广西玉林市八校2025-2026学年高二上学期12月联合调研测试英语试题
一、听力选择题
1．How long will the man be late
A．About half an hour. B．About 45 minutes. C．About one hour.
2．Who is the best pianist
A．Lisa. B．Mike. C．Lily.
3．What do we know according to the conversation
A．They had to clear up problems finally.
B．They have had two useless meetings.
C．They solved the problems through three meetings.
4．What do we know about Susan
A．She is from Italy. B．She likes Italian food. C．She has been ill for some time.
5．Where can the man buy toys
A．On the right of the elevator. B．Opposite the elevator. C．On the left of the elevator.
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
6．Who is Jane
A．David’s cousin. B．The man’s girlfriend. C．The woman’s classmate.
7．What will the man do
A．Help Jane with chemistry. B．Invite Jane to go to a party. C．Bring some flowers to David’s.
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
8．What are the speakers talking about
A．Language learning. B．Language choosing. C．Language usage.
9．What is the woman’s attitude towards the man’s recommendation
A．She accepts it. B．She doesn’t like it. C．She will consider it seriously.
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
10．What does the woman do
A．A teacher. B．A student. C．A cook.
11．Why did the woman feel embarrassed last week
A．She was late for the cookout. B．She arrived there too early. C．She went to the wrong place.
12．How long did the woman wait before the cookout started
A．Two hours. B．Four hours. C．Three hours.
听下面一段对话，回答以下小题。
13．What is the woman’s attitude to the man’s way of keeping dogs
A．Supportive. B．Understanding. C．Disagreeable.
14．What does Spot like to do in the car
A．Look out of the window. B．Sit in the back seat. C．Jump in the front seat.
15．Where does the man sleep
A．In Spot’s bed. B．On the floor. C．In his own bed.
16．What will the man do
A．Put Spot’s stuff separately. B．Live separately with Spot. C．Give Spot a new doghouse.
听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
17．How many brothers or sisters did Isadora have
A．Four. B．Three. C．Five.
18．Where did Isadora mainly live as a teenager
A．In San Francisco. B．In Chicago. C．In New York.
19．When did Isadora go to Europe
A．In 1910. B．In 1900. C．In 1899.
20．How long did Isadora live
A．60 years. B．50 years. C．55 years.
二、阅读理解
It must be something that many American companies hold a baby contest. Of course, babies are wonderful, and many parents would be the first to panies really bring in much money.
Walgreens Baby Contest
If you play the new Baby Milestones Challenge Contest by Baby Center & Walgreens, you could win $1,000 in Walgreens & Beauty.com Gift Cards and Certificates. You can play the instant winner if you get a $25 Walgreen’s gift card, but you also have to write down your email address and receive all their sales and other information for the contest.
Kids and Babies
Kids and Babies is accepting entries for May 2016 Free Photo Contest. Baby Photo Gallery with theme albums and age group albums is moved to the new website Cute Baby Gallery. Check Kids and for their Baby Photo Contest blog’s latest update. The grand prize is $25,000. The catch Winners are decided by the visitors coming to the site and voting for their favorite babies, so you have to advertise their sites for them.
has a website only for their members, but if you are into baby photos, it is well worth surfing. You could receive offers on free samples, money-saving coupons (优惠券), and chances to win the latest contests. Avon is another company that has a baby photo contest this spring. Avon is advertising their newest collection. It is Avon’s only collection for the photos of babies. Babies’ age: newborn to 2 years. Just go to Tiny and upload your recent baby’s photos. The first-place baby will be featured in a Tiny Tillia Storybook and win a $5,000 U.S. Savings Bond. Ten beautiful girls will win $300 worth of Tiny Tillia products. The tip is to run a search engine for all the latest contests going on and start entering them today. You could be lucky and win enough to put your baby through college! Have fun!
21．What is the basic condition for you to play the instant winner in Walgreens & Beauty.com
A．Getting a certificate. B．Getting a gift card.
C．Winning 1,000 dollars. D．Receiving information for the contest.
22．If you want your baby to win the 2016 Free Photo Contest, you will ________.
A．have to spend $25,000 B．upload more photos of your baby
C．have to help to advertise their site D．take your baby to the gallery in May
23．In the last paragraph, the author advises parents to ________.
A．enter the contests as soon as possible
B．find more tips for winning the contests
C．try their best to take good care of their baby
D．encourage their kids to go to college when they grow up
Tara grew up in a remote mountain region of Idaho, where her family led an unconventional lifestyle, avoiding modern society. Formal education was frowned upon, and Tara spent her childhood working alongside her parents mixing herbs with her mother and helping her father in his scrapyard(废料场). Books were rare in their home, and Tara's learning was limited to what her parents chose to teach.
As Tara grew older, she became aware of the world beyond her family's isolated home. Her curiosity about education deepened. At the age of 16, she decided to change her life and pursue formal learning, a decision that created tension within her family. With no formal schooling, Tara taught herself basic subjects, often studying late into the night. When she finally gained admission to college, she faced enormous challenges: she struggled to keep up with classmates and often doubted her ability to succeed.
College life was not easy. With no formal schooling background, she had to teach herself everything from basic math to history, it was a journey filled with obstacles and moments of self-doubt, The idea of sitting in a college classroom seemed almost impossible. Yet, she persevered, driven by a desire to understand and grow.
Entering college, Tara faced not only academic challenges but deep-seated fears from her upbringing. Every classroom discussion seemed overwhelming, every historical fact she hadn’t learned made her feel out of place. But Tara found teachers who believed in her potential. They guided her, and she started to see herself as more than her past. Over time, Tara's endurance paid off. She earned a doctorate at Cambridge, transforming her life and redefining what was possible.
Looking back, Tara realized her journey was not just about gaining knowledge it was about facing challenges bravely and having the courage to redefine who she really was.
24．What prevented Tara from formal education during her childhood
A．Her young age. B．Her lack of interest. C．Her parents’ attitude. D．Her heavy workload.
25．What motivated Tara to seek an education
A．Pressure from her life. B．Desire for knowledge.
C．Tension within her family. D．Encouragement from her parents.
26．What challenge did Tara face when she started college
A．She struggled with making friends.
B．She had never attended school before.
C．She had difficulty adjusting to the urban environment.
D．She faced financial difficulties in paying for college tuition.
27．What can be learned from Tara's story
A．Family support guarantees success.
B．Pursuing education is easy for everyone
C．Isolation helps individuals achieve their goals.
D．Overcoming difficulties leads to personal growth.
Britain’s housing crisis has created a distinct generational divide. While older generations often own property, millions of young adults face increasing rents and unachievable homeownership. A recent official report warns that 630, 000 people under 35 may face homelessness in old age due to chronic shortages of affordable homes.
This crisis originates from decades of policy failure. Since the mid-1990s, house prices have skyrocketed dramatically, widening the gap between property owners and others. Government projects like “Help-to-Buy” intended to assist first-time buyers instead inflated prices further, making housing less accessible. University graduates carry heavy debts from tuition fees exceeding 9, 000 annually since 2010, weakening their savings potential.
The rental market offers little relief. Private renters have jumped from 2. 8 million to 4. 5 million households since 2007, with those aged 25-34 consisting of over a third. Yet renters face instability and exploitation. “No-fault drivings” allow landlords (房东) to end rentings without cause, while rents exceed wage growth. Even social housing renters experience widening inequality compared to homeowners.
Policy responses are emerging but controversial. London Mayor Sadiq Khan proposed a landlord registry and rent control commission to regulate the private sector. Scotland has established “rent pressure zones” to stop increases. The Labour Party advocates abolishing no-fault drivings, arguing that secure right of habitation are essential for dignity.
Ultimately, this is about intergenerational fairness. A functional society cannot thrive when younger citizens bear unreasonable burdens. As one analyst notes: “We depend on the young to sustain our future — denying them housing security damages everyone.”
28．What does the official report predict about young adults
A．Universal elderly poverty. B．Persistent renting difficulties.
C．Long-term housing insecurity. D．Unachievable huge property.
29．What brings about the housing crisis
A．Stable rental market. B．Students’ reduced debt burden.
C．Decades-long policy failure. D．Consistent policy responses.
30．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Young adults’ housing security should be guaranteed.
B．Efforts should be made to create a sustainable society.
C．The property of older generations should be passed on.
D．The young should be responsible for intergenerational fairness.
31．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Housing: Pricing out the Young
B．Policy: Regulating the Private Owners
C．Landlords: Forced to Accept Rent Hikes
D．Rental Control: Solving the Renter-landlord Conflicts
Despite heavy illegal hunting of rhinos, South Africa’s Kruger National Park is still a natural paradise. One of the largest remaining lion populations in Africa lives there. Yet there is something the local animals fear even more than the big cats.
Liana Zanette of Western University in Ontario and her colleagues were able to show that animals react most strongly to human voices and flee in response. For their experiment, the team placed camera traps and loudspeakers at water holes in the national park, which allowed the researchers to influence and record the behavior of a total of 19 mammal species. They played the animals sounds of normal conversations of humans in four South African languages, dogs barking, gunshots and lion sounds.
The study group found that animals were twice as likely to flee and vacated an area faster when they heard human voices than when they heard lions or gunshots. This was true for 95 percent of the animal species observed, including giraffes, leopards, hyenas, zebras, kudu, warthogs, impalas and rhinos. Only elephants were significantly more likely to run from lions than from humans.
The same was true of the time that animals spent at water holes: they usually stayed longer when lion sounds were played to them than when human voices were heard. Wild dogs, leopards and buffalo were the only animals who stayed at water holes longer when they heard humans, and the difference was not statistically significant for these species. “There is a notion that animals get used to humans when they are not being hunted. But we’ve shown that’s not the case,” Clinchy says. “Fear of humans is deeply rooted and common, so we need to seriously address it for conservation reasons.” The team is now investigating whether its customized sound systems can be used to help endangered species, such as the southern white rhino, away from known poaching(偷猎) areas in South Africa. Initial tests of keeping rhinos away from such areas through the use of human voices have been successful.
32．What can we know about South Africa’s Kruger National Park？
A．Rhinos are effectively protected in the park.
B．Lions are the biggest threat for local animals.
C．It is a natural paradise without illegal hunting.
D．Human voices cause fear in the local wildlife.
33．What does the underlined word “vacated” in paragraph 3 probably mean？
A．Left. B．Encountered. C．Occupied. D．Filled.
34．What did researchers find about animals’ reaction to different sounds？
A．Elephants are more afraid of humans than lions.
B．Giraffes react most strongly to lions or gunshots.
C．Wild dogs stayed at water holes longer when hearing humans.
D．Rhinos were more likely to run from lions than gunshots.
35．What is the author’s view on using human-voice systems to protect endangered species？
A．It is unlikely to succeed. B．Early results are promising.
C．Alternative methods are more effective. D．It is a fully proven method ready for wide use.
How to Stop Laughing at Inappropriate Times
Although laughing at inappropriate times can be embarrassing, it’s actually a natural reaction for some people when they’re facing a highly stressful situation. 36 However, when inappropriate laughter negatively affects your life, start by controlling your urge to laugh. If you can’t, try one of these options for shifting your thoughts away from what’s triggering (触发) your laughter. ●Distract yourself from your urge to laugh.
It takes time to learn how to control your tendency to laugh, but distraction is an easy way to stop yourself. You can try to pinch yourself, for the slight pain will distract you from your urge to laugh. 37 . More simply, just look for a certain color in the room or sing a song to yourself.
● 38 .
Do you laugh out of nervousness, or do you laugh to cope with painful feelings Whatever your reasons for laughing, write down when your laughter is causing you issues. Once you know what they are, you can begin to address your habit of laughing.
●Move to a private location when you start to laugh, if you can.
39 . This gives you time to calm yourself and take a few deep breaths before rejoining everyone. Learn to recognize the urge that comes before you laugh, and try to identify your laughter triggers so that you can excuse yourself in time. ●Apologize for your laughter, if it still happens.
Tell the person you often cope with upsetting feelings by laughing, then say you’re sorry if the reaction hurts them. Opening up to them will likely make them understand where you’re coming from. 40 .
A．Identify what makes you laugh inappropriately
B．Record the results of your inappropriate laughter
C．The key is to pick a distraction that is easy to do instantly
D．This kind of honesty can also help relieve your urge to laugh
E．When laughter strikes before you can stop it, excuse yourself
F．It could also be a reaction to help you relieve stress and anxiety
G．Mental exercises work too — make a list of groceries in your mind
三、完形填空
I was a person who always felt desperate (绝望的) before. Months ago my mom came down with a serious disease and had a(n) 41 on her brain. I felt the whole world 42 and I didn’t know what I could do to help her to relieve her pain. Whenever I was alone, tears welled up in my eyes. How I wish I could 43 Mom for a long time.
Last month I 44 a valuable watch, which was an 18th birthday gift from my dad. I couldn’t sleep for several nights for the reason that I felt 45 about the loss. There have been many 46 matters like these in my life. I could never know what to do with them 47 I read “If You Have A Lemon, Make A Lemonade” by American author Dale Carnegie. “When the wise man is handed a lemon, he says, ‘What 48 can I get from this What can I do to 49 my situation How can I turn this lemon into a lemonade ’” he wrote. I was suddenly 50 that life is full of ups and downs, so I need to stay 51 all the time. Now when I think of my past, I wish I could have handled things 52 . When my mom was fighting for recovery, I should have 53 her hands in mine, telling her things would get better instead of hiding and crying.
Several weeks ago, I participated in a campus singing contest. I didn’t win a 54 . But I wasn’t sad. Instead, I believe that with each attempt, I’ll get closer to 55 my goals in music.
41．A．idea B．promise C．operation D．wish
42．A．falling down B．calming down C．lying down D．breaking down
43．A．judge B．accompany C．encounter D．bless
44．A．obtained B．lost C．detected D．fixed
45．A．bored B．lonely C．strange D．awful
46．A．tough B．important C．simple D．useful
47．A．though B．since C．because D．until
48．A．interest B．message C．ability D．introduction
49．A．better B．ignore C．accept D．block
50．A．convincing B．hopeful C．aware D．creative
51．A．patient B．focused C．independent D．positive
52．A．practically B．entirely C．differently D．honestly
53．A．cleaned B．taken C．remembered D．identified
54．A．prize B．idea C．practice D．lecture
55．A．burning B．dividing C．examining D．achieving
四、语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，并将答案填写在答题卡上。
Shanghai Disney Resort broke ground on a new Spider-Man-themed land, 56 represents the increasing global investment interest in China’s theme park industry.
Situated next to Zootopia《疯狂动物城》, the new land 57 (feature) the park’s first major Marvel-themed attraction—a high-energy Spider-Man thrill roller coaster, capitalizing on the superhero’s popularity.
Annually attracting over 14 million visitors, Shanghai Disneyland’s 58 (nine) themed land marks the third major expansion since its 2016 opening. According to a press release, 59 new Spider-Man themed land will offer immersive experiences with themed shopping, dining and entertainment, alongside the introduction of a third Disney-themed hotel.
China’s theme park sector is 60 (rapid) becoming a focal point for global investment, 61 (drive) by its large population, rising disposable incomes and the 62 (combine) of culture and tourism. Up to now, successes like Shanghai Disney Resort and Universal Beijing Resort 63 (attract) more global brands, such as LEGOLAND Shanghai Resort and an upcoming Peppa Pig theme park. Supported by the Chinese government’s emphasis 64 cultural and tourism industries, these developments aim 65 (enhance) the local economy and increase cultural exchanges, meeting the needs of diverse audiences with different interests.
五、书信写作
66．假定你是李华，你校最近成功举办了“中国科学家故事分享会”，请给你的外国朋友Tom写一封邮件，向他介绍这次活动。内容包括：
1.活动的时间、地点及参与人员；
2.活动的主要内容；
3.活动的意义。
注意：1.词数100词左右；
可适当增加细节，使行文连贯；
3.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：分享会 Sharing Session
Dear Tom,
How’s everything going
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
六、书面表达
67．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Leo’s fingers trembled as he held the permission slip for the state music competition. For weeks, he’d practiced his guitar piece until his fingertips ached, imagining the spotlight warming his face. But now, the paper felt heavy with unspoken words.
“My parents can’t know,” he whispered to his best friend Maya at lunch. “They said focus on academics, not this ‘distraction’.”
Maya frowned. “But you’re amazing! This is your chance.”
“I’ll figure it out,” Leo said, though uncertainty worried him. He needed a parent’s signature and the $50 entry fee — both seemed too difficult to obtain.
That afternoon in music class, Mr. Davies announced the competition details. “The winner receives a $1,000 scholarship and performs with the state symphony.” Leo’s heart leaped then sank. The scholarship could convince his parents music wasn’t just a hobby, but the obstacles felt too difficult to overcome.
Over the next month, Leo became a master of deception. He kept all this from his parents. And he took extra shifts at the local cafe every weekend, strumming his guitar for tips during quiet hours. He forged(伪造) the permission slip, his hand shaking at the dishonesty. Each day, the weight of his secret grew heavier.
The morning of the competition arrived, cloudy and grim. Leo’s guitar case felt like lead as he walked to school. He’d barely slept, haunted by nightmares of discovery and failure. As he entered the auditorium, his breath caught — there, in the third row, sat his parents, fixing their eyes on him.
Mr. Davies approached, smiling. “I called them, Leo! Surprise!”
But Leo felt no joy, only a wave of panic rose from the bottom of his heart.
注意：（1）续写词数应为 150 左右；
（2）开头已给出。
Leo dragged his feet toward his parents, his head hung low, ready to bear their anger.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
When it was Leo’s turn to perform, he walked onto the stage with a light heart.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
答案 B A C A C A C B C A
题号 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
答案 B C C A B A B A C B
题号 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
答案 B C A C B B D C C A
题号 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
答案 A D A C B F G A E D
题号 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
答案 C A B B D A D B A C
题号 51 52 53 54 55
答案 D C B A D
1．B
【原文】W: It is eight o’clock now. I have been waiting for you for half an hour. Where are you now, Harry
M: I’m sorry, Grace. My car broke down halfway. Now I’m on the way to your hotel. I promise I will be there in fifteen minutes.
2．A
【原文】M: Hi, Lily. I heard you are the best pianist in our school.
W: You must be joking, Mike. I only play the piano a little. You must have mistaken me for Lisa.
3．C
【原文】M: This has been a very good meeting, Alice.
W: I’m happy that we’ve finally cleared up the problems.
M: So, our first two meetings weren’t completely useless.
4．A
【原文】M: Susan has been homesick recently.
W: Let’s take her to an Italian restaurant for a big meal. Maybe it will give her a sense of being back home.
5．C
【原文】W: What can I do for you
M: Well, I need a present for my nephew. He’s three years old.
W: Go to the second floor. When you come out of the elevator, the toys will be on your left and the books on your right.
6．A 7．C
【原文】M: I want to make friends with Jane. But I just don’t know how to make her notice me.
W: You are good at chemistry. You could offer to help her with her chemistry homework.
M: But she is as good at chemistry just as I am.
W: OK. Well, there’s a party at David’s house on Friday night. David is her cousin. He will invite her to go there. Would you like to go with me
M: Thank you. What should I prepare for the party
W: Well, a bunch of flowers is OK.
8．B 9．C
【原文】W: I need to learn a second foreign language so that I can get my master’s degree. Would you please recommend one to me
M: Well, I think you’d better choose German.
W: Is German easy to learn
M: When you learn a foreign language, you shouldn’t first consider if it is easy to learn.
W: What should I consider first then
M: You should pay more attention to whether the language is useful.
W: I agree with you on that point. Do you mean German is important in my future career
M: More or less. Germany is an advanced country. We may need to learn something from Germans.
W: Thanks a lot. I think what you said is worth considering carefully.
10．A 11．B 12．C
【原文】W: I’m looking forward to this party, but I don’t want to go alone.
M: Have you been to one of these large dinner parties since you got to the new town
W: No, this is my first time. Last week I went to a cookout for new teachers at the City Park. I took a taxi because I didn’t want to be late. But I was embarrassed to be the first one to get there.
M: Did you arrive too early
W: You’re right. The invitation said “two to seven.” I was there at two o’clock, but most people didn’t arrive until three or four. They didn’t have the cookout until five o’clock.
M: Cookouts often start slowly. A two o’clock start means you can arrive at any time after two but people usually come two hours later than the starting time.
13．C 14．A 15．B 16．A
【原文】W: I can’t believe how you live! You’ve let your dog take over your whole life! Everything you own seems to be for your dog.
M: I don’t understand what you mean. I love my dog, so I take care of him.
W: But you love your dog too much! Spot gets to ride in the front seat of your car, while I have to sit in the back.
M: Well, he likes to look out of the window.
W: Spot even gets to sleep in your bed at night!
M: Come on! A lot of people let their dogs sleep on their beds. There’s nothing wrong with that.
W: But you yourself sleep on the floor! Aren’t you crazy You even put his dog food and snacks in my drawer.
M: I just want to tell you that I decided to buy a separate cabinet to put all his things.
17．B 18．A 19．C 20．B
【原文】M: Isadora was considered the mother of modern dance. The kind of dancing she wanted to do was new and different from other dances at that time. She was born in San Francisco, California in 1877. She was the youngest of four children. Their family was very poor. Isadora taught dancing lessons to local children to earn some money. Isadora spent most of her teenaged years in San Francisco. She continued to teach dancing lessons, mostly to young girls. When she was eighteen years old, Isadora moved to Chicago and then to New York. She thought dancing in these two large cities would help her career. She found work in several dancing companies, but she had to dance as she was asked to. She did not dance alone on the stage and could not become the star of the show. She went to Europe in 1899. In 1900, she danced for a large audience at a theatre in London. The people liked what they saw. Soon, art lovers in the city were talking about this new dancer from the United States. People began to think of her as a great talent. By 1910, Isadora had become the most famous dancer in the world. In 1927, her life ended suddenly.
56．which 57．features 58．ninth 59．the 60．rapidly 61．driven 62．combination 63．have attracted 64．on/upon 65．to enhance
66．范文：
Dear Tom,
How’s everything going Knowing that you are keen on science, I’m writing to share a wonderful event held in my school — the “Stories of Chinese Scientists” Sharing Session.
It took place last Friday afternoon on our school playground, with over 2,000 students and teachers participating. We heard some inspiring stories shared by members from our school science club, such as Yuan Longping’s lifelong research on hybrid rice and Tu Youyou’s Nobel-winning discovery of artemisinin. Some students even put on short role-plays about scientists’ daily work, which made the stories more vivid.
This event not only helped us gain a better understanding of scientists’ contributions but also inspired us to pursue our dreams bravely. I hope you can take part in similar activities if you visit China someday!
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
67．One possible version:
Leo dragged his feet toward his parents, his head hung low, ready to bear their anger. Before he could mumble an apology, his mother reached out and gently hugged him. “We’ve noticed that you’ve been coming home late and looking exhausted these days,” she said, with no anger in her voice. His father sighed, leaning forward slightly, “Mr. Davies told us everything. We’re sorry we never let you talk about your love for music.” Leo froze, tears welling up in his eyes. He choked out his pent-up(被压抑的) thoughts, telling them how much music meant to him, how he’d dreamed of this competition but feared their disapproval. As he spoke, the heavy weight in his chest lifted little by little, the guilt of dishonesty fading with each word.
When it was Leo’s turn to perform, he walked onto the stage with a light heart. He glanced at his parents, who sat straight, their eyes filled with pride and encouragement. Plucking the guitar strings gently, he poured all his emotions into the music: the anxiety of hiding his secret, the joy of being understood, and the passion for the melody he loved. When the last note faded, the auditorium erupted in applause. His parents stood up, clapping loudly, smiles spreading across their faces. Later, though he didn’t win the scholarship, Leo felt like a winner. He realized that avoiding communication only brought fear and guilt; it was opening up to his family that truly solved his troubles, bridging the gap between their expectations and his dreams.
