高考英语二轮复习专题2阅读理解第3节主旨大意题课件

(共17张PPT)
专题二
阅读理解
第三节　主旨大意题
正确项特征 概括性 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段
精确性 范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小
客观性 不改变原文语言表意的程度及色彩
干扰项特征 以偏概全 只阐述原文的一部分内容，也就是局部信息
主题扩大 归纳或概括的范围过大，超出原文实际讨论的内容
偷换概念 命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上
断章取义 所给关键词虽在文中出现过，但与文章主旨没有关联
1. 标题归纳题——把握3特点，运用4方法
位置法 首尾段：主题句常常出现在首段或最后一段
第二段：若第一段通过问题、现象、案例等导入话题，则主题句常出现在第二段
串联法 主旨(记叙文)＝事件核心＋人物情感＋作者意图
关键词法 作者有意识地反复提到的关键词，往往和主旨大意有关
作文法 选择文章最佳标题时，不妨将A、B、C、D四个选项看作是老师布置的四个作文题目。假如让你来写这四篇作文，你认为哪一篇与所读文章最相近，则该项最可能是答案。作文法也称为“反推排除法”。
　(2025新高考Ⅰ卷)While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
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Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it's time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Why the Rush B. What's Next
C. Where to Stay D. Who to Blame
【解析】　标题归纳题。rush在全文出现了两次，分别是倒数第三段和最后一段，A项作为文章标题直接呼应文本中两次出现的rush through，抓住核心矛盾：街道为何被设计成“快速通行”的通道，而非生活空间？同时，标题以问句形式引发读者思考，契合文本的批判性主题。故选A。
[干扰项排除]　B项属于偷换概念，原文结尾呼吁“重新思考”(think differently)，但未提出具体“下一步计划”。C项属于断章取义，该项截取Jane Jacobs说的“decent place to live”(宜居地)，但忽略其批判rush through的语境；全文未讨论“居住地选择”。D项属于无中生有，全文重点是“指出问题(过度优先机动车)并呼吁改变”，而非分析“谁该为问题负责”。
2. 文章大意题——先看主题句，再找高频词
主题句 说明文和议论文：主题句通常出现在首段或末段；如果首段出现疑问句时，段末或第二段对该问题的回答往往就是文章的主旨。
记叙文：文中往往没有现成的主题句，需要我们从文中人物的情感、性格特点以及作者从事件中懂得的人生道理归纳出主题。
高频词 文中出现表示总结的词，如therefore、thus、in short、in conclusion等，其后面的内容往往和文章的主题相关。
作者有意重复的某个观点，常常与文章主旨有关；文中反复出现的关键词，往往也和主旨相关。
　(2022全国甲卷)As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
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After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go，” she says. “I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has，” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
What is the text mainly about
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【解析】　文章大意题。文章第一段提到，当Ginni Bazlinton到达南极洲时，她受到了一群渴望打招呼的小巴布亚企鹅的欢迎。这些温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了Ginni永远不会忘记(never forget)的旅行。因此，“一次难忘的经历”能概括本文大意，故选B。
[干扰项排除]　A项“一个童年梦想”以偏概全，因为第二段开头只用一句话提到她童年时就喜爱旅行，但这并不是文章表达的重点；C项主题范围太大，本文主要描写了Ginni在南极洲的所见所感，而不是全世界；D项属于以偏概全，Ginni在南极洲除看到动物外，还看到了自然风光，如witnessing sunrises。
3. 段落大意题——分析结构，首尾兼顾
“总—分”结构 主题句在段首
“分—总”结构 主题句在段尾
“分—总—分”结构 主题句在段中
“无主题句”式 该段虽无主题句，但可通过段中关键词或相似结构归纳出主题句
　(2024新高考Ⅰ卷)“I am not crazy，” says Dr William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his co-workers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practising “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
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Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians' work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
【解析】　段落大意题。文章第一段提到兽医William Farber奉行综合疗法——将传统的西方疗法与针灸、按摩疗法和草药相结合。虽然他的综合疗法有时会受到同事的嘲笑，但Farber认为他会笑到最后。第三段列举了两个例子，一个是Farber通过综合疗法帮助患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie减轻痛苦，另一个是名叫Nappy的马在接受按摩治疗后症状得到明显缓解。这两个治疗案例都说明了Farber的综合疗法对动物治疗的有效性。此段属于“无主题句”式，该段主题是隐含的，需从例子中推断——即“综合疗法对动物疾病有显著疗效”，而非通过直接的主题句陈述。故选D。
[干扰项排除]　A项属于无中生有，本段未涉及任何治疗步骤的描述；B项属于主题扩大，本段仅聚焦于治疗效果；C项属于偷换概念和断章取义，段落提到的“心脏病”“行动不便”并非“罕见疾病”，且核心是“治疗效果”而非“疾病本身”。
【特别提醒】 确定段落主题句时，要特别留意段落中表转折的词，如but、however、instead等，其后内容才是作者真正想要表达的言外之意。