高考阅读理解4个必备意识
篇章结构意识
众所周知，高考阅读理解的选文通常涵盖应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文这四种文体。由于语篇类型存在差异，其语篇结构也各不相同。掌握每种语篇类型的语篇结构，对我们掌握文章大意有着至关重要的作用。
应用文直观的“总—分”或“分—总”结构，让我们在面对广告、通知等文体时，通过快速浏览关键信息，就能知晓文章核心内容。记叙文的线性或曲折结构，能让我们顺着时间或事件发展的脉络，理解人物的情感变化和故事的主题。说明文的“总—分”式、并列式、递进式结构，则为我们搭建起理解事物或事理的框架。议论文的“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”结构，更是清晰地展现出作者的论证思路。
【典例】 （2025 全国一卷阅读C篇）
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years， transport studies also show declines in pedestrian （行人） mobility， especially among young children.Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school， so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement：How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives， they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most famously， a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway， Jane Jacobs called on her mayor （市长） to champion “New York as a decent place to live， and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread， the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty－six million people， among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through， but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities？ The authors of Movement have it right：it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
31.What can be a suitable title for the text？
A.Why the Rush？ B.What’s Next？
C.Where to Stay？ D.Who to Blame？
解题思路：本文是一篇议论文。文章采用了“提出问题—分析问题—总结呼吁”的行文模式。
通过对文章语篇结构的分析可知，文章整体批判城市规划过度追求快速的交通而忽略安全、宜居的生活环境。
正确答案： A
主旨大意意识
阅读总原则：紧扣主旨、主旨、主旨!不管什么题型，与全文主旨和段落主旨（前者更重要）相关的选项通常正确。在高考英语阅读理解中，主旨大意就如同文章的灵魂，抓住它，许多题目便会迎刃而解。如文章中的举例或引用，并不是考例子或引用本身（如2025全国一卷第31题；2025全国二卷第31题和第34题；2024全国甲卷第27题；2024新课标Ⅰ卷第26题；2024新课标Ⅱ卷第31题），举例和引用就是为了说明主旨。找出该主旨是答题关键。
【典例】 （2024 新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇节选）
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？
A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B.The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C.Examples of rare animal diseases.
D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
解题思路：根据节选段内容可知，本段主要介绍了两个动物经过Farber的治疗后，病情有所好转，即整体医学的效果。
正确答案： D
同义转述意识
高考阅读理解的正确选项其实就是用英语解释英语，也就是说，正确选项都是原文中的信息点（某几个关键词或某句话）的同义转述。这种原文、题干和选项之间的同义转述有同义词、近义词、反义词和同源词的转述、语态变化和归纳替换等。
（一）同义、近义转述
【典例】 （2025 全国一卷阅读C篇节选）
Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most famously， a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway， Jane Jacobs called on her mayor （市长） to champion “New York as a decent place to live， and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
29.What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do？
A.Keep their cities livable.
B.Promote cultural diversity.
C.Help the needy families.
D.Make expressways accessible.
解题思路：节选段先呈现了城市街道规划的现状：社区为道路交通网让步。接着引出了加拿大记者Jane Jacobs对此现象的抗议。根据Jane Jacobs的行为called on her mayor to champion “New York as a decent place to live， and not just rush through”可知，她反对修建高速公路是为了让城市变得宜居，livable是a decent place to live的同义替换。
正确答案： A
（二）反义转述
【典例】 （2025 全国二卷阅读A篇节选）
Mevagissey， Cornwall
Even if you haven’t been to the small fishing village Mevagissey， you’ve probably seen it in a movie or British TV show.The working harbor （港口） took shape in 1774.Fishermen go out to sea daily and sell their fish in harbor－side markets.Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.It’s delicious.
23.What does the author suggest visitors do in Mevagissey？
A.Try the Cornish pie.
B.Watch a British TV show.
C.Go fishing in the sea.
D.Take pictures of the harbor.
解题思路：根据小标题Mevagissey， Cornwall中的Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.可知，作者建议游客在Mevagissey小镇一定要品尝传统美味的康沃尔馅饼。Try the Cornish pie.是通过反义结构对Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.这句话进行的同义转述。
正确答案： A
关键词意识
在高考英语阅读理解中，关键词是快速定位答案、理解文章主旨的重要线索。关键词可以是人名、地名、数字、大写字母开头的专有名词，也可以是在文中反复出现的核心词汇（名词、动词和数词）。看到题目后，首先要圈出题干中的关键词，然后带着这些关键词回到原文中去搜索比对，从而确定正确答案。特别需要提醒的是，要注意关键词的同义替换。
【典例】 （2025 全国一卷阅读D篇节选）
Crucially， this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate （碳酸钙） to trap the plastics.In the study， boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate， boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.Additionally， the research didn’t include all types of plastics.The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene， polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
33.What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water？
A.The hardness of water.
B.The length of cooling time.
C.The frequency of filtering.
D.The type of plastic in water.
解题思路：根据题干中的关键词effectiveness和trapping microplastics定位到选段中的boiling hard water containing， an almost 90 percent drop in plastics和boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent，据此可知，煮沸硬水（含300毫克碳酸钙）可减少近90%的微塑料，而煮沸低碳酸钙含量的水仅减少25%的微塑料。因此，水的硬度（即碳酸钙含量）直接决定去除微塑料的有效性。
正确答案： A
1 / 2(共28张PPT)
高考阅读理解4个必备意识
目录
NO.1 篇章结构意识
NO.2 主旨大意意识
NO.3 同义转述意识
NO.4 关键词意识
NO.1 篇章结构意识
众所周知，高考阅读理解的选文通常涵盖应用文、记叙文、说明
文和议论文这四种文体。由于语篇类型存在差异，其语篇结构也各不
相同。掌握每种语篇类型的语篇结构，对我们掌握文章大意有着至关
重要的作用。
应用文直观的“总—分”或“分—总”结构，让我们在面对广
告、通知等文体时，通过快速浏览关键信息，就能知晓文章核心内
容。记叙文的线性或曲折结构，能让我们顺着时间或事件发展的脉
络，理解人物的情感变化和故事的主题。说明文的“总—分”式、并
列式、递进式结构，则为我们搭建起理解事物或事理的框架。议论文
的“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”结构，更是清晰地展现出作者
的论证思路。
【典例】 （2025·全国一卷阅读C篇）
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in
recent years， transport studies also show declines in pedestrian （行人）
mobility， especially among young children.Many parents say there’s
too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school，
so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are
bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement：How to Take
Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives， they call for a rethink of our
streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole
neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and
kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most
famously， a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan
in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local
park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an
expressway， Jane Jacobs called on her mayor （市长） to champion
“New York as a decent place to live， and not just rush through.”
Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as
well.
Although these campaigns were widespread， the reality is that the
majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs
of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing
rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over
twenty-six million people， among the highest rate of car ownership in the
world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through， but we fail to
account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a
society when children can’t move safely around our communities？ The
authors of Movement have it right：it’s time to think differently about
that street outside your front door.
31. What can be a suitable title for the text？
A. Why the Rush？
B. What’s Next？
C. Where to Stay？
D. Who to Blame？
解题思路：本文是一篇议论文。文章采用了“提出问题—分析问
题—总结呼吁”的行文模式。
通过对文章语篇结构的分析可知，文章整体批判城市规划过度追求快
速的交通而忽略安全、宜居的生活环境。
正确答案： A
NO.2 主旨大意意识
阅读总原则：紧扣主旨、主旨、主旨！不管什么题型，与全文主
旨和段落主旨（前者更重要）相关的选项通常正确。在高考英语阅读
理解中，主旨大意就如同文章的灵魂，抓住它，许多题目便会迎刃而
解。如文章中的举例或引用，并不是考例子或引用本身（如2025全国
一卷第31题；2025全国二卷第31题和第34题；2024全国甲卷第27题；
2024新课标Ⅰ卷第26题；2024新课标Ⅱ卷第31题），举例和引用就是为
了说明主旨。找出该主旨是答题关键。
【典例】 （2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇节选）
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After
Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to
sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that
she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla
Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides
more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
解题思路：根据节选段内容可知，本段主要介绍了两个动物经过
Farber的治疗后，病情有所好转，即整体医学的效果。
正确答案： D
NO.3 同义转述意识
高考阅读理解的正确选项其实就是用英语解释英语，也就是说，
正确选项都是原文中的信息点（某几个关键词或某句话）的同义转
述。这种原文、题干和选项之间的同义转述有同义词、近义词、反义
词和同源词的转述、语态变化和归纳替换等。
（一）同义、近义转述
【典例】 （2025·全国一卷阅读C篇节选）
Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole
neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and
kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back.Most
famously， a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan
in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local
park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an
expressway， Jane Jacobs called on her mayor （市长） to champion
“New York as a decent place to live， and not just rush through.”
Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as
well.
29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do？
A. Keep their cities livable.
B. Promote cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.
D. Make expressways accessible.
解题思路：节选段先呈现了城市街道规划的现状：社区为道路交通网
让步。接着引出了加拿大记者Jane Jacobs对此现象的抗议。根据Jane
Jacobs的行为called on her mayor to champion “New York as a decent
place to live， and not just rush through”可知，她反对修建高速公路是
为了让城市变得宜居，livable是a decent place to live的同义替换。
正确答案： A
（二）反义转述
【典例】 （2025·全国二卷阅读A篇节选）
Mevagissey， Cornwall
Even if you haven’t been to the small fishing village Mevagissey，
you’ve probably seen it in a movie or British TV show.The working
harbor （港口） took shape in 1774.Fishermen go out to sea daily and
sell their fish in harbor-side markets.Don’t leave the harbor without a
traditional Cornish pie.It’s delicious.
23. What does the author suggest visitors do in Mevagissey？
A. Try the Cornish pie.
B. Watch a British TV show.
C. Go fishing in the sea.
D. Take pictures of the harbor.
解题思路：根据小标题Mevagissey， Cornwall中的Don’t leave the
harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.可知，作者建议游客在
Mevagissey小镇一定要品尝传统美味的康沃尔馅饼。Try the Cornish
pie.是通过反义结构对Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional
Cornish pie.这句话进行的同义转述。
正确答案： A
NO.4 关键词意识
在高考英语阅读理解中，关键词是快速定位答案、理解文章主旨
的重要线索。关键词可以是人名、地名、数字、大写字母开头的专有
名词，也可以是在文中反复出现的核心词汇（名词、动词和数词）。
看到题目后，首先要圈出题干中的关键词，然后带着这些关键词回到
原文中去搜索比对，从而确定正确答案。特别需要提醒的是，要注意
关键词的同义替换。
【典例】 （2025·全国一卷阅读D篇节选）
Crucially， this process relies on the water containing enough
calcium carbonate （碳酸钙） to trap the plastics.In the study， boiling
hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an
almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60
milligrams of calcium carbonate， boiling reduced the level of plastics by
just 25 percent.Additionally， the research didn’t include all types of
plastics.The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene，
polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals
previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water？
A. The hardness of water.
B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering.
D. The type of plastic in water.
解题思路：根据题干中的关键词effectiveness和trapping microplastics定
位到选段中的boiling hard water containing， an almost 90 percent drop
in plastics和boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent，据此
可知，煮沸硬水（含300毫克碳酸钙）可减少近90%的微塑料，而煮
沸低碳酸钙含量的水仅减少25%的微塑料。因此，水的硬度（即碳酸
钙含量）直接决定去除微塑料的有效性。
正确答案： A
THANKS
演示完毕 感谢观看
