中英语选修2 Unit1 Science and Scientists
核心词汇配套练习题
第一部分:选词填空(共15题,每题2分)
A) 单项选择:从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择最佳答案。
1. The ______ involves making observations, forming a hypothesis, testing it, and drawing conclusions.
A. data analysis
B. scientific method
C. peer review
D. laboratory work
2. Before a research paper is published in a journal, it usually goes through a process of ______ by other experts.
A. innovation
B. publication
C. collaboration
D. peer review
3. Evidence that comes directly from observation or experiment is called ______ evidence.
A. theoretical
B. empirical
C. qualitative
D. deductive
4. In an experiment, the ______ does not receive the treatment, serving as a standard for comparison.
A. variable
B. hypothesis
C. control group
D. simulation
5. A ______ is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and practices of how a scientific field views the world.
A. breakthrough
B. paradigm shift
C. collaboration
D. replication
B) 篇章选词:从下方方框中选择最合适的单词,用其正确形式填入文章空白处。每个单词只能用一次。
hypothesis / experiment / collect / data / analysis / theory / publish / result
The scientific process often starts with a question. A scientist then forms a (6) ______, which is a testable prediction. To test it, they design and conduct an (7) ______. During this, they carefully (8) ______ (9) ______. After the experiment, (10) ______ of the (11) ______ is done to see what they mean. If the evidence strongly supports the idea, it may become a well-established (12) ______. Finally, scientists usually (13) ______ their findings for others to see.
第二部分:句子匹配与改写(共10题,每题2分)
A) 匹配题:将句子与最匹配的回应连线。
1. Scientists often work together on complex projects.
2. She made a prediction that could be tested in the lab.
3. The measurements were very close to the actual value.
4. He based his conclusions solely on what he observed.
5. They repeated the study to make sure the findings were correct.
A. That shows a high level of accuracy.
B. That’s a key part of ensuring reliability through replication.
C. That’s an example of collaboration.
D. That means his reasoning was inductive.
E. That means she proposed a hypothesis.
B) 句子改写:使用括号中所给单词的恰当形式改写句子,保持句意基本不变。
6. He carefully studied the numbers from the test. (analyze)
→ He ______ the data from the experiment.
7. They need money from the government to do their research. (funding)
→ Their research requires ______.
8. The proof comes from experiments, not just ideas. (empirical)
→ The evidence is ______.
9. Being honest in reporting results is a basic rule of science. (integrity)
→ Scientific ______ demands honesty in reporting results.
10. They used a computer program to copy how a cell works. (simulate)
→ They used a computer to ______ the workings of a cell.
第三部分:语境造句(共5题,每题4分)
根据中文提示和所给核心词汇,造一个语法正确、语义通顺的英文句子。
11. 科学方法 (The scientific method) 要求科学家基于证据 (evidence) 和逻辑分析 (logical analysis) 来得出结论 (draw conclusions),而不是依赖个人意见 (personal opinions)。
12. 一个有效的假设 (hypothesis) 必须是可检验的 (testable) 和可证伪的 (falsifiable),这意味着必须有相应的证据 (corresponding evidence) 可以验证或反驳 (verify or refute) 它。
13. 同行评审 (Peer review) 过程 (the process) 通过让领域内的其他专家 (other experts) 评估 (evaluate) 研究的有效性和严谨性 (validity and rigor),有助于确保 (helps ensure) 科学出版的质量 (quality)。
14. 批判性思维 (Critical thinking) 对于评估 (evaluating) 科学主张 (scientific claims)、识别潜在偏见 (identifying potential biases) 以及区分 (distinguishing) 可靠证据 (reliable evidence) 和道听途说 (anecdotal information) 至关重要。
15. 在许多科学发现中,虽然系统研究 (systematic research) 是基础,但意外发现 (serendipity) 也常常扮演着重要角色 (plays a significant role)。
第四部分:篇章理解与词汇应用(共10空,每空1分)
阅读下面短文,根据上下文和括号内中文提示,在空白处填入一个恰当的英文单词或短语。
Science is built on a foundation of careful (16) ______ (观察) and rigorous methodology. The (17) ______ (科学方法) provides a framework for inquiry. It begins with a question, followed by a testable (18) ______ (假设). An (19) ______ (实验) is then designed, often with a (20) ______ (对照组) for comparison. Researchers must maintain high (21) ______ (道德标准), ensuring honesty and objectivity when collecting (22) ______ (数据). After (23) ______ (分析), results are shared, often through (24) ______ (发表) in journals. The strength of science lies in its self-correcting nature through processes like (25) ______ (重复实验) and peer review.
参考答案与解析
第一部分:选词填空
A) 单项选择
1. B. scientific method
解析:scientific method(科学方法)是一个完整流程,包括观察、提出假设、实验验证和得出结论,与句中的描述完全对应。data analysis(数据分析)、peer review(同行评审)、laboratory work(实验室工作)都是其中的环节,不是整体流程。
2. D. peer review
解析:peer review(同行评审)特指在学术论文发表前,由同一领域的其他专家进行审查评估的过程,是保证学术质量的关键环节。innovation(创新)、publication(发表)、collaboration(合作)均不符合此描述。
3. B. empirical
解析:empirical evidence(实证证据)专指通过观察或实验获得的证据,与“来自观察或实验”的描述直接对应。theoretical(理论的)、qualitative(定性的)、deductive(演绎的)均不特指“来自直接观察或实验”。
4. C. control group
解析:control group(对照组)是实验设计中的标准配置,不接受实验处理,用于与实验组比较以确定处理的效果。variable(变量)、hypothesis(假设)、simulation(模拟)均非此功能。
5. B. paradigm shift
解析:paradigm shift(范式转变)是科学哲学中的术语,指一个科学领域在基本概念和实践上发生的根本性、革命性变化。breakthrough(突破)是具体进展,collaboration(合作)是工作方式,replication(重复实验)是验证过程,均不表示这种根本性、全局性的概念变革。
B) 篇章选词
6. hypothesis (假设)
7. experiment (实验)
8. collect (收集)
9. data (数据)
10. analysis (分析)
11. results (结果)
12. theory (理论)
13. publish (发表)
解析:
第6题:forms a hypothesis 是科学方法的标准步骤。
第8、9题:collect data 是实验中的核心动作。
第10题:analysis of the results 是得出实验结论的关键。
第12题:wellestablished theory 指“得到充分证实的理论”。
第13题:publish findings 是科学交流的最终环节。
第二部分:句子匹配与改写
A) 匹配题
1. C (科学家们常在复杂项目上合作 → 这是合作的一个例子。)
2. E (她做了一个可以在实验室测试的预测 → 这意味着她提出了一个假设。)
3. A (测量值非常接近实际值 → 这表明了很高的准确度。)
4. D (他完全基于观察得出结论 → 这意味着他的推理是归纳性的。)
5. B (他们重复研究以确保结果正确 → 这是通过重复实验确保可靠性的关键部分。)
B) 句子改写
6. He analyzed the data from the experiment.
解析:analyzed 是动词,意为“分析”,替换了 carefully studied,是更具体、专业的表达。
7. Their research requires funding.
解析:funding 是名词,意为“资金”,概括了 money from the government。requires funding 是常用搭配。
8. The evidence is empirical.
解析:empirical 是形容词,意为“实证的、经验的”,直接说明了证据的性质,替换了 comes from experiments, not just ideas 这一描述。
9. Scientific integrity demands honesty in reporting results.
解析:integrity 是名词,意为“诚信”,scientific integrity 是固定短语,意为“科学诚信”,替换了 being honest... is a basic rule。
10. They used a computer to simulate the workings of a cell.
解析:simulate 是动词,意为“模拟”,是比 copy how... works 更专业、准确的术语。
第三部分:语境造句(参考答案)
11. The scientific method requires scientists to draw conclusions based on evidence and logical analysis rather than on personal opinions.
解析:requires sb. to do sth. 是核心结构。based on... rather than on... 形成对比。
12. A valid hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable, meaning there must be corresponding evidence that can verify or refute it.
解析:meaning (that)... 引导同位语从句,对前文进行解释。that can verify or refute it 是定语从句修饰 evidence。
13. The peer review process, through which other experts in the field evaluate a study’s validity and rigor, helps ensure the quality of scientific publications.
解析:through which... 是非限制性定语从句,修饰 process。helps (to) ensure 是常用搭配。
14. Critical thinking is essential for evaluating scientific claims, identifying potential biases, and distinguishing reliable evidence from anecdotal information.
解析:is essential for (doing) sth. 是固定搭配。for 后接三个并列的动名词短语作宾语。
15. In many scientific discoveries, while systematic research is fundamental, serendipity also often plays a significant role.
解析:while 引导让步状语从句。plays a role 是固定短语。
第四部分:篇章理解与词汇应用
16. observation (观察)
解析:careful observation 是科学的基础。
17. scientific method (科学方法)
解析:作主语,提供整个研究的框架。
18. hypothesis (假设)
解析:a testable hypothesis 是科学方法的关键一步。
19. experiment (实验)
解析:is designed 的被动语态主语,是检验假设的手段。
20. control group (对照组)
解析:与 for comparison 搭配,点明其功能。
21. ethical standards (道德标准)
解析:maintain high ethical standards 是常见表达。
22. data (数据)
解析:collecting data 是实验的核心环节。
23. analysis (分析)
解析:After analysis 是得出结论前的必要步骤。
24. publication (发表)
解析:through publication in journals 是分享成果的标准途径。
25. replication (重复实验)
解析:与 peer review 并列,同为科学自我修正机制的重要部分。
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